1. Aquick intro to Korean nouns Unlike nouns in roman languages, nouns in Korean: + do not use definite or indefinite articles like "a/an/the’; + donot have grammatical gender; * can be singular or plural, so the exact, translation of a Korean noun varies with the context. Korean nouns are easy! 2. Me ...QLIC/ 1am... ‘This sentence structure means “I am..." Let's plug in two nationality nouns for example’ Cer feoneun hangug salanvibnida, Jam Korean. ALS he Avert jeoneun migug salarmibnida lam American. HE | AteQtUch Acloser look into the structure: + 2 (je0) is the first-person pronoun, same as ‘I’ in English + (neun) is particle. Ittells us that is the sentence topic. * QILICE (ibnida) can be interpreted as the verb “to be”. 3. Sentence word order Abasic Korean sentence follows the Subject-Object-Verb order. For example, to say “| leam Korean’, the structure is subject Cyr Ary Jeoneun —P2PBUE —baeubnida HE peog 9 feud Korean 4, Spacing in sentences In written Korean, we put spaces between parts of speech, namely elements like subjects, objects, verbs, The rule of thumb is, to put spaces between words, except between a word and a particle, such as A=. 5. Speech levels A Korean can convey different levels of formality to his/her audience by changing the sentence endings. I's an important characteristic of the Korean language. Officially, there are 7 speech levels, but we will only leam the most commonly used three: Formal Polite, Informal Polite and Impolite*. er Mey alee ees Ts cre Formal Reserved for sti Fonte formal “Nationality’ to (ending in occasions Unit "Polite sticyres (meetings Foret in LIC) presentations) Korean? Used in daily Informal conversation Polite between Unit “Polite (ending in friends, Form’ to Unit. of@yojay Strangers.or “Change” in toward Korean 1 012) someone older/superior Between close Impolite* friends; toward (endingin someone Korean 2 0}/04/01) younger or a subordinate [as Saxe | ae — |33 China Jes KoveeLearning Tips for This & That 1.01, 1, A / this, that, that over there To say “this/that” in Korean, we can use the words Ol ('), 3 (geu), and (eo). Word ol this geu that Jeo x that..over there ord Indicates that the object mentioned ‘sear the ‘speaker. indicates that the object mentioned is far from the speaker, but close to the listener. Indicates that the object mentioned is far away from both the speaker and the listener. 2. Topic particles 2/= UG Taineun jung- ‘gug salam- ibnida, Of OE BS apatuLic. This child is Chinese. geu aineun Jjung-gug salamvibnida, AE ss afetauic. ‘That child is Chinese. Jeo aineun Jung-oug salarvibnida H ool at Aveta. That child over there is Chinese. '2/ (eun/neun) are the topie particles. They are placed after a noun or pronoun to: + Introduce it as the topic of the sentence ‘+ show emphasis ‘+ show contrast, How do you choose between “2 27 ‘+ When the preceding word ends with a consonant, attach "2" ‘+ When the preceding word ends with a vowel, attach “E" For example an eer salam-eun Ata} ends with the ABE consonant "0" so 2 is people attached fecanan ends withthe vowel lam "1" s0 & is attached: | oto} child |x men | oi womanLearning Tips for Everyday Items Possessives are used to indicate that something belongs to someone. ‘We will be learning the use of the Korean possessor "2" (geos) and the possessive particle "I" (ui). 1. Possessive noun "2" "21" (aos) ean be literally ransleted to "thing? in English. t often follows "0l","2", "f°. ean | Explanation | Example igeos-eun sagwalonide (igeos) a The object | mentionedis 91212 Atte) 128 near the Uh speaker This (thing) ‘This is an apple. geugeos-eun (geugeos) _Theobject "uyubica mentioned is aa Tarawaytom a2 99: wt the speaker, ~~ oe butcloseto UC That (hing) the eter. That is ik jeogeoeeun bananas Uosecs) The oec mertionodte | santa Aa far away from: iat ULL both the auc. speaker and That tng) Rettence that ver there is a banana. 2. Possessive particle "2|" ‘This particle usually follows the noun or pronoun that is the owner of something rmigug-ut sinmun An ‘American newspaper o1Rel lui chaeg A chile's book orate} a4 geu namjaui keompyuteo ms The man's computer Aertel ae in Korean, "KI" (eouirmy) needs to be abbreviated into “Al (je). For example: Korean Crd Igeos-eun je chaeg- ‘bnide This is my book, ote w aieuict, geugeoseun je sajeon-ibnida, That is my dictionary, ate ML APaBLICh ieogeos-eun je keompyuteolonida. That is my computer over there, AE A BREIL, a we |e ie jw nana | a soni ane comesee ate! sctonay 5Learning Tips for Phrases 1. To someone older or superior in status, we should say: "2HG9}12" (ennyeonghaseyo/good morning) oR’ "QH8EALInP* (annyeonghasibnikka/How are your). 2. Toa close friend, we can say: "Qi? BRL?" (annyeong? al nni?/Hi how are you?) 3. Other common greeting phrases are as follows: A194. (mianhaeyo/Sorry) WOE. (gwacnchanh-ayo/tt's fine.) ZAFBILICL. (gameahabnida/Thank you.) AGHOL2. (cheonmaneyo/You are welcome.) Extended Reading Etiquette is highly valued and widely practiced in the everyday life in Korea, One typical scenatio in the day-to-day fe of a Koreen usually goes like this: when we visit the home of an elderly forthe first time, we take @ deep bow upon entering the door to show respect and politeness. This is very common When we meet a person who is superior in status ‘or older than ourselves. n top of that, we also need to use the respective speech level to show our respect and modesty to the person spoken to. Each speech level Indicates Itself through the verb conjugation at the end of the sentence. For example: Ard pve Level Eterna Formal occasions, subordinates ‘to superiors; the young to the elderly Formal Polite wt iclyStict One level below the formal polite level, used Informal g woine, — OHB/O12/12 among friends; can be used toward someone superior or older Between close fiends; superiors, casual orvo4rot toward subordinates; the elderly to the young | og areLearning tips for Negation 1 In this unit, well find out how to make QL ICE sentences negative. Positive: Ais B. A ie Bauer, (eun/neun B ibnida) Negative: A is not. AS/= BOW OFLC. (A eunyneun B i/ga