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 QUANTITATIVE

-Training & Placement Cell

APTITUDE VOLUME-II

for Campus
Interview

VOLUME-II

Dinesh Khattar
Cover image: Shutterstock.com www.pearson.co.in
 The Pearson Guide to

Quantitative Aptitude
for
Competitive Examinations

Volume 2

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 Copyright © 2016 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd

Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly
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 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Stocks, Shares and Debentures 1

Chapter 2 Discount: True and Banker’s 16
Chapter 3 Binary Number System 27
Chapter 4 Series 33
Chapter 5 Clocks and Calendar 61
Chapter 6 Polynomials 73
Chapter 7 H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Polynomials 82
Chapter 8 Linear Equations 89
Chapter 9 Quadratic Equations 110
Chapter 10 Progressions 126
Chapter 11 Set Theory 154
Chapter 12 Permutations and Combinations 175
Chapter 13 Probability 200
Chapter 14 Mensuration I: Area and Perimeter 230
Chapter 15 Mensuration II: Volume and Surface Area 296
Chapter 16 Trigonometric Ratios 334
Chapter 17 Heights and Distances 350
Chapter 18 Plane Geometry 369
Chapter 19 Co-ordinate Geometry 419

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 1 Stocks, Shares and Debentures

Introduction Sl. Par value Number of Rate of dividend

To start a big business or an industry, a large sum of money No. of a share Common Shares declared on a
is required. It may not be possible for one or two persons to Common Share
arrange for the requisite finance and expertise required for (i) `10 500 10% per annum
the project. So a number of individuals join hands to form a (ii) `10 800 5% semi-annually
company called a Joint Stock Company. It is a registered (iii) `100 1500 5% quarterly
body under the Companies Act. The persons who join
(iv) `10 2500 2% per month
together to form the company are called its Promoters. The
total amount of money required by the company is called Solution: (i) Annual dividend on one share
the Capital.
 10 
The promoters of the company issue a circular giving = 10% of `10 = `  × 10  = Re.1
the details of the project, its benefits and drawbacks; and  100 
invite the public to come forward and subscribe towards the Annual dividend on 500 shares
capital of the company. The company divides the required = `(500 × 1) = `500.
capital into small units of equal amount. Each unit is called
a share. Each person who purchases one or more shares (ii) Annual dividend on one share
of the company is called a shareholder of the company. = `(2 × 5)% of `10
The company issues a share certificate to each of its  10 
shareholders stating the number of shares alloted to the = ` × 10  = Re.1
 100 
person and the value of each share. The value of a share as
stated on the share certificate is called the nominal value \ Annual dividend on 800 shares
(face value or par value) of the share. = `(800 × 1) = `800.
When a company earns a profit during a financial year, (iii) Annual dividend on one share
a part of it is used in paying for working expenses, taxes,
interest on loans and keeping some part of it as reserve fund = (4 × 5)% of `100
for future expansion of the project, the remaining profit is  20 
= ` × 100  = `20
distributed among the shareholders. The distributed profit is  100 
called the dividend.
\ Annual dividend on 1500 shares
Dividends are declared annually, semi-annually,
quarterly as per regulations of the company. The dividend = `(1500 × 20) = `30000.
on a share is expressed as certain percentage of its face (iv) Annual dividend on one share
value which is printed on the share certificate. Sometimes = (12 × 2)% of `10
it is also expressed as a specified amount per share. For
example, we may say that dividend on a share is 12% of its  24 
= ` × 10  = `2.40
face value or the dividend is `2 per share.  100 
Illustration 1  Find the annual dividend paid in each of the \ Annual dividend on 2500 shares
following cases: = `(2500 × 2.40) = `6000.

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 2 Chapter 1

TYPES OF SHARES Illustration 2  Find the cost of purchasing 150 shares of a

company, each of par value `10, quoted at `16 each in the
The shares are generally of two types:
market from the original shareholder. Also, find the gain to
(i) Preferred shares the new shareholder if he sells each share at a premium of
(ii) Common (ordinary) shares `10.
(i) Preferred shares   These shares get preference in Solution: Market value of share = `16
terms of payment of dividend and return of capital \ Market value of 150 shares
over ordinary shares. The rate of dividend for these = `(150 × 16) = `2400
shares is decided when they are issued and dividend Thus, the new shareholder spent `2400 for buying 150
to preferred shareholders is paid before any dividend shares. The new shareholder sold the shares at a premium
is paid to common shareholders. of `10.
(ii) Ordinary shares  Ordinary shareholders are paid \ Now, market value of a share
dividend only when profits are left after preferred = `(10 + 10) = `20
shareholders have been paid dividend at specified
The selling price of 150 shares at the new market value
rate. The rate of dividend on these shares is also not
fixed and depends upon the amount of available profit. = `(150 × 20) = `3000
\  Gain of the new shareholder in the transaction
FACE VALUE AND MARKET VALUE OF A SHARE = `(3000 – 2400) = `600.
The price at which the shares are initially issued by the Illustration 3  Raja buys 200 shares, each of par value `10
company to its shareholders is called the face value of a of a company which pays annual dividend of 15% at such
share (This is also called nominal or par value of a share). a price that he gets 12% on his investment. Find the market
In fact, this is that value of a share which is mentioned in the value of a share.
share certificate issued by the company to its shareholders. Solution: Par value of 200 shares
As other things, shares are also sold in (or purchased = `(200 × 10) = `2000.
from) the market. The value of a share quoted in the market
Dividend received by Raja
is called the market value of the share. The market value
of a share keeps on changing according to its demand and  2000 × 15 
= `  = `300.
supply changes.  100 
If the market value of a share is equal to the par value Let the market value of 200 shares be `x. We have to
of the share, the share is said to be at par. If the market find x such that 12% of x = 300,
value of a share is more than its face (or par) value, the
12 100 × 300
share is said to be at premium. On other hand, if the market i.e., × x = 300   \  x = = 2500
value of a share is less than its face value, the share is said 100 12
to be at discount (or below par). i.e., Market value of 200 shares = `2500
For example If the market value of a `100 share is `130, it Hence, the market value of one share = `12.50.
is said to be at 30% premium.
If the market value of a `100 share is `90, it is said to Stocks and Brokerage
be at 10% discount. If `100 share is quoted at 45 premium
Stock
then its market value is
In the previous section, we have learnt about shares which
`(100 + 45) = `145.
can be sold and purchased by the public. The nominal value
Every company declares dividend on the face value of or face value of shares is fixed (usually `10 or `100) but
its shares irrespective of the market value of the share. their market value varies.
Notes: The statement “32%, `100 shares at `125” means: Sometimes, joint stock companies or the government
(i) Face value of each share is `100 also raises loans from the market by issuing bonds or
(ii) Dividend on each share is 32% of the face value promisory notes. They promise to pay a fixed amount (called
(iii) Market value of each share is `125 redemption value) on a future date and interest payments at
(iv) An investment of `125 earns an annual income of fixed periods until that time. The money paid to company or
`32. government for buying such bonds is called stock.

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  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 3

The stocks are usually known by their rates of dividend. Illustration 5   Find the income on 10% stock of `25000
Thus by 9% stock we mean that the dividend on a `100 purchased at `120.
stock is `9. Solution:  Face value of stock = `25000
If the market value of `100 stock, which yields a Income on `100 stock = `10
dividend of `5, is `115, the stock is called 5% stock at 115.
Similarly, 10% stock at 120 means that a stock of face value  10 
Income on `1 stock = `  
`100 gives a dividend of `10 and is available in the market  100 
of 120. Income on `25000 stock
Note: There can be stocks in units different from `100, say  25000 × 10 
= ` 
`500, `1000, etc., but the phrase “8% stock at 90” can be  100 
used only in case of that stock whose face value is `100. = `2500.
Dividend on a stock is fixed (declared at the time of issue)
whereas for a share it varies with time. Usually, the date COMPUTATION OF INVESTMENT OR MARKET
of maturity of the stock is fixed. In case the holder of the VALUE OF A STOCK
stock requires money before the due date, he can sell his
stock to some other person, whereby his claim of interest is If the face value of a stock is given, the market value of the
transferred to that person. stock can be found on the basis of market value of each unit
of stock.
Brokerage
Illustration 6   Find the investment required to purchase
The sale and purchase of stock is generally executed through `75000 of 10% stock at 95.
a stockbroker, who charges some money, called Brokerage Solution: Market value of `100 stock = `95
from both the seller and purchaser. The brokerage is charged
\  Market value of `75000 stock
either as some fixed amount on each unit of stock or as some
percentage of the market value of unit of stock.  95 
= ` × 75000  = `71250
Thus, the brokerage of `x means that x rupees are to  100 
be added or subtracted from the market value of the stock. \  An investment of `71250 is required to purchase
Similarly, brokerage 2% means that the brokerage equal to `75000 of 10% stock at 95.
2% of the market value of a unit of stock and be added to (or
Illustration 7   Find the investment required to get an
subtracted from) the market value of a unit of stock.
1
Notes: income of `4200 from 10 % stock at 80 (Brokerage: 2%).
2
(i) The brokerage is added to the market value when the  2 
stock is purchased. Solution:  Brokerage = 2% of `80 = `  × 80  = `1.60
 100 
(ii) The brokerage is subtracted from the market value
when the stock is sold. \ Investment needed to buy `100 stock
1
= `81.60 on which the income is `10
CALCULATION OF INCOME ON A STOCK 2
1
When the face value of the total stock is given, the income For income of `10 , the investment = `81.60
can be calculated on the assumption that the face value of 2
For income of `4200, the investment
each unit of stock is `100. On the contrary, if the market
value of the total investment is given, the income can be  2 
= `  81.60 × × 4200  = `32640.
calculated on the basis of the market value of a unit of stock.  21 
Illustration 4  Find the income from `2875 of 4% stock.
COMPUTATION OF GAIN OR LOSS IN THE SALE
Solution: By 4% stock, we mean a stock of `100 will fetch AND PURCHASE OF A STOCK
a dividend of `4 p.a.
Hence, the income from `2875 of 4% stock When the market is favourable to stock holders, i.e., they
are likely to get better proceeds for their stock, they sell the
2875 × 4
= = `115. stock and may reinvest the money so obtained in another
100 stock which may give them more income.

