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net/publication/236715820

Kena as a Third Type of Malay Passive

Article in Oceanic Linguistics · June 2005

DOI: 10.1353/ol.2005.0017

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Siaw-Fong Chung
National Chengchi University
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Siaw-Fong Chung
national taiwan university

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kena as a third type of malay passive 195

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196 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

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2.2 TYPE TWO: WITH A FIRST AND SECOND PERSON AGENT.

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kena as a third type of malay passive 197

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2.3 TYPE THREE: THE KENA ADVERSATIVE PASSIVE. Q&*;&*I&' -(2

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,Wc0:+'B*";D&9'9&>:"*'%>5'4&';D>;';D&'9$#&:'E7<<&9&*;7>;7*C';D&:&';?"';5G&:'"<'G>::78&:'D>8&
4&&*'%7J&E'$G'45'*>;78&':G&>[&9:'"<'H>#>5+'.$:;'#7[&';D&'$:&'"<'+1$77'>*E'@&77'7*'R*C#7:D)'G&"G#&
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198 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

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ID>9>I;&97:;7I'"<'0#%$';D9"$CD'I#>::7I'>*E'I"*;&%G"9>95'I"9G"9>'&J>%G#&:+'
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5:7:'"<';D&'0#%$'G>::78&)';D7:'G>G&9'D>:'>#:"'7*I#$E&E'&J>%G#&:'<9"%'I#>::7I>#'H>#>5
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3. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS. B##'>*>#5:&:'7*';D7:'G>G&9'>9&'4>:&E'"*

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kena as a third type of malay passive 199

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200 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

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"<'&8&95'V1'?"9E:+'R>ID'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'?>:'<"$*E'7*'>*'>8&9>C&'"<'&8&95'10X
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;7"*&E'7*'G9&87"$:':;$E7&:+'F"':$%%>97a&';D&'<9&N$&*I5'I"$*;:)';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>:L
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3.2 TRANSITIVITY. FD&'G$9G":&'"<';D&'*&J;'>*>#5:7:'?>:';"'M*E'"$;'?D&;D&9

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497*C'>4"$;';D&'I"*;9>:;'7*'<9&N$&*I5'?7;D';D&'.&/'G>::78&+'K;'7:'D5G";D&:7a&E';D>;';D&
#7%7;&E' &J7:;&*I&' "<' ;D&' 0#%$' >E8&9:>;78&' G>::78&' 7*' ?97;;&*' ;&J;:' 7:' 9&#>;&E' ;"' 7;:
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7*&E'>;';?"'#&8&#:+'B;';D&'7*7;7>#'#&8&#)'"*#5';D&'.&/'>*E'0#%$'G>::78&'8&94:'<9"%';D&
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:$ID'>:'="GG&9'-,WXV2'#""[&E'>;';D&'M9:;'>*E':&I"*E';5G&:'"<'G>::78&'<9"%'>'E7:I"$9:&
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<9&N$&*I5'I"$*;'$*E$#5+
kena as a third type of malay passive 201

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E7:I&9*74#&'E$9>;7"*+'B':I"9&'"<','?>:'C78&*'7<';D&'>I;7"*'I>*'4&'I>997&E'"$;'7*'>*
7*E7:I&9*74#&'E$9>;7"*+'!&94:':$ID'>:'.&+#E$0'@passL[7I[U'>*E'0#%$'7$%))$3'@kena'D7;
-45'>'I>92U'?&9&'C78&*':I"9&:'"<',+'!&94:':$ID'>:'.&3$%"$%)0$%'@passLG#>*LkanU'>*E
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;78&';D>*'>'I#>$:&'?D":&'G9&E7I>;&'7:'>;&#7I+'B'M*7:D&E'>I;7"*'?>:'C78&*'>':I"9&'"<',+
RJ>%G#&:'"<'8&94:'?7;D'M*7:D&E'>I;7"*'>9&'.&.#%.$'@passLG$*7:DU'>*E'0#%$'"*3&
@kena':;&>#+U'!&94:':$ID'>:'.&+>0>%)'@passL:$GG"9;U'>*E'.&7$%.$&'@passL<>I&'?7;DLiU
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G&9:'7:'G9&:&*;&E'D&9&)'<"##"?&E'45';D&'>*>#5:7:'"<';D&',00'0#%$'G>::78&:'<9"%';D&
";D&9':"$9I&:+'h"9';D&'10'7*:;>*I&:'"<'&>ID'"<';D&'.&/'>*E'0#%$'G>::78&';5G&:)';D&
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:D"?';D>;';D&'.&/'G>::78&'<$#M##:'<&?&9'G>9>%&;&9:';D>*';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&+
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202 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

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FIGURE 1. TRANSITIVITY CONTINUUM

lower transitivity higher transitivity

.&/'G>::78& 0#%$'G>::78& 0#%$'G>::78&'7*'I#>::7I'

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TABLE 1. PARAMETER SCORES FOR 50 INSTANCES

OF di- PASSIVE AND kena ADVERSATIVE PASSIVE
IN NEWSPAPER, CLASSIC, AND INTERNET SOURCES
parameters E7L'passive 0#%$'in newspaper 0#%$'in classics [&*>'on internet
\7*&:7:' ,g'-V/s2 (X'-Wgs2 (W'-WXs2 (W'-WXs2
A$*I;$>#7;5' ,/'-/(s2 V0'-g0s2' V('-gXs2 V('-gXs2
B:G&I;' V1'-c0s2 (1'-W0s2' 10'-,00s2 (W'-WXs2
total gV ,/V ,VV' ,V/
kena as a third type of malay passive 203

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:;7;$;&'8&94:';D>;'>9&'%"9&'%"8&%&*;L4>:&E'>*E'>9&';&#7I'>I;7"*:+'_"*;9>:;7*C#5)'>:':D"?*
7*';>4#&',)';D&'.&/'G>::78&'E"&:'*";':D"?':7C*7MI>*;'E7<<&9&*I&'4&;?&&*'\7*&:7:'>*E'A$*IL
;$>#7;5+'FD&9&<"9&)'7;'7:'I"*I#$E&E';D>;';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'7:'E7<<&9&*;'<9"%';D&'.&/
G>::78&'8&94'7*'7;:'9&#7>*I&'"*'%"8&%&*;+'RJ>%G#&:'"<';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'?7;D
&%GD>:7:'"*'\7*&:7:'>9&'0#%$'E*0*7'@kena'D7;U-\AB2)'0#%$',$1$%'@kena 9&;>7*U-\AB2)
>*E'0#%$',&E*'@kena'ID&>;k;9>GU'-\B2+'_"*;9>:;7*C#5)'&J>%G#&:'"<'.&/'G>::78&';D>;'E&*";&
%"9&'*"*%"8&%&*;L4>:&E'8&94:';D>;'>9&'#"?'7*'\7*&:7:'>9&'.&7*CE*10$%'@passLI"##>G:&L
kanU-B2)'.&.$E$,&'@pass-"4;>7*Lik[*"?*U-B2)'>*E'.&E#"$10$%'@pass-49&>[LkanU'-B2+''
K*'>EE7;7"*)'?7;D'9&:G&I;';"'9&I7G7&*;';5G&:)'X('G&9I&*;'"<';D&'7*:;>*I&:'"<';D&'>E8&9L
:>;78&'G>::78&'0#%$'7*'*&?:G>G&9:'-(/'"$;'"<'102'>9&'D$%>*+'FD7:'7:'>#:"'E7:G#>5&E'7*
;D&'0#%$'7*:;>*I&:'<9"%';D&'I#>::7I'%>*$:I97G;:'-X('G&9I&*;)'(/'"$;'"<'102'>*E'K*;&9*&;
:"$9I&:'-cX'G&9I&*;)'VW'"$;'"<'102+'FD7:';&*E&*I5)'D"?&8&9)'7:'*";'<"##"?&E'7*'7*:;>*I&:
"<';D&'.&/'G>::78&)'?D&9&'"*#5',0'G&9I&*;'-1'"$;'"<'102'>9&'D$%>*'9&I7G7&*;:+'FD&'%"9&
>4:;9>I;'9&I7G7&*;:':$ID'>:'eGD>:&'"<'G9"b&I;:f'>*E'e>;;&%G;:f'>9&'*";'"4:&98&E'7*';D&

TABLE 2. REGROUPING OF THE 50 INSTANCES OF di- AND

kena ADVERSATIVE PASSIVE IN NEWSPAPER, CLASSIC, AND INTERNET
SOURCES ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF PARAMETERS FULFILLED
0'(none) ,'-\kAkB2 /'-\Ak\BkAB2 V'-\AB2 total
.&/'passive ,, /1 ( ,0 10
0#%$'in newspapers c 1 ,( /( 10
0#%$'in classics 0 / ,g V/ 10
0#%$'on internet , 0 ,1 V( 10