anibnida) Jeoneun hangug salam anibnida Lam not a Korean Fie BS Abzto OF] tt. geu salameun hagszeng anioida ‘That person is nota A Nee ago] oF Student ch. igeos-eun keompyuteoga anibnida ‘This Is not a computer. O14 AFEVE OL th geugeos-eun aban sagwaga anibnida “That isnot an apple Ae ame Alaa op MO” saPAN. suck 1) Subject marking particles "01/2 (ig) © "01/2 (ga) are used to indicate what the ‘subject of an action (verb) is. 1/74" (Vga) are usually placed after: = Nouns += Pronouns + Numbers @ How to choose between “01/7 (i/ga)? ‘+ When the noun ends with a vowel, attach °F to the noun. ‘+ When the noun ends with a consonant, attach "0)"to the noun. For example: Ee) rad Jeoneun hengug salam anionida ‘The noun "Ate" ends: Mie €3 A¥z!01 OFL| with the consonant ch "0", attach "Ol", Tam not Korean. Igeos-eun keompyuteoga anibnida The noun "FEN 01242 BREIE OIL! ends with the vowel ch “4 attach “ZF This is not the ‘computer. 2)"OFEILICP’ One of Korean declarative ‘sentence endings "OFLILICH (anibnida/ts not) fs the negation of “PILICH (ibnida). |e student | or ‘doctor | dau teacher | ae policemanLearning Tips for Question 1 In this unit, we learn about the question structure "AS /= B LLM}? (Is AB?) and how to answer it. 1. Question ending: 211712 “GLL7I? (ibnikka)" is the question ending as well as the question form of “#1LICt(ibnida)’. AS/EB QUIT = 15 AB? Igeos-eun bananaibnikka? Is this banana? ovate ML LIL? geugeos-eun cchaibrikka? Is that tea? ate teem dangsin-eun seonsaengnim- tonikka? ‘Are you a teacher? ele Maun? 2. Affirmative answer & Negative answer © Afiemative answer: "Ul ..2ILIC (ne.sbnida)* @ Negative answer: OFLC, .OFLIEE (nibnida, .anibnida)" igeos-eun bananaibnikka? Is this Cree) banana? late aiid up ne, igeos-eun bananaibnida Sa Yes, this is BOC uy ove uy banana ueuic. anibnida, igeos-eun bananaga annie, No, this Pence [Neti OFILICE, O12 RLILI2t OM th. ‘3. Where is the subject inthis sentence? Not every Korean sentence needs a grammatical subject. Usually the subject can be omitted if itis Cleary known to both the speaker and the listener. Especially in casual conversations, the ‘grammatical subjects ‘you' and 'l are often left out. (dangsin-eun) ‘gyeongchal-ibnikka? ug) azeum (Are you) a police officer? ne, (jeoneun) sgyeongchal-ibnida. Cam 4, (i=) 222eIL Ich, Yes, (1am) a police officer sribnida, (jeoneun) ‘gyeongehali anibnida, OfELICE (HE) BOL OFLC, Peed No, (Lam) not a police officer.Leaming Tips for Public Spaces “The focus of this unt is the place adverbs "o12| (yeoo))’,* 121 (g20gi)’, "171 Geog)" and the question word O41 (eodiy 1. "6471 (yeogi)’, "7171 (geogi", "*17! Geogi)” The usege ofthese thee place adverbs is similar to the usage of the demonstratives mentioned in UNT 2, which are"2F ("2 (goa), and 3" Geo). eee yeogineun syochibiga the places earthe iis 2) here speaker but are awe farowoyiton thelistener Here isthe Secsteor ARRON ‘ba the places ear the 2i71 thre stoner far 7H SA swaytiom ihe sujet, Speaker Tee ithe Ten Jeopnan nagoyteiéa the places far uray om isis ein ao ge MIN re speaterané Ut heist overthereis the sched 2."O4C" (where) yeogineun eodiibnikke? Whereis this place? opis oie? yeogineun gyosilsbnida, This s the classroom, ote aweIUCh yneun ecb? ea Wheres that place over there? HII ofcyayiin2 me Jeogineun haggyoitnida Over there isthe school Hulk gL jaa shoo! | ay ero | sve Wrary | sae 200 lea bank |aa park | see taller | = mart | ate cinemaLearning Tips for Colors 1. Colors as nouns In Korean, a color noun usually ends with "4" “Als a Sino-Korean word for ‘color’, and itis pronounced as ‘saeg’. Color(n.)| Pronunciation | English 244 ppalgansaeg red ney nolansaeg yellow aigl4{——palansaeg_——_—blue/green 4 nogsaeg green aigM]—hayansaeg white 224 geom-eunsaeg black Bey bolasaeg purple 2. Colors as adjectives ‘The color nouns listed above can be used as adjectives to modify nouns directly. For example: ppalgansaeg sagwa red apple ‘az ala nolansaeg banana yellow banana see WILLE hayansaeg uyu o white milk alot So. uaa 4 blue white black red pink orange creenLearning Tips for "Where is ” In this unit we wil learn how to describe where things are, 1. "Subject + location + oll + U@LICE =the subjectiis at 2. "Subject + location + oll + SLICE = the subject is NOT at 3, "Subject + location + ol| + LIE" = le the subject at.? 1."Subject + location + oll + 212 LIC-"= the ‘subject is at (location). "alI(e)" is the location marking particle in Korean. It follows the location noun, (® "242 UICH(issseubnida) is a formal verb ending for Korean declarative sentences, indicating that something/someone is at a certain place. dongmul dong wore issseubnig®. animale are atthe ‘S80 See aul 200 ci hamja aiga haggyoe oubnica. ‘Xt of0|7} Stm04 ete BOYS are at school uct, eyo} ga gone J Sorc1o aay Thetis nthe park euch 2."Subject + location + Ol| + SLICE" = the ‘subject is NOT at...(location).. “BLSLICH(eobs-seubnida)"is the negation of "2 ‘SLICHissseubnida)" mentioned above and also a formal verb ending for Korean declarative sentences, indicating that something/someone Is NOT ata specific location seonsaengniim gyosit-e eobs: seubniga, ‘The teacher isnot in Ado] Balol get] the classroom. th Jeoneun byeong-won-e eobe-seubnida. Ymmotat the hospital Fie welol BeLiCh, geu namja aineun doseogwan-e cobs seubnida That boy is notin the ABA OfOlE = HzO Wirary. euch "Subject + location + Ol| + WL|212" = Is the subject at..? “RG LIVI isthe interrogative form of “LIC ((ssseubniday, which Is also a formal verb fending for interragative sentences. I's used in the question ‘Is something/someone at some place?" The pronunciation for "2I2SU17I is “Iesseubnikk seonsaengnim-eun gyosite issseubnikka? | |g the teacher in the Made Dol Lee! classroom? me {geu namja aineun byeong-wan-e ssseubnikka? Is that boy atthe AEA OfOIE SIO hospital? sane sgeu yeoja aineun ‘gong won-e ssseubnikka? 1 OIA} OO Bea, olsun I that gle in the park?Learning Tips for Location In this unit, let's look at how to describe spatial relations in Korean, 1. Location nouns tio al wi top ota alae bottom a yeop: side 2 an inside 2 baak outside 2.