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 4 Chapter 1

Illustration 8  Ram bought `12000 of 8% stock at 92 and period of time and at a fixed rate of interest by dividing
sold it when the price rose to 98. Find his total gain and gain the amount required into small parts. These small parts are
per cent. called debentures.
Solution: Investment made by Ram in buying `12000 of The debenture holders are creditors of the company
8% stock at 92 and do not have any right on the profits declared by the
 92  company. However, interest at fixed rate and fixed time
= ` 12000 × = `11040.
 100  is payable to debenture holders, irrespective of the fact
whether the company is running in profits or losses.
When the price rose to `98, Ram sold the stock, thus
Like shares, debentures can also be sold in or purchased
money realised from selling the stock
from the market. The terms used in case of shares, are also
 98  used with the same meaning in case of debentures. Thus
= ` 12000 × = `11760.
 100  we use the terms ‘debentures at premium’, ‘debentures at
\  Gain realised in the transaction discount’ etc. Furthermore, the rules for calculating the
brokerage on debenture are also the same as those in case
= `(11760 – 11040) = `720
of shares.
(720 × 100) 12
\  Gain per cent = = 6 %.
11040 23 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHARES AND
DEBENTURES
Change IN INCOME ON SALE OR REINVESTMENT
Shares Debentures
A person having one type of stock may sell it to buy another (a) Share money forms a (a) Debentures are a mere
which gives higher income. In such problems, the income in part of the capital of the debt.
two cases is calculated and change is found out. company. (b) Debenture holders are
(b) Shareholders have right creditors of the company
Illustration 9  Ram invests `46500 in 6% stock at 93 and on the profit declared by and do not have any right
sells the stock when its price rose to `95. He invests the the company. on the profit declared by
sale proceeds in 9% stock at 95. Find the change in Ram’s the company.
income. (c) Shareholders may re- (c) Debenture holders re-
 6  ceive different dividend ceive interest at a fixed
Solution:  Income from first stock = `  × 46500 
 93  according as profit is rate.
more or less.
           = `3000
We have to find the amount realized on selling this Illustration 10  Find the income percent of a buyer on 8%
stock. debentures of face value `120 and available in the market
Amount realized on selling `93 stock = `95 at `180.
\ Amount realized on selling `46500 stock Solution: The market value of a debenture is `180
95 \ Income on `180 is `8
=` × 4650 = `47500
93  8  1
\ Income on `120 is `  × 120  = ` 5
This amount is invested in 9% stock at 95  180  3
\ Income from 2nd stock 1
\ Per cent income on the debenture is 5 %.
3
 9 
= `  × 47500  = `4500
 95  Illustration 11  Ram has 500 shares of par value `10 each
of a company and 500 debentures of par value `100 each.
Hence, increase in income The company pays a dividend of 8% on the shares and pays
= `(4500 – 3000) = `1500. an interest of 10% on its debentures. Find the total annual
income of Ram and the rate of return on her investments.
DEBENTURES
Solution: Annual dividend on 500 shares
Sometimes a running joint stock company may require more (500 × 10 × 8)
capital for its further expansion. The company borrows the =`
100
required sum of money from the general public for a fixed = `400.

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  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 5

Annual interest on 500 debentures Total investment of Ram

(500 × 100 × 10) = `(500 × 10 + 500 × 100) = `55000.
=`
100 Rate of return on Ram’s investment
= `5000.  5400 
=  × 100  %
\  Total annual income of Ram  55000 
= `(5000 + 400) 108 9
= `5400. = %  or   9 %.
11 11

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A man who owned 25% of the equity capital of a certain Arun drives twice as many miles as Balu. What is the ratio
company sold one-third of his holding last year and five- of the number of hours that Arun spends in driving to the
twelfths of the remaining this year. What part of the meeting to the number of the hours that Balu spends in
business does he now own ? driving to the meeting?
(a) 1/5 (b) 5/144 (a) 3:2 (b) 8:3
(c) 7/72 (d) 65/72 (c) 2:3 (d) 4:3
[Based on MAT, 2004] 7. A man wants to secure an annual income of `1,500 by
2. Arun has 800 shares of par value of `50 each, and 600 investing in 15% debentures of face value `100 each and
debentures of par value `100 each of a company. The available for `104 each. If the brokerage is 1%, then the
company pays an annual dividend of 6% the shares and sum of money he should invest is
interest of 12% on the debentures. The rate of return of his (a) `19,642 (b) `10,784
investment is (c) `10,504 (d) `15,000
(a) 8% (b) 9.6% 8. A person invests `5508 in ‘4% stock at 102’. He afterwards
(c) 10.6% (d) 8.6% sells out at 105 and reinvest in ‘5% stock at 126’. What is
[Based on MAT, 2008] the change in his income?
3. The capital of a company is made up of 50,000 preferred (a) `20 (b) `7
shares with dividend of 20% and 20,000 common shares, (c) `10 (d) `9
the par value of each type of share being `10. The company [Based on IIFT, 2005]
had a total profit of `1,80,000 out of which `30,000 was 9. Shyam, Gopal and Madhur are three partners in a business.
kept in reserve fund and the remaining distributed to Their capitals are respectively `4000, `8000 and `6000.
shareholders. Find the dividend per cent to the common Shyam gets 20% of total profit for managing the business.
share-holders. The remaining profit is divided among the three in the
(a) 20% (b) 24% ratio of their capitals. At the end of the year, the profit of
(c) 25% (d) 30% Shyam is `2200 less than the sum of the profit of Gopal
4. At what price should I buy a share, the value of which and Madhur. How much profit, Madhur will get?
is `100, paying a dividend of 8%, so that my yield is (a) `1600 (b) `2400
11%? (c) `3000 (d) `5000
(a) `70 (b) `72.72 [Based on IIFT, 2010]
(c) `75 (d) `84 10. A sum of `2236 is divided among A, B and C such that A
receives 25% more than C and C receives 25% less than
5. A person had deposited `13,200 in a bank which pays B. What is A’s share in the amount?
14% interest. He withdraws the money and invests in
(a) `460 (b) `890
`100 stock at `110 which pays a dividend of 15%. How
much does he gain or lose? (c) `780 (d) `1280
[Based on Indian Overseas Bank PO, 2009]
(a) loses `48 (b) gains `48
(c) loses `132 (d) gains `132 11. A sum of money is divided among A, B, C and D in the
ratio of 2:3:7:11, respectively. If the share of C is `2755
6. Arun and Balu drive separately for a meeting. Arun’s more than the share of A, then what is the total amount of
average driving speed is one-third greater than Balu’s and money of B and D together?

Chapter_1.indd 5 01-02-2016 11:12:20

 6 Chapter 1

(a) `4408 (b) `5510 19. Jatin invested `27,260 in buying `100 shares of a company
(c) `6612 (d) `7714 at `116 each. If the company paid 16% dividend at the end
[Based on SBI PO, 2008] of the year, find his income from the dividend.
12. Mrudul invested an amount of `29500 in order to start a (a) `3,560 (b) `2,760
business. Shalaka joined her 4 months later by investing (c) `3,760 (d) `3,660
an amount of `33500. If the business earned a profit of
20. A company issued 50,000 shares of par value `10 each.
`120575 at the end of two years, what was Mrudul’s share
If the total dividend declared by the company is `62,500,
of the profit?
find the rate of dividend paid by the company.
(a) `60725 (b) `61950
(c) `59250 (d) `58625 1 1
(a) 8 % (b) 12 %
[Based on Indian Bank PO, 2011] 2 2
13. A man had two sons. To the elder he left five-elevenths 3
(c) 12% (d) 13 %
of his property, to the younger five-elevenths of the 4
remainder, the rest of the window. Find the share of the
1
sons if the widow gets `3600. 21. A company declared a semi-annual dividend of 7 %.
2
(a) `1200, `1000 (b) `6600, `2000
Find the annual dividend of Chetan, owning 1,250 shares
(c) `7500, `1000 (d) None of these
of the company having a par value of `10 each.
[Based on NMAT, 2006]
(a) `1,875 (b) `1,757
14. Rahul spends 50% of his monthly income on household
(c) `1,680 (d) `1,575
items, 20% of his monthly income on buying clothes, 5%
of his monthly income on medicines and the remaining 22. A medicine company issued 1,25,000 shares of par value
amount of `11250 he saves. What is Rahul’s monthly `20 each. If the total dividend declared by the company is
income? `3,75,000, find the rate of dividend paid by the company.
(a) `38200 (b) `34000 (a) 15 % (b) 13%
(c) `41600 (d) `45000 (c) 10% (d) 14%
[Based on IDBI PO, 2009]
23. Seema had 50 preferred shares and 400 common shares of
15. Sonu invested 10% more than Mona. Mona invested 10%
par value `100 each. If the dividend declared on preferred
less than Raghu. If the total sum of their investment is
shares is 10% per annum and a semi-annual dividend
`5780, how much amount did Raghu invest?
of 7.5% is on common shares find the annual dividend
(a) `2010 (b) `2000 received by Seema.
(c) `2100 (d) `2210 (a) `7,500 (b) `6,500
[Based on Bank of Baroda PO, 2010]
(c) `8,500 (d) `5,500
16. In a business partnership among A, B, C and D, the profit
is shared as follows 24. Find the annual dividend received by Sunil for his 200
A 's share B 's share's share 1 preferred shares and 1,000 common shares, both of par
= = value `100 each if the dividend declared on a preferred
B 's share C 's share's share 3
1
If the total profit is `4,00,000 the share of C is share is 10% per annum and an annual dividend of 12
2
(a) `1,12,500 (b) `1,37,500 % on the common shares.
(c) `90,000 (d) `2,70,000 (a) `4,500 (b) `550
[Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
(c) `4,000 (d) `3,500
17. A company declared an annual dividend of 10%. Find
the annual dividend of Ram owning 1,500 shares of the 25. A company issued 50,000 shares of par value `100 each. If
company of par value `10 each. the total dividend declared by the company is `1,25,000,
out of which `50,000 have been kept in reserve fund and
(a) `1,400 (b) `1,500
the remaining is distributed as dividend, find the rate of
(c) `1,700 (d) `1,600 dividend paid by the company.
18. A company declared an annual dividend of 10%. Find the 3 1
annual dividend received by Anu owning 4,000 shares of (a) 2 % (b) 1 %
4 2
the company having a par value of `100 each.
(a) `45,000 (b) `40,000 1
(c) 1 % (d) 2%
(c) `50,000 (d) `60,000 4