TABLE 3. SCORES OF PARAMETERS FOR THE 50 INSTANCES

OF di- AND kena PASSIVE
IN NEWSPAPER, CLASSIC, AND INTERNET SOURCES
combinations di- passive kena in newspapers kena in classics kena on internet
->2 \ ('-Xs2 ('-Xs2 /'-(s2 0-0s2
-42 A 0'-0s2 0'-0s2 0'-0s2 0-0s2
-I2 B /,'-(/s2 ,'-/s2 0'-0s2 0-0s2'
-E2 \A 0'-0s2 0'-0s2 ,'-/s2 0-0s2
-&2 \B /'-(s2 ,('-/Xs2 ,('-/Xs2 ,1-V0s2
-<2 AB /'-(s2 0'-0s2 ,'-/s2 0-0s2
-C2 \AB ,0'-/0s2 /('-(Xs2 V/'-g(s2 V(-gXs2
-D2 j ,,'-//s2 c'-,(s2 0'-0s2 ,-/s2'
total 10'-,00s2 10'-,00s2 10'-,00s2 10-,00s2
204 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

#7:;'"<';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&+'FD7:'I"$#E'&JG#>7*'?D5';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&
7:'%"9&';9>*:7;78&';D>*';D&'.&/'G>::78&Z;D&'<>I;';D>;';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'D>:
%"9&'I"*I9&;&'9&I7G7&*;:+'
F"':$%%>97a&';D7:':&I;7"*)'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'8&94:'-7*'4";D'*&?:G>G&9'>9;7L
I#&:)'>*E'7*';D&'I#>::7I'%>*$:I97G;'>*E'K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:'>:'?&##2'>9&'<"$*E';"'E&*";&
%"9&'%"8&%&*;L4>:&E';&#7I'>I;7"*:)'?7;D'>'D7CD&9';&*E&*I5'<"9'D$%>*'9&I7G7&*;:+'FD&
.&/'G>::78&'8&94:)'"*';D&'";D&9'D>*E)'E&*";&'%"9&'*"*%"8&%&*;L4>:&E';&#7I'>I;7"*:)
?7;D'>'#"?&9';&*E&*I5'<"9'D$%>*'9&I7G7&*;:+'FD7:'>*>#5:7:'G9"87E&:'7*<"9%>;7"*'"*
D"?'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'8&94:'>9&'E7:;7*C$7:D>4#&'<9"%';D&'.&/'G>::78&'8&94:'45
&J>%7*7*C';D&'E7<<&97*C':&%>*;7I';9>*:7;787;5'"<';D&:&'G>::78&'8&94:'7*'E7:I"$9:&+'FD&
>EE7;7"*>#'0#%$'7*:;>*I&:'<9"%'I#>::7I>#'H>#>5'>*E'K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:'I"*M9%';D&'ID>9L
>I;&97:;7I:'"<'0#%$'G>::78&:'<9"%'*&?:G>G&9'>9;7I#&:'>*E'<$9;D&9':;9&*C;D&*';D&'I#>7%:'>:
;"'D"?'0#%$'G>::78&:'E7<<&9'<9"%'.&/'G>::78&:+'

4. PRAGMATICS. K*' ;D7:' :&I;7"*)' ;D&' G9>C%>;7I' <$*I;7"*:' "<' ;D&' ;?"' ;5G&:' "<
G>::78&'>9&'&J>%7*&E'?7;D'9&C>9E';"';D&79'I"**";>;7"*'>*E'9&C7:;&9+
4.1 CONNOTATION. B*'&J>%7*>;7"*'"<';D&'#7:;'"<';D&'>E8&9:>;78&'0#%$'G>::78&:
9&8&>#:'>':7C*7MI>*;'G"7*;'>4"$;';D&79'I"**";>;7"*:+'B##'"<';D&'0#%$'"II$99&*I&:'-&JI&G;
0#%$'*3*,'@kena'%>::>C&U2'D>8&'*&C>;78&'I"**";>;7"*:+'h"9'&J>%G#&)'7*'&J>%G#&'-,02
;D&9&'>9&'>':&97&:'"<'>I;7"*:';D>;'>9&'*"*4&*&MI7>#';"';D&'9&I7G7&*;:'"9'$*E&9C"&9:+
-,02 i ;7E>[ %>D$ %&*L-;2>*CC$*C 97:7[" :&G&9;7 4+5" G7b>[)
i neg ?>*; men-;>[&+$G+4$9E&* 97:[ :$ID+>: kena :;&G+"*
4+5" I>[>9 4&#>[>*C) 4+5" :7[$) 4+5" ;&G7:)
kena :I9>;ID "*&U:+4>I[ kena &#4"? kena G>995
4+5" [$7: E>* 4+5" I>*;>:+ -g'B$C$:;'/00V)'L>3*C)'6H2
kena G$:D >*E kena I$;+;D9">;+"9+D&>E
@i*";'?>*;7*C';"';>[&'$G';D&'97:[:'"<'4&7*C'>;;>I[&E'>*E'D$%7#7>;&E+U'
d;D&9'&J>%G#&:'"<'>I;7"*:';D>;'>9&'*"*4&*&MI7>#';"';D&'9&I7G7&*;:'>9&',&E*'@ID&>;)U
.#%.$'@G$*7:DU)'>*E'7$%))$3'@D7;+U'
K*'I"%G>97:"*)';D&'.&/'G>::78&'7*'-,,2'I>**";'4&'9&G#>I&E'45';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>:L
:78&'4&I>$:&';D&'%&>*7*C'@?>:'4&#7&8&EU'E"&:'*";'I>995'?7;D'7;'>'*&C>;78&'I"**";>;7"*+
-,,2 i G&9L#>?>*L>* 5>*C (&2/&%"6 :&4>C>7 [&L:&%G>;L>* ;&9L4>7['i
per-I"%G&;&-an rel pass-:&& >: keL%>*>C&+7*+;7%&-an ter-C""E
@i'I"%G&;7;7"*';D>;'?>:'4&#7&8&E';"'4&';D&'4&:;'"GG"9;$*7;5iU
-g'H>9ID'/00V)':E>3,+)'6H2
FD&'.&/'G>::78&'7:'*";'#7%7;&E'45';D&'I"**";>;7"*:'"<';D&'>I;7"*:+'FD7:'%&>*:';D>;';D&
>I;7"*:'G&9<"9%&E'45';D&'.&/'G>::78&'I>*'4&'&7;D&9'G":7;78&'"9'*&C>;78&+'FD7:'7:'>#:"
>*";D&9'>:G&I;'E7:;7*C$7:D7*C';D&:&';?"';5G&:'"<'H>#>5'G>::78&+
K*';D&'I#>::7I'%>*$:I97G;:)';"")'"<'>##'10'7*:;>*I&:)'(W'I"*;>7*'*&C>;78&'I"**";>;7"*
-&JI&G;'0#%$';#C*3'@kena'4>:[U'7*'?D7ID';D&'M:D'7:';D&'9&I7G7&*;'"<';D&'>I;7"*2+'d<'>##
10'7*:;>*I&:'<9"%'K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:)'>##'I>995'>'*&C>;78&'I"**";>;7"*+,0'd*&'&J>%G#&
7:':D"?*'7*'-,/2'4&#"?'->*'&J>%G#&';D>;':?7;ID&:'4&;?&&*'H>#>5'>*E'R*C#7:D2+
kena as a third type of malay passive 205