°A+ O/7E + OC O-+ MSL MIP" = Where is A? ‘The pronunciation for "A + 01/74 O/CoH| + 28esU 77's "A + Vga eodie + Issseubnikka?” Engl sinmun-i eodie Issseubnikka? Where Is the newspaper? AZO} OClof UBUD uljaga eodie Issseubnikka? Where is the chair? SIX OFCIOH LLL naengjang-goga eodie Issseubnikka? Where Is the refrigerator? ‘weD7} Ofc] LIM 3"[A+0|/71] + [a place + location noun + Ol] + ASLICH/ RS LICH = A is/isnit (in relation to) a place. ‘This expression "| SLlCh/BSUICh is pronounced as "e issseubnida/eobs-seubnide" sinmuns chaegsang wie issseubnida. The newspaper is A1ZO| Aas Glog etic, on the table uijaga chaegsang yeop-e issseubnida, The chair is beside the S1mi7E MAE GOH QLeSLIch. ‘Ale naengjang-gog jubang an- The e eobs-seubnida. refrigerator is not in the ‘WED RY etoll SSLICH. kitchen. | aa desk | #1 top | ove orem | at chair le side |v outside je sone |aa bedroom |e Wing eon | #8 | asl mache | aa bed | at sofa | waa reftigerator | wer vLearning Tips for Possession In this unit, well be learning how to express "someone has something" and its grammar. TAT E/E T+BEOIH ASU =A has/have B "2U@LICHIssseubnida)" Is a formal verb ending for Korean declarative sentences that Indicates possession. hagsaeng-eun chaeg- lissseubnida Be M0] SLiCh Jeoneun kiga iseseubnida Uhave a key Ai 217] BeLch The student has a book. 2A+S/5+B+ 0/7 SUCH = A doesn't/don't have B "GISLICKeobs-seubnida)’ is the negation of "@LLICHissseubnida)* and a formal verb ending for Korean declarative sentences. Pore) Cry jeoneun sinmun- ecbs-seubnida AME ABO| BALCH, geu namjaneun alga eobs-seubnida ‘That man has no ALES of0l7t ate children. uct. don't have @ newspaper. 3.°A+ 2/5/+B+01/7} + SU 72" = Does/Do A have B? “2125 UInHissseubnikka)’ is the interrogative form of "SICK(Issda)’ and a formal verb ending for interrogative sentences. Korean Corey geu yeojaneun alga Issseubnikka? Does that woman LOWES 00174 22 ave children? une geu seonsaengnim- ‘eun hagsaengi issseubnikka? _—_~D0es that teacher AAMe eajo| gy have students? ‘etinhe |# pen | met wallet jal key jaa notebook la liquor | im coffeeLearning Tips for Particles 1 In this unit, we lear two particles: & (to0/also) and 91/3 (and). 1."E" = too/also houn/pronoun + = | The noun before “" Is the thing/person that is being emphasized with ‘too/alsc’ Corey Ce jeodo keompyuteoga Iseseubnida Ialso havea AAS BREA WEL computer. ct. seonsaengnimdo Sajeon-|issseubnida The teacher also has MHE ABIOLg1& a dictionary LC. geu aldo hagayoe eobs-seubnida That child alsois not ALOE Sol Be at school. Lct. 2. "2}/2}" = and "94/24" connects nouns. "A+ 24/3 + B" means "A and 8° *"94(wa) Is attached to nouns ending with a vowel, “BY(gwa)’ Is attached to nouns ending with a consonant Conc ea ease apples and bananas bye coffee and tea chaegawta sinmun books and ag} Ae newspapers hagsaeng-awa students and seonsaengnim a teachers Sean} AtaLearning Tips for My Family 1.°22[" = us/our js Koreans often use "P2I(uli,us/our)" in conversations to make both perties feel jou closer to each other, When a Korean talks about his family, he Jeu Would refer to ites "22| 71% (ull gajog / our family)’, although it's really just ‘his own family” | om For example: 78 (ull gajog-eun abeojiwa eomeon, jega | issseubnida) | ots seal PERS OfAAISE OLDHLI, MIF BLLICH, Our family has (my) father, mother and me le 2. Two sets of expression for “elder | zou brother" and "elder sister" | woteix ‘Speaker's Cou Gend lua elder SH(0PPA) brother Ve Female il ar elder sister (eonni) |os8 elder wae Blrveons) proiner srLi(nuna) elder sisterLearning Tips for Numbers 1 ‘There are two number systems in the Korean languege: the Sino-Korean number system; the native Korean number system, ‘The native Korean numbers have been long in existence in the Korean language, while the Sino-Korean numbers derived from Chinese numbers. Hence, the pronunciations of the Sino-Korean numbers are similar to their original readings in Chinese. In this unit, we will focus on the Sino-Korean numbers and how to use them. 1.1-10 ‘Sino-Korean numbers appear often with dates and Hanja counters, measure words or classifiers that come between the numbers ‘and nouns. (Although Hanja, meaning "Chinese characters’ in Korean, counters are derived from the Chinese measure words, most Koreans today do not recognize or use these Chinese characters anymore. Students of the Korean language are not expected to learn these Chinese characters, but we listed them nonetheless for thase who are curious.) For example: a recon cor error Cer Cte eee a nyeon tInyeon, a Be ae 1 year 1 year i wol iwol ol A) oe 2 month February sam a samil a aa) ae 3 day days 38 bun sabun ab 2m) ate 4 minute minutes ° oho ocho 2 *@) ex 5 second Seconds yug won yug-won @ 2@) ean Hoa ni jul hijo a #0 (8) ase 7 week 7 weeks pal eon palbeon B 1® wu 8 number No.8 gu cheung ‘gucheung 2 =H) *s 9 layerfMoor age er sib inbun sib noun 4 ote (a) ae 0 serving serings ‘When expressing months, June" is "#2 (yuwol)" and “October” is "Al! (siwol)". 2.11-99 “To express double-dight numbers, simply read the numbers from left to right with a 4 (sib) in between: the digit + J+ the second digit ‘There are two exceptions: © If the first digit is 1, omit the 1 and start from (sib): 11(4421/sib-), 16(4%/sib-yug).. @ If the second digit is 0, stop at *(sib):Learning Tips for Shopping tn this unt, we wll lea the necessary words and structures to ask for prices 1. 