Chapter_1.indd 6 01-02-2016 11:12:20

  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 7

26. Find the annual dividend received by Nishita from 1,200 of 15%. If the market value of a share of Company Y is
preferred shares and 3,000 common shares, both of par `40, find the number of shares of Company Y purchased
value `50 each, if the dividend paid on preferred shares by the man.
1 (a) 3,850 (b) 3,750
is 10% and semi-annual dividend of 3 % is declared on
2 (c) 3,700 (d) 3,800
common shares.
33. The shares of a company of par value `10 each, are
(a) `18,500 (b) `16,500
available at 20% premium. Find the amount paid by the
(c) `14,500 (d) `14,800 buyer who wants to buy 2,500 shares. What would be the
27. 12500 shares, of par value `20 each, are purchased from gain of the buyer if he sells those shares at the rate of `20
Ram by Mohan at a price of `25 each. Find the amount per share?
required to purchase the shares. If Mohan further sells (a) `25,000 (b) `30,000
the shares at a premium of `11 each, find his gain in the (c) `20,000 (d) `22,000
transaction.
34. Find the income on 12% stock of `60,000 purchased at
(a) `75,000 (b) `85,000
`110.
(c) `70,000 (d) `65,000
(a) `7,200 (b) `7,500
28. Mac buys 200 shares of par value `10 each, of a company, (c) `7,400 (d) `8,200
which pays an annual dividend of 8% at such a price that
he gets 10% on his investment. Find the market value of 1
35. Find the income on 7 % stock of `20,000 purchased at
one share. 2
(a) `8 (b) `10 `120.
(c) `6 (d) `12 (a) `1,550 (b) `1,450
(c) `1,500 (d) `1,600
29. Shyam purchased 12,000 shares of a company, of par
value `10 each, paying an annual dividend of 15% at 36. Find the income by investing `81,000 in 9% stock at 135.
such a price, that he gets 10% on his investment. Find the (a) `5,500 (b) `6,400
market value of a share.
(c) `5,400 (d) `6,000
(a) `25 (b) `15
1
(c) `20 (d) `14 37. Find the income obtained by investing `90,000 in 7 %
2
30. The capital of a company is made up of 50,000 preferred 1
shares with dividend of 20% and 20,000 common shares, stock at 112 .
2
the par value of each type of share being `10. The company
had a total profit of `1,80,000 out of which `30,000 were (a) `6,000 (b) `6,500
kept in reserve fund and the remaining distributed to (c) `7,500 (d) `7,000
shareholders. Find the dividend per cent to the common
shareholders. 1
38. A person buys 9 % stock of `72,000 at 144. Find his
(a) 24% (b) 20% 2
annual income.
(c) 25% (d) 30%
(a) `6,640 (b) `6,840
31. A company has issued 10,000 preferred shares and 50,000 (c) `6,900 (d) `7,240
common shares both of par value `100 each. The dividend
on a preferred share and a common share is 12% and 1
17.6%, respectively. The company had a total profit of 15 39. Mr Lal invested `92,000 in 9% stock at 91 (Brokerage:
2
lakh rupees out of which some amount was kept in reserve
Re 1). Find the annual income of Mr Lal from this
fund and the remaining distributed as dividend. Find the
investment.
amount kept in reserve fund.
(a) `9,000 (b) `9,500
(a) `5 lakh (b) `6 lakh
(c) `10,500 (d) `8,000
(c) `6.5 lakh (d) `5.5 lakh
1 1
32. A man sells 5,000 common shares of a Company X (each 40. Raja invested `99,000 in 7 % stocks at 81 (Broker-
of par value `10), which pays a dividend of 20%, at `30 2 2
per share. He invests the sale proceeds in ordinary shares age: Re 1). Find Raja’s annual income from his invest-
of Company Y (each of par value `25) that pays a dividend ment.

Chapter_1.indd 7 01-02-2016 11:12:20

 8 Chapter 1

(a) `9,500 (b) `10,000 49. Sushma invested `2,45,000 in 7% stock at 98 and sold the
(c) `10,500 (d) `9,000 stock when its price rose to `100. She invested the sale
proceeds in 9% stock at 125. Find the change in income
1
41. Ram invested `88,008 in 9 % stock at 112 (Brokerage: of Sushma.
2
(a) `600 (b) `400
`2). Find annual income of Ram from this investment.
(c) `500 (d) `650
(a) `6,334 (b) `6,874
(c) `7,334 (d) `6,534 50. Anu invested `32,400 in 8% stock at 90. She sold out
`18,000 stock when the price rose to `95 and the remaining
42. Find the investment required to purchase `1,25,000 of 8% stock at `98. She invested the total sale proceeds in 10%
stock at 92. 1
stock at 96 . Find the change in income of Anu.
(a) `1,15,000 (b) `1,20,000 2
(c) `1,05,000 (d) `1,25,000 (a) `750 (b) `720
(c) `760 (d) `740
43. What investment will be required to purchase `90,000 of
8% stock at 110? 51. A man invested `50,490 in 5% stock at 99 and sold it
(a) `88,000 (b) `99,000 when the price rose to `102. He invested the sale proceeds
in 8% stock at 96. Find the change in man’s income
(c) `88,500 (d) `9,950
(Brokerage: `3)
44. Find the investment required to get an income of `1,938 (a) `1,485 (b) `1,585
1
from 9 % stock at 90 (Brokerage 1%). (c) `1,385 (d) `1,685
2
(a) `19,642.60 (b) `17,543.00 52. A man invested `2,60,000 in 5% stock at 104. He sold the
(c) `18,543.60 (d) `18,600.60 stock when the price rose to `125 and invested the sale
proceeds in 6% stock. By doing this his income increased
45. A man bought `20,000 of 5% stock at 90 and sold it when by `2,500. At what price did he purchase the second
3 stock?
its price rose to `93 . Find his gain per cent.
4 (a) `225 (b) `175
1 1 (c) `125 (d) `150
(a) 5 % (b) 4 %
6 6 53. Find the income per cent of a buyer on 5% debentures of
5 5 face value `95 and available in the market for `125.
(c) 5 % (d) 4 %
6 6 (a) 4.8% (b) 5.8%
(c) 3.8% (d) 2.8%
1
46. Meena bought `36,000 of 7 % stock at 92 and sold it 54. Find the income per cent on 10% debentures of par value
2
`120 available in the market for `150.
3
when its price rose to `93 . Find her gain per cent. (a) 9% (b) 8%
4
(a) 1.9% (b) 2.9% (c) 7% (d) 6%

(c) 2.3% (d) 1.4% 55. Brij has 800 shares of par value `50 each and 600
debentures of par value `100 each of a company. The
47. A man invested `27,600 in 4% stock at 92. He sold company pays an annual dividend of 6% on the shares and
`20,000 stock when the price rose to `96, and sold the interest of 12% on the debentures. Find the total annual
remaining stock when the market value fell to `90. How income of Brij and rate of return on his investment.
much did he gain or loss in the transaction?
(a) `9,600, 9.6% (b) `8,000, 8%
(a) Gain = `600 (b) Loss = `600
(c) `10,600, 10.6% (d) `9,000, 8.6%
(c) Loss = `650 (d) Gain = `650
56. A man bought 20 shares of `50 at 5 discount, the rate of
48. A person invested `28,500 in 5% stock at 95. He sold
3
`15,000 stock when the price rose to `98 and sold the discount being 4 %. The rate of interest obtained is
remaining stock when the market value of the stock fell to 4
`90. How much did he gain or loss in the transaction? 3 1
(a) 4 % (b) 3 %
(a) Gain = `300 (b) Loss = `300 4 4
(c) Gain = `400 (d) Loss = `400 (c) 5.28% (d) 4.95%