-,/2 i':>E';"'D&>9'>4;'p>4"$;q'_>7;#5*'p>'E"Cq'0#%$'=&,,#%':"'&>9#5'7*';D&'%"9*7*C
-F>[&*'<9"%'D;;GOkk???+G$GG5+I"%+%5kIC7L47*k<"9$%k
C<"9$%+IC7nG":;t,g0W,X2
FD&'*"*4&*&<7I7>#'&<<&I;'I>997&E'45'0#%$'7:'G9"4>4#5';D&'9&>:"*'?D5';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>L
;78&'G>::78&'I>**";'I""II$9'?7;D';D&'4&*&<>I;78&'/0$%'?7;D"$;'ID>*C7*C'7;:'G>::78&
%&>*7*C+'h$9;D&9'&87E&*I&'<9"%';D&'>EE7;7"*>#',00'&J>%G#&:'-I#>::7I'%>*$:I97G;:'>*E
K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:2':D"?:';D>;'?D&*';D&':$<MJ'L0$%'7:'><MJ&E';"'&7;D&9'0#%$'7;:&#<'"9';"';D&
8&94';D>;'<"##"?:'0#%$)'>:'7*'&J>%G#&'-c2'-9&G&>;&E'D&9&'>:'p,Vq2)';D&':&*;&*I&'#":&:'7;:
G>::78&'%&>*7*C+
-,V2 H>%> 4+5" 7+/&24"5 :&%$> :>%>+
H>%> kena 4$5-kan >## :>%&
‘H>%>'%$:;'4$5'>##';D&':>%&'-;D7*C:'<"9';D&';?7*:2+’
FD$:)';D&'>EE7;7"*>#'&J>%G#&:'<9"%'I#>::7I'%>*$:I97G;:'>*E'K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:'>#:"'G9"8&
;D>;'->2'0#%$'7:'>*'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'7*'H>#>5)'>*E'-42';D&';&9%'0#%$'I>997&:'?7;D'7;'>
G9>C%>;7I'%&>*7*C'"<'@497*C7*C':"%&;D7*C'*&C>;78&U';"';D&'9&I7G7&*;:'"<';D&'8&94:+
K*':$%%>95)';D7:':&I;7"*'D>:':D"?&E';D>;';D&'"II$99&*I&:'"<';D&'0#%$'G>::78&
E&G&*E'"*'?D&;D&9';D&'I"*;&J;'*&&E:'>'G>::78&'8&94';D>;'D7CD#7CD;:';D&'*&C>;78&
&<<&I;'"<';D&'>I;7"*';"';D&'9&I7G7&*;+

4.2 REGISTER. K*';D7:':&I;7"*)';D&'I"9G"9>'7*:;>*I&:'"<'G>::78&'?7##'4&'&J>%7*&E

?7;D'9&:G&I;';"';D&79'<"9%>#7;5'7*'9&C7:;&9+'FD7:'G>G&9'>9C$&:';D>;';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&
G>::78&'I>997&:'?7;D'7;'>*'7*<"9%>#'9&C7:;&9'4>:&E'"*';?"'"4:&98>;7"*:O'->2'7;'"II$9:'7*
%"9&'7*<"9%>#':&I;7"*:'"<';D&'*&?:G>G&9:)'>*E'-42'7;'I"##"I>;&:'?7;D'7*<"9%>#'&JG9&:L
:7"*:'7*';D&';&J;:'7*'?D7ID'7;'7:'<"$*E+'h"9'&J>%G#&)';>4#&'(':D"?:';D>;';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>L
;78&'G>::78&'"II$99&E'%"9&'<9&N$&*;#5'7*'I"#$%*:':$ID'>:'h>%7#5'-/0'G&9I&*;2)'h"9$%
-,g'G&9I&*;2)'h&>;$9&:'-/0'G&9I&*;2)'>*E'u&#7C7"*'-,g'G&9I&*;2+,,'FD&:&'I"#$%*:'I"*L
;974$;&';"'c/'G&9I&*;'"<';D&'10'7*:;>*I&:'<"$*E)'>*E';D&5'$:$>##5'>E"G;'>'%"9&'I>:$>#
9&C7:;&9'I"%G>9&E';"'I"#$%*:':$ID'>:'RI"*"%5+'FD7:'&JG#>7*:'?D5'%"9&'I"*;&J;:'G&9L
;>7*7*C';"'G&9:"*>#'&JG&97&*I&'>9&'<"$*E'?7;D';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&+'FD&'7*<"9L
%>#'9&C7:;&9'>E"G;&E'45';D&:&'*&?:G>G&9'I"#$%*:'9&:$#;:'7*';D&'$:&'"<'%"9&'I"##"N$7>#
&JG9&::7"*:'7*';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&';D>*'7*';D&'.&/'G>::78&+'
'6*#7[&';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&)';D&'.&/'G>::78&'7*';>4#&'('E7:G#>5:'*"':7C*7MI>*;
G>;;&9*:'"<'"II$99&*I&:+'FD7:'7:'4&I>$:&'7;'?>:'<"$*E'4";D'7*'%"9&'<"9%>#'I"#$%*:':$ID
>:'RI"*"%5'-Vg'G&9I&*;2'>*E'7*'#&::'<"9%>#'I"#$%*:':$ID'>:'h"9$%'-V('G&9I&*;2+'FD&9&L
<"9&)';D&'"II$997*C'G>;;&9*:'"<';D&'.&/'G>::78&'>9&'*";'>:'E7:;7*I;78&'>:';D":&'"<';D&'0#%$
>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&)'?D7ID'7:'G9&E"%7*>*;#5'<"$*E'7*'#&::'<"9%>#';&J;:+'
K*'"9E&9';"'#""['<$9;D&9'7*;"';D&'E7<<&97*C'#&8&#'"<'<"9%>#7;5'4&;?&&*';D&';?"'G>:L
:78&';5G&:)';D&'&JG9&::7"*:'$:&E'7*'4";D'#7:;:'?&9&'I"%G>9&E+'RJ>%G#&:'-,(2'>*E'-,12
E7:G#>5';D&'.&/'G>::78&'>*E';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&-'9&:G&I;78&#5+

,0+ K*I#$E7*C'0#%$'=>>0#.'@kena'9&:&98&U'-7*'eH5'v4>45'0#%$'=>>0#.'>#9&>E5'45'%5'I"$:7*'`9"++f2
7*'?D7ID';D&':G&>[&9'?>:'49&>[7*C';D&'4>E'*&?:';"':"%&"*&';D>;'D&9kD7:'v4>45Z?D7ID'I"$#E
4&'>'49>*E'*>%&'<"9':"%&;D7*CZD>E'4&&*'9&:&98&E'45':"%&"*&'&#:&'<"9';D&'"II>:7"*+
,,+ FD&'>9;7I#&:'7*';D&'L>3*C':D"?';D&'E79&I;'N$";>;7"*:'"<';D&'G>*&#7:;:U'?"9E:)'?D7ID)'>:'#>*L
C$>C&'$:&E'7*'I"*8&9:>;7"*)'7:'%"9&'7*<"9%>#+
206 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

-,(2 S>#>% "G&9>:7 7;$) G"#7: ;$9$; %&L9>%G>://)100 47b7 G7# R%797*'1
7* "G&9>;7"* ;D>; G"#7I& I"*;7*$& me-:&7a& class G7## R%797*'1
4&9L*7#>7 #&47D uH100)000 5>*C :7>G (&2*"4+6 ("5
ber-8>#$& %"9& rel M*7:D&E pass-G>I[>C& >*E
(&2#+9735)&24"5 E>#>% :;"9 E7 :&L4$>D ["*E"%7*7$%) E7 :7*7+
pass-D7E&-kan 7*:7E& :;"9& loc "*&Lclass I"*E"%7*7$%) loc D&9&'
@K*';D>;'"G&9>;7"*)';D&'G"#7I&'>#:"':&7a&E'//)100'G7##:'"<'R%797*'1'?D7ID
I":;:'%"9&';D>*'uH100)000';D>;'?&9&'>#9&>E5'G>I[>C&E'>*E'D7E'7*:7E&
>'I"*E"%7*7$%'D&9&+U'-/'BG97#'/00V)'M$,&>%$7'M#@+)'`=2'
-,12 `7#> B#7 ;>[ [& 9$%>D :>5> 7:;&97L*5> ;&#&<"* [&L[>?>*
?D&* B#7 neg loc D"$:& 1s.nom ?7<&L3s.gen GD"*& red-<97&*E:
G&b>4>; [>;> :>5> E>D [&*> I&9>7+
"<MI& :>5 1s.nom >#9&>E5 pass E78"9I&'
@rD&*'B#7'E7E'*";'I"%&';"'%5'D"$:&)'D7:'?7<&'I>##&E'-D&92'<97&*E:'>;
;D&'"<MI&':>57*C';D>;'K'D>E'4&&*'E78"9I&E+U'-g'BG97#'/00V)'L$C&78)'6H2
_"%G>97*C'-,(2'>*E'-,12)';D&':&*;&*I&'7*'-,(2'7:'#"*C&9+'FD7:'E7<<&97*C'#&*C;D
4&;?&&*';D&';?"'G>::78&';5G&:'7:'I"*:7:;&*;';D9"$CD"$;';D&'E>;>+'FD>;'7:)'%":;'"<';D&
.&/'G>::78&:'"II$9'7*'#"*C&9':&*;&*I&:';D>*'E"';D&'>E8&9:>;78&'0#%$'G>::78&:+
K*'&J>%G#&'-,12)';D&'8&94:',#7#H>%'@GD"*&U'>*E'0$,$'@:>5U'>9&'7*<"9%>#+'FD&'<"9%>#
$:&':D"$#E'7*I#$E&'><MJ&:'>:'7*';D&'<"##"?7*CO')"#N,O#7#H>%'@menLGD"*&U'>*E
)"#*N0O$,$($#'@mengL:>5LkanU+'_"##"N$7>#'&JG9&::7"*:'"<;&*'$:&'?"9E:':$ID'>:
=&7$'@?D&*U)',$0'@neg’, >*E .$1'@>#9&>E5U+'FD&'"II$99&*I&'"<'I"##"N$7>#'&JG9&::7"*:
>*E';D&'$:&'"<'7*<"9%>#'8&94'<"9%:'7:'>'9&I$99&*;'GD&*"%&*"*'?7;D7*';D&'0#%$
I#>$:&:+'Q$ID'"II$99&*I&:'>9&'*";'<"$*E'7*';D&'M<;5'.&/'G>::78&'I"*:;9$I;7"*:+'
K*';D&'>EE7;7"*>#'0#%$'&J>%G#&:'<9"%'K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:)':"%&'D7CD#5'I"##"N$7>#
$:>C&'"<'0#%$'?>:'<"$*E+'FD7:'I>*'4&':&&*'*";'"*#5'<9"%';D&'ID"7I&'"<'#&J7I"*'-&J>%L
G#&'p,gq2'4$;'>#:"'<9"%';D&'&J;&*:78&'$:&'"<'I"E&L:?7;ID7*C'-&J>%G#&:'p,cq'>*E'p,Xq2+'