100, 1000, 10000 In Korean, the "1" in the values “&{(sib)' for 10, 4 (baeg)' for 100, "€(cheon)* for 7,000 and “et(man)" for 10,000 is omitted. But in other numbers, “1° must be pronounced. baeg 100 4 ibaeg 200 ol cheon 1000 ¥ sameheon 3000 ae man 10000 e 40000 att 2. Price ‘The South Korean currency is "2l(W)' and pronounced as "swon'. "Q20}21 1712 (eolmalbnikkka)* Is used to ask for prices. Examples: cor ee sagwaneun eolmalbrikke? How much is an apple? ATH @okeNLm2 sagwaneun cheon- wonbnica The apple is 1000 Won. Abie Saleiuich i chaeg-eun eolmaibnikka? How much is this book? ol 42 ote i chaeg-eun ocheon- wonbnida This book is 5000 Won. 0) M2 OatBIILICE | keompyuteoneun, ‘eolmaibnikka? How much is this o| eet stort] sample ™ ikeompyuteoneun vaegmanworibnica This computer ie 1 olateis woraigty Millon Won thNumbers 2 yeodeotb mal yeodeob mt ort anal og ofa In'Numbers 1, ve met the Sino-Kerean numbers, ane ofthe two number systems in Korean eight nial ight inthis unit, we wl take alook atthe native Korean tb - hob jen numbers from 110 10 and how they are used one a oe 1. The Basies nine CUPITASS cys og ‘The native Korean numbers are usually used before = certain count words, such as these ones: yeo ye jang a Native a a Korean fees a hana hae han hae ae a aa When paired with a count word, the numbers 1-4: "PILE, B80," become 8, "6", "al and" one year one year For example: cul al det Korean eer see han sal Wo month two months cone yar ott ses a sesi Ba cvsel ” 4 ML two years old ee three tlock three oclock sesal nes sigan ne sigon sirnyearn cli aa “ az At nesel four hour four hours onsen doseos rmyeong —_deseosmyeena ae cast a oe os perwn | tepeoate 2. Specifying Quantities oxeos call eos sa Koreans use this structure noun + number + count as a ‘word to specify the quantity of something. ous * ous a For exemple: sic years) sieges oi BSE tigob gee ligob gae “ =| teas ae m4 wea S| [were seven thng/object seven ma | 4 | oneLearning Tips for Numbers 3 2. "34 (myeoch)” °@ (myeoch)' Is the interrogative word used to ask questions related to quantities or age. Let's lear more about the native Korean numbers. This time we will tackle 20 to 90. Fer eeample In addition, we will learn how to ask for "84 AE (myeoch sal)’ = how old someone's age and tell time in this unit. "BAI (myeoch si) hat time "8121 (myeoch gae)" = how many dangsin-eun myeoch 1. The Native Korean Numbers 20-90 ee curu) ig ered salbrikka? How old are you? ‘twenty gee a aeLim — jeoneun seumu sal seoleun ‘nde Jam twenty years old thiny AE ME AP Neh, maheun jigeum-eun myeoch ‘ silbnikka? erty ‘What time is it now? oe Tae UM win , igeum-eun yeoseos fy ‘siibnida 7 a Itis six dclock now. yesun ABS od AALICH a sixty a Ole ‘heun seventy we yeodeun eighty eheun ninety OF Since the native Korean numbers are more complex than the Sino-Korean ones, numbers larger than 100 are rendered in Sine Korean numbers. ‘When pairing with a count word, the native Korean number “5 for twenty conjugates into "5 (seumuy’, for example: "5 4 (seumu sal’ for twenty years old.Learning Tips for The Week In this unit, lets learn how to say Monday through Sunday in Korean and how to ask and answer the question ‘what day is it today?” 1. Monday To Friday 2.5 (rmuseun)” (what) ‘3. What Day Is It? 1. Monday To Friday core) Ear wol-yoil ae Monday Bea Tuesday peal Wednesday — Thursday geumyo Fay Bee saturday aoa sunday 2. "#4 (museun)' (what) "Zé" (what) is used before a noun. For example: “BE QU (museun yo)" = what day "Ee © (museun il)’ = what ('s t/happened) 3. What Day Is It? To ask what day today, toriotrow or yesterday Is, we will need the words "28 (oneul)" for today or "M49 (nail) for tomorrow. To answer the question "what day is it today; Wwe use the expression "SS 2/01M|=/U= day of the week + ZUCf" Cory Ce ‘oneul-eun museun yoilibrikka? eb2 22 goloi.| What day is ittoday? me oneu-eun geum-yoil- ‘hnida: Today is Friday, 2 2QUUuch naell-eun museun yolhballdea? What day is it MIE FEMI — tomorrow? 7 ree Tomorrow is uge Saweuct, Saturday.Learning Tips for Verbs In this unit, we will learn some of the most common Korean verbs and how to use them. In the basic "Subject-Object Predicate” structure of Korean declarative sentences. 1. nounol/2t + noun/E + verb stem + #LIEi7SU cr 2. Object Markers "S/S (eul/leul)" 3. Formal Polite Sentence Ending "-HLICI/SLIC}" ‘4."Look a book"? 1. “noun0|/7} + noun®/# + verb stem + & ucrsuicks hyeong/ uyuleul Tmasibrida! The elder brother 40] 295 OFILICK. drinks milk, namdongsaeng: mubeul masionida | The younger brother S40] BS ofaU) drinks water, ct sucyeoneu) The elder sister eats meogseubnida Neengmyeon aL pysia eat] (Korean cold noodles). ch. oppaga bananaleul meogseubnid® The elder brother SM7F ELIE 1@ eats abanana. Uc. 2. Object Markers "S/S (eul/leul)’ "B/@" are Korean object marking particles that come after a noun to indicate that the noun Is the object of the verb in the sentence. "2" is attached to nouns ending with a consonant; 'B" Is attached to nouns ending with a vowel. For example ers Object erm Cae aa namdongsaeng: imubeul masibnida EMO] BS of AILICE The younger brother drinks water A Consonant le hyeong: uyuleut masibnida Wo] 22H OF AVowel 3 uc. The elder brother drinks milk 3. Formal Polite Sentence Ending "- © L| cyeucr In Korean, predicate/verb is always placed at the end of a sentence. So we use the term "sentence ending’ and "verb ending’ interchangeably. “4 LICH @UCK- bnida/seubnida)' is the sentence ending used for formal polite occasions; the structure is "verb stem+ HLICHV@LICh: "BLICH is attached to verb stems ending with a consonant; 2g. SCH (to eat) SLICE ISLC "BLICH* Is attached to verb stems ending with a vowel e.g. OFAICH (to drink) OfA|+e LICHOPYL ICH 4."Look a book"? In Kore, "Yead «book canbe expresed trough wo ves: "B yeaa or Cook. The vero CP, whee ere rans ie “ook cou eo mean eae" wih una he M/booke tLearning Tips for Negation 2 Inthis unit, we will learn how to build a simple negative sentence, also known as the ‘short form’ of negative sentences. 1. The Short Form Negation "2t + verb stem + BLICHASLICP "9H" is a negation adverb like the word "not’. in a negative sentence, "2" is placed right before the verb stem, For example: Coren) 2 FA Lict to not eat oFORALICE to not drink of SLIch to not see/look of SoreILICH. to not like 2. The Full Negative Sentence ‘Structure: “noun0l/7t + noun S/S + &t verb stem + HL] cheuct hhyeong:! bulgogileu! The elder brother an meogseubnida does not eat Bulgog! 90/2271F +48 — (Korean grilled uct meat). nunaga sojuleul an ‘masibnida, The elder slater does SUPP ARS of py Notdrink Solu (a :~ Korean liquor). uch eonniga sinmun-eul an bobnida ‘The elder sister does AUPE ee ot BU not read 7 newspapers ‘geu gyeongchal suk eulanjot-ahabnida _ That police officer Vaizt0| 22 or Zo} does not like drinking Pi (alcohol). 