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  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 9

57. I sold out all the 100 shares of company A at `95 per share,
which is giving 10% dividend and then purchase shares
of company B at a price of `114 per share. Company B
is giving a dividend of 15%. In these transactions, how
much I gained/loss? (Assume face value of share of both
the companies be `100).
(a) `10 loss (b) `250 profit
(c) `150 loss (d) `175 profit
58. Ram invests in 5% and 8% stocks buying them at x%
premium and at a discount of x%, respectively. The total
amount of premium paid is 70% of the total discount
received. The dividend from the 5% stock forms x% of
dividend from the 8% stock. Find x.
(a) 34.5% (b) 35.37%
(c) 43.75% (d) 56.8%

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS

1. (c) Let the total capital of the company = x Suppose Arun drives 2x miles and Balu drives x miles
\ The capital that the man held last year to the meeting.
1 1 1 x x x \ Arun drives 2x miles in 2 hours and Balu drives x
= x − of x = − = 3
4 3 4 4 12 6 miles in hour.
The capital that the man holds this year 4
3
x 5 x x 5x 7x ⇒ Required ratio = 2 : = 8:3
= − of = − = . 4
6 12 6 6 72 72
7. (c)
2. (b) Total investment = 800 × 50 + 600 × 100 8. (d) Let the CP of share be `100.
= 40000 + 60000 = 100000 5508
Annual return = 6% of 40000 + 12% of 60000 Number of shares =
102
6 × 40000 12 × 60000
= + = 54 and value of share
100 100 = 5400
= 2400 + 7200 = 9600 \ SP = 54 × 105 = 5670
9600 5670
= Rate of return = × 100% = 9.6% Now, share = = 45 and
100000 126
3. (c) Dividend for preferred share value of share = 4500
20 Now, change in income
= 50000 × 10 × = `1,00,000
100 = 5400 × 4 % – 4500 × 5 %
Rest dividend = 180000 – 100000 – 30000 = 216 – 225 = – 9 = `9
= `50,000 9. (b) The ratio of the profits of Shyam, Gopal and Mathur is
% of dividend for common share 2:4:3. Let the annual profit be x.
50000 × 100    Then, Shyam will get (0.2x) of this and the
= = 25%
20000 × 10 remaining (0.8x) will be distributed in the ratio of
their capitals.
4. (b) Given 11% of x = 8
7 2
800 Given, (0.8 x)  (0.8 x)  0.2 x = 2200
⇒ x= = `72.72 9 9
11
So,  x = 9000
5. (a) Interest earned on `13,200 at the rate of 14%
= `1,848 0.8  9000
Thus, Mathur’s share = = 2400
13200 3
\ Number of shares purchased = = 120
110 10. (c) Suppose B got `x.
Dividend earned by him on 120 shares at the rate of 25
Amount to C = x – x ×
`15 per share = `1,800 100
\ Net loss = `48 100 x − 25 x
=
6. (b) Arun’s speed = x miles/h, say 100
4x 75 x 3x
\ Balu’s speed = miles/h = =`
3 100 4

Chapter_1.indd 9 01-02-2016 11:12:21

 10 Chapter 1

3 x 125 15 x 15. (b) Suppose amount invested by Raghu = `x

So, the amount to A = × =
4 100 16 Amount invested by Mona
15 x 3x 9
A:B:C =
:x: = x = 0.9x
16 4 10
= 15x:16x:12x Amount invested by Sonu
Sum of the ratio = 15x + 16x + 12x = 43x 9 110
= x× = 0.99x
2236 × 15 x 10 100
\ Share of A = = `780
43 x x + 0.9x + 0.99x = 5780
11. (d) Suppose the amount of A, B, C and D are 2x, 3x, 7x, 2.89x = 5780
11x. 5780
x= = `2000
Q 7x – 2x = 2755 2.89
1
\ 5x = 2755 16. (c) A’s share = of B’s share
3
2755
x= = 551
5 1
B’s share = of C’s share
\ Total amount of B and D 3
= (3 + 11)x 1
C’s share = of D’s share
= 14 × 551 [x = 551] 3
= 7714 1 1 
Q C’s share =  + + 1 + 3 
12. (b) Monthly investment by Mrudul 9 3 
= 29500 × 24 = 708000 = `4,00,000
and by Shalaka = 33500 × 20 = 670000  1 + 3 + 9 + 27 
C’s share = 
⇒ 
Ratio = 708000:670000  9 
= 708:670 = `4,00,000
708 9
Share of Mrudul = × 120575 = 61950 \ C’s share = × 4,00,000
708 + 670 40
5 = `90,000
13. (d) First son gets = ;
11 17. (b) Annual dividend on one share
5 6 30 = 10% of ` 10
Second son gets = × =
11 11 121  10 
= ` 10 ×  = Re 1
5 30  36  100 
Widow gets = 1 −  +  = = 3600
 11 121  121 Annual dividend of Ram owning 1,500 shares
So, total = 12100. = (1500 ×1) = `1,500.
Hence, sons get `5500 and `3000, respectively.    Alternatively, we could have found the total par
value of 1,500 shares first and then find dividend at
14. (d) Suppose monthly income is x 10% of it as shown below:
(100 − 75) Total par value of 1,500 shares
x× = 11250
100 = `(1500 × 10) = `1,5000
25 \ Total annual dividend of Ram
⇒ x× = 11250
100 10 

1 = 15000 ×  = `1,500
⇒ x× = 11250  100 
4
⇒ x = 11250 × 4 18. (b) Annual dividend on one share = 10% of ` 100
x = `45000  10 
= `  × 100  = `10
Short cut  100 
100 \ Annual dividend on 4,000 shares
× 11250 = `45000
(100 − 50 − 20 − 5) = `(4000 × 10) = `40,000

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  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 11

19. (c) Number of shares purchased by Jatin Dividend on 1,000 common shares
27260 1
= = 235 = 12 % of `(1000 × 100)
116 2
Face value of 235 shares  25 / 2 
= `  × 100000 
= `(235 × 100) = `23,500  100 
Annual income from 235 shares
 25 
= 16% of `23,500 = `  × 1000  = `12,500
 2 
 16 
= `  × 23500  = `3,760 \ Total dividend received
 100 
= `( 2000 + 12500) = `4,500
20. (b) Number of shares = 50,000
25. (b) The total dividend declared = `1,25,000
Par value of a share = `10
Amount kept in reserve fund = `50,000
\ Total par value of 50,000 shares = `5,00,000
Net amount paid as dividend to the shareholders
Total dividend = `62,500 = `(125000 – 50000) = `75,000
\ Rate of dividend paid by the company Number of shares of par value `100 each
 62500  1 = 50,000
=  × 100  % = 12 %
 500000  2 Total par value of 50,000 shares
= `(50000 × 100) = `50,00,000
 1 Rate of dividend paid by the company
21. (a) Annual dividend on one share =  2 × 7  %
 2
i.e.,  15% of `10  75000  3 1
=  × 100  % = % = 1 %
 15   5000000  2 2
=  × 10  = `1.50
 100  26. (b) Dividend on 1,200 preferred shares
\ Annual dividend on 1,250 shares = 10% of `(1200 × 50)
= `(1250 × 1.50) = `1,875  10 
= `  × 1200 × 50  = `60,00
22. (a) Number of shares = 1,25,000  100 
Par value of a share = `20 Dividend on 3,000 common shares
\ Total par value of 1,25,000 shares  1 
=  3 × 2  % of `(3000 × 50)
= `(1250000 × 20) = `25,00,000  2 
Total dividend = `3,75,000
 7 
\ Rate of dividend paid by the company = `  × 3000 × 50  = `10,500
 100 
 375000  \ Total dividend received by Nishita
=  × 100  % = 15%
 2500000  = `(6000 + 10500) = `16,500
23. (b) Dividend on 50 preferred shares 27. (a) Market value of a share = `25
 10  \ Market value of 12,500 shares
= `  50 × 100 ×  = `500
 100  = `(25 × 12500) = `3,12,500
Dividend on 400 common shares   Thus, the amount required to purchase 12500
shares = `312500
 100 15 
= `  400 × × × 2  = `6,000    Then, Mohan sells these shares at a premium of
 100 2  `11 each.
\ Total dividend received by Seema \ New market rate per shares
= `(500 + 6000) = `6,500 = `(20 + 11) = `31
\ Selling price of these shares
24. (a) Dividend on 200 preferred shares
= `( 31 × 12500) = `3,87,500
= 10% of `(200 × 100)
\ Gain = S.P. – C.P.
 10  = `(387500 – 312500)
= `  × 20000  = `2,000
 100  = `75,000