TABLE 4. FREQUENCY OF di- AND kena PASSIVES IN NEWS ARTICLES

no. of articles .&/ passive no. of articles 0#%$ passive
T>;7"*>#'T&?: , c -,(s2' Z Z
QG"9;: 0' /' '-(s2 Z Z
h9"*;'A>C& , g -,/s2 / /' '-(s2
h"9$% , ,c -V(s2 V ,0 -/0s2
RI"*"%5 / ,X -Vgs2 Z 'Z
T>;7"*>#'T&?: Z Z ( (' '-Xs2
h>%7#5 Z Z ( ,0 -/0s2
h&>;$9&: Z Z ( X -,gs2
u&#7C7"* Z Z ( X -,gs2
R*;&9;>7*%&*; Z Z V V' '-gs2
H7#7;>95 Z Z / V' '-gs2
QG&I7>#'u&G"9; Z Z , ,' '-/s2
=&>#;D Z Z , ,' '-/s2
F";># 1 10'-,00s2 /X 10'-,00s2'
kena as a third type of malay passive 207

-,g2 B[$ 4>#7[ :&L4$#>* i :" ;>[L[>* 4+5" *,6,58 G$* &#>$*
1s.nom 9&;$9* "*&L%"*;D :" negLkan kena :36 pun >##"?>*I&
i :&4>4 [&*> 7[$; G9":$E&9 :$9>;+'
4&I>$:& kena <"##"? G9"I&E$9& #&;;&9
@K'?&*;'D"%&'<"9'>'%"*;D'i';D&9&<"9&'-K2'E"*U;';D7*['%5'>##"?>*I&
?>:'I$;'i'4&I>$:&'-&8&95;D7*C2'D>:';"'<"##"?'E"I$%&*;'G9"I&E$9&+U
-;>[&*'<9"%'D;;GOkk???+79aXV+I"%kI7[w#&4>Dkb$9*>#+D;%#2
K*'&J>%G#&'-,g2)';D&'?"9E:'$0*'@KU'>*E',$00$%'@neg-kanU':D"?'>'I"##"N$7>#'9&C7:;&9+
\"D'-,WW0O,,X2':;>;&:';D>;'$0*'e7:'$:&E'?D&9&':G&>[&9:'>9&'*";'9&N$79&E';"':D"?
G"#7;&*&::'"9'E&<&9&*I&';"';D&79'>EE9&::&&+f'FD&9&<"9&)'$0*'$:$>##5'>GG&>9:'%"9&'7*
7*<"9%>#';&J;:';D>*'7*'<"9%>#'"*&:+'FD&'7*<"9%>#7;5'"<';D&'7*:;>*I&:'<9"%';D&'K*;&9*&;
:"$9I&'7:'>#:"':&&*'7*';D&79'$:&'"<'I"E&L:?7;ID7*C+'RJ>%G#&'-,c2':D"?:'D"?'0#%$
>GG&>9:'7*'>*'R*C#7:DLE"%7*>*;';&J;+'
-,c2 i'D&'7:'<9"%'G>D>*C+'&8&95"*&'?>:'9&>##5':I>9&E'?D&*';D&5':>?'D7%++
4$;'7'E7E*;'I95'#>'C$+$'("#$%)$+$,%,*+++'><;&9';D&'"97&*;>;7"*'?&&['?>:
"8&9'?&'4&I"%&'<9&*:++'?D7#&'7*'$[%)'0#%$'E*%&+1'>#%":;'&8&95E>5
E$97*C';D&'"97&*;>;7"*'?&&[++
@=&'7:'<9"%'A>D>*C+'R8&95"*&'?>:'9&>##5':I>9&E'?D&*';D&5':>?'D7%)
4$;'K'E7E*U;'I95'?D&*'K'?>:':I"#E&E'irD&*';D&'"97&*;>;7"*'?&&['?>:
"8&9)'?&'4&I>%&'<97&*E:'irD&*'7*'6\H'-T>;7"*>#'6*78&9:7;5'"<
H>#>5:7>2)'-?&2'?&9&'G$*7:D&E'>#%":;'&8&95'E>5'E$97*C';D&'"97&*;>;7"*
?&&[+U'-;>[&*'<9"%'D;;GOkk???+:>97*7+*&;k>9ID78&:k'000(0(+D;%#2
=&9&';D&'7*<"9%>#'#>*C$>C&'I>*'4&':&&*'7*';D&'$:&'"<'e<9&*:f'-;D&'7*<"9%>#'?>5'"<
?97;7*C'@<97&*EU)':7%7#>9';"'eE$**"f'<"9'@E"*U;'[*"?UZ:&&'&J>%G#&'p,XqZ7*':D"9;L
&*&E'K*;&9*&;'#>*C$>C&2+'FD&'$:&'"<'7$'‘lah’'%>5'4&'>9C$&E';"'4&'>*'7*<"9%>#
%>9[&9)'4$;':"%&'>#:"'I"*:7E&9'7;'>II&G;>4#&'&8&*'7*'<"9%>#'H>#>5+'K*'&J>%G#&'-,X2
4&#"?)';D&'I"E&L:?7;ID7*C'"II$9:'?7;D7*'p0#%$'x'8&94q)'>:'7*'0#%$'+">7.#.+'
K*'0#%$'I"*:;9$I;7"*:'"*#5)',W'"$;'"<'10'7*:;>*I&:'$:&'>*'R*C#7:D'8&94'7*:;&>E'"<'>
H>#>5'8&94'-:&&'>GG&*E7J';>4#&'(2';"'7*E7I>;&'>*'>E8&9:&'%&>*7*C+'B%"*C';D&:&',W
7*:;>*I&:)',V'D>8&';D&'<"9%'"<'>'G>:;'G>9;7I7G#&'-0#%$'=&,,#%)'0#%$'=>>0#.)'>*E'7*I#$E7*C';?"
7*:;>*I&:'"<'0#%$'1&,)'?D7ID';D7:'G>G&9'I"*:7E&9:';"'4&'>'G>:;'G>9;7I7G#&'>#:"2+'FD&'ID"7I&'"<
G>:;'G>9;7I7G#&'7:'"*&'&87E&*I&';D>;';D&';&9%'0#%$'D>:'4&&*'I"*I&G;$>#7a&E'>:'G>::78&'<"9%
45';D&':G&>[&9:Y'";D&9?7:&)';D&79'ID"7I&'"<';D&'R*C#7:D'8&94:';D>;'<"##"?'0#%$':D"$#E'4&'7*
;D&'G9&:&*;'<"9%)'>:'7*'0#%$'+">7.'7*:;&>E'"<'0#%$'+">7.#.'-&J>%G#&'p,Xq2+'
-,X2 i!:"'#>;&'>#9&>E5++'#"#J++'%%++';"E>5'C"'4"?#7*++'D>D>++'G#>5'$*;7#',g
C>%&:++'?>D>D>D>J++'8&95'&JG&*:78&':7>++'#"#J++'("#$%-./&0"0!%5'G>9&*;:
>C&*++'D>7J++'":"'E$**"'?D>;';"':>5++'D>D>J++'i
@i'Q"'#>;&'>#9&>E5++'-<>I7>#'7I"*2++'%%++';"E>5'-K2'?&*;'4"?#7*C++'-#>$CD2++
-?&2'G#>5&E',g'C>%&:'i'-#>$CD2'FD&'C>%&:'?&9&'8&95'&JG&*:78&++-<>I7>#
7I"*2++-K2'?>:':I"#E&E'45'%5'G>9&*;:'>C>7*i-:7CD2++>#:"'E"*U;'[*"?
?D>;';"':>5'i'-#>$CD2'iU'-;>[&*'<9"%'D;;GOkkb7>[>7+4#"CE978&+I"%k2
K*':$%%>95)';D7:':&I;7"*'D>:'#""[&E'>;';D&'E7<<&97*C'G9>C%>;7I'<$*I;7"*:'"<';D&'.&/'G>:L
:78&'>*E';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&+'FD&'#>;;&9'I>997&:'?7;D'7;'>*'7*<"9%>#'9&C7:;&9)'?D7ID
7:':&&*'7*';?"'<&>;$9&:O'->2';D&'7*<"9%>#'*&?:G>G&9'I"#$%*:'7*'?D7ID';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&
G>::78&'"II$9:'>*E'-42';D&'I"##"N$7>#'&JG9&::7"*:'>GG&>97*C'?7;D'7;+'K*'>EE7;7"*)'>*'&J>%L
208 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