90 come barbecued beef ficeLearning Tips for Negation 3 In the last unit, we learned the short-form negative sentences "e! + verb stem + HLICH/ euch In this unit, welll learn the other form, the long-form’ negative sentence "verb stem + X| euch. 1. The Long-Form Negation "verb stem + AL Such" fx] QeALIct, tonot eat OFAIAI SS LICH. to not drink x] FSUCH to not see/look SOs) BSLICh to not like 2. The Full Negative Sentence Structure: “noun0l/7} + noun®/# + verb stem + X| Bsucr hyeong bulgogileul meogil anhseubnid> 1 oder brother ¥o] S121 jx] gf does not eat Bulgogi. aut. nunaga sojuleul ‘masiji anhseubnida 7 The elder sister does SGU} Az OFA} NOt drink Soju. geuct. eonniga sinmun-eul boji anhseubnida ‘The elder sister does ALIFE AIBS sx] gy Not read newspapers. aud. geu ayeongchal suteuljoh-ahai eee That police officer does not like drinking, A Azo] Be Eojsp (elcoho). | etm walk ley tea Soybean Paste sienLearning Tips for Question 2 \# bread | saa) sliced raw fish In this unit, we are learning the formal polite intertogative sentence ending "L/L . 2 (bnikkayseubnikka) ?* [ae Iuice | 421 wine 1. "verb/adjective stem + &Li7L/U12" Ifthe stem ends with a vowel, "4LI7" Is, attached to the stem; e.g. CHIC (to drink) + OFA|+esL 710 SLII If the stem ends with a consonant, “&L)F is attached to the stem. e.g. SICH (to eat): 2+ LIMBELIMI? Perc) on Verb ed Pe eC Luo) ceo PS eal Pah an aieuine at ®1 consonant Lin? (to eat) OFAC orLIni2 aA ut? HLT tok HA vowel = SLIT 2. "noun0|/7} + noun3/& + verb stem + BUD SL Let's build a complete question with this expression structure, ephaga anhseubnida __No,the elder sister naengmyeon-eul Does the elder OMLLICL Sus} ape does not drink beer. meogseubnikke? brother eat 1S OFAIR! ALICE 2H7}44B GL Nasngmyeon? mi ne, oppaga naengmyeon-eul mmeoyeeubnide Yes, the elder brother Ul, Qut7} deta ae | eats Naengmyeon uch nunaga maegjuleul masibnikka? Does the elder sister SUPE HFS ONL drink beer? mt?Learning Tips for Question 3 | HES Let's lear how to ask a question with the Interrogative pronouns "S22! (mueos)* (what), | aa and "$54 (nugu)" (who). frond | arene Se ee fo | igeos-eun | mueos-ibnikka? ola Fate | e271 m0 mueos _takes the Place of the whatis this? [ose ] subject or object ina mueos-eul what sentence meogseubnikka? | ayy s18 FBUne What do you al cat? geunamja Es aineun nugue lnikka? a eat ojo famet sae" Sau nugu abbreviated a toe Who is that boy? 7 ei replaces naga gimchiteul wo the aubjet eogeeubnika? sentence sy aig eig Unt sandwich beet letter bibimbap flower hamburger magazine noodles champagneLearning Tips for Routines 1 This unit focuses on the time particle “l(e)" and the expression ".%#F{..7}7|..(..buteo...kkaji.)" (from..to...). 1. Time Ol] + nounS/ + verb stem + 4L{Cl/ euch. This expression refers to "to do something at a ‘specified time’, The time particle ‘Ol functions as a time marker, ‘marking the reference to time. Examples: ligob sie eonabrida |. oot up at seven et Alot etorstuict. —_|PClock yeodeolb sie babeul meogseubnida jto have a meal at eight oiclock ois! Alok wa S1SUICE ahob sie jhacheoteul tabnida to take the subway at ofg Alol alata ert) |nine dclock ch. 2. Time A S¥E{ + Time B 712 + noun / verb stem + SLICH/ SLICE This expression indicates "to do something from time A to time B. | goiict oetup | Msatch wash | qaiwetce | alert subway | urerct getott sikkaji sesuhabnida {to wash up from seven to eight AB ALE otal Alix) 4 loclock atuict yeoidu sibuteo yeoldu st bbankkall jeomsim-eul meogseubnida {to have lunch from twelve to twelve BS ALHEL QI AL etext ay thirty ae ee LICh ‘ahob sibuteo hab st sib-o bunk jeonhwaleul habnica to have a phone call from nine to nine of ALS OF A] Jo wn} |fifteen a] a1 stich. ° HEA. FIA|(.outeo.. kj.” meens “from. to." “EEF indicates the stating time and "731" the ening time ligob sibuteo yeodeolb eta rom seven to eight ha ASEH Of6d Alma yeoldu sibuteo yeoldu si banka trom twelve to twelve thirty FALSE SE AL wt ahob sibuteo ahob st sib-o bunkkal from nine to nine OE ANHEH OF AL yo = [fifteen | ect fide jas walk | wat telephoneLearning Tips for Routines 2 In this unit, we are learning the interrogative word for place/location *O{C| (eadlywhere)’ and the locative particle A (eseo)" 1. "O{E|" and "olf" ‘They are often used alongside each other to raise ‘a question on where something takes place. co a leodieseo sanchaeg-eul habnikka? Where (do you) take ja walk? OAC JONA ALAS BHAI eodieseo chaeg-eul bobnikka? Where (do you) read books? OiC/ouay 4B SLI? eodieseo bab-eul meogseubnikka? ie gaya ICI eres SteaLInte 2. Locative Particle "Ol A{" "Place/location noundilAi" indicates where an action takes place. ee eae SAA AS SLICH. bobnida jo read books in the library Ad eto ad HS LICH, [ibeseo bab-eul meogseubnida to eat at home Bgeict | a3 | Aapeict | garcr take a bath home, house woeLearning Tips for Honorifics In this unit, ets tackle a challenging concept ~ the Korean honorifics. 1. What are honorifics? Social hierarchy is deeply embedded in the Korean language. ‘Two systems are used to denote status and show respect for the relevant parties ina conversation: honorifics and speech levels, the latter is also known as formality levels. ‘Their presence Is marked by suffixes, elements appended to some parts of the speech 2. Difference between honorifics and speech levels? Their functions are different: Honorifies reflect the relationship between the speaker and the person being addressed in the speech; ‘Speech levels imply the relationship between the speaker and the listener. By using honorifics, the speaker shows respect to the person being referred to in a sentence. By applying the right speech level, the speaker shows the appropriate level of politeness and respect toward the listener. ‘As mentioned before, the formal polite sentence ending *"#LICH/SLICt (bnida/seubnida)" represents one of the many speech levels in Korean; it shows the highest respect possible from the speaker toward the listener, In this unit, we are combining this speech level with honorifics to show utmost politeness, 3. How