ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

WATER TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE

Faculty of Hydraulic and Water Resources

Engineering

Software in Hydraulic Engineering

(HE-4191)

January, 2024 G.C

Arba Minch, Ethiopia

0
 ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY
WATER TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE
FACULTY OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCES ENG’G

COURSE OUTLINE
Course Name : Software in Hydraulic Engineering Academic Year: 2024 (2016 E.C)
Course Code : HEng – 4191 Semester I
Prerequisite: Comp-1032, WEE-3175, HE-3161, HE-3153 Instructor: Mr. Bereket D. (M.Sc.)
Credit Hours : 3 Sections : G4HWRE-A
Lec-T-L Hour: 2-0- 3

Objective: The objective of this course is to introduce students‟ appropriate type of software related
to hydraulic and water resources engineering.
Outcomes:
At the end of this course, students will able to:
Apply Spreadsheet application in appropriate engineering problems
Know the general procedure of solving physical problems using computers and
available of scientific software.
Select the appropriate model for hydraulic engineering analysis and design.
Solve hydraulic problems such as, pipe flow for water supply, channel design,
storm ditches, culverts & reservoirs using software.
Design and analyze of concrete gravity dams using CADAM
Model the hydraulic characteristic of rivers for various hydrological
phenomenon‟s using HEC-RAS
Simulate the rainfall-runoff processes of watershed systems using HEC-HMS
Utilize the application of global mapper for different hydrological modeling
Content of the course
S.No Name of Software Application
1 Spread sheet application Solving Engineering Problems
2 Flow Master Design and Analyzes of Pipes, Ditches and Open
Channels
3 Culvert Master Design And Analyzes of Culvert Hydraulics
4 Storm CAD Design and Analyzes of Storm Sewer Systems
5 Water CAD Design and Analyzes of Water Distribution Systems
6 Epanet Modeling and Analyzes of Water Distribution Systems
7 Introduction to CADAM Design and Analyze of Concrete Gravity Dam
8 HEC-RAS River Modeling
9 HEC-HMS Rainfall-runoff modeling
10 Global Mapper Contouring, Gridding and Surface Mapping Terrain
Processing

Mode of Evaluation References

1. Project & Practical ............. 60% Lecture Note
2. Attendance........................... 10% Software’s Manual
3. Final exam ...........................30% Any Related books
Total=100%

1
Chapter 1 – Spread Sheet Application for
Engineering Problems
1.1 Excel Fundamentals
A spreadsheet is basically a table containing numerical and/or alphanumeric values. The individual
elements within the spreadsheet are known as cells. A cell can contain two different kinds of data, a
numerical constant (a number) or a text constant (label or string).Each cell is referenced by its
column heading letter and its row number. This is called a cell address or cell reference.
Example: B3, C7, R4 etc…..
When excel window is opened, there are several lines of information surrounding an empty excel
worksheet as shown below.

Formatting Tool bar

Standard Tool bar Menu bar Title bar

Cell Address
Formula bar

Currently Active cell Worksheet cells

Status bar Worksheet Tabs Horizontal scroll bar Vertical scroll bar

2
1.2 Flow Duration Curve

% Exceeded or
Discharge Flow in descending equaled Average
S.No (m^3/s) order Rank ( m) (m/N+1)*100 Flow
1 106.7 1200 1 7.692 340.93
2 107.1 964.7 2 15.385 340.93
3 148.2 497 3 23.077 340.93
4 497 338.6 4 30.769 340.93
5 1200 177.6 5 38.462 340.93
6 964.7 148.2 6 46.154 340.93
7 338.6 142.7 7 53.846 340.93
8 177.6 141 8 61.538 340.93
9 141 141 9 69.231 340.93
10 141 126.6 10 76.923 340.93
11 142.7 107.1 11 84.615 340.93
12 126.6 106.7 12 92.308 340.93
Qmean 340.93m3/s
Steps:
1. First make the Flow in descending order,
To do this, Click data  Select flow Sort warningcontinue with current selectionsort by
flow in descending order sort on valuesorder largest to smallest
2. To draw the Graph,
Click insert Scatter Select smooth curve or smooth with dots  then Click
3. To select the data series
Right click on chart area Select data
4. To select X-data and Y-data (Series-1)
Click add  Edit series  Fill series name (FDC) Select all X data (% exceed)  Select all y data
(flow)  then click ok
5. Click add again Edit series Fill series name (mean discharge) Select all X data (%
Exceeded)  Select all y data (flow)  then click ok
7. To modify border line styles
Right click Border line Format chart areaBorder color/border styles then adjust width of
line, cap type, join type etc…

3
 Flow Duration Curve
1400
1200
1000
Flow (m3/s)

800
600
400
200
0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
%Exceeded or Equaled

FDC Mean Discharge

1.3 Flow profile computations (GVF, RVF, SVF)

The main forces involved in open channel flow are inertia, gravity, hydrostatic force due to change
in depth and friction.
Methods to find the length of GVF profiles (Back water curve)
1. Direct Step Method
2. Standard Step Method
3. Graphical method
4. Numerical integration method
EXAMPLE: A river 100m wide and 3m deep has an average bed slope of 0.005 and discharge
intensity of 15m^3/s/m width of the channel.
Estimate the length of GVF profile produced by a low dam which raises the water surface just
upstream of it by 1.5m.Also draw the flow profile? Assume n=0.035
Hint: Use Direct Step method
Solution from Meanings Equation
Given A
B=100 m Q R 2 / 3 So1/ 2
q=15 m^3/s/m n
n=0.035
So=0.005

4
 The first step to find horizontal distance u/s of the low dam is calculation of Normal depth,
yo = 3.33m

Take absolute value of X, as distance is always positive

y(m) V(m/s) V^2/2g E (m) Sf Sf,ave So-Sf,ave X (m)

4.50 3.3333 0.5663 5.0663 - 0.0018 - - - 0.0000
4.40 3.4091 0.5923 4.9923 -0.0740 0.0020 0.0019 0.0031 -23.8856 23.8856
4.30 3.4884 0.6202 4.9202 -0.0721 0.0021 0.0021 0.0029 -24.4771 48.3627
4.20 3.5714 0.6501 4.8501 -0.0701 0.0023 0.0022 0.0028 -25.2102 73.5729
4.10 3.6585 0.6822 4.7822 -0.0679 0.0025 0.0024 0.0026 -26.1380 99.7109
4.00 3.7500 0.7167 4.7167 -0.0655 0.0027 0.0026 0.0024 -27.3428 127.0537
3.90 3.8462 0.7540 4.6540 -0.0628 0.0030 0.0028 0.0022 -28.9604 156.0141
3.80 3.9474 0.7942 4.5942 -0.0598 0.0032 0.0031 0.0019 -31.2312 187.2453
3.70 4.0541 0.8377 4.5377 -0.0565 0.0035 0.0034 0.0016 -34.6258 221.8712
3.60 4.1667 0.8849 4.4849 -0.0528 0.0039 0.0037 0.0013 -40.2055 262.0767
3.50 4.2857 0.9362 4.4362 -0.0487 0.0042 0.0040 0.0010 -50.9732 313.0499
3.40 4.4118 0.9920 4.3920 -0.0441 0.0047 0.0044 0.0006 -80.0538 393.1037
-
3.33 4.5045 1.0342 4.3642 -0.0279 0.0050 0.0048 0.0002 164.8632 557.9669

5
 Flow profile
5.0
4.0

Depth , y (m)
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0

Distance , X (m)

1.4 Velocity measurement in Rivers

Exercise 1

Velocity, m/s
Vavg.
Mid Vavg. qi,mid- qi,mean-
Verticals Distance Depth 0.6d 0.2d 0.8d mean section section
RB 4 0.00 0.000 0.000 - - -
1 5 0.31 0.193 0.193 0.0965 0.060 0.010
2 6 0.40 0.219 0.219 0.206 0.088 0.054
3 7 0.51 0.238 0.238 0.2285 0.121 0.099
4 8 0.85 0.243 0.243 0.2405 0.207 0.159
5 9 1.23 0.260 0.211 0.236 0.23925 0.290 0.249
6 10 1.58 0.265 0.216 0.241 0.238 0.380 0.335
7 11 1.69 0.278 0.225 0.252 0.246 0.425 0.396
8 12 1.71 0.295 0.253 0.274 0.26275 0.469 0.432
9 13 1.87 0.317 0.257 0.287 0.2805 0.537 0.486
10 14 1.84 0.287 0.278 0.283 0.28475 0.520 0.524
11 15 1.71 0.305 0.252 0.279 0.2805 0.476 0.502
12 16 1.65 0.287 0.238 0.263 0.2705 0.433 0.463
13 17 1.50 0.278 0.238 0.258 0.26025 0.387 0.418
14 18 1.36 0.265 0.217 0.241 0.2495 0.328 0.364
15 19 1.19 0.257 0.193 0.225 0.233 0.268 0.308
16 20 1.17 0.235 0.188 0.212 0.21825 0.247 0.266
17 21 0.92 0.216 0.216 0.21375 0.199 0.226
18 22 0.81 0.188 0.188 0.202 0.152 0.180
19 23 0.70 0.184 0.184 0.186 0.129 0.146
20 24 0.63 0.167 0.167 0.1755 0.105 0.120
21 25 0.55 0.150 0.150 0.1585 0.083 0.099
22 26 0.48 0.125 0.125 0.1375 0.060 0.076
LB 26.5 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.0625 0.000 0.005
5.962 5.918

Total Q =

6
 River cross-section

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

Mid-section Method

Mean Section Method

7
Stage Discharge

C 15.352695
A 1.4613171
Qc = c(h+a)^n n 2.6951459

actual Computed Qa-Qc Qd^2

Obser.No h (m) Qa (m^3/s) Qc (m^3/s) Qd Qdsq
1 1.55 300 299.5734 0.4266 0.1820
2 1.44 287 270.9856 16.0144 256.4620
3 1.26 235 228.0226 6.9774 48.6844
4 1.05 193 183.6444 9.3556 87.5276
5 0.73 125 127.1847 -2.1847 4.7730
6 0.69 113 121.0240 -8.0240 64.3849
7 0.7 124 122.5462 1.4538 2.1136
8 1.7 340 341.5089 -1.5089 2.2766
9 0.96 169 166.4408 2.5592 6.5493
10 0.94 168 162.7615 5.2385 27.4424
11 1.35 240 248.9213 -8.9213 79.5901
12 1.17 202 208.2633 -6.2633 39.2284
13 1.79 387 368.3488 18.6512 347.8687
14 3.09 930 911.9271 18.0729 326.6303
15 3.87 1374 1396.7211 -22.7211 516.2473
16 2.33 540 557.3249 -17.3249 300.1505
17 3.49 1152 1144.3487 7.6513 58.5424
18 3.93 1452 1439.4914 12.5086 156.4654
19 2.03 440 446.2929 -6.2929 39.6007
20 1.61 306 315.9335 -9.9335 98.6742
21 2.13 469 481.5867 -12.5867 158.4253
22 1.37 246 253.7229 -7.7229 59.6425
23 1.05 189 183.6444 5.3556 28.6827
24 0.91 163 157.3390 5.6610 32.0470
25 0.79 139 136.7895 2.2105 4.8862
26 0.68 120 119.5138 0.4862 0.2364
27 0.61 104 109.2736 -5.2736 27.8110
28 0.53 94.6 98.2679 -3.6679 13.4535
Total 2788.5785
Stage discharge curve

1600
Procedure
1400 Measured discharge  Assume an arbitrary value of c , a
,n
Discharge (m^3/s)

1200 Computed discharge

1000
 ComputeQc = c(h+a)n
800
600
 Find the error
400  Square the errors and sum up
200 together
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
 Open “Data menu”
stage (m)  Select “Solver” option
Cell target – error sum
Status – minimizing error
Adjusted parameters – c,a,n,

8
 1.5 Optimization of Engineering Problems
Problem1: (Maximization) – Recall Example on Hydropower II

Exercise 2

chapter 4.
Maximize the benefit earned from sell of water by withdrawing from reservoir of maximum
capacity of 80 Mm3 and initial storage of 20 Mm3. The price of water during summer and winter are
0.05 and 0.20 $ per m3respectively. The inflow during summer and winter are 100 and 35
Mm3respectively.