Chapter_1.indd 11 01-02-2016 11:12:22

 12 Chapter 1

28. (a) Par value of 200 shares = `(200 × 10) 31. (a) 12% of `(10000 × 100)
= `2,000  12 
= `  × 10000 × 100  = `1,20,000
 8   100 
Dividend received by Mac = `  × 2000 
 100  Dividend on 50,000 common shares
= `160 = 17.6% of `(50000 × 100)
Let the market value of 200 shares be `x  17.6 
We have to find x such that 10% of x = 160 = `  × 50000 × 100  = `880000
 100 
10 \ Total dividend paid = `(120000 + 880000)
⇒ × x = 160
100
= `1000000 = `10 lakh
⇒ x = 160 × 10 = 1,600 \ Amount kept in reserve fund
i.e., Market value of 200 shares = `1,600 = `15 lakh – 10 lakh = `5 lakh
Hence, the market value of one share
32. (b) Income of the man from 5,000 ordinary shares of
 1600  Company X, which pays a dividend of 20%
= `   = `8
 200 
 5000 × 10 × 20 
= `   = `10,000
29. (b) Par value of 12,000 shares = `(12000 × 10)  100 
          = `1,20,000 Selling price of a share of Company X = `30
Dividend received by Shyam \ Selling price of 5,000 shares of Company X
 15  = `(5000 × 30)
= `  × 120000  = `18,000
 100  = `1,50,000
Let the market value of 12000 shares be `x.    Now, the market value of a share of Company Y is
We have to find x such that 10% of x = 18000 given to be `40.
10 \ Number of shares of Company Y purchased by the
⇒ × x = 18000 man from `1,50,000
100
⇒ x = 18000 × 10 = 180000  150000 
=   = `3,750
i.e., Market value of 12,000 shares = `1,80,000.  40 
Hence, the market value of one share 33. (c) Par value of a share = `10
 180000   120 
= `   = `15 Market value of a share = ` 10 ×  = `12
 12000   100 
30. (c) The total profit of the company = `1,80,000    The amount to be paid by the buyer to purchase
Amount kept in reserve fund = `30,000 2,500 shares = `(2500 × 12) = `30,000
\ Net amount paid as dividend to shareholders Gain of the shareholder on selling one share
= `(180000 – 30000) = `1,50,000 = `(20 – 12) = `8
   Dividend paid by the company on 50,000 preferred \ Gain from selling 2,500 shares
shares = `(2500 × 8) = `20,000
 10 × 20 
= `  50000 ×  = `1,00,000 34. (a) Face value of the stock = `60000
 10 
Income on `100 stock = `12
\ Dividend to be paid to common shareholders  12 
= `(150000 – 100000) = `50,000 Income on Re 1 stock = `  
 100 
Thus, dividend paid on a common share
 12 
 50000  Income on `60,000 = `  × 60000 
= `   = `2.50  100 
 20000 
= `7,200
Hence, dividend per cent paid on a common share
35. (c) Face value of the stock = `20,000
 2.50  1
= `  × 100  % = 25% Income on `100 stock = `7
 10  2

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  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 13

 15 / 2   15  42. (a) Market value of `100 stock = `92

Income on Re 1 stock = `   = `  \ Market value of `1,25,000 stock
 100   200 
 92 
 15  = `  × 125000  = `1,15,000

Income on `20,000 stock = `  × 20000   100 
 200 
= `1,500 \ An investment of `1,15,000 is required to purchase
`1,25,000 of 8% stock at 92.
36. (c) Here the market value of the stock
= `81,000 43. (b) Market value of `100 stock = `110
   By investing `135, stock of par value `100 is \ Market value of `90,000 stock
available  110 
\ Income on `135 is `9 = `  × 90000  = `99,000
 100 
 9  \ An investment of `99,000 is required to purchase
\ Income on `81,000 is `  × 81000 
 135  `90,000 of 8% stock at 110.
= `5,400
44. (c) Brokerage = 1% `90 = Re 0.90
37. (a) Here market value of the stock = `90,000 \ Investment needed to buy `100 stock
1 = `90.90 on which the income is `9%
   By investing `112 , stock of par value `100 is
2
available. 1
For income of `9 , the investment
1 1 2
\ Income on `112 is 7 %
2 2 = `90.90
 15 2  For income of `1,938, the investment

\ Income on `90,000 is `  × × 90000 
 2 225   90.90 × 2 
= `  × 1938  = `18,543.60
= `6,000  19 
38. (b) Face value of the stock = `72,000 45. (b) Investment made by the man in buying `20,000 of 5%
 72000 19  stock at 90
\ Income on stock = `  ×  = `6,840
 100 2  90 
= `  × 20000  = `18,000
39. (b) Market value of `100 stock  100 
= `(91 + 1) = `92 3
   When the price rose to `93 , the man sold the
1 4
Income on `92 = `9
2 stock. Thus, money realized from selling the stock
 19 19   375 1 

\ Income on `92,000 = `  × × 92000  = `  × × 20000  = `18,750
 2 92   4 100 
= `9,500 \ Gain in the transaction
40. (d) Market value of `100 stock = `(18750 – 18000) = `750
 1  1
= `  81 + 1 = `82  750  1
 2  2 \ Gain per cent =  × 100  % = 4 %
 18000  6
Income on `82 = `7
 15 2  46. (a) Investment made by Meena in buying `36,000 of
\ Income on `99,000 = `  × × 99000 
 2 165 
1  92 
= `9,000 7
% stock at 92 = `  × 36000 
2  100 
41. (c) Market value of `100 stock
= `33,120
= `(112 + 2) = `114
3
1    When the price rose to `93 , Meena sold the
Income on `114 = `9 4
2
stock. Thus, money realized from selling the stock
19 1
× \ Income on `88,008= `
× 88008  375 1 
2 114 = `  × × 36000  = `33,750
= `7,334  4 100 

Chapter_1.indd 13 01-02-2016 11:12:23

 14 Chapter 1

\ Gain in the transaction This amount is invested in 9% stock at 125

= `(33750 – 33120) = `630 \ Income from second stock
 630   9 
Gain per cent = 
\ × 100  % = `  × 250000  = `18,000
 33120   125 
= 1.9 (approx) Hence, increase in income
= `(18000 – 17500) = `500
47. (a) Stock purchased by investing `27,600 in 4% stock at
92 50. (b) Income from first stock

 27600 × 100   8 
= `  = `  × 32400  = `2,880
 = `30,000  90 
 92 
Money realized by selling `20,000 stock at market Amount of stock purchased by Anu
value of `96  100 
= `  × 32400  = `36,000
 20000 × 96   90 
= `   = `19,200
 100  Amount received by selling `18,000 stock at 95
Remaining stock = `(30000 – 20000) = `10,000  95 
Money realized by selling `10,000 stock at `90 = `  × 18000  = `17,100
 100 
 90  Amount received by selling the remaining s 18,000
= ` 10000 ×  = `9,000
 100  stock at 98
\ Total money realized by selling the whole stock  98 
= `  × 18000  = `17,640
= `(19200 + 9000) = `28,200  100 
Money invested = `27,600 \ Total amount received
\ Gain = `(28200 – 27600) = `600 = `(17100 + 17640) = `34,740
48. (b) Stock purchased by investing `28,500 in 5% stock at The amount of `34,740 is invested in 10% stock at
95 1
96 .
 100  2
= `  × 28500  = `30,000
 95  \ Income from this stock
Money realized by selling `15,000 stock market 2
 
value of `98 = ` 10 × × 34740  = `3,600
 193 
 98 
= `  × 15000  = `14,700 Hence, change in income
 100 
= `(3600 – 2880) = `720
Remaining stock = `( 30000 – 15000) = `15,000
Money realized by selling `15,000 stock at `90 51. (a) Purchase price of first stock
= `(99 + 3) = `102
 90 
= `  × 15000  = `13,500 \ Income on first stock
 100 
\  Total money realized  5 
= `  × 50490  = `2,475
= `(14700 + 13500) = `28,200  102 
Money invested = `28,500 Sale price of stock = `(102 – 3) = `99
\ Loss = `(28500 – 28200) = `300 \ Amount received by selling the first stock
 7   99 
49. (c) Income from first stock = `  × 245000  = `  × 50490  = `49,005
 98   102 
= `17,500 Purchase price of the second stock
We have to find the amount realised on selling this = `(96 + 3) = `99
stock. \ Income on second stock
Amount realized on selling `98 stock = `100  8 
= `  × 49005  = `3,960
\ Amount realized on selling `2,45,000 stock  99 
 100  Hence, change in income
= `  × 245000  = `2,50,000
 98  = `(3960 – 2475) = `1,485

Chapter_1.indd 14 01-02-2016 11:12:24

  Stocks, Shares and Debentures 15

 5  = `(40000 + 60000)
52. (c) Income on first stock = `  × 260000  = `1,00,000
 104 
= `12,500 \ Rate of return
Money realized by selling the stock when price  9600 
=  × 100  % = 9.6%
rose to `125  100000 
 125 
= `  × 260000  = `3,12,500 56. (c) Face value = `(50 × 20) = `1,000
 104 
 1000 × 19   95 
Income on second stock is `2,500 more than on the Dividend = `   = ` 
first stock.  4 × 100   2 
\ Income on second stock Investment = `(45 × 20) = `900
= `(12500 + 2500) = `15,000  95 × 100 
Rate = `   = 5.28%
Let `x be the market value of the second stock  2 × 900 
312500 × 6 312500 × 6 10
\ = 15000 ⇒ x = = 125 57. (b) Divdend from company A = × 100 × 100
x 15000 100
i.e.,  The man purchased the stock at `125 = `1,000
53. (c) The market value of a debenture = `125 Dividend from company
\ Income on `125 is `5 100 × 95 15
B= × 100 ×
 5  19 114 100
\ Income on `95 is `  × 95  = `
 125  5 = 83.33 × 15 = `1,250
\ Per cent income on the debentures is 3.8% Hence, total gain = `250
54. (b) The market value of a debenture = `150 58. (c) Let ‘a’ stocks be bought at x% premium, i.e., at `(100
\ Income on `150 is `10 + x) per stock.
 10  Let ‘b’ stocks be bought at x% discount, i.e., at `(100
\ Income on `120 = `  × 120  = `8 – x) per stock.
 150 
Now, total premium paid = ax and total discount = bx
\ Per cent income on the debentures = 8%
\ ax = 70% of bx ⇒ ax = 0.7bx
55. (a) Annual dividend on 800 shares
a 7
 800 × 50 × 6  \ =
= `   = `2,400 b 10
 100  Dividend from 5% stock = 5a
Annual interest on 600 debentures Dividend from 8% stock = 8b
 600 × 100 × 12  5a
= `   = `7,200
 100  \ Required percentage = × 100
8b
\ Total annual income of Brij
5 7
= `(2400 + 7200) = `9,600 = × × 100
8 10
Total investment of Brij
= 43.75%
= `(800 × 50 + 600 × 100)

