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On One Application of Fourier Analysis in Plastic Surgery

Article in International Journal of Modern Physics Conference Series · January 2012

DOI: 10.1142/S2010194512005065

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 International Conference Mathematical and Computational Biology 2011
International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series
Vol. 9 (2012) 24–29
 World Scientific Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S2010194512005065

ON ONE APPLICATION OF FOURIER ANALYSIS IN PLASTIC SURGERY

ABDUMALIK RAKHIMOV
Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2012.09:24-29. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Laboratory of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics,

Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Selangor 43300, Malaysia
abdumalik2004@mail.ru

HISHAMUDDIN ZAINUDDIN
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Laboratory of Computational Sciences and Mathematical Physics,

Institute for Mathematical Research, University Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Selangor 43300, Malaysia
hishamuddinz@gmail.com

In present paper, we discuss the spectral methods of measurement of the degree of speech and/or
quality of sound by comparing the coefficient of performance indicators depending on energy
distributions, ratio of energy of the fundamental tone and energy of overtones. Such a method is
very efficient for string oscillation with different initial conditions and it is useful for justification
of applications of Fourier analysis in plastic surgery in treatment of some medical diseases.
Keywords: Plastic surgery; Fourier analysis; energy of the harmonic.

1. Introduction and Preliminaries

Fourier analysis plays an important role in physics, chemistry, seismology, oceanography,
geophysics, biology and many other sciences. Among the numerous applications some
medical examinations recently plays important role. There are many applications of
Fourier analysis in plastic surgery. For instant, patients may have serious defects in
speech in some medical diseases. Treating such patients, in order to restore normal
speech, may require plastic surgery in several stages (operations). In this, it is important
to apply all possible effective methods for assessment of speech quality of the patient
before, during and after treatment. Fourier analysis of sounds may implement such an
assessment. In this distribution of sound energy by particular harmonics may be used.
First, we consider two examples of initial conditions for string vibration problem and
study energy ratio for particular harmonics. Then we discuss some applications of the
theory in plastic surgery.

2. Energy of the String Sound

We consider that string made from elastic, homogeneous material with the length ℓ. We
neglect thickness of the string. Also, assume that string vibration is going on in one plane

24
 On One Application of Fourier Analysis in Plastic Surgery 25

and a vector of displacement is always orthogonal to the  axis. Therefore at any

  0, ℓ, its position in a plan ,  at a moment is a function of time and space
variables , .
We consider that the string is flexible. Flexibility means no resistance to bending.
Because of elasticity of the string, we have also tension power on the string.
Under these assumptions, considering small vibrations of the string, applying Hook’s law
obtain following linear partial differential equation for the function


 , (1)
/ ,  is tension,  is density.
Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2012.09:24-29. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

where
Then energy of whole string expressed by following formula (see for instant in4)

       
 ℓ   ℓ 
  
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(2)

where first terms is potential energy and second one is kinetic energy of whole string.
In addition to the equation (1) consider following boundary conditions

u0, t uℓ, t 0, (3)

which means that ends of the string are fixed.
Problem (1) and (3) is called a problem without initial condition and has infinite number

!" !" !"

of solutions:
 ,      # $" % $"
ℓ ℓ ℓ
where a ' and b' arbitrary numbers, n 1, 2, 3, … … .. .
Functions u' x, t can be written as

,   
!"  "  !"
" $"
ℓ ℓ
(4)

where c' a'  b' , d' 2 arctg . Each point x  0 ℓ of the string is in
ℓ 78
34' 38
 $"
!"
ℓ
harmonic motion with amplitude . Such a motion of the string named standing
wave. Thus, functions u' x, t are also standing waves and called n-th harmonics of the
string. Energy of n-th harmonic (4) does not depend on time and can be calculated by
formula (2).
A free vibration of the string excited by arbitrary way is as a sum of standing waves and
represents a travelling wave. Energy of a travelling wave distributed by standing waves
and sum of energies of the standing waves gives full energy of the string.
Let initial state (initial deviation) of the string is given and has a triangle form
 26 A. Rakhimov and H. Zainuddin

x, if x  0, c>
;

ux, 0 fx : < C , c  0, ℓ.