Objective function
Z = 0.05 Qs + 0.2Qw (Maximization)
Constraint
Qs + Qw>= 75
Qs + Qw =< 155
Qs>= 40
Qs =< 120
Qs ,Qw>= 0

Excel 2003

Problem2: (Maximization)
A farmer owns a 100 ha farm and plans to plant at most three crops. The seeds for crops A, B, C
costs Birr 40, 20, 30 per ha respectively. The farmer has a maximum of Birr 3200 to spend on seed.
Crops A, B, C require 1, 2 & 1 working days per ha respectively and there are a maximum of 160
9
working days available. If the farmer can make a profit of Birr 100 per ha on crop A, Birr 300 per
ha on crop B, and Birr 200 per ha on crop C, how many hectares of each crop should be planned to
maximize the profit?
Solution:
X1 = Number of hectares of crop A
X2 = Number of hectares of crop B
X3 = Number of hectares of crop C
P = Total profit
Objective function:
Max P = 100X1 + 300X2 +200X3
Constraints:
X1 + X2 + X3 =< 100
40X1 + 20X2 + 30X3 =<3200
X1 + 2X2 + X3 =< 160

Non negativity constraint

X1, X2, X3>=0

1.6 Reservoir Routing

The flood whose hydrograph is prescribed by ordinates at 6 – hours intervals as enters a reservoir of
area A = 106 m2, having a vertical sides is tabulated below.

T (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
Inflow(m3/s) 0 10 20 40 50 40 30 20 10 5 0

The outflow discharge over the spill way, assuming spillway as broad crested weir, is given by Q =
1.7 *B *H3/2where Q – outflow in m3/s
B – width of the spillway in m = 30m

Assume that the water level in the reservoir at time t = 0 is just at the crest of the spillway for which
Qo = 0.

By completing the table below, compute the outflow hydrograph.

Inflow Head, Cell

Time (hrs) (m^3/s) (I1 +I2)/2 Outflow(Q) S1-0.5Q1 S2-0.5Q2 H(m) target
0 0 5 0 0 5 0
6 10 15 1.43486 3.56514 18.56514 0.0925
12 20 20 8.68434 9.8808 39.8808 0.3072
18 40 40 23.89928 15.98152 60.98152 0.6033
24
30
36
42
48
54
60

What if Analysis, Cell target

Tool/Data
Goal seek
10
To value

By changing
 1.7 Runoff computation & hydrograph development

Determine the direct runoff hydrograph, the Ф ▬ index and the excess rainfall
hyetograph for the observed stream flow data given below. The watershed area is
18.23 km^2 and the base flow is 11.35 m^3/sec.

Time Rainfall(mm) Intensity excess P streamflow,m^3/s DRH

1 8:30 5.76 0
2 9:00 3.8 7 0
3 9:30 6.6 8 0
4 10:00 33.8 23.5 12.15
5 10:30 55.9 66 54.65
6 11:00 52.8 161.6 150.25
7 11:30 5.1 270.42 259.07
8 12:00 2.3 312.8 301.45
9 12:30 233.6 222.25
10 1:00 122.5 111.15
11 1:30 63.7 52.35
12 2:00 51.12 39.77
13 2:30 34.9 23.55
14 3:00 20.22 8.87
15 3:30 11.18 0
16 4:00 10.04 0
17 4:30 8.6 0

Hydrograph of s tre am flow

Time
1 7 13
0 350

50 300

100 250
Rainfall depth

150 200
Flow

200 150

250 100

300 50

350 0
0 5 10 15 20
Time

11
1.8 Regression analysis

Multiple regressions (y: x1, x2, x3,…)

12
Exercise
Data for regression analysis
Catch No Area, m^2 Rfall (in) S per 1000 Qbar, (ft^3/s)
1 28 95.3 1639 2595
2 328 84.2 2706 10741
3 11 66.5 1121 544
4 151 82.2 2242 11176
5 528 45.1 1811 15562
6 6 50.7 2193 269
7 45 36.7 944 1632
8 85 26.4 276 699
9 81 29.7 357 249
10 485 31.4 640 5690
11 187 39.1 677 4275
12 36 23.7 231 178
13 27 24.3 266 244
14 75 25.5 315 447
15 90 25.8 372 597
16 86 26.3 361 478
17 41 26.5 330 166
18 631 24.7 297 2764
19 1170 24.2 197 3689
20 565 25.6 226 3229
21 44 24 328 99
22 180 24.4 171 389
23 117 25 210 793
24 30 25.6 227 223
25 8 25.2 255 180
26 400 25.6 280 1298
27 140 30.9 507 495
28 3810 28.9 338 11832
29 137 28.3 225 658
30 153 34.2 469 1263
31 8 33.8 915 226
32 257 32.1 289 3128
33 617 33.9 452 6269
34 102 27.9 207 1185
35 125 28.4 437 1007
36 859 26.9 339 4708
37 1670 37.2 949 15687
38 782 46.4 1508 10841
39 3 96.4 1706 442
40 1560 40.9 1155 19475
41 28 76.9 1849 1747
42 342 32.9 906 1673
43 138 39.1 1144 5169
44 732 49.9 1456 16545
45 495 56.1 1597 17458
46 64 65.5 1511 4269
47 4 99.7 1943 787
48 44 58 1578 924
49 401 56.9 1777 9252
50 8 51.5 844 420
51 61 29.7 246 573
52 160 34.4 492 1967
53 58 40.7 1207 1931
54 235 30.4 181 2634
55 78 30.4 147 763
56 262 44 1018 6340
57 216 49.8 767 10655

13
Chapter II – Flow Master
What Does Flow Master Do?
Flow Master is an easy-to-use program that helps Hydraulic engineers with the hydraulic design and
analysis of pipes, ditches, open channels, and more. To do this, Flow Master computes flows and
pressures based on several well-known equations such as Darcy- Weisbach, Manning's, Kutter's,
and Hazen-Williams. The program's flexibility allows the user to choose an unknown variable, and
then automatically compute the solution after entering known parameters. Flow Master also
calculates rating tables, and plots curves and cross sections. You can view the output on the screen,
copy it to the Windows clipboard, save it to a file, or print it on any standard printer.
Flow Master allows you to create an unlimited number of worksheets to analyze uniform sections of
pressure pipe or open channel, including irregular sections (such as natural streams or odd-shaped
man made sections). Flow Master does not work with networked systems, such as a storm sewer
network or a pressure pipe network. For these types of analysis, see the Storm CAD and Water
CAD programs, respectively.
The theory and background used by Flow Master is presented in more detail in this Chapter.

How Can You Use Flow Master?

Flow Master replaces solutions such as monographs, spreadsheets, and "BASIC" programs. Because
Flow Master gives you immediate results, you can quickly generate different output. Not only that,
but you perform your hydraulic calculations while taking advantage of Window's many features.
Some examples of ways you can use Flow Master are to:
 Analyze various hydraulic designs
 Evaluate different kinds of flow elements
 Generate professional-looking reports for clients

2.1. Tutorial Example Problem

Using Manning's equation, design a concrete triangular channel with equal side slopes, a
longitudinal slope of 5%, a peak flow capacity of 0.6 m3/s and a maximum depth of 0.3 meters.
Also, design a concrete trapezoidal channel with equal side slopes and a base width of 0.2 meters
that meets the same criteria. Draw the cross sections of each channel. Create a curve of discharge
versus depth for each channel and compare them. Assume water is at 20°C.
Solution:
 Click on "Create New Project" in the "Welcome to Flow Master" dialog box. Create a file
name and click "Save."
 Select "Triangular Channel" from the "Create a New Worksheet" dialog box and click
"OK."
 In the "Triangular Channel" dialog, scroll through the friction methods and select the
Manning's Formula. Enter a description for the worksheet and click "OK."
 Select "Global Options" from the "Options" menu and change the "Unit System" to "SI." In
addition, ensure that the "Operation mode" under "Global options" is set to "Expert mode" in
order to allow for graph merging capabilities.
 The worksheet dialog should appear. Since discharge, channel slope, and depth are given,
the variable you need to solve for is the slope of the sides of the channel. Scroll down
through the "Solve For" choices at the top of the dialog box and select and "Equal Side
Slopes."
14
  Enter the "Channel Slope," "Depth," and "Discharge" into the appropriate fields and select
the Manning's n for concrete. Click on "Solve." Your dialog box should match Figure 2-1, as
shown below.

Figure 2-1: Flow Master Dialog Box for Triangular Section Computations

 To design the trapezoidal section, first click "Close" on the triangular section worksheet.
Then click "Create worksheet" at the bottom of the "Worksheet List."
 Select the "Trapezoidal Channel" and then repeat the same steps that you did to design the
triangular channel. Your completed worksheet should match the one shown below in Figure
2-2.

Figure 2-2: Flow Master Dialog Box for Trapezoidal Section Computations Creating
Cross Sections:

Creating channel cross sections:

 Click the "Output..." button on the bottom of the worksheet (see Figure 2-2).
 Select "Plot Cross Section."
 Choose a title and click "OK." Figure 1-8 provides a graphical representation of both the
triangular and trapezoidal channel designs.
Creating Discharge Vs. Depth curves:

Since discharge needs to be the ordinate, you need to change “Equal sides slopes” in
the “solve for” field to “Discharge.”
Click “output” at the bottom of the work sheet for the trapezoidal section. In the next
dialog box click the “plot Curves” button.

15
 In the “curve setup” dialog box, change the output title to “Trapezoidal channel.”
Scroll through the list of possible ordinates in the „Vs.” field and select depth.
To scale the plot properly, make the minimum depth 0m and the maximum depth
0.4m. Choose an increment of 0.1 will give the plot 3 points, and an increment of
0.01 will give the plot 30 points, etc. Click “Ok”. Be sure not to close the graph.
Perform the same procedure for the triangular section.

Problems:

Solve the following questions using Flow Master Software.

1. A paved highway drainage channel has the geometry shown in the following figure. The
maximum allowable flow depth is 0.75 feet (to prevent the flow fromencroaching on traffic),
and the Manning's n value is 0.018 for the type of pavement used.

<20ft> < 5ft> < 10ft>

< 0.5ft>

< 0.5ft>

a) What is the capacity of the channel for a 2% longitudinal slope?

b) Create a rating curve to demonstrate how the capacity varies as the channel slope
varies from 0.5% to 5%. Choose a slope interval that will generate a reasonably
smooth curve.

2. A channel with a cross section, as shown in the following figure, has a Manning's Coefficient
of 0.040 from station 0 to 3 and 0.054 from station 3 to 8. The flow through the channel is 13 m 3/s
and the water surface is 1.7 meters high. Find the following:
a) Weighted Manning's Coefficient
b) slope of the channel
c) top width
d) Wetted perimeter
e) Flow regime (supercritical or sub critical)

16
 2.5

2
Elevation (m)
1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Station (m)

3. A stream with a cross section, as shown in the above figure, has a flow rateof 5 m3/s.
The stream has a longitudinal slope of 0.002 m/m and a natural stony bottom
(n = 0.050, Stations 0 to 8).
a) Using Manning's equation, what is the water surface elevation of the stream?

b) What is the maximum capacity of the channel?

c) How would the capacity of the channel be effected if you were to pave the

center of the channel (n = 0.013, Stations 3 to 5)?

Chapter III-Storm Cad

What Does Storm CAD Do?
Storm CAD is an extremely powerful, yet easy-to-use program that helps hydraulic engineers
design and analyzes storm sewer systems. Just draw your network on the screen using the tool
palette, right click on any element to enter data, and click to calculate the network. It's really that
easy.
Rainfall information is calculated using rainfall tables, equations, or the National Weather Service's
Hydro-35 data. Storm CAD also plots Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. You have a
choice of conveyance elements including circular pipes, pipe arches, boxes and more. Flow
calculations handle pressure and varied flow situations including hydraulic jumps, backwater, and
drawdown curves. Storm CAD's flexible reporting feature allows you to customize and print the
design and analysis results in report format or as a graphical plot.