to use honorifics? Verb/adjective stem + honorific suffix (2)Al + sentence ending "AI(si)" Is attached to a stem ending with a vowel; e.g. siAl (thas!) ~ to work "2M (cusi)" is attached to a stem ending with a consonant, 2.9. YSAlilg-eusi) ~ toread Meanwhile, if the person we're referring to is the subject of the sentence, the subject marking particles “01/7K(i/ga)" become "I#Al(kkeseo)" For example, the following sentences can be used by someone introducing elder family members to a stranger or a superior: corey cr) abeolikkeseo byeong- worr-eseo ilhasibnida (the) father works at @ ovaintot eSaloay stot hese ‘SUC ‘seonsaengnimkkeseo haggyoeseo chaeg-eul bosibnida (The) teacher reads books at school Sued OHA aS seuuch hakeobeojkkeseo jb- 820 sigsehasibnida (The) grandpa eats at HOpoIAINA) OHA Atay toe ut halmeonikkeseo gong wor-eseo sanchaeg-eul hasibnida (The) grandma takes a walk in the park BOLL AION Ab BeaLich | aoa sake | sotsict dike | ax ieeeLearning Tips for Sports 1 There are two ways to say playing a sport in Korean. For sports like basketball, soccer and baseball where no hitting equipment is involved, we use the verb "SICH(had For sports like ping-pong, tennis and golf that involve certain hitting equipment (such as a racket oF club), we use the verb “*ICI(chida)" ny ar nong-guleul hada ——_|teniseuleul chida S78 8ict Jeng atch foplaybasketball __|to play tennis chugguleul hada [tagguleul chida a7 Bot e126 alc to play soccer to play Ping-Pong yeguleul hada [golpeuteul chida ole Batch a= ict 10 play baseball to play golt les exercise [sz costae fetus toons la football jae Ping-pong,Learning Tips for Sports 2 In this unit, we are learning how to say "one canyIs able to (do something)" with "= /2 + 2 (Veul su issda)’ and how to use the time ‘marking particle "l(e)" 1."noun/8 + verb stem2/3 + 21C}" one can (do something) Adding "=/% + ZICH expresses the meaning of “one canyhas the ability to. "2 ())"Is attached to verb stems ending with @ vowel, "B(eul)' is attached to verb stems ending with a cconconant. Sd ending En bat cut gt (act Iccceubnida sees le} consonant s+ tC} ct toes) lee wee suc nolaeleut da Issseubniae eaea [vert mM aie ae tong) Je aieuer i sno 2."noung/# + verb stem2/2 + SU) 47" = can one To ask if someone can/ls able to do a certain thing, we use the expression ‘noun/ + verb stemay/2 + UBLine" Affirmative answer: "nounS/3 + verb stem2/ @ etic’ Negative answer: tnoun®/E + verb stem2/S + aah 3. Time Marking Particle "0" Previously, we learned the place/location marker “ale Depending on the context, ‘0’ can also be used 4s time marker, indicating when or how often an. action takes place, Here are two examples where the particle "ll acts as time marker and indicates how often an action takes place: Grn iju-ire teniseuleut myeoch beon| chibnikka? How often (do you) play tennis a week? 22200) ALIAS ge aunt iju-ihe teniseuleul du beon chibnida (1) play tennis twice azaolaLiag su [aweek /suyeong-eul hal su Issseubnikks? ican (you) swim? eee B+ NeLine /suyeong-eul hal su Issseubnida (0 con swim. ade a ¢ vauc. [suyeong-eul hal su eobs- seubnida () cannot swim. Ae B+ MALELearning Tips for Seasons ‘The theme of this unit is seasons and weather. 1. Four seasons in Korean: Korean re bom aeul ae ayeou! Spring summer ‘Autumn Winter 2."..01/7F BALI wifga eotteohseubnikka)" Korean yeoleum-| eotteohseubnikka? ASO of ALIMIE yeoleum deobseubnida o1Bol deuc, gyeouHi eottechseubnikka? Ol oN SLIMI? gyeouH chubseubnida ABO SSUch How i Cr) How is summer? ‘Summer is hot How is winter? Winters cold nalesiga eotteohseubrilkka? walt oresuine nalssiga johseubnida ult SU ls jas = | wach al | a1 [Ae How Is the weather? ‘The weather is good, autumn cold siethat {ean sno flLearning Tips for Animals In this unit, we are leamning animal vocabulary. aa “Teo, a to sen ‘ wa aa orate oat die a ig “so wun “aa0 monkey 2. Using adjective stem /2" to modify a noun: "L (a's attached to adjective stems ending with a vowel: “= (eun)' Is attached to adjective stems ending with @ consonant For exemple: vows emi ‘sl vert a Bec oo at abgpande gto 2olal act At 22 ohec} seach aac a saa each aia WSO aboich 7101 cat puppy bird big elephant tha panda Chioken ig heavy latte monkey love turtle petLearning Tips for Body Parts In this unit, we are learning the vocabulary for body parts and how to use a degree adver like “very.." In a sentence. *O18(aju)" is an degree adverb and means ‘very’. It modifies adjectives. The sentence structure is "noun ASI + noun B 01/24 + O17 + adjective modifying noun B’ goyang-iui nun-t aju keubnid The cat's eyes are very DYO|2| $0] OFF bia auc. Kokkiliui koga aj. sipnide ‘The elephant’ trunk is, Balale| 271 0% verzlona. uch aiuiib- aju Jagseubnide The childs mouth is ofols| Bol of =f very small. such [7 | aor mouth neck hand foot belly hoseLearning Tips for Nature ‘This unit focuses on comparative and superlative adjectives. 1."noun AE/2 + noun BACT + verb/adjective stem + HLICH/SLICH = A is more...than B Here are some examples of making ‘comparisons: taeyang-eun delboda keubnida ‘The sun is bigger ‘than the moon, eHoke eLSICt BUCH byeol-eun dalboda Jagseubnica Stars are smaller ‘than the moon, we sec euch Jiguneun taeyangboda Jagseubnida The earth is smaller than the KITE EHOPECH PAL sun, Ct. 2.".BOIM + noun0|/7t + HIG + verb/adjective stem + ¥LICHELICH! = among... ..(noun) is the most. "B01 (jung-eseo)" means ‘among’ or ‘of all "7124 (eil)"is an adverb for superlatives, which means “the most’. ‘gang, hosu, bada Jung- eseo badaga jeil ‘Among rivers, eubnida lakes and seas, the sea is the 2, S4,ulch SOM ICE largest 7EMIg BUC hyeong, ‘Among the elder namdongsaeng,nuna brother, the jungeseo hyeong4 jell younger brother keubnida and the elder sister, the elder &,YS4, cL} Sol brother is the ol mig! Buick tallest taeyang,jigu, dal jung- eseo dal: jeil ‘Among the sun, Jagseubnida the earth and the ‘moon, the moon is: 42, AZ, St BOIM BOL the smallest. wil SUIch \a eon jae sun | ae | ct low ja vein jee inosine | ae loke 2 vee | eet seaLearning Tips for Fruit In this unit, we're learning one commonly used connecting particles "22", which indicates parallel actions or properties, “subject + adjective A stem-+il-+adjective B stems SLIChasUich = something is...