Chapter_1.indd 15 01-02-2016 11:12:24

 2 Discount: true and Banker’s
INTRODUCTION
Suppose, a man buys a pen at a credit of one year for
`105 at 5% simple interest. If the money is to be paid
immediately, he shall give `100. `100 is the present value
or present worth of `105 due 1 year hence. The sum due
(`105) is called the amount and the reduction made in
consideration of making the immediate payment is called
true discount.
Present Value
The present value or present worth of a sum of money due
at the end of a given time is that sum which with its interest
for the given time at the given rate will amount to the sum
due.
True Discount (T.D.)
The true discount is the difference between the sum due at
the end of a given time and its present worth.
Thus, T.D. = Amount (A) – Present worth (P.W.)
In the above case, T.D. = `(105 – 100) = `5.
Note:
1. Clearly, T.D. is the interest on P.W. and
A = P.W. + T.D.
2. Interest is reckoned on P.W. and T.D. is reckoned on
amount.
Banker’s Discount
Suppose, a businessman A purchases goods worth `10000 10000
from businessman B at a credit of say 3 months. Thus, B
prepares a bill, called the bill of exchange.. On receipt of
the goods, A gives an agreement and signs the bill accepting
that the money can be withdrawn from his account after
3 months of the date of the bill. Accordingly, A orders his
Chapter_2.indd 16
bank to pay `10000 to B after 3 months. Besides, 3 days
grace period is also added to this date (named as nominally
due date) of expiry of 3 months to arrive at a date called
legally due date. Thus, if 4 April 2004 is the nominally due
date then 7 April 2004 will be legally due date. The amount
of `10000 is called the face value.
Now, suppose B needs the money of this bill earlier
than 7 April say 7 March. In such a case, B can approach
the banker or broker to pay him money against the bill.
Obviously, in such a situation, the money paid by the banker
will be less than the face value of the bill. Now suppose,
the bill is presented to the banker on 7 March 2004, then
the banker will deduct the interest on the face value for
the period 7 March 2004 to 7 April 2004 and this interest
is called the Banker’s Discount (B.D.) or Commercial
Discount.
Thus, Banker’s Discount is the simple interest on the
face value for the period from the date on which the bill was
discounted and the legally due date. The amount mentioned
in the bill is called the face value of the bill. It may be noted
that banker’s discount is greater than true discount because
while the true discount is the interest on the present worth,
banker’s discount is the interest on sum due.
The difference between the present worth and cash
value of a bill is called the banker’s gain (B.G.) Thus, the
interest on the bill value (or the face value) is called the
banker’s discount (B.D) and the difference between the
banker’s discount and true discount (T.D.) is called banker’s
gain (B.G.)
We have the following results:
Banker’s gain = Banker’s discount – True discount
= Interest on sum due – Interest on present worth
= Interest on (sum due – present worth)
= Interest on true discount.
01-02-2016 11:36:14
 Discount: True and Banker’s 17

SOME BASIC FORMULAE

Illustration 4 The true discount on a certain sum of money

1. If rate = R% p.a. and time = T years, then due 2 years hence is `1800 and the simple interest on the
100 × A 100 × T.D. same sum is `2232. Find the sum.
(i) P.W. = =
100 + R × T R ×T S.I. × T.D. 2232 × 1800
Solution: Sum (A) = =
S.I. − T.D. 2232 − 1800
Illustration 1 Find the present worth of `8700 due in 2232 × 1800
3 years at 15% per annum at simple interest. = = `9300.
432
Also, find the true discount.
(iv) S.I. – T.D. = S.I. on T.D.
100 × A 100 × 8700
Solution: P.W. = =
100 + R × T 100 + 15 × 3 Explanation
100 × 8700 A × R × T P.W. × R × T
= = `6000 S.I. – T.D. = −
145 100 100
T.D. = Amount – P.W. R ×T
= (A – P.W.) ×
= 8700 – 6000 = `2700. 100
T.D. × R × T
= = S.I. on T.D.
P.W. × R × T A× R ×T 100
(ii) T.D. = = . Illustration 5 The discount on a certain sum due 4 years
100 100 + R × T
hence is `100 but the interest on the same sum for the same
Illustration 2 Find the true discount and the sum due 15 period is `125. Find the sum and the rate per cent.
months hence whose present value at 8% is `1000. Solution: We have
P.W. × R × T 1000 × 8 × 15 S.I. on T.D. = S.I. – T.D.
Solution: T.D. = =
100 100 × 12 = 125 – 100 = `25.
= `100. 25 × 100 25 1
∴ Rate (R) = = =6 %
Sum due = P.W. + T.D. 100 × 4 4 4
= 1000 + 100 = `1100. S.I. × T.D. 125 × 100
and Sum (A) = =
S.I. − T.D. 125 − 100
Illustration 3 Find the true discount reckoning 3% p.a.
simple interest on `1802 due in 2 year’s time. = `500.
A× R ×T
Solution: T.D. = (v) When the money is invested on compound
100 + R × T interest,
1802 × 3 × 2 A
= = `102. P.W. = T
100 + 3 × 2  R 
 1 + 
 100 
S.I. × T.D.
(iii) Sum (A) =
S.I. − T.D. Illustration 6 Find the present worth of a bill of `3380 due
2 years hence at 4% compound interest. Also, calculate T.D.
Explanation A 3380
Solution: P.W. = T
= 2
 T   R   4 
S.I. × T.D.  A× R ×  × T.D. 1 +  1 + 
 100   100   100 
= =A
S.I. − T.D.  T  3380 × 25 × 25
 T.D. × R ×  = = `3125.
 100  26 × 26
S.I. × T.D. T.D. = A – P.W.
∴ A= .
S.I. − T.D. = 3380 – 3125 = `255.

Chapter_2.indd 17 2/1/2016 12:40:58 PM

 18 Chapter 2

Banker’s gain = B.D. – T.D. = `0.50.

2. B.D. = S.I. on the bill for unexpired time
3. B.G. = B.D. – T.D. Illustration 8 The banker’s discount and the true discount
4. B.D. = T.D. + Interest on T.D. on a certain sum of money due 4 months hence are `48 and
`45, respectively. Find the sum and the rate of interest.
B.D. × T.D.
5. Sum Due = B.D. × T.D. 48 × 45 48 × 45
B.D. − T.D. Solution: Sum = = =
B.D. − T.D. 48 − 45 3
6. T.D. = P.W. × B.G.
= `720.
B.G. × 100
7. T.D. = Now, the banker’s discount is simple interest on the
Rate × Time sum due for 4 months.
Amount × Rate × Time 100 × 48 × 3
8. T.D. = Rate of interest = = 20% p.a.
100 + (Rate × Time) 720 × 1
Amount × Rate × Time
9. B.D. = Illustration 9 Find the face value of 3 months bill when the
100 banker’s discount at 3% per annum is `18.
B.D. × 100
10. Sum Due = Solution: B.D. = `18, Rate (R) = 3%,
R ×T
1
11. Money paid by the banker = Amount – B.D. Time (T) = years.
4
B.D. × 100 18 × 100 × 4
Illustration 7 A bill is drawn for `5050 on 12 June 2004 at \ Face value = =
R ×T 3 ×1
5 months credit. It is discounted on 3 September at 5% per
annum. Find: = `2400.
(i) Banker’s discount Illustration 10 The present worth of a bill due sometimes
(ii) Money received by the holder of the bill, and hence is `1500. Find the banker’s discount on the bill, if the
true discount is `75.
(iii) Banker’s gain.
Solution: Amount = `5050. Solution: T.D. = P.W. × B.G.
Date of drawing = 12 June, 2004 (for 5 months)
⇒ 75 = 1500 × B.G.
Date of maturing = 15 Nov, 2004 (including 3 days grace)
Date of discounting = 3 September, 2004 ⇒ 75 × 75 = 1500 × B.G.
No. of days from 3 Sept. to 15 Nov. = 75 × 75 15
⇒ B.G. = =` or, `3.75.
Sept. Oct. Nov. 1500 4
1 B.D. = T.D. + B.G.
27 + 31 + 15 = 73 days = year.
5 = 75 + 3.75 = `78.75.
Amount × Rate × Time Illustration 11 The banker’s gain on a bill due 1 year hence
\ (i) Banker’s discount =
100 at 12% per annum is `6. Find the true discount.
5050 × 1 × 5 B.G. × 100 6 × 100
= = `50.50. Solution: T.D. = = = `50.
100 × 5 R ×T 12 × 1
(ii) Amount received by the holder of the bill
Illustration 12 If the true discount on a certain sum due 6
= Amount – B.D. months hence at 6% is `36, what is the banker’s discount on
= 5050 – 50.50 = `4999.50. the same sum for the same time and at the same rate?
(iii) True discount on `5050 Solution: B.D. = T.D. + Interest on T.D.
1
5050 + × 5 T.D. × R × T 36 × 6 × 6
Amount × Rate × Time 5
= = = `50 = T.D. + = 36 +
100+(Rate × Time) 1 100 100 × 12
100 + × 5
5 = 36 + 1.08 = `37.08.