How Can You Use Storm CAD?

Storm CAD is so flexible you can use it for all phases of your project, from the feasibility report to
the final design drawings. During the feasibility phase, you can use Storm CAD to create several
different system layouts with an AutoCAD or Micro Station drawing as the background. For the
17
final design, Storm CAD lets you complete detailed drawings with notes that can be used to develop
construction plans. In summary, you can use Storm CAD to:
 Design storm sewer systems
 Analyze various design scenarios for storm sewer systems
 Import and export AutoCAD and Micro Station .DXF files.
 Predict rainfall runoff rates
 Generate professional-looking reports for clients.
 Generate plan and profile plots of the network

Analysis and Design

There are three basic methods used to solve a storm sewer system, as shown in the following three
topics:

Fixed Inverts and Diameters

This is used for situations where the engineer already has a set of pipe conditions, and wishes to
analyze the system without adjusting these characteristics. Examples of this type of calculation
include the analysis of an existing storm sewer, or a design review based on another engineer's
proposed piping.
Fixed Inverts, Solve for Diameters
In design situations where utilities or other site constraints may affect the chosen pipe alignment,
the engineer may wish to assume pipe inverts and have the model recommend pipe sizes to
adequately convey the flow.
Solve for Inverts, Solve for Diameters
A proposed storm system can be designed solving for both invert and pipe diameter. Constraints
must be set for pipe diameter, velocity and pipe slope. This is the method that is generally used
when designing a new storm sewer system.

Profiles
Storm CAD also includes an option to automatically generate storm sewer profiles - longitudinal
plots of the storm sewer. Profiles allow the design engineer, the reviewing agency, the contractor
and others to visualize the storm system, and are useful for several purposes; including viewing the
hydraulic grade line and determining if the proposed storm sewer is in conflict with other existing
or proposed underground utilities.

3.1. Tutorial Example Problem

A small residential road has 3 houses on it. Each house has one storm drain to collect its runoff. The
outfall for the system is across the street and drains into a pond. Pipe P-3 leading to the outfall is a
10 m long, 610 mm x 610 mm, concrete box culvert. The other two pipes are 20 m long, circular,
concrete pipes. Each structure has a head loss coefficient of 0.5. Use Manning's equation to
calculate the friction losses through the pipe. Use the rainfall data and hydrological data given on
the following page.
a) Use the "Auto Design" feature to find pipe sizes and invert elevations for a 25 year storm, if the
elevation of the drainage pond's water surface is 262.8 m. The design constraints are given on the
following page.
b) What would the effects on the system be if the pond's water surface elevation was 0.1 m below
the ground elevation at the outfall?
c) What will happen to the system if the pond's water surface elevation is 262.8 m and an additional
flow of 0.5 m3/s is added to 1-2?
18
 I-3
I-1 P-1 I-2 P-2

Road P-3

Outlet

Ground Impervious Pervious Time of

Inlet Elevation Area (ha) Area (ha) Concentration
(m) C = 0.9 C = 0.3 (min)
I-1 264.8 0.16 0.18 5
I-2 264.5 0.13 0.15 4
I-3 265.0 0.17 0.13 5
Outlet 264.6 --- --- ---
Inlet information for tutorial problems

Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

Duration(min) 5 year 10 year 25 year
5 165 181 205
10 142 156 178
15 123 135 154
30 91 103 120
60 61 70 80
Rainfall data for tutorial problem

Constraint Minimum Maximum

Velocity 1 m/s 3m/s
*
Cover 1m ---
Pipe slope 0.5 % 10 %
Match Inverts
Design Constraints for tutorial problem

* Cover constraints may be relaxed at the outfall, where invert location requirements will typically govern.

Project Setup Wizard:

When you start Storm CAD, you should be prompted with the "Welcome to Storm CAD"
dialog box. From this dialog box you can access the tutorials, open existing projects, and
create new ones. Select "Create new Project," provide a filename, and click "Save." If the
"Welcome to Storm CAD" dialog did not appear (your Storm CAD is set up in expert
mode), then you can create a new project by selecting "New" from the "File" dropdown
menu and continue following the steps below. [If you wish, you can change the Storm CAD
expert mode later under "Global Options" in the "Options" pull down menu.]
Once you have provided a filename, the "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box will appear. Add
a "Project Title" and any "Comments" you would like and click "Next,"
In the second "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box, select the Manning's equation from the
scroll down menu in the "Friction Method" field and click "Next."

19
 In the'third "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box, select "Schematic" from the "Drawing Scale"
field. This will allow you to define the lengths for the pipes without having to worry about
scale and spatial placement on the x-y plane. Click "Next."
Click "Finished."

Modeling the System:

 Because the units are given mostly in SI, you can simplify your data entry by specifying a
global unit system for the model. From the "Options" menu, select "Global Options" and
then select "System International" from the scroll down menu in the "Unit System" field.
 You do not have to lay out the system exactly as shown in the problem statement. In order to
draw the system to scale, you would need to select "Scaled" from the "Drawing Scale" field
of the "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box. For now, just roughly sketch the schematic
following the instructions below.
 Click the pipe button in the vertical tool bar on the left-hand side of the screen.
 To place Inlet 1-1, simply click the left mouse button in the workspace.
 To place Inlet 1-2, move the cursor to the right and click the left mouse button. The
Pipe P-l will be placed automatically.
 Place Inlet 1-3 in the same manner.
 Click the right mouse button and select "Outlet." Click the left mouse button to
place it.
 Except for the scale, your schematic should look like the one given in the problem
statement.
Data Entry:
 From the "Design" pull down menu select "Rainfall Data" and then select "Table."
 You need to edit the duration rows and the return period columns given in the table to match
the ones given in the problem statement. To do this, click on the "Edit Return Periods"
button and select either "Delete" or "Add Return Period" to edit the table to match the one in
the problem statement.

 Edit the duration rows in the table exactly the same way with the "Edit Durations" button.
 .Enter in the data for rainfall intensity as you would enter data into a spreadsheet and press
"OK."
 Double click on Inlet 1-1 to bring up the dialog box. .
 Enter 264.8 m in the "Ground" field.
 Click on the watershed tab to enter the rational method data for the watershed draining to
Inlet I-I.
 Enter the impervious area, 0.16 ha, and the 0.9 Rational C applied to that area.
 Enter the pervious area and its Rational C in the second row. The model will compute the
composite coefficient.
 .Enter the 5 min Tc in the "Time of Concentration" field. .
 Edit the data for Inlets 1-2 and 1-3 the same way.
 Double click on the outlet to bring up its dialog box. Enter in the ground elevation in the
appropriate field.
 A tail water depth of 262.8 m is given in the problem statement. Therefore, mark the circle
next to "User Specified" in the "Tail water Conditions" field of the dialog box. Enter 262.8

20
 m (the elevation of the drainage pond surface) for the tail water elevation and click "OK."
See the following figure.

 Double click on Pipe P-3 to bring up its dialog box.

 Input 10 m in the "Length" field.
 Select "Box" from the "Section Shape" scroll down menu.
 Select the appropriate material from the "Section Material" scroll down menu.
 Select the appropriate "Manning's Coefficient" from the scroll down menu.
 Select 610 x 610 mm from the "Section Size" menu.
 You don't need to enter the upstream and downstream invert elevations under the "Pipe" tab,
as Storm CAD will design them for you.
 Edit Pipes P-l and P-2 in the same manner. Make sure that both pipes are 20 m long,
circular, concrete pipes. You do not need to enter any new diameters or invert elevations, as
Storm CAD will design them.

Running the Model:

 Select "Automatic Design" from the "Design" drop down menu.
 Click on the "Constraints" button.
 In the "Pipe Design Constraints" dialog box enter in the constraint values for velocity,
ground cover, and pipe slopes. Note that for the maximum cover constraint you need to enter
a large value.
 Mark the circle next to "Match Inverts" for pipe matching at the junction. Click "OK." The
Pipe Design Constraints dialog box should match the following figure.

 Specify a 25-yr return in the upper right hand comer of the "Automatic Design" dialog box.
21
  Mark the circle next to "Design Pipe Inverts and Sizes."
 It is always a good idea to check your data before you run the model. The "Check Data"
button causes the program to run through all your numbers and make sure that the data you
provided is sufficient for the model to run. After you click the "Check Data" button the
status log will appear. A green light will show up if the program didn't find any problems. A
red or yellow light will appear if problems exist. In that case, the problems will be listed in
the status log and you can correct them. Click "Close" to return to the "Automatic Design"
dialog.
 Click "Design." The program will ask you if you want to save the previous data before the
program calculates a new design. Since the rest of the problem uses the data after the design
takes place, click "No" to prevent clutter.

Answer:

Click on the "Tabular Reports" button to examine the newly designed pipe characteristics.
Select "Pipe Report" from the "Available Tables" field and click "OK." The pipe lengths, sizes,
slope, and invert elevations can be easily compared. You can also examine the data for each
individual pipe under the "Properties" and "Pipe" tabs of the individual pipe dialog box.

b) What would the effects on the system be if the pond's water surface elevation is 0.1 m below the
ground elevation at the outfall?
 All you need to do is to test the newly designed model under a different condition. You do
not need to redesign the model.
 Double click on the outlet, and change the tail water elevation as dictated by the problem. '

 To calculate the model, click the button in the top toolbar. Then in the "Calculate" dialog
box, click "Calculate."
 You can analyze the flow conditions of the system by scanning through the Status Log
looking for flow profiles in pipes and flood conditions at the nodes. If there is flooding,
there will be a red light in the upper left-hand corner. You can also examine conditions by
double clicking on the inlet and clicking the Message tab in the inlet dialog box.
Answer:
Flooding will occur at Inlets 1-1 and 1-2.

c) What will happen to the system if the pond's water surface elevation is 262.8 m and an additional
flow of 0.5 m3/s is added to I-2?
 Double click on the outlet, and change the tail water elevation back to its original depth.
 Double click on 1-2. Click on the "Flows" tab. Enter 0.5 m3/s in the "Additional Flow" field.
Click "OK."
 Calculate and analyze the data the same way as in Part b).
Answer:
Flooding will occur at Inlets 1-1 and 1-2.