(adjective A) and,..(adjective 8) Kore Engl | subag-eun keugo dabnida This watermelon is big and sweet. ol auf@ az gLich. koxkilineun nopgo keubnida Elephants are large and tall Bale eT SUC |aa fruit | ze srepe jet watermelon | wl strawberry | tet kiwi | ac it, feLearning Tips for Question 4 In this unit, we are picking up where we left off ‘with Interrogative words. This time we are learning three other question words: *01%(eoneu)" = which "01 4(eotteon)* = which/what kind of *2laii(eonje)" = when All three are placed before nouns. errogative eae or eoneu gyejeo- eu joh- sahabrikka? oe which Ol APS Sot Bue Which season (do you) like? eotteon os-eul joh-ahabnikka? ole 22 Bore wwhich/what ee kind of ume What king of clothes (do you) tke? Jumate-eonjest teonabrika? PHO eal Lo} tal when wun When (do you) get upon Chinese fo Japanese foo weekend clothes off work beautifulLearning Tips for Past Tense 1 ‘Sotor everthing wee aed si the present tae nth ut etc epesttense nih thenep ove ene ‘The sentence structure "verbiadjctive stom + 9/0/41 GLIch neater» amped orton oration “BUU fhe toma pote sentence ending “21/49 are pastvense marr a wl as surfs. Thay ae pled ‘etweonth stem and te nal crtene err, st Me heer ute en ‘Woore gong torah sour 2/2 nts keeon rt and ave" forte ‘Tobepn follows stems ending ith te vowel” or" eeorgacojeor

P14+B AICH=SPSAICE = Lets oat It the verb stem ends withthe consonant = "=" needs ‘tobe cropped and then "AIC is attached tothe stem 9, HEF (olive) «> AeeAIE} o> Alot o» AEE, « Let ive ogee) The following ae some examples with “Olin them: So Ending | ceample Ending ati meog: eubalda 4 consonant alc 01 (toes) Alc wise so a a vent ung {to go). ie se 1 wo! ay 2 cote SU eae comm OE aL sana 2."(2)24" = to go/eometo.. orb stem + (2) + dectional var: “afi attached tover stoms ending with a vowel "22" attached to veb stoms ending with a consonant “(©)2 i usally used wit directional verbs such "7b £0 oy," Zito comey "Et leave fr) CFC (iorunvte gay’, 042t0.60me in or'B24ECHo Go Uuprto cms)" to indicate going somewhere for 8 specific. Purpose. ‘The chart below shows examples of combining the “ets. expression and "(2)2!" TC Coe ea ‘at bab-eu meog-euleo Sets gabsida ay attached 1 consonant wees (to-eat) ayaa BSA Lets goeat together! oat yeonghwleu! ‘boise ‘aitiagabsida attached a Bosse (tose) ay zach SA Letegote see theLearning Tipe for Past Tense 2 mera omnes a ae somctest eater eae ey way dan ae BE se aes craters = ost Sat TE mae HARON | eT REHOL om oon tet Frame {Le nha em ai) + SHUCR AUC weontitomsct tte eterno eth ra i any may eRe atuams THOM ARE yy pot s * " ser ohms ea) mau MME EN SUE 010 work od feaLearning Tips for Past Tense 3 In this unit, we will learn about past tense negation, 1, "2t + verb/adjective stem + 2t/21/2i + eucr “at + verb/adjective stem + 2/2U/9 + SLICF is the past tense negation structure for most verbs and adjectives. Peed Nene am eairaple: Tense eoje biga an wassseubnida oda tte ul2} oF 2B LI ep | SHAH lady tata ch ch. ( (ecome) Itdid not rain yesterday. eoje nun-ian naelida naelyeossseubnida eS tO) Ob Laas elect iste OFA tel Ob UR uct ue (to snow/rain) itaanctenew yesterday. Jinan ju chugguleul anhaessseubnida hada aq «SHAH ARATE eR cf auc. (to play) (1) did not play socter last week. 2. "OCH" in the Past Tense (Negative) To say “something/someone was not. in Korean, we apply the structure "noun + 01/7 + OSI LICh, When the noun before “OIC ends with a vowel, “7 will be attached to the noun; When the noun before “OIC}* ends with a consonant, "0|’ will be attached to the noun. je namja chinguga yesnal-e ‘gyeongchal-i anieossseubnida My boyfriend was not a HI LAt A177} atwtol aigto] Police OnLISHSLICH, Je hyeong:l yesnal-e uisaga anieossseubnida My elder a brother was H4 Go| HOH SIAVTEOHLIS not adoctor, ALICELearning Tips for Past Tense 4 We are not done with the past tense yet! This time we're learning how to ask a question concerning a past action or situation "verb/adjective stem + 24/22 + &LI7I2" Here are some examples: eoje sinmun-eul bwassseubnikka? OA AES Aaa? achim-e bab-eul meog- eossseubnikka? Oo WS ARSLID}2 eoje bang-eul cheongsohaessseubnikka? On| SS SAMSL|y}2 yesnale uisayeossseubnikka? Sool SABSLHS (Did you) read newspapers yesterday? (Did you) have breakfast in the morning? (0id you) clean the room yesterday? (Were you) a doctor?Learning Tips for Clothing 1. We "wear" clothes and shoes differently For ‘wearing/putting on clothes, we use the verb "21CH(bda)"; For ‘wearing/putting on shoes,’ we use the vert *AICH(sinda)’ Bed syeocheuleulibda —_sinbaeul sinda AaB UC ure ach ‘wear/put ona shirt wear/put on shoes wonpiseuleul tbda undonghwaleul sinda nee eich 24 Act wear/puton adress Weat/puton sneakers, 2. Nouns Modifying Nouns In Korean, a noun can modify another noun. Tor eee oneul eonnineun geom- eunsaeg bajileul ib- baji—_eossseubnida up] SE MUES pants/trousers &M HEALS of Such. The elder sister wears black pants _ geom- eunsaeg aes black (n.)Learning Tips for Informal Polite 1 We know by now that Koreans use two systems — honorifics and speech levels - to show the appropriate level of respect toward each party in the conversation, We also know that the speaker uses speech levels to show respect toward the listener by altering verb endings. In this unit, we are introducing three speech, level endings that are most commonly used in modern Korean life 1. Formal Polite, Informal Polite and Casual The formal polite speech level is also widely known as the deferential speech level, represented by the sentence ending "HLICH/& LICH, Itis used for formal settings, where the highest level of politeness is needed, and for talking to someone older or of higher social status, The informal polite speech level is one level below the formal polite level and ends with "OF 2/012/012". 