Chapter_2.indd 18 01-02-2016 11:36:16

  Discount: True and Banker’s 19

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The true discount on a bill for `1260 due 6 months hence 9. If `21 in the true discount on `371 for a certain time, what
at 10% per annum is is the true discount on the same sum for double that time,
(a) `60 (b) `160 the rate being the same in both cases?
(c) `80 (d) `260 (a) `39.00 (b) `35.75
2. If the discount on a certain sum in 2 years at a certain rate (c) `40.00 (d) `39.75
is `150 and the interest in 3 years is `240. Find the sum 10. The T.D. on a certain sum of money due 2 years hence is
and the rate % `1800 and the simple interest on the same sum is `2232.
1 1 Find the sum.
(a) `2400, 3 % (b) `2400, 4 %
3 3 (a) `9300 (b) `9350
1 (c) `9450 (d) `9400
(c) `2200, 5 % (d) None of these
3 11. The present worth of `220.50 due in 2 years reckoning
compound interest at 5% is
3. If the true discount on `161 due 2 years 6 months hence is
(a) `200 (b) `197.5
`21, find the rate of interest.
(c) `202 (d) `192.25
1 1
(a) 2 % (b) 4 %
2 2 12. The T.D. on `936 due after a certain time at 8% is `36.
Money is due after
(c) 5% (d) 6%
(a) 6 months (b) 3 months
4. The present worth of `920 due at the end of 3 years at 5% (c) 1 years (d) 9 months
simple interest per annum is
13. A man bought a motor-cycle for `32500 and sold it for
(a) `780 (b) `850
(c) `800 (d) `810 `35000, allowing the buyer 6 months credit. If the money
be worth 4% per annum, the gain per cent is
5. If the simple interest on a certain sum due some years 1 9
hence at 6% is `180 and the discount at 5% on the same (a) 8 % (b) 7 %
7 13
sum is `140. Find the sum and the time.
3 5 2
(a) `2100 and 1 years (c) 7 % (d) 8 %
7 13 3
14. Find the present worth of a bill of `3720 which is due 2
3 years hence at 12% compound interest, being compounded
(b) `2200 and 2 years
7 annually.
3 (a) `3100 (b) `3150
(c) `2000 and 2 years (c) `3125 (d) `3225
7
(d) None of these 15. The holder of a bill for `17850 nominally due on 21 May,
1991 received `357 less than the amount of the bill by
6. The banker’s gain on a certain sum due 9 months hence at having it discounted at 5%. When was it doscounted?
4% is `2.25. The sum is (a) 29 Dec. 1990 (b) 30 Dec. 1989
(a) `2575 (b) `2500 (c) 19 Dec. 1990 (d) None of these
(c) `2250 (d) `3250
16. The true discount on a certain bill due nine months hence
7. At a given rate per cent, the simple interest and the true at 4% simple interest is `150. Find the amount of the bill.
discount on a certain sum for a given time are `24 and (a) `5150 (b) `5250
`22, respectively. The sum is (c) `4750 (d) `5650
(a) `264 (b) `220
17. A banker discounts a 4 months bill at 3% discount. If the
(c) `288 (d) `295
proceeds be invested so that nothing is lost, the rate p.c.
8. The present worth of a bill of `1764 due 2 years hence at should be
5% compound interest is (a) 3% (b) 4%
(a) `1650 (b) `1700 1
(c) 3 % (d) None of these
(c) `1600 (d) `1714 33

Chapter_2.indd 19 01-02-2016 11:36:16

 20 Chapter 2

18. The difference between the simple interest and the true 27. What rate per cent does a man get for his money when in
discount on a certain sum of money for 2 years at 15% per discounting a bill due 10 months hence, he deducts 4% of
annum at simple interest is `45. Find the sum. the amount of the bill?
(a) `700 (b) `650 (a) 5% (b) 6%
(c) `675 (d) `625 (c) 8% (d) 4%

19. The present worth of a sum of money due 146 days hence 28. The discount on `5229 due in 1 year 9 months reckoning
at 5% is `400. The sum due is compound interest at 5% is
(a) `410 (b) `408 (a) `429.00 (b) `415.00
(c) `415 (d) `450 (c) `393.25 (d) None of these

20. The present worth of a bill due sometime hence is `1500. 29. A bill is discounted at 5% per annum. If banker’s discount
Find the banker’s discount on the bill, if the true discount be allowed, at what rate per cent must the proceeds be
is `75. invested, so that nothing may be lost?
(a) `78.75 (b) `77.75 19
(a) 5% (b) 4 %
(c) `82.75 (d) `76.75 20
5
21. If the simple interest on `2000 at 5% p.a. is equal to the (c) 5 % (d) 10%
19
true discount on `2500 for the same time and at the same
rate, the time is 30. An article is listed at `65. A customer bought this article
for `56.16 with two successive discounts of which one is
1
(a) 4 years (b) 5 years 10%. The other discount of this discount scheme that was
2 allowed by the shopkeeper is
1 1 (a) 4% (b) 3%
(c) 7 years (d) 2 years
2 2 (c) 6% (d) 2.5%
22. `21 is the true discount on `371 for a certain time at [Based on MAT (Sept), 2010 (Dec), 2005)]
certain rate p.c. If the rate p.c. is kept same, true discount 31. The simple interest and the true discount on a certain sum
on the same sum for double that time will be and at a given rate are `25 and `20 respectively. The sum
(a) `44.38 (b) `39.75 is
(c) `33.25 (d) None of these (a) `500 (b) `200
(c) `250 (d) `100
23. The true discount on a bill of `5450 due in 9 months is
[Based on MAT (Feb), 2009)]
`450. Find the rate of interest.
32. Two shopkeepers announce the same price of `700 for a
(a) 12% (b) 12.5%
shirt. The first offers successive discounts of 30% and 6%
(c) 11.5% (d) 13.1% while the second offers successive discounts of 20% and
24. If `10 be allowed as true discount on a bill of `110 due at 16%. The shopkeeper that offers better discount is more
the end of a certain time, then the discount allowed on the of
same sum due at the end of double the time is (a) `22.40 (b) `16.80
(a) `20 (b) `21.81 (c) `9.80 (d) `36.40
(c) `22 (d) `18.33 [Based on MAT (May), 2009)]
33. A cash payment that will settle a bill for 250 chairs at `50
25. A bill which being due at the end of 4 years is now worth
per chair less 20% and 15% with a further discount of 5%
1 on cash payment is
`575 but if it is due 2 years hence it would now be
2 (a) `8075 (b) `7025
worth `620. The sum of the bill is
(c) `8500 (d) None of these
(a) `695 (b) `725
[Based on MAT (Feb), 2008)]
(c) `713 (d) None of these
34. A shopkeeper allows a discount of 10% on his goods. For
26. Find the present worth (P.W.) and the true discount cash payments, he further allows a discount of 20%. Find
reckoning 6% per annum simple interest of `176 due in a single discount equivalent of the above offer.
20 months time. (a) 30% (b) 18%
(a) `160, `16 (b) `130, `46 (c) 28% (d) 15%
(c) `150, `26 (d) None of these [Based on MAT, 1999)]

Chapter_2.indd 20 01-02-2016 11:36:16

  Discount: True and Banker’s 21

35. Successive discounts of 10%, 12% and 15% amount to a (a) `10 (b) `10.40
single discount of (c) `15.20 (d) `13
(a) 35.28% (b) 36.68%
43. If on a marked price, the difference of selling prices with a
(c) 37% (d) None of these discount of 30% and two successive discounts of 20% and
[Based on MAT, 1999)] 10% is `72, then the marked price (in rupees) is
36. A tradesman gives 4% discount on the marked price and (a) 3,600 (b) 3,000
gives 1 article free for buying every 15 articles and thus (c) 2,500 (d) 2,400
gains 30%. The marked price is above the cost price by
[Based on SSC (GL), 2010]
(a) 40% (b) 39%
44. Successive discounts of 10%, 20% and 30% is equivalent
(c) 20% (d) 50% to a single discount of
[Based on NMAT, 2005)]
(a) 60% (b) 49.6%
37. A discount series of p% and q% on an invoice is the same (c) 40.5% (d) 36%
as a single discount of [Based on SSC (GL), 2010]
 pq   pq  45. The true discount on a bill of `2550 due after 3 months is
(a)  p + q + % (b)  p − q %
 100   100  `50. Find the banker’s discount.
qp  (a) `53 (b) `51