7*>;7"*'"<';D&'I"##"N$7>#'&JG9&::7"*:'7*';D&'K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:'9&8&>#:'>*'>EE7;7"*>#
M*E7*CZ;D>;'%":;'"<';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'$:>C&:'>9&'7*E&&E'I"*I&G;$>#7a&E'>:
G>::78&'I"*:;9$I;7"*:)'>:';D&5'>9&'%>*7<&:;&E'45';D&'$:&'"<'R*C#7:D'G>:;'G>9;7I7G#&:'-:$ID
>:'+">7.#.'9>;D&9';D>*'+">7.'7*'0#%$'+">7.#.2'7*';D&'I"E&':?7;ID7*C'G9"I&::+'FD&'>EE7;7"*>#
,00'7*:;>*I&:'"<'0#%$'<9"%'I#>::7I'%>*$:I97G;:'>*E'K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:':D"?'ID>9>I;&97:;7I:
:7%7#>9';"';D&'10'7*:;>*I&:'<9"%';D&'*&?:G>G&9':"$9I&'7*';D&79';9>*:7;787;5'-?D7ID'7:'D7CD2)
I"**";>;7"*'-?D7ID'7:'*&C>;78&2)'>*E'9&C7:;&9'-?D7ID'7:'7*<"9%>#2+

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK. `>:&E' "*' ;D&' E7:I$::7"*' 7*' ;D&' M9:;
G>9;'"<';D&'G>G&9)'>'I"%G>97:"*'"<'&#&%&*;:'4&;?&&*';D&'.&/G>::78&'>*E';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>L
;78&'G>::78&'I>*'4&'E9>?*+'FD7:'7:'E"*&'7*';>4#&'1)'?D&9&';D&'.&/'G>::78&'7:':&&*';"'4&'%"9&
<9&N$&*;)'#&::';9>*:7;78&)'>*E'7*8"#87*C'>'%"9&'*&$;9>#'I"**";>;7"*'>*E'>'%"9&'<"9%>#'9&CL
7:;&9+'d*';D&'";D&9'D>*E)';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'7:'#&::'<9&N$&*;)'%"9&';9>*:7;78&)'>*E
D>:'>'%"9&'*&C>;78&'I"**";>;7"*'>*E'>'#&::'<"9%>#'9&C7:;&9+'FD$:)'E&:G7;&';D&':&&%7*C#5
"8&9;':7%7#>97;7&:'7*'?"9E'"9E&9'-d!Q2)';D&';?"'G>::78&';5G&:'E7<<&9':7C*7MI>*;#5+'
K*'>EE7;7"*';"';D&'E7<<&9&*I&:'<"$*E'7*';>4#&'1)';D&5'>#:"'E7<<&9'7*'";D&9'9&:G&I;:+'FD&
.&/'G>::78&'8&94'D>:'>'?7E&'9>*C&'"<'9&I7G7&*;';5G&:)'4$;';D&'0#%$'G>::78&'"<;&*'9&<&9:';"
D$%>*'9&I7G7&*;:+'FD&'8&94:'"<';D&'.&/'G>::78&'I"*8&5'*&$;9>#'7*<"9%>;7"*'>4"$;';D&
9&I7G7&*;:)'4$;';D&'8&94:'"<';D&'0#%$'G>::78&'"<;&*'I"*8&5'*"*4&*&MI7>#'7*<"9%>;7"*
>4"$;';D&'9&I7G7&*;:+'FD&9&'>9&'>#:"'%"9&'7*E7I>;7"*:'"<'I"##"N$7>#7:%'7*';D&'0#%$'G>::78&
;D>*';D&'.&/'G>::78&+'S$&';"';D&'7*<"9%>#'9&C7:;&9'"<';D&'0#%$'G>::78&)'7;:':&*;&*I&:'>9&
$:$>##5':D"9;&9';D>*';D":&'"<';D&'.&/'G>::78&+'
d8&9>##)';D7:'G>G&9'>*:?&9:';D&'N$&:;7"*'>:';"'?D5';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&
D>:'#7%7;&E'"II$99&*I&'I"%G>9&E';"';D&'.&/'G>::78&+'FD7:'7:'4&I>$:&';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>L
;78&'G>::78&'7:'I"*:;9>7*&E'45'G9>C%>;7I':G&I7MI>;7"*:'9&#>;&E';"'7;:'I"*;&J;+'S$&';"
;D&:&'I"*:;9>7*;:)'7;'7:'G9"G":&E';D>;';D&':&#&I;7"*'"<';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&
-"8&9';D&'.&/'G>::78&2'7*8"#8&:'G9>C%>;7I'I"*:7E&9>;7"*:':$ID'>:';D&'9&N$79&%&*;'<"9
>'I"*;&J;'?7;D'7*<"9%>#7;5'"<'9&C7:;&9'>*E'<"9'>I;7"*:'?7;D'*&C>;78&'7%G#7I>;7"*:';"
;D&'9&I7G7&*;:'"<';D&'0#%$'8&94:+
F"'G$9:$&';D7:'%>;;&9'<$9;D&9)'>'<$##&9'I"%G>97:"*'"<'>##';D&';D9&&';5G&:'"<';D&
H>#>5'G>::78&'7:'*&&E&E+'d*&'N$&:;7"*';D>;'&:G&I7>##5'*&&E:';"'4&'7*8&:;7C>;&E'7:
?D&;D&9';D&':&I"*E';5G&'"<'G>::78&'>#:"'E7<<&9:'G9>C%>;7I>##5'<9"%';D&'";D&9';?"+'K*
>EE7;7"*)'";D&9':&*:&:'"<'0#%$'*&&E';"'4&'&J>%7*&E+'FD&:&'7*I#$E&'p0#%$'x'"4b&I;
*"$*q)'0#%$'?7;D';D&'%&>*7*C'@%$:;U)'>*E'0#%$'?7;D';D&'%&>*7*C'@97CD;kI"9L
9&I;U'-;D&'#>;;&9'7:'G#>I&E'7*'e";D&9:f'7*';>4#&'g2+'FD&'M9:;';?"'>9&'&J&%G#7M&E
7*'-,W2'>*E'-/02+'Q&&'>#:"'&J>%G#&'-g2'"*'G>C& ,Wc+'

TABLE 5. COMPARISONS OF di- AND kena PASSIVES

.&/ 0#%$'
frequency C9&>;&9 #&::&9
transitivity #&:: %"9&
pragmatics:
connotations *&$;9># *&C>;78&
register %"9&'<"9%>#' #&::'<"9%>#
kena as a third type of malay passive 209

-,W2 example of'p0#%$'+ object noun]'