1s commonly used among friends, but it's also sometimes interchangeable with the formal polite level when talking to someone older or of a higher social rank. The casual speech level "01/04/04" is usually used among close friends, by the superior to address the subordinate or by the elderly to address the young, A Applicable ree eau mera Formal occasions; subordinates to superiors; the young to ‘the elderly Formal Polite $L{ct/SLC One level below the formal polite level; used Informal 12/01s2/0} ,.2hNn Polite a2 be used toward someone superior or ‘older Between close friends; ‘superiors Impolite 04/04/04 toward subordinates; the elderly to the young 2. The Informal Polite Level: Verb/Adjective Stem + 012/012/012 We have talked about the usage of the formal polite declarative ending "wLICt/@LiCh before and now we are going to explain how to use the informal polite one. First of all, the basic structure: verb/adjective Stem + 012/0|9/012" + "012" Is attached to a stem ending with the vowel "OF" or "®" (with the exception of 3H); e.g. 7Hl>7H0}2=742 ‘+ "0/82" is attached to the stem ending with any vowel but “OF or eg Aclserola=>2I01—2 0132" can go with verbs in past tense with ‘the past tense marker "SACH/RICH/REP: MH R/O B/BMOAL, The verb "SIC}’: SHCI=>3}+019=>212; Inthe expression "noun + O[C}": if the noun ends with @ consonant, attach "Ol012" to the noun; if the noun ends with a vowel, attach "A ‘of e.g, 715 A] HOlOl| = This is my home.| ect short | set expensive | ict cheap | cralaiet hair | 2a hat | cist cell phone Learning Tips for Informal Polite 2 In this unit, we will learn more about the informal polite speech level: the negative declaration form, the past tense form and the interrogative form, Jeoneun doenjangjjigaeleul joh-ahaji anh-ayo vetb/adjective i ssn a ion stems BOF megeton | ene ofstal atots2, | do not like soybean paste stev. eoje biga an gtctssiclyet naelyeoss-eoyo Chola: HIF er nas Toe sae at 4012/2401 2/Kolg. Ht did not rain yesterday. rnun-eul joh- ahaeyo? Declaration + Interrogative question 2 Zofeia2 mark (Do you) likeLearning Tips for Verbs 2 From what we have leamed about the past ‘tense conjugation for formal polite speech level, we know that the general rule for conjugating verbs/adjectives to thelr past tense forms is adding "22/2" to the stems, then followed by the speech level ending. The same goes for the past tense conjugation for the informal polite level, except for some limegular verbs/adjectives that require special attention, cay NaC ices Stem iced Ending | (Informal CI} eeu Orrin) X{ho!)=> Cl In most cases, EKhot)=> Gt ‘sa"is droppes; ('%" dropped then 3" fom") +% is added, +O Q=>-4 A followed by on "ot and the @C(cold)=>4 speech level 40,9101 Qe ending og Replace" with "2"sthen thepest tense Eto hear) men marker"2itis BCC added, e+ U+2 followed by => SUR the speech level ending If the vowel of the syllable before "©" is “OF or "2", "9" will be OFELH(to dropped; then ache)=>Ol+2r the past tense +21+01@=>0}2t marker "2" is ola added, followed by the speech level ending the vowel of the syllable before "2" is any vowel but 7 ‘oF or"g"oR HBC there isnt any (RAaPRy)=>71+! syllable #24018 =>] before"S", stoi “2! willbe CK(to write) dropped; then 25.4 Qtestto4 the past tense 2 marker °3i"Is added, followed by the speech level ending Ifthe vowel of the syllable before "=" is ‘of or '2",*2" will be ‘attached to the bottom of that syllable; then +0{2=>21210} the past tense 2 marker "2" is added, followed by the speech level ending Ifthe vowel of the syllable before "=" is any vowel but “OF of *2","= will be SECO attached tothe ging)=nt4 249 bottom of that 2 syllable; then *12=>3#2101 thepasttense marker "2" is added, followed by the speech ‘ovghangje" Hole7HaCt eed 2|sC} *tECt cect whet et close cute listen ask gain hurt, ache write busy happy cut sing different fast song Learning Tips for Health In this unit, we are learning how to ask and answer "why" questions. 1. Interrogative adverb "=I!" (why) Itis usualy placed before a verb and at the beginning of a negative sentence where the negation adverb "2!" is present (see the examples in the chart below). 2. "SILf6t22" (because) Itis placed at the beginning of a sentence. 3, "OHLFSESL..(O)LITIS" is one common response to the why-question. wae bab-eul an meogseubnikka? Why (do Ce arco igi] You)not me cat aaganarajaas jeoneun baega ‘peurikiayo Because | ome havea saute eas, SPCC OUT. ‘wae gaji anh- usionkka? a5 hyo you not go? A EAI OLD} venenyeharnyeon Jeoneun dliga ‘peunikiayo ae Because my rege hurt sALYoHB! AE CHEF OFELINER,| merce ted | act ls throat | eter | azcp hungry | ach | 2c} thiesty | oa | Beret sleepy | geiery Learning Tips for Imperative 1 wie ea ein scien ne ca 9 ‘Shching wi os epectond panes a set | aes 1. Command Byattacing2)41412°to avr stam. ae ging a ‘command na very formal anne + "2¢HAIS" I tached @ stem wih a consonant ending: + "HAS" atacned to a stem athe vowel ending enbele 24 atom NIOSH Welome! im eure geome Please tke 2, Ask Someone To Do Something By adaing 0/01/01 F344" to ave stom, we are seking someone (usualy someene superior to uso" ed tage someting very pote, +1 te ver ste has the vowel OF 2" a ending (except"811), we ataen 0} FAAS" tothe tems 2g, WChoMOF BAIMD = Pease accept (he) + fhe very ste has any owe! but FS" as enn, swe anaen “4 FAO" tothe stem, fg thera] FAA = Peace ite + Fortne verb", we attach ot H2A2" tome stem (exoept SF we ataen ot PeHAIL" Yo the stems eg ee 0} FLING « Pease accept (thi) say answer the shone passport goout slonatuceLearning Tips for Imperative 2 In this unit, welll earn how to ask somebody not to do something politely and express "let's not..." with the ending "Xl S£Ci(ji maida)". 1) "Verb stem+X| QC}: a negative command: Please dont .. 2)"S}X| Yor FAIL (haji mal-a jusibsio)": The negative form of a command sentence ending with @tCl-ending verbs. Examples of otC}-ending verbs: "B81 H(gongbuhada/to study)" “wetCl(malhada/to say/to speak)"; 3) "Verb stem+] SLAICK(i mabsida)": let's not Please Herta oe haji maka Be SPS Vera stem+x! SAI Peon Sta] Bot 2 a AAS heub-yeon euinajimata Yona bs _— mabsida. Bae sy] ae Pe sto} Saal SSS wey 7A a 2. AIC. . ¢ a | Let'snet go tot Please dont A vies hajimaba jusibsio Verh stem+A) StAl