To classify (Sort into sets) LT we have to watch over their characteristics and analyze

their DNA.

The Hierarchical System:

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

(TAXA)pl

● You know that organisms are closely related when they share the same Genus.

● The advantage of classifying organisms is that it helps to identify them, finds

interrelationships within organisms and makes their study easier.

The Five Kingdom domain

Within all living things, we have specific Kingdoms (Whittaker):

● Prokaryote Kingdom→ Made up of prokaryotic cells, have an absence of true

nucleus and organelles. Have a circular DNA.
 ● Protoctista Kingdom→ Made up of eukaryotic cells. Have a sub-group:
Protozoa→ Animal-like protoctista with no cell wall.

● Fungus Kingdom→ Are Eukaryotic, have cell walls made up of chitin, feed
saprotrophically (feed on rotten/dead matter), hyphae are elongated cells. A
group of them makes a mycelium (BUSCALO VERA)

● Animal Kingdom→ Are Eukaryotic and multicellular, have a cell surface

membrane, feed heterotrophically

● Plant Kingdom→ Are Eukaryotic and multicellular, cell walls made up of

cellulose, some contain chloroplast, feed by photosynthesis

Cell Nature:
Prokaryotic→ Nucleus and cell organelles are not demarcated

Eukaryotic→ Clear nucleus and membrane, bound of cell organelles

Cell Occurrence:
Unicellular→ Made up of a single cell

Multicellular→ Multiple cells in dusters to form specialized tissues and organs

Mode of Nutrition:
Autotrophs→ Make their own food

Heterotrophs—> Depend on others for food

Three Domain Classification by Carl Woese:

Bacteria (Eubacteria)--> Prokaryotic organisms that do not have a true nucleus.

Archaea (Archaea)--> Contains ancient prokaryotic organisms which do not have a

true nucleus. Have an independent evolutionary history and their biochemistry is
different from other forms of life.

Eukarya (Protoctist, Plant, Fungi, Animal)--> Organisms that have a true nucleus
Kingdom Plantae:
● Are Eukaryotic
● Are Multicellular
● Have cell walls made up of cellulose
● Some contain chloroplast (ex, root cells doesn't have chloroplast)
● Feed by photosynthesis

Cotyledons: Cotyledon, seed leaf within the embryo of a seed. Cotyledons help supply
the nutrition a plant embryo needs to germinate and become established as a
photosynthetic organism and may themselves be a source of nutritional reserves or
may aid the embryo in metabolizing nutrition stored elsewhere in the seed.

Dicotyledons: Dicotyledons or Dicot is generally referred to the flowering plants

or angiosperms in which the seeds typically contain two embryonic leaves or
cotyledon. All legumes, including beans, lentils, pea, and peanuts are the best
examples of dicotyledons.Both monocots and dicots form different leaves.
Monocot leaves are characterized by their parallel veins, while dicots form
“branching veins.” Leaves are another important structure of the plant because
they are in charge of feeding the plant and carrying out the process of
photosynthesis.

Example 1:
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Bryophyta

Bryophyta do not have leaves nor true roots (Have rhizoids instead, which grow
horizontally), as they are small simple plants. Do not have transport tissues (Xylem and
Phloem). They reproduce via spores.

Example 2:
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Pteridophyta

Pteridophyta have rhizomes that do not photosynthesis. They do have Xylem and
Phloem and they reproduce by spores.
Kingdom Animalia:
● Are made up of Eukaryotic cells
● Are multicellular
● Do not have cell walls, but a cell surface membrane
● Feed heterotrophically

Arthropods (Invertebrates- Poikilothermic):

Kingdom: Animalia
phylum : arthropoda (joined feet)
class: crustaceans

● several pair of legs for different functions( grabbing, walking and swimming)
claws,
● cephalothorax,
● antennae
● compound eyes
● most are aquatic

class: arachnida

● cephalothorax and abdomen

● 8 legs or 4 pairs
● no antennae
● chelicerae (colmillos)
● compound and simple eyes
● pedi palms (sensitive organ)
● silk glands

class: insecta

● 6 legs or 3 pairs
● head, thorax and abdomen
● antennae and wings (1 pair or 2)
● compound eyes

Class: Myriapods

● Segmented body (Abdomen and Thorax)

 ● One pair of legs for each segment
● One pair of antennae
● Simple eyes
● Mandibles (lower jaw) and maxillae (upper jaw)

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chord

Chordata:
● All the organisms that once in their lifetime had a notochord belong to the
phylum chordata. It can stay forever or it may disappear.
● The notochord is a flexible rod-like structure made up of cartilage that is
derived from the mesoderm and is considered as the principal structural
element which supports the body of the lower chordates (In our embryonic
stages)
● All vertebrates are cathartes but not all chordates are vertebrates.