Problems: 3 - 1
Solve the following problems using the StormCAD computer program.
22
1. The data on the following page describes an existing storm sewer system, as shown below. For
runoff calculations, assume C = 0.3 for pervious cover and C=0.9 for impervious land cover. The
ground elevation at the system discharge point is 17.0 m. All pipes are concrete (n = 0.013).
a) Analyze the system for a design return period of 10 years. Assume a free outfall condition.
Provide output tables summarizing pipe flow conditions and hydraulic grades in the inlets. How is
this system performing?
b) Increase the size of Pipe P-3 to 450-mm. Re-run the analysis and present the results. How does
the system perform with this improvement?
c) Local design regulations require that storm sewer systems handle 25-year return periods without
flooding. Re-run the analysis for the improved system in (b). Does the system meet this
performance requirement?
d) The above analyses are run using the default program Manning's n of 0.013. Many drainage
design manuals propose a less conservative design roughness of 0.012.
Re-analyze the improved system under 25 year flows using n=0.012. How does this influence the
predicted performance of the system?
I2

P2

Outlet
P1 P3
I1 I3

Schematic for problem 1

Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

Duration (min) 5 year 10 year 25 year
5 165 181 205
10 142 156 178
15 123 135 154
30 91 103 120
60 61 70 80
Rainfall data for tutorial problem 1

Ground Impervious Pervious Time of

Inlet Elevation Area (ha) Area (ha) Concentration
(m) C = 0.9 C = 0.3 (min)
I-1 17.9 0.13 0.32 6.0
I-2 18.0 0.15 0.58 5.0
I-3 17.6 0.08 0.36 5.0
Inlet information for tutorial problems 1

Upstream Downstream Diameter Length

Pipe Invert (m) Invert (m) (mm) (m)
P-1 16.7 16.15 300 56
23
 P-2 16.8 16.1 375 46
P-3 16.1 15.3 375 54

Pipe Information for problem 1

2. A schematic for an existing storm system for a residential subdivision is shown on the following
page. The rainfall, pipe, inlet, and hydrologic information are given below. All pipes are circular,
PVC pipes with n= 0.010.
a) Analyze the system for a 25-year storm event. Assume a free outfall (critical depth) condition.
Provide output tables summarizing pipe flow, velocity and hydraulic grade at the upstream end of
the inlets. How is this system performing?
b) If the existing system was constructed using CMP (n=0.024) instead of PVC, how would the
system perform for a 25-year storm event?
c) If the outfall was discharging to a pond that had a water surface elevation equal to that of the
ground (using the original PVC pipes), how would the system perform for a 25-year storm? A 50-
year storm?
d) Using the tail water conditions specified in part c), if the park was paved over (C = 0.9 and a time
of concentration of 8 minutes), how does the system perform for a 25-year storm?
Inlet 1

Inlet 3 Pipe 1
Pipe 2
Inlet 2
Pipe 3

Outfall

Duration Rainfall Intensity (in/year)

(min) 25 year 50 year
5 4.00 4.60
10 2.80 3.20
15 1.80 2.00
30 0.75 0.90
60 0.55 0.65
Rainfall data for tutorial problem 2

24
 Inlet Ground Rim elevation Sump Elevation Head loss
Elevation (ft) (ft) Coefficient
(ft)
I-1 172.00 172.00 166.50 0.5
I-2 172.00 172.00 165.00 0.5
I-3 198.00 168.00 164.50 0.5
outfall 166.50 166.50 164.00 ---
Inlet information for tutorial problems 2

Pipe Upstream Downstream Diameter Length

Invert (ft) Invert (in) (in) (ft
P-1 166.71 165.30 18 70
P-2 165.21 164.81 18 40
P-3 164.81 164.40 24 53

Pipe Information for problem 2

Inlet Area Area type Description C Tc

(ac) (min)
I-1 8 Residential Single family 0.5
1 Pavement Asphalt/concrete 0.7 12
0.04 Misc. Play ground 0.2
I-2 1.2 Pavement Asphalt/concrete 0.7 5
I-3 10 Misc. Park 0.2 15
Inlet hydrological information problems 2

6. Use the same network and data provided in part a) of Problem 5. During a 25-year storm, it was
determined that Inlet 1 is not capable of capturing all of the flow produced by the runoff for its
catch basin. A flow of 5 cfs is bypassed to Inlet 2, which is in a sag (all gutter flow is captured).
a) What is the gutter flow captured by Inlet 1?
b) What is the gutter flow captured by Inlet 2?
c) How is the system performing?
A flow monitoring study was accomplished and following data were found:

Pipe 25 year storm 50 year storm

(cfs) (cfs)
P-1 10.0 11.5
P-2 17.3 19.9
P-3 21.0 25.0

d) Analyze this system using these known flow values for both a 25- and 50-year storm. How is the
system performing? Report the flows, upstream velocities and hydraulic grade lines for each pipe.

25
Chapter IV – Culvert Master
What Does Culvert Master Do?
Culvert Master is a program that helps Hydraulic engineers design and analyzes culvert hydraulics.
Just click a button to create a new worksheet; enter data in clearly labeled fields with full context-
sensitive help; and click to calculate. You can solve for most hydraulic variables, including culvert
size, flow, and headwater. It also allows you to plot and generate output for rating tables showing
computed flow characteristics.
You have a choice of culvert barrel shapes including circular pipes, pipe arches, boxes and more.
Flow calculations handle pressure and varied flow situations including backwater and drawdown
curves. Culvert Master‟s flexible reporting feature allows you to print the results in a report format
or as a graphical plot.

How Can You Use Culvert Master?

Culvert Master can design or analyze culverts and compute headwater for a range of flow rates. For
a typical Culvert Master project, you may be interested in several culvert locations and can try
several different designs for each location. In summary, you can use Culvert Master to:
Size culverts
Compute and plot rating tables and curves
View output in both US Customary and SI (metric) units.
Generate professional-looking reports and graphs.

4.1. Tutorial Example Problem

Several circular, concrete culverts that have square edges with headwalls (n = 0.013, ke = 0.5) must
be used to carry 54 m3/s. The culverts are on a 5.5% slope with upstream and downstream invert
elevations of 261.0m and 259.9m, respectively. The maximum allowable headwater elevation is 268
meters and the elevation of the tail water is 257.4 meters.
a) How many culverts should be used if the culvert diameter is 1950 mm?
b) What is the headwater depth?
c) Is the system flowing under inlet or outlet control?
d) What is the velocity at the culvert exit?

Solution:
a) How many culverts should be used if the culvert diameter is 1950 mm?
 Because this problem uses metric units, select "Global Options" from the "Options"
menu and change the unit system to "System International."
 Click on the "Quick Culvert Calculator" button.
 Provide a title for the worksheet and click "OK."
 Select "Discharge" on the "Solve For" drop down menu.

26
  Enter the values for maximum allowable headwater, tail water, upstream and
downstream invert elevations, culvert shape and material, and Manning's and culvert
entrance coefficients. Additionally, you will need to enter the length of the culvert,
which can be solved for using the provided invert elevations and slope. If you want to
change the units or precision of any of the variables entered, you can do so by double
clicking on the units next to the variable. You will then be prompted with the
opportunity to change the units or the precision.
 Run the model by clicking the "Solve Button." Run the model several times, increasing
the number of culvert barrels until the discharge is greater than or equal to the designated
flow rate of 54 m3/s. As you will see, 3 culverts with 1950 mm diameters will carry 61
m3/s. Your dialog box should match Figure shown below.

Figure 4-1: Culvert Master Dialog Box for the 3 Circular, Concrete Culverts

b) What is the headwater depth?

 The headwater depth is equal to the difference between the "Computed Headwater" and the
"Invert Upstream":
268.0m-26l.0m= 7.0m
c) Is the system flowing under inlet or outlet control?
 The system is flowing under inlet control, since the inlet control elevation is greater than the
outlet control.
d) What is the velocity at the culvert exit?
 Taken from the Exit Results of the Culvert Calculator, the exit velocity is 8.19m/s.

27
Problems: 4 - 1

1. A 12.2 meter long, 920 by 570 mm, concrete arch pipe (n = 0.013, groove-end with headwall
entrance) constructed at a 0.8 percent slope carries 1.84 m3/s.
a) If there is a constant tail water depth of 0.3 meters, what is the headwater depth for both inlet and
outlet control conditions?
b) Is the culvert flowing under inlet or outlet control conditions?
c) What would be the result if the tail water was 0.5 meters deeper?

2. Twin culverts are proposed to discharge 6.5 m3/s. The culverts will be 36.6 meters long and have
inverts of 20.1 and 19.8 meters. The design engineer analyzed the following three culvert systems.
Which of the following proposed culverts will result in the highest headwater elevation? The
lowest?
a) 1200 mm circular concrete pipes (n = 0.013 and Ke = 0.5)
b) 1220 x 910 mm concrete box culverts (n = 0.013,900 and 150 wing wall flares entrance)
c) 1630 x 1120 mm steel and aluminum var CR arches (n = 0.025 and Ke = 0.5)

28
Chapter V – Water Cad
What Does Water CAD Do?
Water CAD is a powerful, easy-to-use program that helps hydraulic engineers design and analyzes
water distribution systems. Water CAD provides intuitive access to the tools you need to model
complex hydraulic situations. Water CAD's sophisticated modeling capabilities can:
 Perform steady state, extended period, and water quality simulations
 Analyze multiple time variable demands at any junction node
 Model pumps using constant horsepower or a multiple point characteristic curve
 Model flow control valves, pressure reducing valves, pressure sustaining valves, pressure
breaking valves, throttle control valves
 Model cylindrical and non-cylindrical tanks and constant hydraulic grade source nodes
 Track conservative and non-conservative chemical constituents
 Determine water source and age at any element in the system
How Can You Use Water CAD?
Water CAD can analyze complex distribution systems under a variety of conditions. For a typical
Water CAD project, you may be interested in determining system pressures and flow rates under
average loading conditions, peak loading conditions or under fire flow conditions. Extended period
analysis tools also allow you to model the system's response to varying supply and demand
schedules over a period of time; you can even track chlorine residuals or determine the source of the
water at any point in the distribution system.
In summary, you can use Water CAD for:
 Pipe Sizing
 Pump Sizing
 Master Planning
 Operational Studies
 Rehabilitation Studies
 Water Quality Studies
Water CAD is a state-of-the-art software tool primarily for use in the modeling and
analysis of water distribution systems. While the emphasis is on water distribution systems, the
methodology is applicable to any fluid system with the following
characteristics:
 Steady or slowly-changing turbulent flow
 Incompressible, Newtonian, single phase fluid
 Full, closed conduits (pressure system)
Examples of systems with these characteristics include potable water systems, sewage
force mains, fire protection systems, well pumps, and raw water pumping.

5.1. Tutorial Example Problem

A pump station is designed to supply water to a small linen factory. The factory, at an elevation of
58 meters, draws from a circular, constant area tank at an elevation of 90 meters with a minimum
29
water elevation of 99 meters, an initial water elevation of 105.5 meters, a maximum water elevation
of 106 meters, and a diameter of 10 meters.
Three parallel pumps draw water from a source with a water surface elevation of 58 meters. Each
pump has a set of controls that ensure that it will only run when the water level in the tank reaches a
certain level. Use the Hazen-Williams equation to determine friction losses in the system. The
network layout is given in the Figure below; the pump and pipe data are given on the following
table.

a) Can the pumping station support the factory's 20 l/s demand for a 24 hour period?
b) If there was a fire at the factory that required additional108 1/s water for hours 0 through 6,
would the system be adequate? Supply the Extended Period Simulation report describing the system
at each time step.
c) If not, how could you change the controls on Pump-3 so that the system would be adequate?

Pipe Length(m) Diameter(mm) Material Roughness

P-1 6 150 Cast Iron 90
P-2 6 150 Cast Iron 90
P-3 6 150 Cast Iron 90
P-4 71 150 Cast Iron 90
P-5 72 150 Cast Iron 90
P-6 73 150 Cast Iron 90
P-7 18 200 Cast Iron 90
Pipe Information for Tutorial problem

30
 Pump Elevation Pump curve
(m) Head (m) Flow (l/s) Controls
Pump-1 58 78 0 On, when T-1 is below 105.2 meters
58.5 32 Off, when T-1 is above 106 meters
0 63
Pump-2 58 78 0 On, when T-1 is below 105.2 meters
58.5 32 Off, when T-1 is above 106 meters
0 63
Pump-3 58 67 0 On, when T-1 is below 99 meters
50.3 32 Off, when T-1 is above 103 meters
0 63

Pump Information for tutorial problem

Solution:
a) Can the pumping station support the factory's 20 l/s demand for a 24 hour period?
Project Setup Wizard:
 When you start up Water CAD, you should be prompted with the "Welcome to Water
CAD" dialog box. From this dialog box you can access the tutorials, open existing
projects, and create new ones. Select "Create New Project," provide a filename, and click
"Save." If the "Welcome to Water CAD" dialog did not appear (your Water CAD is setup
in expert mode), then you can create a new project by selecting "New" from the "File"
dropdown menu and continue following the steps below. [If you wish, you can change the
Water CAD expert mode later under "Global Options" in the "Options" pull down menu.]
 Once you have provided a filename, the "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box will appear.
Add a "Project Title" and any "Comments" you would like and click "Next."
 In the second "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box, select the Hazen-Williams equation from
the scroll down menu in the "Friction Method" field and click "Next."
 In the third "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box, select "Schematic" from the "Drawing
Scale" field. This will allow you to define the pipe lengths and node locations without
having to worry about scale and spatial placement on the x-y plane. Click "Next."
 If you look at the pipe data in the problem statement you will see that in terms of diameter,
material, and roughness, the pipes are all the same except for Pipe P- 7. Therefore we can
set up a prototype pipe that will create default physical data for all the pipes throughout the
project. Any of the data can be changed later on a pipe by pipe basis.
 To set up a prototype pipe, click the "Pipe" button in the "Project Setup Wizard" dialog
box.
 The "Pipe Defaults" dialog box appears.
 Change the diameter to 150 mm.
 Scroll through the menu, in the "Materials" field and select "Cast Iron."
 Finally change the Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient to 90. Click "OK" and then
click "Finished."