h , if x  Bc, ℓ
ℓ@A
(5)
ℓ@<

and initial velocity of the string is equal zero, then Fourier coefficients are

2hℓ nπc
a' sin , b' 0.
π n cℓ 2 c
  ℓ
Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2012.09:24-29. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

and hence energy of n-th harmonic is equal

G;H ℓI 3H
F sin
'4<
4H 'H <H ℓ@<H ℓ
(6)

Thus from (6) it follows that a ratio of the energies does not depend on J. That means,
the ratio does not depend on how high the top of the triangle is. Thus for any J vibration
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of a string with initial exiting with the shape (5) has the same ratio of energies of its
harmonics. That means energy ratio of the harmonics does not depend on the highest
initial deviation, which describes power of the sound (for example if we consider a string
as a plucked string instrument).
If a string with the fixed ends is excited by impulse K at a point   0, ℓ (for example
by acute hammer)

, 0 N 2 ,

L
M
(7)

where N is the Dirac delta function. Initial condition (7) can be understood in
distributional sense and Fourier series of the functional in the right side of (7) converges

If initial deviation is zero , 0 0, then the energy of the individual harmonics
at least in weak topology (see for example in [1]).

expressed by following formula

LH
 $"
'4<
Mℓ ℓ
(8)

From (8) we can conclude that for the problem with initial condition (7) energy ratio of
its particular harmonics does not depend on impulse K.

3. Speech Analysis Through Spectral Theory

Human speech sounds generated by articulating apparatus, including the larynx, tongue,
soft and hard palate, the teeth, lips, nasopharynx, and the cavity. Thus, this apparatus
much complicated from the examples, which we analyzed in previous section (triangle
form of the string or impulse given at one point).
 On One Application of Fourier Analysis in Plastic Surgery 27

In general, its mathematical model can be represented through exciters of the tones, white
noise and a group of filters, modulators, keys (mouth, nose, tongue, lips), which provide
filtering and the formation of a certain sensation of sound.
Speech sounds are the vibrations of an elastic environment (speech apparatus), having a
certain spectrum, intensity and range. The spectrum of the speech sound can be
decomposed into tone and noise components. Tonal sounds formed with the participation
of the vocal cords, and noise - the barriers in the mouth. Thus, a vowel is a tone (in this
case, the glottis generates sound pulses) and consonants is the noise (the glottis is
disabled and articulation device generates a noise signal). The vowels (tones) are
periodic.
Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2012.09:24-29. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

The spectrum of vowels has specific features to each vowel sound, which create a tone of
voice of a man. Fourier analysis of vowels confirms that vowel sounds characterized by
their spectra overtone regions with large amplitude and these areas are for each vowel is
always on the same frequencies, regardless of the height of the vowel sound. Thus for the
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assessment voice quality ratio of the amplitudes can be chosen as a criteria. However,
ratio of the amplitudes is always proportional to the energy ratio of the corresponding
harmonics.

string to the height h at a point c  0, ℓ at the time 0. The tone which we hear in
In the example 1 initial condition expressed by a triangle which obtained by pluck the

this case is different from the case if we pluck the string at other point c  0, ℓ, c O c.
Fourier components of both are distinctly different when we let the string go then the
frequencies and modules of the amplitudes are quite different. Each will oscillate with its
own frequencies and own amplitudes. Thus vibration of the string (sound) depends on
where we pluck and where we height the string. However, as we have seen ratio of the
energy of particular harmonics does not depend on height in first example and impulse in
second one.