H>[> E7 #>$; 4+5" %3;"5 ("5 "58&5 %>[>%>[7*L#>D
FD&* loc :&> kena 9>7* >*E ?7*E ;D&* 4&I"%7*C-lah
4&9L;>%4>D :>[7;L[$+
ber-7*I9&>:& G>7*L1s.gen.
@FD&*'>;';D&':&>'-K2'<>I&E'9>7*'>*E'?7*E';D>;'I>$:&E'%5'G>7*';"'?"9:&*+U
-BH'V/WO(2'
-/02 example of'0#%$'>:'‘must’'
BE>G$* F$* A&9>[ ;7>E> [&*> [&9b> 9>b>Y 7> G&9C7 E$E$[ E7'
;D&9& F$* A&9>[ *"*& kena ?"9[ \7*C 3s.nom C" :7; loc
\&#>*C 4&9L7:;&97 E7 :>*>+'
\&#>*C ber-?7<& loc ;D&9&
@FD&9&'F$*'A&9>['E7E'*";'*&&E';"'?"9['<"9';D&'\7*CY'D&'?&*;';"'9&:7E&
7*'\&#>*C'>*E'C";'>'?7<&';D&9&+U'-QH'X/O/02
FD&'0#%$'7*'&J>%G#&'-,W2'D>:';D&'%&>*7*C'"<'@$*G#&>:>*;#5';"$ID&E'45U+'FD&'D7CD&9'<9&L
N$&*I5'"<';D7:'<"9%'7*';D&'I#>::7I>#'H>#>5'%>*$:I97G;:';D>*'7*';D&'K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:'%>5
:$CC&:;';D>;';D&'0#%$'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&'D>E'7;:'"97C7*>#'%&>*7*C'7*';D&'p0#%$'x'"4b&I;
*"$*q'I"*:;9$I;7"*)'>*E';D>;'0#%$'$*E&9?&*;':&%>*;7I'ID>*C&'<9"%'8&94>#';"'>E8&9:>;78&+
FD&'C9&>;&9'*$%4&9'"<'7*:;>*I&:'"<'p0#%$'x'"4b&I;'*"$*q'7*'I#>::7I>#'H>#>5';D>*'7*';D&
K*;&9*&;':"$9I&:'%>5'>#:"':$CC&:;';D>;'&J>%G#&:':$ID'>:'-,W2'%7CD;'D>8&'"II$99&E'&>9#7&9
;D>*'>E8&9:>;78&'0#%$+'FD&'*&C>;787;5'"<'e4&7*C';"$ID&E'$*G#&>:>*;#5'45f'?"$#E'D>8&'I>9L
97&E'"8&9'>:';D&';&9%'C9>%%>;7I>#7a&E'7*;"';D&'>E8&9:>;78&'G>::78&+'H"9&'7*:;>*I&:'<9"%
I#>::7I'%>*$:I97G;:'>*E'I"*;&%G"9>95'$:&'"<'0#%$'%>5'D&#G'&JG#>7*'?D&;D&9'";D&9'<"9%:
:$ID'>:'0#%$'>:'>'%"E>#'8&94'"II$99&E'E7>ID9"*7I>##5'4&<"9&'"9'><;&9';D&'>E8&9:>;78&'G>:L
:78&+'h$9;D&9%"9&)'45'&J>%7*7*C';D&'E7<<&9&*;':&*:&:)'7;':D"$#E'>#:"'4&'G"::74#&';"'"4:&98&
?D&;D&9'I&9;>7*':&*:&:'"<'0#%$'>9&'%&;>GD"97I>#'&J;&*:7"*:'"<'";D&9:+'
K*':$%)';D7:':;$E5'D>:':D&E'#7CD;'"*';D&':&%>*;7I'>*E'G9>C%>;7I'E7<<&9&*I&:
4&;?&&*';?"'G>::78&'%>9[&9:';D>;'?&9&'I"*:7E&9&E'*&>9':5*"*5%:+'K*';D7:'9&:G&I;)'7;
I>*'4&'I"%G>9&E';"'=$>*C'&;'>#+U:'-/0002':;$E5';D>;'G&9<"9%&E'I"9G"9>L4>:&E'>*>#5L
:7:'"<'*&>9':5*"*5%:'>%"*C'H>*E>97*'8&94:+'K*'4";D'I>:&:)'I"9G"9>'>*>#5:&:'?&9&
I9$I7>#';"'$*E&9:;>*E7*C';D&'E7:;974$;7"*'G>;;&9*:'"<';D&'GD&*"%&*>'7*'N$&:;7"*+'K;'7:
D"G&E';D>;':;$E7&:'"<';D7:';5G&'?7##'#&>E';"'>'4&;;&9'$*E&9:;>*E7*C'"<':&%>*;7I'>*E
G9>C%>;7I'<$*I;7"*:'&*I"E&E'7*'8>97"$:'#>*C$>C&:'"<';D&'?"9#E+'

TABLE 6. TOTAL NUMBER OF KENA EXAMPLES COLLECTED,

INCLUDING THOSE NOT RELATED TO THE PASSIVES OF THIS STUDY
newspapers classics internet
adversative passive 10 -cg+Ws2' 10 -(/+(s2' 10 -,1+/s2
0#%$'+ object/noun V -(+gs2' 1( -(1+Xs2' c -/+,s2
meaning of ‘must’ W -,V+Xs2 / -,+cs2 10 -,1+/s2
others† V -(+cs2 ,/ -,0+,s2 //V -gc+gs2
total'0#%$'found g1 -,00+0s2 ,,X -,00+0s2 VV0 -,00+0s2

y K*I#$E&:' &J>%G#&:' "<' 0#%$' 7*' ;D&' %&>*7*C' "<' @%$:;U)' &J>%G#&:' "<' 0#%$' "II$997*C
?7;D7*'>*";D&9'?"9E'#7[&'0#%$7'@9&I"C*7a&U)'>*E'";D&9':G"9>E7I'&J>%G#&:+
210 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

APPENDIX

T";&O'FD&'%&>*7*C:'C78&*'7*';D&';>4#&:'"<';D&'>GG&*E7J'>9&';D&'%&>*7*C:'<"$*E'7*';D&'G>:L
:>C&:'&J;9>I;&E'<9"%';D&'I"9G"9>+

APPENDIX TABLE 1. di- PASSIVE IN NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

.&/'passives gloss recipients of action \kAkB index
,+ .&E$0#,' @passLG>I[>C&U -//)100'G7##:2 \B /
/+ .&+#C=*%8&0$%' @pass!"#$%!kan& -//)100'G7##:2 \B /
V+ .&,$%)0$E' @pass!'()'"& -%&%4&9:2 \AB V
(+ .&,$%)0$E' @pass!'()'"& -%&%4&9:2 \AB V
1+ .&,$1$%' @pass!*%)(#+& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
g+ .&1$7$%)' @pass!,-.'/& ->;;&%G;:2 B ,
c+ .&7*CE*10$% @pass!'.--(01%!kan& ->;;&%G;:2 B ,
X+ .&7&1$,' @pass!1%%&2,%-#%3%$ -"GG"9;$*7;52 j 0
W+ .&&0*,&' @pass!4.--.5!6& ->I;7"*:2 j 0
,0+'.&.$E$,&' @pass!.,)(#+!6&2/+.5+ -;9$;D2 B ,
,,+'.&,#C*&' @pass!7%%)!6& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,/+ .&0#+$%' @pass!+.)#'%&2$#1'.3%* -%>;;&92 B ,
,V+ .&E#"$10$%' @pass!,*%(/!kan& -GD>:&'"<'G9"b&I;2 B ,
,(+ .&,*=*10$%' @pass!4.8+$!kan& -49>*ID2 B ,
,1+ .&,#,$E0$%' @pass!MJ!kan& -9$#&:2 B ,
,g+ .&1$.$E&' @pass!4('%!6& -G9"4#&%2 j 0
,c+ .&=#3&,$1*' @pass!)%--& -?"9E:2' \AB V
,X+ .&=#3&' @pass!9#3%& -%"*&5k#">*:2 \AB V
,W+ .&)*%$0$%' @pass!81%!kan& -4""[2 \ ,
/0+ .&=#3&' @pass!9#3%& -%"*&52' \AB V
/,+ .&+#.&$0$%' @pass!0*%0(*%!kan& -<>I7#7;52 B ,
//+ .&1*%& @pass!*%1#$%& -9&:7E&*;:2 B ,
/V+ .&+#.&$0$%' @pass!0*%0(*%!kan& -<>I7#7;52 B ,
/(+ .&0#%$0$%' @pass!'"(*9%:80.+!kan& -9>;&:2 B ,
/1+ .&=#0$70$%' @pass!0*.3#$%!kan& -<>I7#7;52 B ,
/g+ .&=$%.&%)0$%' @pass!'.70(*%!kan& -<>I7#7;52 j 0
/c+ .&$@$+&' @pass!98(*$!6& -D":;&#2 \ ,
/X+ .&+#.&$0$%' @pass!0*%0(*%!kan& -<>I7#7;52' B ,
/W+ .&+#.&$0$%' @pass!0*%0(*%!kan& -<>I7#7;52 B ,
V0+ .&=#3&0$%' @pass!9#3%!kan& -D"%&?"9[2 \AB V
V,+ .&,$%))*1' @pass!0.1)0.+%& -I#>::2 AB /
V/+ .&)*%$0$%' @pass!81%!kan& -:#>*C2 j 0
VV+ .&0$,$0$%' @pass!1(;!kan& -?"9E:2' \AB V
V(+ .&#%.$10$%' @pass!neg:/+.5!kan& -G9"4#&%2 j 0
V1+ .&E#"$10$%' @pass!,*%(/!kan& -GD>:&2 B ,
Vg+ .&,&%)0$,0$%' @pass!*(#1%!kan& -I>G>I7;52 B ,
Vc+ .&;$%)0$ @pass!%1)#7()%& -:;>9;7*C'"<'GD>:&2 j 0
VX+ .&;$.*$7' @pass!1'"%$8-%& -GD>:&'"<'G9"b&I;2 j 0
VW+ .&,#3*+0$%' @pass!'.+)#+8%!kan& -GD>:&2 j 0
(0+ .&"$.$%)0$%' @pass!1899%1)!kan& '-7E&>2' B ,
(,+ .&,$@$30$%' @pass!.44%*!kan& (ditransitive)y j 0
(/+ .&;#CE*,' @pass!#+3#)%& -C"8&9*%&*;2' B ,
(V+ .&"$.$%)0$%' @pass!1899%1)!kan& -7E&>2 B ,
((+ .&"$.$%)0$%' @pass!1899%1)!kan& -7E&>2 B ,
(1+ .&+#CE*3%$0$%' @pass!'.70-%)%!kan& -I&9&%"*52' AB /
(g+ .&,*=*10$%' @pass!4.8+$!kan& -"9C>*7a>;7"*2 B ,
(c+ .&=*$,' @pass!7(/%& ->I;7"*k>;;&%G;2 \ ,
(X+ .&3*%.&%)0$%' @pass!$#1'811!kan& ->I;7"*k>;;&%G;2 \ ,
(W+ .&&0*,&' @pass!4.--.5!i& -&8&*;2 j 0
10+ .&,$%.$,$%)$%&' @passLG$;'E"?*':7C*>;$9&LiU -:7C*>;$9&2 \AB V