31
  Because the units are given mostly in SI, you can simplify your data entry by specifying a
global unit system for the model. From the "Options" menu, select "Global Options" and
then select "System International" from the scroll down menu in the "Unit System" field.
 Also, while the dialog box is open you may want to check the "Auto Prompting" option.
This option causes a dialog box to appear every time you create a new element in your
schematic. The dialog box, which gives you the option of labeling the elements yourself,
allows you to easily synchronize your model data with the data given in the problem. Auto
Prompting is not necessary; however, it will help you input the data correctly. Click "OK."
Modeling the System:
 We'll begin with the pipeline running horizontally through the center of the system. Keep in
mind, because you have selected "Schematic" in the "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box, you
do not have to lay out the system exactly as shown in the problem statement. In order to
draw the system to scale, you would need to select "Scaled" from the "Drawing Scale" field
of the "Project Setup Wizard" dialog box. For now, just roughly sketch the schematic
following the instructions below.
 Click the pipe button on the vertical tool bar on the left-hand side of the screen.
 Move the cursor to the work area and press the right mouse button. Select "Reservoir." To
place the reservoir, simply click the left mouse button. In the "Auto Prompt" dialog box
change the label "R-I" to "Pond." Click "OK."
 Move your mouse horizontally to the right for the placement of Pump-2. Click the right
mouse button and select "Pump" from the scroll-down menu. Press the left button to place
the pump. Label the pump and pipe appropriately in the "Auto Prompt" dialog box.
 Do the same thing again for Tank T -1 by selecting "Tank" from the element scroll down
menu.
 Now place the junction node "Linen Factory." After placing the junction, click the right
button and select "Done."
 Now enter the other 2 pumps and four pipes. Perform the same procedures as above after
first clicking the pipe button and clicking to begin and end at either the Reservoir "Pond" or
the Tank "T-l."
 Except for the scale, your schematic should look like the one given in the problem statement
with the same number and type of nodes, and the same number of pipes.

Data Entry:
 For the reservoir, double click on "Pond." Enter 58 m in the "Hydraulic Grade Line"
field. Click "OK."
 Double click on Tank "T -1." Click on the "Section" tab at the top of the dialog box.
Enter the given diameter for a circular section and the appropriate elevations. Don't
worry about the inactive volume field. Make sure that "Elevations" is checked in the
"Operating Range" field. This sets the datum for tank water level comparisons to be
made during computations. Click "OK."
 Double click on "Pump-I." Enter the appropriate elevation from the pump data table
in the problem statement into the "Elevation" field. You also need to enter the data
for the pump curve in the "Pump Curve" dialog box. Select "Standard (3 Point)"
from the "Pump Type" field. You'll notice that the units for the pump curve
discharges given in the problem statement are in Us. To change the units in the
model, move the cursor to the design discharge field and click the right mouse
button. Select "Design Properties" to enter the "Set Field Options" dialog box. Then
select l/s from the "Units" field and click "OK." This will change the units for all the
pump discharge fields throughout the project. Enter in the pump curve data given for
Pump-I. Your dialog box should match the figure below.

32
  Next, you need to enter the pump controls given in the problem statement. These
controls dictate the conditions under which a pump is on or off. Click the "Controls"
tab at the top of the "Pump-I" dialog box.
 Click "Add." Select "Status" from the "Control Type" field of the "Control" dialog
box.
 Select "On" from the "Status" field. By doing so, Pump-l will be "on" for the
condition you select below.
 Select "Node" from the "Condition" field and then select "T -1" from the "Node"
field.
 Select "Below" from the "Comparison" field and enter 105.2 m. Ensure that you
have designated an "Elevation" and not a "Level." Click "OK."
 The "Controls" field should now read: "On, if node T-l below 105.2 m."
 .Click "Add" and enter the second control.
 Enter the data and controls for the other two pumps in the same way.
 Double click on the junction, "Linen Factory." Enter 58 m in the "Elevation" field. Click on
the "Demands" tab at the top of the dialog. Enter in a fixed demand of 20 Vsin the
"Demand" field. Click "OK."
 For the pipes you can edit the data like you have been doing by clicking each element
individually and then entering in the appropriate data. However, this method can be time
consuming, especially as the number of pipe elements increases. It is often easier to edit the
data in tabular format.

 Click on the "Tabular Reports" button in the toolbar at the top of the screen. Select "Pipe
Report" from the "Available Tables" field and click "OK."
 The elements highlighted in the "Pipe Report" table are output elements. The elements in
white are input elements and can be edited like you would edit data in a spreadsheet.
 Warning- The pipes may not be listed in the table in numerical order as they are in the pipe
data table in the problem statement. You may wish to sort the pipes' labels in ascending
order. To do this, move the cursor to the top of the table where it says "Link Label." Click
the right button, select "Sort," and then select "Ascending."
 Enter in the correct pipe lengths and change the diameter for Pipe P- 7 to 200 mm. Close
the "Pipe Report."
33
  Note -You can customize which columns appear in the "Pipe Report" table by clicking the
"Tabular Reports" button in the toolbar, clicking on "Table Management", and then selecting
"Edit."

Running the Model:

 To run the model, first click the "GO" button on the top toolbar. Since you need to examine
the flow through the system over a 24-hour period, mark the circle next to "Extended
Period." Set the initial time to 0 hours and the final time to 24 hours. The "Hydraulic Time
Step" of 1 hour will provide sufficient output for our purposes. Click the "GO" button.
 There are a couple of ways to determine if your model meets the target demand:
 Scroll through the results and check for disconnected nodes. When the Tank T-llevel
goes down to the minimum tank elevation of 99 m (tank level of 9 m), the tank
closes off preventing any more water from leaving. This will cause Pipe P- 7 to
close; therefore, disconnecting the Linen Factory from the rest of the system (i.e. It is
not getting the required 20 l/s.) -OR-
 Double click on the "Linen Factory" junction and click the "Messages" tab on top of
"Linen Factory" dialog box. The messages in the box will warnyou if the node ever
becomes disconnected.
Answer:
As you will see for this problem, all the pressures at the linen factory however around 465 kPa and
no disconnected nodes are detected. Therefore, the pumping station can support the factory's 20 l/s
demand for a 24 hour period.

b) If there was a fire at the factory that required an additional 108 l/s water for hours 0 through 6,
would the system be adequate? Supply the Extended Period Simulation report describing the system
at each time step.
 All you need to do is add another demand to the Linen Factory node. Double click on the
"Linen Factory" junction and then click the "Demands" Tab. In the box below the 20 l/s
enter 108 l/s. Click "OK."
 Click the "GO" button. You only need to run this model for 6 hours so change 24 to 6 in the
"Duration" field. Click "GO."
 As you scroll through the results, you will see that at 2.73 hours the water level in Tank T -1
reaches the minimum level of 9 m. If you scroll to the end of the results you will see
warning messages indicating a disconnected node at the Linen Factory at 2.73, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0,
and 6.0 hours.
Answer:
If there was a fire at the factory, the existing system would NOT be adequate. Look to the detail
report for fire flow.
b) If not, how could you change the controls on Pump-3 so the system would be adequate?
Answer:
Pump-3 is currently set so that it is off when Tank T -1 is above 103 m. Thus, the pump is off when
the system starts up. By increasing this switch to 106 m, Pump-3 will be running when the system
starts up, and thus the system will deliver the necessary demand to the Linen Factory.
5.1. Problems
Solve the following problems using the Water CAD computer program.
1. The ductile iron pipe network shown below carries water at 20°C. Assume that the junctions
are all at elevation = 0 meters, and the reservoir is at 30 meters. Use the Hazen-Williams
formula (C = 130) and the following pipe and demand data for a steady state analysis to
answer the following questions:

34
 a) Which pipe carries the lowest discharge, and what is the discharge in liters per minute?
b) Which pipe has the highest velocity and what is the velocity in m/s?
c) Calculate the same information using the Darcy-Weisbach equation (k = 0.26 mm).
d) What effect would raising the reservoir by 20 meters have on the pipe flow rates?
What effect would it have on the node hydraulic grades?

R-1 P-5 J-1 P-1 J-2

P-4 P-2

P-3
J-4 J-3
Schematic for problem 1

Pipe Diameter Length Junction Demand

(mm) (m) (l/min)
P-1 150 50
J-1 570
P-2 100 25
P-3 100 60 J-2 660
P-4 100 20 J-3 550
P-5 250 760 J-4 550

Pipe and Junction information for problem 1

35
Chapter VI– EPANET 2.0

6.1. Tutorial Example Problem

In this tutorial we will analyze the simple distribution network shown in Figure 6.1 below. It
consists of a source reservoir (e.g., a treatment plant clear well) from which water is pumped into a
two-loop pipe network. There is also a pipe leading to a storage tank that floats on the system. The
ID labels for the various components are shown in the figure. The nodes in the network have the
characteristics shown in Table 6.1. Pipe properties are listed in Table 2.2 In addition, the pump
(Link 9) can deliver 150 ft water head at a flow of 600 gpm, and the tank (Node 8) has a 60-ft
diameter, a 3.5-ft water level and a maximum level of 20 feet.

Figure 6.1 Example pipe Network

Table 6.1 Example Network Node Properties Tank

Node Elevation (ft) Demand (gpm) Initial Level =3.5ft
R-1 700 (TOTAL HEAD) 0 Minimum Level =0
J-1 700 0
J-2 710 150 Maximum Level = 20ft
J-3 700 150 Diameter =60ft
J-4 650 200
J-5 700 150
J-6 700 0
T-1 830 0

36
 Table 2.2 Example Network pipe Properties
pipe Length (ft) Diameter (inches) C-factor
1 3000 14 100
2 5000 12 100
3 5000 8 100
4 5000 8 100
5 5000 8 100
6 7000 10 100
7 5000 6 100
8 7000 6 100
Table 6.2 Example Network pipe properties

Project Setup

Our first task is to create a new project in EPANET and make sure that certain default options are
selected. To begin, launch EPANET,or if is already running, select
File>>New (from the menu bar) to create a new project. Then select project>> Defaults to open
the dialog form shown in Figure 6.2 We will use this dialog to have EPANET automatically label
new objects with consecutive numbers staring from 1 as they are added to the network. On the ID
Labels page of the dialog, clear all the ID prefix fields and set the ID Increment to 1. Then select
the Hydraulics page of the dialog and set the choice of flow Units to GPM (gallons per minute).
This implies that US customary units will be used for all other quantities as well (length in feet, pipe
diameter in inches, Pressure in psi, etc.) Also select Hazen-Williams (H-W) as the head loss
formula. If you wanted to save these choices for all future new projects you could check the Save
box at the bottom of the form before accepting it by clicking OK button.

Figure 6.2 Dialogue box for defaults

Next we will select some map display options so that as we add objects to the map, we will see their
ID labels and symbols displayed. Select View >>Options to bring up the Map Options dialog form.
Select the Notation page on this form and check the settings shown in Figure 6.3 below. Then

37
switch to the Symbols page and check all of the boxes. Click the OK button to accept these choices
and close the dialog.

Figure 6.3 Dialogue box for map option

Finally, before drawing out network we should insure that our map scale setting are acceptable.
Select View >> Dimensions to bring up the Map dimensions dialog. Note the default dimensions
assigned for a new project. These settings will suffice for this example. So click OK button.