Vertebral Column:
● Is made up of 33 vertebrae
● Is a structure that extends from the skull to the pelvis in higher chordates.
● Provides a base for support and attachment.
● It has four distinct regions: Cervical, atlas, axis and the thoracic vertebrae

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordilia
Subphylum: Vertebrate
Class: Amphibia

● Live both in water and soil during their life cycle. Have organs adapted for both
ecosystems
● The three ways of exchanging gasses are sublingual, through the skin and
through lungs or gills.
● They pass through a process called metamorphosis
● Are Poikilothermic (Their body temperature depends on the environment)
● They bask in the sun
● Fertilization and development is external
● Reproduction is oviparous.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordilia
Subphylum: Vertebrate
Class: Fish

● Are covered with moist overlapping scales and have fins, which are important in
their movement.
● They breathe through gills that are protected by a bone called the operculum.
● Are Poikilothermic (Their body temperature depends on the environment)
● They bask in the sun
● Whenever fishes are living in water which are not extremely deep, they are
pressed dorsoventrally (Casi planos, tipo las rayas)
● In most cases, the fertilization is internal and the development is external.
● Reproduction is oviparous, though some fish are viviparous (Are born alive, just
like mammals)

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordilia
Subphylum: Vertebrate
Class: Reptiles

● Have their body covered in dry scales.

● They can have 4 legs or not legs at all
● They lay eggs, which have a soft shell that covers them.
● Are Poikilothermic (Their body temperature depends on the environment)
● They bask in the sun (Toman Sol para calentarse)
● Fertilization is internal
● Are oviparous or ovoviviparous

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordilia
Subphylum: Vertebrate
Class: Birds

● Body covered by feathers of different sorts

● Have wings
● Have a beak
● Have legs with dry scales (As they are very reptilian)
● The body is also streamlined so that they can fly
● Have light bones so that they can fly
 ● Are Homeothermic (Their body temperature is independent from the
environmental temperature).
● Fertilization occurs internally
● Development occurs externally

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordilia
Subphylum: Vertebrate
Class: Mammals

● Have fur or hair

● They have mammary glands
● Thy suckle their young (Les dan de mamar)
● Have nipples
● Have external ears (All the above have internal pinnae-oreja)
● Are Homeothermic (Their body temperature is independent from the
environmental temperature).
● Both fertilization and development are internal (Viviparous)

Reproduction in vertebrates:

● Reproduction: Producing more of the same kind.

● Sexual reproduction: Two parents (Fertile) needed. Two ways: Viviparous or
Oviviparous.
● Fertilization: Fusion between both gametes. Te male one is the motile (It will be
the one moving towards the female gametes). That's why they are usually
smaller. As it is the one that moves, it needs a humid environment (As it
"swims"). This environment will be produced by the bodies.
● Parental Care: The higher the number of individuals, the more difficult the
parental care becomes. That's why in mammals, the parental care is higher and
easier, as the development occurs internally. The ones that are oviparous are
the ones that will have the least of parental care.
● There is a tendency of over reproduction, as not all of the offsprings will live

Types of Beaks:

Cracker→ Short, thick, conical brills for cracking seeds

Shredders→ Sharp, curved brills for teasing preys

Chisel→ Long and chisel-like for boring into wood/insects

Prabe→ Long and slender for probing flowers and nectar

Strainer→ Long, flat brills to strain small plants and animals from the water

Spear→ Spear-like brills adapted for fishing

Tweezer→ Thin pointee brills to eat insects

Swiss Army Knived→ Multi purpose brill

The Purpose of Hair:

● Hair is a natural insulator (A material that does not allow heat to escape too
quickly

● Hairs are flat, parallel to the skin, with no air between them and the skin

● Whenever the weather is cold, each of the muscle hairs make them go "up",
which makes air (an insulator) go in between of them.

Antlers:
● Made entirely of bone
● Extensions of the animal's skull
● Shed and regrown in a larger size each year.

Horns:
● Made of bone covered by Keratin
● Attractive thing for females
● Grow throughout the animal's life and are never shed