y ditransitive: -C"8&9*%&*;k?D"#&L5&>9'G#>*2
kena as a third type of malay passive 211

APPENDIX TABLE 2. kena ADVERSATIVE PASSIVE

IN NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
recipients
0#%$'passives gloss of action \kAkB index
,+'0#%$'"#3$&' @kena:$#3.*'%&: -G&9:"*2' \AB V
/+ 0#%$'+&1&3' @kena:10%--& -G&9:"*L87I;7%2 \ ,
V+ 0#%$'+$%,$*' @kena:0.#1.+& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(+ 0#%$')$%,*%)' @kena:"(+9& -G&9:"*2' \AB V
1+ 0#%$'=#.&7 @kena:())('/:81#+9:5%(0.+& -;D7*CL4$7#E7*C2' \AB V
g+ 0#%$'=*$%)' @kena:)"*.5& -;D7*CL<9$7;2 \AB V
c+ 0#%$'0*,*0' @kena:'*#)#'#<%& -G&9:"*2' \AB V
X+ 0#%$'7$%))$3' @kena:/+.'/:$.5+&:29.+%:(9(#+1) -G&9:"*2 \AB V
W+ 0#%$'E*0*7' @kena:"#)& -G&9:"*2' \AB V
,0+ 0#%$'E*0*7' @kena:"#)& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,,+ 0#%$',$1$%' @kena:*%)(#+& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,/+ 0#%$',$%)0$E' @kena:'()'"& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,V+ 0#%$',&E*' @kena:'"%()2)*(0& -G&9:"*2 \B /
,(+ 0#%$',*.*1' @kena:18%& -G&9:"*2' B ,
,1+ 0#%$'E#%;$3$' @kena:=(#-& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,g+ 0#%$'.#%.$' @kena:08+#1"& -G&9:"*2' \B /
,c+ 0#%$'*3*,' @kena:7(11(9%& -G&9:"*2' \B /
,X+ 0#%$'7$%))$3' @kena:/+.'/:$.5+& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,W+ 0#%$'=*7&' @kena:,8--;&: -G&9:"*2 \ ,
/0+ 0#%$'0*%"&' @kena:/%;&2-.'/%$ -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/,+ 0#%$',&E*' @kena:'"%()2)*(0& -G&9:"*2 \B /
//+ 0#%$'$"$1' @kena:0-(;:5#)":1%>8(--;?: -G&9:"*2 \B /
%7.)#.+(--;?:%)'@&
/V+ 0#%$'.#%.$' @kena:08+#1"& -G&9:"*2 \B /
/(+ 0#%$'"*"*0' @kena:0./%&2#+=%')%$ -G&9:"*2' \AB V
/1+ 0#%$'E&;$0' @kena:1)%00%$:.+&2#+18-)%$ -G&9:"*2 j 0
/g+ 0#%$'"$0$3'=#7$0$%)' @kena:1'*()'":,('/&2,('/!1)%00%$ -G&9:"*2 j 0
/c+ 0#%$'+&0*' @kena:%-,.5&2())('/%$:8+*%($#-;: -G&9:"*2 j 0
/X+ 0#%$',#E&+' @kena:0(**;&2())('/%$:,('/ -G&9:"*2 j 0
/W+ 0#%$'0*&+' @kena:081"&21#$%!1)%00%$ -G&9:"*2' j 0
V0+ 0#%$'"$%,$+' @kena:'8):)"*.():.*:"%($& -G&9:"*2 j 0
2())('/%$:8+0*%0(*%$
V,+ 0#%$',&E*' @kena:'"%()2)*(0& -G&9:"*2 \B /
V/+ 0#%$'"$"&' @kena:#+18-)& -G&9:"*2' \B /
VV+ 0#%$'"#7$' @kena:"(+$#'(0& -G&9:"*2 \B /
V(+ 0#%$'3>)>7' @kena'9>G&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
V1+ 0#%$'3$CE$+' @kena:)(/%:.3%*:,;:4.*'%& -ditransitive2y \B /
Vg+ 0#%$',&E*' @kena:'"%()2)*(0& -G&9:"*2 \B /
Vc+ 0#%$',*%,*,' @kena:'-(#72(1/:).:0(;:,('/&: -G&9:"*2 \ ,
VX+ 0#%$',*%,*,' @kena:'-(#72(1/:).:0(;:,('/& -G&9:"*2' \ ,
VW+ 0#%$'+#7*0'+$0*' @kena:0#'/:0.'/%)& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(0+ 0#%$'C$3$1' @kena:1'.-$& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(,+ 0#%$'E*0*7' @kena:"#)& -G&9:"*2' \AB V
(/+ 0#%$',#%.$%)' @kena:/#'/& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(V+ 0#%$'E*0*7' @kena:"#)&: -G&9:"*2' \AB V
((+ 0#%$'E#3$1' @kena:1A8%%<%:$*;& -49>7*2 j 0
(1+ 0#%$',#C=$0 @kena:1"..)&: -G&9:"*2' \AB V
(g+ 0#%$',#C=$0' @kena:1"..)& -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(c+ 0#%$'=>C' @kena:,.7,& -G&9:"*2' \AB V
(X+ 0#%$'"*3&' @kena:1)%(-& -;D7*C2 \AB V
(W+ 0#%$'+$C*% @kena';>[&*'"8&9'45'<"9I&U -G&9:"*2' \B /
10+ 0#%$',#C=$0' @kena:1"..)& -G&9:"*2' \AB V

y ditransitiveO'-G&9:"*kG9"G&9;7&:2
212 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