Drawing the Network

We are ready to begin drawing out network by making use of out mouse and the buttons
contained on the Toolbar. (If the toolbar is not visible then select View >>Toolbars>> Map)

 First we will add the reservoir. Click the Reservoir button. Then click the mouse on the map
at the location of the reservoir (some Where to the left map)

 Next we will add the junction nodes. Click the Junction button and then click on the map at
the locations of nodes 2 through 7.

 Finally add the tank by clicking the Tank button and clicking the map where the tank is
located.

 Next we will add the pipes let‟s begin with pipe 1 connecting node 2 to node 3. First click
the pipe button on the toolbar. Then click the mouse on node 2 on the map and then on node
3. Note how an outline of the pipe is drawn as you move the mouse from node 2 to 3. Repeat
this procedure for pipes 2 through 7.

 Pipe 8 is curved. To draw it, click the mouse first on Node 5. Then as you move the mouse
towards Node 6. Click at those points where a change of direction is needed to maintain the
desired shape. Complete the process by clicking on Node 6.

 Finally we will add the pump. Click the pump button; click on node 1 and then on node 2.

 Next we will label the reservoir, pump and tank. Select the text button on the Map Toolbar
and click somewhere close to the reservoir (Node 1). An edit box will appear. Type in the
word SOURCE and then hit the Enter Key. Click next to the pump and enter its label. Then
do the same for the tank. Then click the selection button on the Toolbar to put the map into
Object Selection mode rather than Text Insertion mode.

38
 At this point we have completed drawing the example network. Your Network Map should
look like the map in Figure 6.1. If the nodes are out of position you can move them around
by clicking the node to select it and then dragging it with the left mouse button held down to
its new position. Note how pipes connected to the node are moved along with the node. The
labels can be repositioned in similar fashion. To reshape the curved piped 8:

1. First click on pipe 8 to select it and the n click the “Select Vertex” button on the Map
toolbar to put the map into Vertex Selection mode.
2. Select a vertex point on the pipe by clicking on it and then drag it to a new position with
the left mouse button held down.
3. If required, vertices can be added or deleted from the pipe by right clicking the mouse
and selecting the appropriate option from the popup menu that appears.
4. When finished, click “Select Object” to return to object Selection mode.

Setting Object properties

As objects are added to a project they are assigned a default set of properties. To change the
value of a specific property for an object one must select the object into the property Editor
(Figure 2.5). There are several different ways to do this. If the editor is already Visible then
you can simply click is not visible then you can make it appear by one of the following
actions:

 Double-click the object on the map

 Right-click on the object and select properties from the pop-up menu that appears.
 Select the object from the Data page of the Browser window and then click the
Browser‟s Edit button.

Whenever the property Editor has the focus, you can press the F1 key to obtain fuller
descriptions of the properties listed.

Fig 6.4. Property editor (Junction) Browser window

Let us begin editing by selecting Node 2 into the property Editor as shown above. We would
now enter the elevation and demand for this node in the appropriate fields. You can use the
Up and Down arrows on the keyboard or the mouse to move between fields. We need only
click on another object (node or link) to have its properties appear next in the property
Editor. (We could also press the page down or page UP key to move form next or previous
object of the same type in the database.) Thus we can simply move from object to object and

39
 fill in elevation and demand for nodes, and length, diameter, and roughness (C-factor) for
links.
For the reservoir you would enter its elevation (700) in the Total Head. For the tank, enter
830 for its elevation, 4 for its initial level, 20 for its maximum level, and 60 for its diameter.
For the pump, we need to assign it a pump curve (head versus flow relationship). Enter the
ID label 1 in the pump curve field.

Next we will create pump curve 1. From the Data page of the Browser window, select
curves from the dropdown list box and then click the Add button. A new curve 1 will be
added to the database and the curve Editor Dialog form will appear. Enter the pump‟s
complete pump curve from this single point. Click OK to close the Editor.

Saving and Opening projects

Having completed the initial design of our network it is a good idea to save out work to a file at this
point.

1. From the file menu select the Save As option

2. In the Save As dialog that appears, select a file tutorial. Net. (an extension of to save this
project. We suggest naming the file tutorial. Net. (An extension of net will be added to
the file name if on is supplied.)
3. Click OK to save the project to file
The project data is saved to the file in a special format. If you wanted to save the network data to
file readable text, use the File>>Export>> network command instead.

To open our project at some later time, we would select the Open command from the File menu.

Running a single period Analysis

We now have enough information to run a single period (or snapshot) hydraulic analysis on our
example network. To run the analysis, select project>>Run Analysis or click the Run button on the
standard Toolbar. (If the toolbar is not visible select View>>Toolbars>> Standards from the menu
bar).

If the run was unsuccessful than a status, Report window will appear indicating what the problem
was. If it ran successfully you can view the computed results in a variety of ways. Try some of the
following:

 Select Node pressure from the Browser‟s Map page and observe haw pressure values at the
nodes become color-coded. To view the legend for the color-coding; select
View>>Legends>> Node (or right-click on an empty portion of the map and select node
Legend from the popup menu). To change the legend intervals and colors, right –click on the
legend to make the legend editor appear.
 Bring up the property editor (double-click on any node or link) and note how the computed
results are displayed at the end of the property list.
 Create a tabular listing of results by selecting Report >> Table (or by clicking the Table
button on the standard Toolbar), figure 2.7 displays such a table for the link results of this
run. Note that flows with negative which the pipe was drawn initially.

Running an Extended period analysis

40
 To make our network more realistic for analyzing an extended period of operation we will
create a Time pattern that makes demands at the nodes vary in a periodic way over the course of
a day. For this simple example we will use a pattern time step by selecting Options-times from
the Data Browser, clicking the browser‟s Edit button to
make the property editor appear (if its not already visible), and entering 6 for the value of the
pattern Time step. While we have the Time Options available we can also set the duration for
which we want the extended period to run. Let‟s use a 3-day period of time (enter 72 hours for
the duration property).
To create the pattern, select the patterns category in the Browser and then click the Add button. A
new pattern 1 will be created and the pattern Editor Dialog should appear. Enter the multiplier
values 0.5, 1.3, 1.0, 1.2 for the time periods 1 to 4 that will give our pattern duration of 24 hours.
The multipliers are used to modify the demand from its base level in each time period. Since we are
making a run of 72 hours, the pattern will wrap around to the start after each 24 hours interval of
time.

We now need to assign pattern 1 to the Demand pattern property of all of the junctions in our
network. We can utilize on of EPANET‟s Hydraulic Options to avoid having to edit each junction
individually. If you bring up the Hydraulic Option in the property Editor you will see that there is an
item called Default pattern setting its value equal to 1 will make the Demand pattern at each
junction equal pattern 1, as long as no other pattern is assigned to the junction.

Next run the analysis in the (select Project>> Run analysis or click the “Run” button on the
standard Toolbar). For extended period analysis you have several more ways in which to view
results:
 The scrollbar in the Browser‟s Time controls is used to display the network map at different
points in time. Try doing this with pressure selected as the node parameter and flow as the
link parameter.

Known as “Hydraulically balancing” the network requires using an iterative technique to solve the
nonlinear equations involved. EPANET employs the “Gradient Algorithm” for this purpose.

The hydraulic time step used for extended period simulation (EPS) can be set by the user. A typical
value is 1 hour shorter time steps than normal will occur automatically whenever one of the
following events occurs.
 The next output reporting time period occurs
 The next time pattern period occurs
 A tank becomes empty or full
 A simple control or rule-based control is activated.

41
Chapter-7
THE HEC-RAS MODEL: RIVER ANALYSIS SYSETMES

HEC-RAS is an integrated system of software, designed for interactive use in a multi-tasking

environment. HEC-RAS is designed to perform one-dimensional hydraulic calculations for a full
network of natural and constructed channels.
The following is a description of the major capabilities of HEC-RAS
 User Interface
 Hydraulic Analysis Components
 Data Storage and Management
 Graphics and Reporting
7.1 Major steps to run the soft ware

 Starting a New Project

 Entering Geometric Data
 Drawing the Schematic of the River System
 Entering Cross Section Data
 Entering Junction Data
 Saving the Geometry Data
 Entering Steady Flow Data
 Performing the Hydraulic Calculations
 Viewing Results
 Printing Graphics and Tables
 Exiting the Program
1. Starting a New Project
Go to the File menu on the main window and select New Project

First set the drive (e.g., C:) and the directory that you would like to work in. Next enter the project
title and filename as shown in Figure 4.2. Once you have entered the information, press the OK
button to have the data accepted.

42
2. Entering Geometric Data
This is accomplished by selecting Geometric Data from the Edit menu on the HEC-RAS main
window
2.1 Drawing the Schematic of the River System
Click the River Reach-----Move the mouse pointer ------ Press the left mouse button ------- Move
the mouse pointer and continue to press the left mouse button to add additional points ------- Double
click the left mouse button to get the last point of the reach -------- then Enter the River name and
the Reach name
Repeat the same steps ------- you will also be prompted to enter an identifier for the junction.
Junctions in HEC-RAS are locations where two or more reaches join together or split apart.

43
2.2 Entering Cross Section Data
This is accomplished by pressing the Cross Section button on the Geometric Data window in Edit Menu
bar. First select the upper reach, and then Go to the Options menu and select Add a new Cross
Section. Enter number of stations, for this cross section enter a value of 10.0

44
2.2.1 Copy the current cross section
Go to the Options menu on the Cross Section Data Editor and select Copy Current Cross Section.
Keep the river and reach as Fall River and Upper Reach, then enter a new river station of 9.9. Press
the OK button and the new cross section will appear in the editor. Change the cross section
description to "River Mile 9.9 of Fall River."
Adjust all the elevations of the cross section by -0.5 feet. This is accomplished by selecting the
Adjust Elevations feature from the Options menu on the Cross Section Data Editor.

2.2.2 Cross section adjustments for Duplicating Sections

Adjust the cross section stationing to reduce the overbanks by 10%.To do this, select the Adjust
Stations feature from the Options menu on the Cross Section Data Editor, then select Multiply by
a Factor.
Three data entry fields will be available to adjust the stationing of the left overbank, channel, and
the right overbank separately. Enter values of 0.90 for the right and left overbanks, but leave the
main channel field blank.
Downstream reach lengths remain the same for this cross section. Press the Apply Data button.
These seven steps should be repeated to enter all the data for Fall River (Upper and Lower Reach).
The necessary adjustments are listed in Table 4.1 (See, HelpQuick start GuideCH-3)

2.3 Entering Junction Data

The next step is to enter the junction data. Junction data consist of a description, and reach lengths
across the junction. In this example there is only one junction, which is labeled Sutter. To enter
Junction data, press the Junction button on the Geometric Data window.

Once you have all of the data entered for the junction, apply the data and close the window by
pressing the OK button.
2.4 Saving the Geometry Data
Before we continue with the example, you should save the geometric data to the hard disk. Since the
data have already been saved once, you simply have to select Save Geometry Data from the File
menu on the Geometric Data window. We can now go on to enter the Steady Flow data.
3. Entering Steady Flow Data

45
To bring up the steady flow data editor, select Steady Flow Data from the Edit menu on the HEC-
RAS main window. Flow data are entered from upstream to downstream for each reach. At least
one flow rate must be entered for every reach in the river system.

An additional flow change location will be entered at river mile 9.6 of the Fall River in the Lower
Reach. To add an additional flow change location into the table, first select the Fall River, Lower
Reach from the Reach list box. Next, select the desired river station location (9.6 in this example)
from the River Sta. list box. Finally, press the Add a Flow Change Location button.
To enter boundary conditions, press the Reach Boundary Conditions button at the top of the
Steady Flow Data editor. The boundary conditions editor will appear as shown in Figure below.

Boundary conditions are necessary to establish the starting water surface at the ends of the river
system. A starting water surface is necessary in order for the program to begin the calculations .
Then the type of boundary condition is selected from the four available types listed above the table.
For this example, use the normal depth boundary condition.
After pressing the Normal Depth button, enter an average energy slope at the downstream end of
the Fall River. Enter a value of 0.0004 (ft/ft) then press the Enter key
To save the data select the Save Flow Data As option from the File menu on the Steady Flow Data
Editor. A pop up box will prompt you to enter a description of the flow data. For this example,
enter "10, 2, and 1% chance events."