4. Some Applications in Plastic Surgery

Fourier analysis has many applications in medicine including plastic surgery. It
successfully applied in performing different surgery operations in muscles of different
organs as hart, eyes etc. For example, it applied in surgery of patients with incisional
hernias (hernioplasty with polypropylene mesh). In this Fourier analysis applied for
estimations of abdominal wall muscles function by performing electromyography. In this
high effectiveness of surgical treatment was established5. Another successfully practical
use of Fourier analysis is canaloplasty that is surgical treatment of glaucoma. In this
Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography can be applied for assessments of surgery
operations3.
Let us consider one more application of Fourier analysis in plastic surgery to illustrate the
conclusions of previous sections. A disease named a cleft lip or palate (CLP) can be
successfully treated with surgery, especially if it conducted soon after birth or in early
childhood. Clefts can also affect other parts of the face, such as the eyes, ears, nose,
cheeks, and forehead. Cleft may cause problems with feeding, ear disease, speech and
socialization.
 28 A. Rakhimov and H. Zainuddin

Because the lips and palate are both used in pronunciation, individuals with cleft usually
need the aid of a speech therapist. Treatment of this disease goes through plastic surgery
in several stages (from 2 to 7 of plastic surgery). In its treatment, restoration
of speech is one of the main problems in the rehabilitation of a patient. The closure of
the pharyngeal lymphoid ring is a very important component of sound production, and
breach of this function leads to significant changes in speech signals and pathological
change the tone of all the sounds.
In recent years, the use of modern methods of mathematical physics investigating the
physical characteristics of sound production, in particular, spectral analysis of sounds and
development modern software for spectral analysis of a speech allows more deeply
Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2012.09:24-29. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

explore the changes and determine the influence of the type of pathology in such a
disease.
Applications of the Fourier analysis in plastic surgery must be considered only as
additional mathematical tool for assessments patient’s conditions and treatment progress.
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In this, Fourier analysis can be accompanied with correlation analysis and other statistical
analysis with the assessments of significance obtained statistical results.
To distinguish one sound from another can be done by analyzing their frequencies and
amplitudes. However, problem here is to distinguish right (healthy) sound from the
wrong (deformed). Thus, human sound is something that is a function in time and space
and as we mentioned above, the same sound, regardless of its power, has the same ratio
of energies of its particular harmonics. Thus, for the same vowel (for example “a”) we
can distinguish sounds produced by a healthy man and a diseased one. Moreover, using
the same criteria one can classify deformed sounds regarded the same vowel and/or a
group of vowels. This is very efficient mathematical tool for the plastic surgeon in
monitoring and making decisions during the treatments of patients.
In work 2 the ratios of the main amplitudes used as criteria for assessment of the speech
in treatment of CLP by plastic surgery. In2 Fourier analysis of the spectra of
vowels, accompanied by statistical analysis of a data, applied for additional assessment of
ongoing treatment of the patients.

Acknowledgement
This paper is supported by FRGS Project 01-04-10-887FR under Ministry of Higher
Education, Malaysia.

References

1. Sh.A Alimov, A.A. Rakhimov. On the localization spectral expansions of distributions. J.

Differential equations, 32:6, 798-802 (1996).
2. M.Z. Dustmukhamedov, Complex treatment of children with congenital cleft palate Doctoral
work, Tashkent (2006).
 On One Application of Fourier Analysis in Plastic Surgery 29

3. P.M. Palmiero, Z. Aktas, O. Lee, C. Tello, Z. Sbeity, Bilateral Descemet membrane

detachment after canaloplasty, J Cataract Refract Surg, 36:3, 508-511(2010).
4. A.N.Tikhonov, A.A. Samarsky, Equations of Mathematical Physics, Nauka, Moscow, 742
(1972).
5. A.D. Timoshin, A.L. Shestakov, O.I. Zagorulko, A.G. Inakov, Abdominal wall muscles
function estimation after hernioplasty, Bulletin of the Siberian Medicine, 3, 62-64 (2007).
Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2012.09:24-29. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by 192.30.84.40 on 10/11/16. For personal use only.

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