APPENDIX TABLE 3. kena ADVERSATIVE PASSIVE

IN CLASSIC MANUSCRIPTS
recipients
0#%$/'passivesy gloss of action \kAkB index
,+'0#%$'$C*0 @kena'>;;>I['87C"9"$:#5U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/+'0#%$'E$3$%)z @kena'I$;'?7;D'ID"GG7*C'[*7<&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V+'0#%$'E$3$%) @kena'I$;'?7;D'ID"GG7*C'[*7<&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(+'0#%$'E$3$%) @kena'I$;'?7;D'ID"GG7*C'[*7<&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
1+'0#%$'E$3$%) @kena'I$;'?7;D'ID"GG7*C'[*7<&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
g+'0#%$'E$3$%) @kena'I$;'?7;D'ID"GG7*C'[*7<&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
c+'0#%$',#3*+/C#%#3*+ @kena'G>::';D9"$CDU -;D7*C2 \A /
X+'0#%$'$%&$8$ @kena'%>#;9&>;U -G&9:"*2 \B /
W+'0#%$'$%&$8$ @kena'%>#;9&>;U -G&9:"*2 \B /
,0+'0#%$'"&%"$%) @kena'ID"GU -I"9G:&2 \AB V
,,+'0#%$',&0$C @kena':;>4U -I"9G:&2 \AB V
,/+'0#%$'"*3& @kena':;&>#U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,V+'0#%$'3$CE$+ @kena';>[&'"8&9'45'<"9I&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
,(+'0#%$'E*0*7 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,1+'0#%$'.#%.$ @kena'G$*7:DU -G&9:"*2 \B /
,g+'0#%$'.#%.$ @kena'G$*7:DU -G&9:"*2 \B /
,c+'0#%$'.#%.$ @kena'G$*7:DU -G&9:"*2 \B /
,X+'0#%$'.#%.$9 @kena'G$*7:DU -G&9:"*2 \B /
,W+'0#%$'1&+$E @kena':$I[U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/0+'0#%$'1*0*C @kena'G$*7:DU -G&9:"*2 \B /
/,+'0#%$';#C*3 @kena'4>:[U -M:D2 \ ,
//+'0#%$'0*3*%) @kena'I>C&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/V+'0#%$'C$3$1 @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/(+'0#%$'C$3$1 @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/1+'0#%$')#3,$0 @kena'7*;7%7E>;&k;D9&>;&*U -G&9:"*2 \ ,
/g+'0#%$'3>,$% @kena'D7;'?7;D'9>;;>*'9"EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/c+'0#%$'E$7* @kena'D7;U -:*>[&2 \AB V
/X+'0#%$'"*3& @kena':;&>#U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/W+'0#%$'3$CE$+ @kena';>[&'"8&9'45'<"9I&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
V0+'0#%$'E*0*7 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V,+'0#%$'E*0*7 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V/+'0#%$'E*0*7 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
VV+'0#%$',$CE$3 @kena':#>GU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V(+'0#%$'E*0*7 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V1+'0#%$'E*0*7 @kena'D7;U -M*C&9:2 \AB V
Vg+'0#%$'"*3& @kena':;&>#U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
Vc+'0#%$'3$CE$+ @kena';>[&'"8&9'45'<"9I&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
VX+'0#%$'E*0*7 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
VW+'0#%$'3$+*0 @kena'CD":;'&*;&9U -G&9:"*2 AB /
(0+'0#%$'3>CE$0 @kena'9"4U -;D7*C2 \B /
(,+'0#%$'3>,$% @kena'D7;'?7;D'9>;;>*'9"EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(/+'0#%$'3>,$% @kena'D7;'?7;D'9>;;>*'9"EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(V+'0#%$'C$3$1 @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
((+'0#%$')#3,$0 @kena'7*;7%7E>;&k;D9&>;&*U -G&9:"*2 \B /
(1+'0#%$'3>,$% @kena'D7;'?7;D'9>;;>*'9"EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(g+'0#%$'+$C*% @kena';>[&'"8&9'45'<"9I&U -D"$:&2 \B /
(c+'0#%$'+#%)$, @kena':;7*CU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(X+'0#%$',$CE$3 @kena':#>GU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(W+'0#%$'%&+,$ @kena'7*:$#;U -G&9:"*2 \B /
10+'0#%$',$CE$3 @kena':#>GU -G&9:"*2 \AB V

y Q"%&'G>::78&'7*:;>*I&:'-:$ID'>:'c+'0#%$',#3*+/C#%#3*+'@kena'G>::';D9"$CDU)'7*'?D7ID',#3*+/
C#%#3*+'7:'7;:&#<'>*'><MJ&E'>I;78&'8&94'<"9%2'%>5'#""['$*C9>%%>;7I>#'7*';"E>5U:'$:>C&'4$;
E7E'>GG&>9'>:'G>::78&'<"9%:'7*'I#>::7I>#'H>#>5+'
z A$3$%)'7:':&#E"%'$:&E'>:'>'8&94'7*'H>#>5'*"?>E>5:)'4$;'7*';D&:&'#7;&9>95';&J;:'7;'<$*IL
;7"*:'>:'>'8&94+
kena as a third type of malay passive 213

APPENDIX TABLE 4. kena ADVERSATIVE PASSIVE

IN INTERNET SOURCES (1 DECEMBER 2004)
recipients
0#%$/'passives gloss of action \kAkB index
,+'0#%$'+">7.#. @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/+'0#%$',$%))$E @kena'I>;IDU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V+'0#%$'"$*)1, @kena'I>;IDU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(+'0#%$'=&,,#% @kena'47;&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
1+'0#%$'"$*)1, @kena'I>;IDU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
g+'0#%$'E#%;$3$ @kena'b>7#U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
c+'0#%$'3$=$ @kena';"$IDU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
X+'0#%$'C$3$1 @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
W+'0#%$'1&, @kena'D7;U -;D7*C2 \AB V
,0+'0#%$'K%# @kena'M*&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
,,+'0#%$',$%)0$E @kena'I>;IDU -D&>E2 \AB V
,/+'0#%$'+">7.#. @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,V+'0#%$'=>>0#. @kena'4""[U -;D7*C2 \B /
,(+'0#%$'1#%,$C @kena':;97[&'87"#&*;#5Uy -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,1+'0#%$'1$%,*0 @kena'[*"I[U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
,g+'0#%$'#.&,#. @kena'&E7;U -C&*E&92 \B /
,c+'0#%$'3$)*, @kena'G$##'?7;D':;9&*C;DU -;D7*CL;&#&GD"*&2 \B /
,X+'0#%$'"1$=*, @kena';>[&'>?>5U -;D7*C2 \AB V
,W+'0#%$'"*3& @kena':;&>#U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/0+'0#%$')$3& @kena'D>*EI$<<U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/,+'0#%$'3$E#. @kena'9>G&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
//+'0#%$'C$3$1 @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/V+'0#%$'E*%&+1 @kena'G$*7:DU -G&9:"*2 \B /
/(+'0#%$'7$%))$3 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/1+'0#%$'1$7$* @kena'ID>:&'>?>5U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/g+'0#%$'+#%)$, @kena':;7*CU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
/c+'0#%$'+E$C @kena':G>%U -&%>7#2 \B /
/X+'0#%$'1&, @kena'D7;U -;D7*C2 \AB V
/W+'0#%$'#7#",3>"*,#. @kena'&#&I;9"I$;&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V0+'0#%$'"1$3)# @kena'ID>9C&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
V,+'0#%$'7$%))$3 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V/+'0#%$'E>,>%) @kena'I$;U -;D7*CL>##"?>*I&2 \B /
VV+'0#%$'7$%))$3 @kena'D7;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
V(+'0#%$',$1$% @kena'9&;>7*U -G&9:"*2 \B /
V1+'0#%$')&)&, @kena'47;&U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
Vg+'0#%$'C$3$1 @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
Vc+'0#%$'C$3$1 @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
VX+'0#%$'=#$,#% @kena'4&>;U ->*7%>#2 \AB V
VW+'0#%$'E$0+$ @kena'<"9I&U -G&9:"*2 j 0
(0+'0#%$'"*=&, @kena'G7*IDU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(,+'0#%$'=7$+$1 @kena'4&>;':&8&9&#5U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(/+'0#%$'+$C$% @kena'-;9><MI2'M*&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
(V+'0#%$'+#3#, @kena'E9>CU -G&9:"*2 \B /
((+'0#%$'C$3$1 @kena':I"#EU -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(1+'0#%$'.*CE#.'$@$8 @kena'E$%G'>?>5U -;D7*C2 \AB V
(g+'0#%$'"*7&0 @kena'[7E*>GU -G&9:"*2 \B /
(c+'0#%$'%$))#. @kena'*>CU -G&9:"*2 \B /
(X+'0#%$'E#0&0 @kena':D"$;'>;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V
(W+'0#%$';#CE*, @kena'7*87;&U -G&9:"*2 \B /
10+'0#%$'&%;#", @kena'7*b&I;U -G&9:"*2 \AB V

y -$:$>##5'7*':G&&ID2
 214 oceanic linguistics, vol. 44, no. 1

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