4. Performing the Hydraulic Calculations

46
To perform the simulations, go to the HEC-RAS main window and select Steady Flow Analysis
from the Run menu.
To establish a plan, select New Plan from the File menu on the Steady Flow Analysis window.
Enter the plan title as "Existing Conditions Run" and then press the OK button. You will then be
prompted to enter a short identifier. Enter a title of "Existing" in the Short ID box.

Additional job control features are available from the Options menu bar, but none are required for
this example.
Now that everything has been set, the steady flow computations can be performed by pressing the
Compute button at the bottom of the Steady Flow Simulation window
5. Viewing Results
Several output options are available from the View menu bar on the HEC-RAS main window.
These options include:
 Cross section plots
 Profile plots
 General Profile Plot
 Rating curves
 X-Y-Z Perspective Plots
 Detailed tabular output at a specific cross section (cross section table)
 Limited tabular output at many cross sections (profile table)
Select Cross Sections from the View menu bar on the HEC-RAS main window. Several plotting
features are available from the Options menu bar on the cross section plot window.

47
6. Printing Graphics and Tables
All of the plots and tables can be sent directly to a printer/plotter or passed through the Windows
clipboard to another program (e.g., a word processor). The user has the ability to change many of
the default printer settings (e.g., portrait to landscape) before printing occurs.

7. Exiting the Program

Before you exit the HEC-RAS software, make sure you have saved all the data. This can be
accomplished easily by selecting Save Project from the File menu on the HEC-RAS main window.
Any data (geometric, flow, and plan data) that have not been saved will automatically be saved for
you.
To exit the HEC-RAS software, select Exit from the File menu of the HEC-RAS main window

48
CHAPTER-8
THE HEC-HMS MODEL: HYDROLOGIC MODELING SYSTEM
It is designed to simulate the precipitation-runoff processes of dendritic watershed systems. It is
designed to be applicable in a wide range of geographic areas for solving the widest possible range
of problems. This includes large river basin water supply and flood hydrology, and small urban or
natural watershed runoff. Hydrographs produced by the program are used directly or in conjunction
with other software for studies of water availability, urban drainage, flow forecasting, future
urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design, flood damage reduction, floodplain regulation, and
systems operation.
The program has an extensive array of capabilities for conducting hydrologic simulation
 Watershed Physical Description
 Meteorology Description
 Hydrologic Simulation
 Parameter Estimation
 Analyzing Simulations
 GIS Connection
Example: See Help  Quick start Guide  Capter-3Problem Statement in (HEC-HMS V 3.4)
The goal of the example is to estimate the effect of proposed future urbanization on the hydrologic
response. A simulation run for pre-development conditions will be created and computed to
determine the existing conditions rainfall-runoff response. Finally, future urbanization will be
modeled and results compared to the existing conditions.
8.1 Major Steps to run the software
1. Create a new project by selecting File  New… from the menu bar . Enter a project “Name,” enter a
project “Description,” select a “Location” for storing project files, and choose the “Default Unit System” in
the Create a New Project screen .

Begin the process of importing a HEC-1 by clicking File Import  HEC-1 File… command.
An Import HEC-1 File window opens where you can specify the HEC-1 file to be imported (Shown
in figure below). If you do not know which file you want to import, you can click the button to the
right of the file name field to open a file browser. Use the browser to navigate the file system and
find the correct HEC-1 file

49
Select the ToolsProgram Settings… menu item. Set “Loss” to Initial and Constant, “Transform” to Snyder
Unit Hydrograph, “Baseflow” to Recession, “Routing” to Muskingum, “Gain Loss” to None, “Precipitation” to Gage
Weights, “Evapotranspiration" to None, and “Snowmelt” to None. Click the OK button to save and close the
Project Options window

Junction-2

Outlet

2. Input Data
2.1 Basin Model Manager
Begin creating the basin model by selecting the menu item.
Create a new basin model with a “Name” of Castro-1 and a “Description” of Existing Conditions.

50
Hydrological data entry for Subbasin-1 as a sample is given below. And, do the same for the other sub
basins.

Routing criteria for reaches is inserted as follows:

2.2 Create the Meteorology Model Manager

51
Components  Meteorology Model Manager Menu item. Click the New… button in the
Meteorology Model Manager window. In the Create a New Meteorology Model window enter Gage
Wts for the “Name” and Thiessen weights, 10-min data for the “Description.” Open the Component
Editor for this meteorological model by selecting it in the Watershed Explorer. In the Component
Editor make sure the selected “Precipitation” method is Gage Weights

A meteorology model will have to be created for the precipitation data. Thiessen polygon weights
(Table 9) will be used for the user gage weighting precipitation method. Total rainfall measured by
the Proctor School and Sidney School gages was 1.92 and 1.37 inches, respectively. Storm rainfall
is to be distributed in time using the temporal pattern of incremental precipitation from the Fire
Department gage. The Fire Department gage data has been stored in the HEC-DSS file named
CASTRO.DSS with the following pathname:/CASTRO VALLEY/FIRE DEPT./PRECIP-
INC/16JAN1973/10MIN/OBS/. This DSS file is part of the Castro example project. Example
projects can be installed by selecting the Help  Install Sample Projects… menu option.

Click the “Basins” tab in the Component Editor as in the above figure for the Gage Wts
meteorology model. Set the “Include Sub basins” option to “Yes” for the Castro 1 basin model.
After this step, all sub basins in the Castro 1 basin model are added to the meteorology model.

Add the Proctor School and Sidney School non-recording gages to the meteorology model. Select
the Precipitation Gages node in the Watershed Explorer to open the “Total Storm Gages” editor.
This node should be located one level under the meteorology model. Enter Proctor for the “Gage
Name” and 1.92 for the “Total Depth”. Add the Sidney total storm gage in the same manner 1.37.

52
In the Watershed Explorer, click the plus sign next to the Subbasin-1 element and select the Gage
Weights sub-node as shown below (First Figure). A Component Editor will open with two tabs,
“Gage Selections” and “Gage Weights.” Depth and time weights are required for all precipitation
gages with the “Use Gage” option set to “Yes.” For this example, the Fire Dept gage will be used
for all sub basin elements because it contains the storm pattern; the other gages only contain total
storm depths. Once the correct precipitation gages are included for Subbasins-1 (2ND Figure),
select the “Gage Weights” tab and enter the correct “Depth Weight” from Table 9 for Subbasin-1.
The “Time Weight” will be 1.0 for the Fire Dept gage in all sub basins (3RD Figure). Complete this
step for the remaining sub basins.

2.3 Define Control Specifications

Create the control specifications by selecting the Components  Control Specifications Manager
menu item. In the Control Specifications Manager window, click the New… button and enter
Jan73 for the “Name” and 16 January 1973 for the “Description.” In the Component Editor, enter
16Jan1973 for both the "Start Date" and "End Date" (in Figure below ). Enter 03:00 for the "Start
Time" and 12:55 for the "End Time." Select a time interval of 5 minutes from the “Time Interval”
drop-down list. In case, it could not receive Click File Import Control Specification Select
Jan 73 Control

53
2.4 Times-Series Data Manager

Select the Components  Time-Series Data Manager menu item. Make sure the “Data Type” is
set to Precipitation Gages. Click the New… button in the Time-Series Data Manager window. In
the Create A New Precipitation Gage window enter Fire Dept for the “Name” and Castro Valley Fire
Department for the “Description”. Click the Create button to add the precipitation gage to the
project. The Fire Dept precipitation gage is added to the Precipitation Gages folder under the
Time-Series Data folder in the Watershed Explorer.

Select the time window in the Watershed Explorer to open the Component Editor for this
precipitation gage. The Component Editor contains four tabs: “Time-Series Gage,” “Time
Window,” “Table,” and “Graph.” Select the “Time-Series Gage” tab and select the Data Storage
System (HEC-DSS) “Data Source” option. Click the DSS Filename button and locate the
CASTRO.DSS file. Click the DSS Pathname button to view a list of records in the DSS file. Select
the /CASTRO VALLEY/FIRE DEPT./PRECIP-INC/16JAN1973/10MIN/OBS/ pathname (as in the
above Figure and see below).

54
To view a time series table and graph of precipitation data, first click on the “Time Window” tab.
Enter a “Start Date” and “End Date” of 16Jan1973, a “Start Time” of 03:10, and an “End Time” of
09:50. Click on the “Table” tab to view a table and click the “Graph” tab to view a graph of the Fire
Dep‟t precipitation data.

Create a discharge gage for the observed hydrograph at the watershed outlet using the same
procedure for creating the precipitation gage. Select the Components  Time-Series Data
Manager menu item. Make sure the “Data Type” is set to Discharge Gages. Click the New…
button in the Time-Series Data Manager window. In the Create A New Discharge Gage window
enter Outlet for the “Name” and Castro Valley Outlet Gage for the “Description”. Click the Create
button to add the discharge gage to the project. Open the Component Editor for the discharge gage
and select the Data Storage System (HEC-DSS) “Data Source” option. Navigate to and select the
CASTRO.DSS file and choose the record with the /CASTRO
VALLEY/OUTLET/FLOW/16JAN1973/10MIN/OBS/ pathname using the appropriate buttons. Using
the same steps as described for a precipitation gage, create a time window from 16 January, 1973
at 03:00 hours to 13:00 hours. Click the “Graph” tab to view the observed discharge hydrograph.

2.5 Paired Data Manager

Create a paired data table for the modified Puls routing method. Select the Components  Paired
Data Manager menu option. Make sure the “Data Type” option is set to Storage-Discharge
Functions and click the New… button in the Paired Data Manager window. Leave the “Name” as
Table 1 and enter a “Description” of Reach-2 in the Create A New Storage-Discharge Function
window. Click the Create button to add this storage-discharge function to the project. In the
Component Editor for this paired data function, make sure the “Data Source” is set to Manual Entry
and the “Units” to AC-FT: CFS. Click the “Table” tab and enter the storage-discharge relationship
from Table 8.

55
3. Create and Compute a Simulation Run

Create a simulation run by selecting the Compute Þ Create Simulation Run menu item. Keep the
default name Run 1. Select the Castro 1 basin model, Gage Wts meteorologic model, and Jan73
control specifications using the wizard. After the wizard closes select the “Compute” tab of the
Watershed Explorer. Select the Simulation Runs folder so that the Watershed Explorer expands to show
Run 1. Click on Run 1 to open the Component Editor for this simulation run. Change the description for
this simulation run by entering Existing conditions, 16 January 1973 storm (as shown in Figure below).

Click the right mouse button when the mouse pointer is on top of the Run 1 name in the Watershed
Explorer and select the Compute option in the popup menu. A window opens showing the progress
of the compute. Close this window when the compute finishes

4. View Model Results

Select the Global Summary Table tool from the tool bar to view summary results of peak flow for all
elements in the basin model (See table below). Print the table or make a note of the computed peak discharge
for Subbasin-2. View graphical and tabular results for the Subbasin-2 element. Place the mouse over the
Subbasin-2 icon in the basin model map and click the right mouse button. Select the View Results  Graph
menu item . Select the View Results  Summary Table menu item to view the sub basin element summary
table. Select the View Results Þ Time-Series Table menu item to view the sub basin time-series table.

56
5. Simulate Future Urbanization

Consider how the Castro Valley watershed response would change given the effects of future
urbanization. The meteorologic model and control specifications remain the same, but a modified
basin model must be created to reflect anticipated changes to the watershed.

6. Create and Compute an Optimization Trial

57
Model optimization involves adjusting parameter values so that the simulated results match the
observed stream flow as closely as possible.

Before an optimization trial can be created, a simulation run using a basin model with observed flow must
exist. An optimization trial is created by selecting the Compute  Create Optimization Trial menu option

To add a parameter, click the right mouse button when the mouse is on top of the optimization
trial‟s name in the Watershed Explorer and select Add Parameter (Figure). A new sub-node is
added to the Watershed Explorer with the name Parameter 1.

7. Create and Compute a Depth-Area Analysis

The depth-area analysis automates the process of producing flow estimates due to frequency
precipitation at multiple points of interest within a watershed.

Before a depth-area analysis can be created, a simulation run using a frequency storm meteorologic model
must exist. A depth-area analysis is created by selecting the ComputeCreate Analysis menu option.

58
Chapter-11 Introduction to CADAM
CADAM is a computer program that was primarily designed to provide support for learning the
principles of structural stability evaluation of concrete gravity dams.
CADAM is also used to support research and development on structural behavior and safety of
concrete dams.
The output consists of:
(a) Interactive tabular data and plots that could be quickly reviewed to evaluate the analysis results,
(b) Output file reports that display in tabular and graphical form a synthesis of all results,
(c) Exchange data files that are exported to the spreadsheet program Microsoft Excel to allow
further processing of the data and to produce further plots that could be included in other
documents.
Main tool bars

• PARAMETERS MENU:

59
A) USACE uplift distribution with foundation drains near upstream face (no cracking)

B) USACE uplift distribution with cracking not extending beyond drains

60
 Exercise
Q#1. A trapezoidal Channel having a bottom slope of 0.001 is carrying a flow of 30m3/s.The
bottom width is 10m and side slope 2:1 (H: V). A control structure is built at the downstream end
which raises the water depth downstream end to 5m.Determine the water surface profile to a depth
10% greater than the uniform flow depth using Direct step method of Numerical integration? Take
n=0.013 and energy correction factor = 1 Ans. X=4,010m
, , , , ∑

To find uniform flow depth (Normal depth),

Then ,

Use Spread sheet (Ms excel) to calculate the distance of the profile
y (m) A(m2) P(m) R(m) V (m/s) Sf Sf,ave Ei E X /X/
5

Q#2. The following data were collected for a stream at a gauging station with the cross section
shown below. The rating equation of the current meter is V= (0.32N + 0.032) m/s, where N is in
rev/s and V is in m/s. The current meter was used to measure the velocity at 0.6d. Determine the
discharge in the stream using mid and mean sections method?

Depth (m) 0 0.50 1.10 1.95 2.25 1.75 1.50 0.75 0

No of Revolutions 0 80 83 131 139 114 92 70 0
Time (Se) 0 180 130 120 115 120 125 150 0

Hint: Use the following Format to use Microsoft excel for computation.
Verticals Depth Velocity at 0.6d, m/s Vave, mean Qi,mean-section

61
Q#3. The Arba Minch Textile factory has employed two grades of inspectors, namely Grade-1
and Grade-2 to undertake the quality control inspection. At least 1500 pieces must be inspected in
8hrs per day. The grade-1 inspector can check 20 pieces in one hour with the accuracy of 96%.The
grade-2 inspector can check 14 pieces in one hour with an accuracy of 92%.The daily wages of
grade-1 and grade-2 inspectors are 5Birr/hr and 4Birr/hr respectively. An error made by the
inspector cost 3 Birr to the company. If there are in overall 10 Grade-1 inspectors and 15 Grade-2
inspectors. Formulate the above problem as linear programming model that should be inserted in
to spread sheet (Ms Excel) to find the optimal assignment of inspectors that minimizes the daily
inspection cost? Hint: Identify the type of constraints.

Q#4. A company is producing three products A, B, C with a profit contribution of 20, 25 and 15
respectively per unit. The resource requirement per unit of each of this products and the total
available quantities are given below:
Process A B C Total available hours
Man hour /unit 6 3 12 200hr
Machine hour /unit 2 5 4 350hr
Material/unit 1 2 1 100kg

Identify the type of constraints along with equations? Maximize the benefit earned from the
production? Hint: Use Spread sheet Application (Solver Analysis)

Q#5. A paved highway drainage channel has the geometry shown in the following figure. The
maximum allowable flow depth is 0.6m (to prevent the flow from encroaching on traffic), and the type
of pavement used in the drainage channel is composed of different materials, from station 0 to 0.4
Brick in Mortar, from station 0.4 to 0.8 a stony bottom and from station 0.8 to 1.2 Rough rocks.

Hint: Search Manning‟s coefficient n from Flow Master Work sheets

a) What is the capacity of the channel for a 3% longitudinal slope?
b) Create a rating curve to demonstrate how the capacity varies as the channel slope varies from
1% to 4%. Choose a slope interval that will generate a reasonably smooth curve?

62
Q#6. Assume that you need to calculate the diameter of each pipe, the flow and velocity in each
pipe and the pressure in each node in the network shown below using Epanet soft ware.
L
Source M
1 C 4 K
A Pump B 11 Tank
2
Given 7
*Pump can deliver 135ft of water D 5 9 H
Head at a flow of 478gpm 3 G
*Tank (Node-L) has 40ft diameter, E
A 2.80ft water level and a maximum 8 12
of 15feet . 6

10
F I
13
Fig 1. Pipe Network configuration of water supply system J
Table 1.1 Node properties Table 1.2 pipe properties
Node Elevation(ft) Demand(gpm) Pipe Length Diameter C-factor
(ft) (inch) (Roughness)
A 500 0 1 2500 15 90
B 500 0 2 4500 9 90
C 520 130 3 4500 7 90
D 510 135 4 4500 12 90
E 505 130 5 4500 9 90
F 480 180 6 5000 7 90
G 510 210 7 4500 9 90
H 560 0 8 5000 7 90
I 475 170 9 6000 8 90
J 430 90 10 5500 6 90
K 500 110 11 8000 10 90
L 650 0 12 6000 6 90
13 7000 6 90

a) If a negative pressure is developed in one of the junctions in the network, what is the
probable reason for the pressure to be negative in the junction? What woud you suggest to
increase the head pressure?
b) To use the Epanet software for water distribution analysis, all projects must have at least one
tank and/or reservoir to run.Is this statement true? If yes, can you elaborate it?

63
 PROJECT WORK
Q#1. HEC-RAS
The River is a moderately steep River at its upper reach. The schematic description, the
longitudinal profiles, the cross sectional profile and the bridge detail data are given. The reach is
divided in to 10 river stations, station 10 being the upper most station and station 1 the lower
most. Intermediate stations and cross sections can be interpolated from the given data if
necessary. The river bed material varies from gravels and cobbles to boulders. An average
Manning Roughness of 0.035 can be considered.
It is required to model the river in order to carry out investigation work on flood protection,
adequacy of the bridge openings to accommodate the design floods and the magnitude of scour
at the piers and abutments.
Perform a steady flow analysis using HEC-RAS for the problem given and answer the following
questions.
Hints and Instruction:
 Open the HEC_RAS-River Analysis System and set the Unit System to “System
International” from the option menu.
 Open the “Cross Section Data Editor tool” from “Geometric Data Editor Menu” and use
the “Copy Current Cross Section” from the “Option menu” if the subsequent Cross
Sections have similar Cross Sectional data.
 Open the “Cross Section Data Editor tool” from “Geometric Data Editor Menu” and use
the “Adjust Elevation” from the “Option menu” in order to modify the Cross Section data.
 Give your numerical answers to two significant digits with the relevant units.
 Interpolate the Cross section using “XS Interpolation” from the “Tools” Menu. Use
Maximum Distance between XSs = 20 m
 Use “Normal Depth” for “Reach Boundary Conditions” with downstream slope of 0.0005.

64
Longitudinal profile of the River, Station 10 is the most upstream and station 1 is the most
downstream for the reach.

Reach Lengths (m)

X-Section
(Station) LOB Channel ROB
1 100 100 100
2 100 100 100
3 250 150 100
4 330 270 230
5 290 240 335
6 290 240 315
7 120 120 120
8 200 200 200
9 150 150 150
10 100 100 100

Cross-sectional profiles
Station Elevation (m)
Station XS 1 XS 2 XS 3 XS 4 XS 5 XS 6 XS 7 XS 8 XS 9 XS 10
106 94 94
107 94 94
108 94 94
109 90.45 92.95 95.45 97.95 102.95 104.95 94 94 106.95 107.95
110 90.45 92.95 95.45 97.95 102.95 104.95 94 94 106.95 107.95
112 81.45 83.95 86.45 88.95 93.95 95.95 93.24 93.24 97.95 98.95
114 78.45 80.95 83.45 85.95 85 92.95 93.95 93.95 94.95 95.95
116 70.45 72.95 75.45 77.95 82.95 84.95 85.95 85.95 86.95 87.95
118 71.45 73.95 76.45 78.95 83.95 85.95 86.95 86.95 87.95 88.95
120 79.45 81.95 84.45 86.95 91.95 93.95 92 92 95.95 96.95
124 81.45 83.95 86.45 88.95 93.95 95.95 93.24 93.24 97.95 98.95
126 91.45 93.95 96.45 98.95 103.95 105.95 94 94 107.95 108.95
128 91.9 94.4 96.9 99.4 104.4 106.4 94 94 108.4 109.4
130 92 94.5 97 99.5 104.5 106.5 94 94 108.5 109.5
132 94 94
134 94 94
Note: the left bank and right bank stations are at 112 and 124 respectively in all the Cross
Sections.

65
Bridge Details: Between X-Sections 7 and 8
Suitable distance = 10 m, width = 6m, Weir Coefficient = 2.0
Up stream Down stream
Station High Chord Low Chord Station High Chord Low Chord
110. 92. 91. 110. 92. 91.
112. 92. 91. 112. 92. 91.
114. 92. 91. 114. 92. 91.
116. 92. 91. 116. 92. 91.
118. 92. 91. 118. 92. 91.
120. 92. 91. 120. 92. 91.
122. 92. 91. 122. 92. 91.
124. 92. 91. 124. 92. 91.
126. 92. 91. 126. 92. 91.
128. 92. 91. 128. 92. 91.
130. 92. 91. 130. 92. 91.
132. 92. 91. 132. 92. 91.
134. 92. 91. 134. 92. 91.
136. 92. 91. 136. 92. 91.
137. 92. 91. 137. 92. 91.
138. 92. 91. 138. 92. 91.
140. 92. 91. 140. 92. 91.

Pier Detail: 2 Trapezoidal cross section piers spaced equally.

Upstream (C/L = 116) Downstream (C/L =116) Upstream (C/L = Downstream (C/L=
118) 118)
Pier elevation Pier Elevation Pier Elevation Pier Elevation
width width Width Width
1. 74. 1. 74. 1. 74. 1. 74.
1. 85. 1. 85. 1. 85. 1. 85.
0.4 88. 0.4 88. 0.4 88. 0.4 88.
0.4 91. 0.4 91. 0.4 91. 0.4 91.

Abutment Detail: At both Banks

Abutment-1 Abutment-2
Upstream Down stream Upstream Down stream
Station elevation Station Station Station Elevation Station Elevation
0. 91. 0. 91. 119. 91. 119. 91.
115. 91. 115. 91. 130. 91. 130. 91.

Flow data (m3/s)

River Reach River Profiles and flow rates
Station 10 yr 50 yr 100 yr
Main River Upper 10 20 50 75

66
Questions:
1. Model the River and indicate regions of sub critical and critical flows. Specify the bounding
river cross sections
2. Which of the design flows inundate the bridge completely?
3. Determine the Water surface elevation at the upstream and downstream of the bridge for the
design floods specified.
4. Indicate cross sections along the river bank where we need to provide river training work to
protect from flooding.
5. What measures have to be taken in order to keep the worst flood within the banks at the
bridge location? Demonstrate and determine the Water Surface Elevation Upstream and
downstream of the bridge.
6. Determine the “Contraction Scour depth” at the Left, Channel and Right banks.
7. Determine the “Pier Scour depth”.
8. Determine the “Abutment Scour depth” at both the abutments.
9. Determine the Energy Grade Line, Water Surface and Critical Water surface line elevations
at the bridge cross section for 10 year design flood.
10. Determine the Energy Grade Slope and the total flow at the river out let for 10 year design
flood.

67