(c) 100 –  p + q + % (c) `55 (d) `57
 100 
(d) None of these [Based on NMAT, 2006)] 46. A owes B `1350 due 3 months hence and B owes A
`1078 due 5 months hence. If they agree to settle their
38. A man buys a single apple for `25. If he were to buy a account right now at rate 5% p.a., A should pay B
dozen apples, he would have to pay a total amount of
`250. What would be the approximate per cent discount 1
(a) `277 (b) `288.25
he would get on buying a dozen apples ? 3
(a) 32 (b) 20 (c) `302 (d) None of these
(c) 12 (d) 17 47. What is the rate of interest when the P.W. of `1245 due 15
[Based on Bank of India PO, 2010] months hence is `1200?
39. If the compound interest on a certain sum of money for 2 (a) 3% (b) 4%
years at 4% is `45.90, the true discount on the same sum
1
of money due 2 years hence at 4% simple interest is (c) 4 % (d) 5%
2
(a) `39.69 (b) `41.67
(c) `45.00 (d) `38.45 48. A has to pay `22 to B after 1 year. B asks A to pay `110 in
cash and defer the payment of `110 for 2 years. A agrees
40. An article is marked 40% above the cost price and to it. Counting the rate of interest at 10% per annum in this
a discount of 30% is allowed. What is the gain or loss new mode of payment,
percentage? (a) there is no gain or loss to anyone
(a) 10% gain (b) 5% gain (b) A gains `7.34
(c) 2% loss (d) 12% loss (c) A loses `7.34
[Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
(d) A gains `11
41. The difference between a discount of 40% on `500 and
49. The B.G. on a sum due 3 years hence at 10% is `180. The
two successive discounts of 36%, 4% on the same amount
B.D. is
is
(a) `680 (b) `780
(a) `0 (b) `2
(c) `580 (d) `480
(c) `1.93 (d) `7.20
[Based on SSC (GL), 2011] 50. The banker’s gain on a certain sum due 2 years hence at
42. `20 is the true discount on `260 due after a certain time. 5% per annum is `8. The present worth is
What will be the true discount on the same sum due after (a) `800 (b) `1600
half of the former time, the rate of interest being the same (c) `1200 (d) `880

Chapter_2.indd 21 01-02-2016 11:36:16

 22 Chapter 2

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS

1 T.D. × S.I. 24 × 22
1260 × × 10 7. (a) Sum = = = `264.
1. (a) T.D. = ` 2 = `60. S.I. − T.D. 24 − 22
1
100 + × 10
2  5 
2
8. (c) P.W. = `1764 ÷ 1 + 
240 × 2  100 
2. (a) Interest for 2 years =
= `160
3 400
= `1764 × = `1600.
Discount for 2 years = `150 441
B.D. × T.D.
Sum due = 9. (d) `21 is the interest on `(371 – 21) = `350
B.D. − T.D.
350 × no. of years × rate
160 × 150 \ = 21
= = `2400 100
160 − 150
2100
240 × 100 1 ⇒ No. of years × rate = =6
Rate of interest = = 3 %. 350
2400 × 3 3 \ Twice no. of years × rate = 12
3. (d) `21 is the interest on `(161 – 21) Now, on `112, the T.D. is `12
or, `140 for 2 years 6 months 12
\ on `371, the T.D. = ` × 371
21 × 100 112
\ Rate % = = 6%.
140 × 5/2 = `39.75.
Simple interest on the sum × (T.D.)
A × 100 920 × 100 10. (a) Sum =
4. (c) Present worth = =` Simple interest on the sum − (T.D.)
100 + R × T 100 + 3 × 5
920 × 100  2232 × 1800 
= ` = `800. = `  
115  2232 − 1800 

5. (a) B.D. or Simple Interest at 5%  2232 × 1800 

= `  
180 × 5  432 
= = `150
6 = `9300.
Discount at 5% = `140 220.5 220.5 × 20 × 20
11. (a) P.W.= =
B.D × T.D.  5 
2 21 × 21
Sum =
B.D. − T.D. 1 + 
 100 
150 × 140 = `200.
= = `2100.
150 − 140 12. (a) P.W. = `(936 – 36) = `900
180 × 100 3 `36 is S.I. on `900
Rate per cent = = 1 years.
2100 × 6 7 36 × 100 1
\ Time = = year
6. (a) B.G. is the interest on T.D. 900 × 8 2
2.25 × 100 = 6 months.
\ T.D. = = `75
3 13. (b) S.P. of motorcycle = `35000
×4
4 Gain = `35000 – `32500
B.D. = `75 + `2.25 = `77.25 = `2500
B.D. × T.D. 2500
\ Sum due = \ Gain % = × 100 %
B.G. 32500
77.25 × 75 100 9
= ` = `2575. = % = 7 %.
2.25 13 13

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  Discount: True and Banker’s 23

A 3720 90
14. (c) P.W. = T
=` 2
   If the difference in S.I. and T.D. is ` , the sum
 R   12  = `100. 13
1 +  1 + 100 
 100     If the difference in S.I. and T.D. is Re. 1, the sum
25 25 13
= `3720 × × = `3125. = `100 × .
28 28 10
15. (a) Clearly, S.I. on `17850 at 5% is `357    If the difference in S.I. and T.D. is `45, the sum =
 100 × 357  2 13
\ Time =  `100 × × 45 = `650.
 = years = 146 days. 90
 17850 × 5  5
   So, the bill is 146 days prior to 24 May, the legally 146 5
19. (b) T.D. = `400 × × = `8
due date. 365 100
May April March Feb. Jan. Dec. S.D. = `400 + `8 = `408.
24 + 30 + 31 + 28 + 31 + 2 = 146 days
20. (a) T.D. = P.W. × B.G.
So, the bill was discounted on 29 Dec. 1990.
100 150 × 100 75 = 1500 × B.G.
16. (a) P.W. = T.D. × =` Squaring both the sides
R ×T 9
×4
12 75 × 75 = 1500 × B.G.
= `5,000 75 × 75 15
B.G. = ` =` = `3.75
\ Amount of the bill = `5000 + `150 1500 4
  = `5150. B.D. = T.D. + B.G.
1 = 75 + `3.75 = `78.75.
17. (c) 4 months = year
3 21. (b) T.D. = `500
1 Rate = 5%
\ Banker deducts `3 × = `1 from a bill of `100
3 P.W. = `2000
So, the banker pays `(100 – 1) = `99 500 × 100
So, the bill holder loses Re. 1 \ Time = = 5 years.
2000 × 5
So, for investment Re. 1 should be interest on `99 for
4 months. 22. (b) P.W. of `371 = `(371 – 21) = `350
1 × 100 100 1 Also, T.D. = Simple Interest on P.W.
\ Rate = = =1 %.
4 33 33 \ Simple interest on `350 for a certain period at
99 ×
12 certain rate p.c. = `21
18. (b) Let the sum be `100 \ Simple Interest on `350 for double the period at
Time = 2 years same rate p.c. = `42
Rate = 15% per annum \ `42 is T.D. on `(350 + 42) = `392 for double the
period.
 100 × 15 × 2 
S.I. = `   = `30 \ T.D. on `371 for double the period and same rate
 100 
42
 100 × R × T  p.c. = × 371 = `39.75.
Time Discount = `   392
100 + ( R × T ) 
23. (a) Amount = `5450
 100 × 15 × 2  P.W. = Amount – T.D.
= `  
100 + (15 × 2)  = `5450 – `450
100 × 15 × 2  300 = `5000
= `   = ` 13 .   In other words, simple interest on `5000 for
 130 
9 months is `450
The difference between S.I. and T.D. is
S.I. × 100 450 × 100 × 4
300  90 \ Rate = =
 P × T 5000 × 3
`  30 −  =`
 13  13 = 12% per annum.

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 24 Chapter 2

24. (d) S.I. on `(110 – 10) for a given time = ` 10 30. (a) Let the other discount be x%.
S.I. on `100 for double the time = `20 90 (100 − x )
\ 65 × × = 56.16
Sum = `(100 + 20) = `120 100 100
 20  56.16 × 100 × 100
T.D. on `110 = `  × 110  = `18.33. ⇒ 100 – x =
 120  65 × 90
25. (c) Let rate p.c. be r %. ⇒ 100 – x = 96
Let `x be the amount of the bill. ⇒ x = 4%
x × 100
Then, 575 = 31. (d) Let the amount be `x and rate is r %.
100 + 4r
Then, for simple intrest
i.e., 57500 + 2300r = 100x
x×r
\ x = 575 + 23r ...(1) = 25
100
100 x
and, 620 = ⇒ x × r = 2500 …(1)
5
100 + r For true discount
2
( x − 20) × r
\ 62000 + 1550r = 100x = 20
100
\ 6200 + 155r = 10x
= 5750 + 230r [Using (1)] x × r − 20r
⇒ = 20
\ 75r = 450 100
\ r =6 ⇒ xr – 20r = 2000 …(2)
\ (i) ⇒ x = 575 + 138 From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
= `713. 2500 – 20r = 2000
⇒ r = 25%
100 × 76
26. (a) = `160
Present worth = From Eq. (1)
20
100 + 6 × x × 25 = 2500 ⇒ x = 100
12
True discount = Amount – Present worth 32. (c) Selling price of first shopkeeper
= `176 – `160 70 94
= 700 × × = `460.60
= `16. 100 100
27. (a) Let the amount of the bill be `100 Selling price of second shopkeeper
Money deducted = `4 80 84
= 700 × × = `470.40
Money received by holder of the bill 100 100
= `(100 – 4) = `96 Required difference
S.I. on `96 for 10 months = `4 = 470.40 – 460.60 = `9.80
100 × 4 × 6
Rate = = 5%. 33. (a) Original price of 250 chairs
96 × 5
= 250 × 50 = `12500
5229 Price after discount
28. (a) P.W. =
 5  3 5  80 85 95
1 + 1 + ⋅  = 12500 × × ×
 100  4 100  100 100 100
20 80 = `8075
= 5229 × × = `4800
21 83 34. (c) Quicker Method: Discount equivalent to two
\ T.D. = `(5229 – 4800) = `429. successive discounts of x % and y % is given by
29. (c) Let the sum be `100. Then, B.D. = `5  x× y
x + y − %
Proceeds = `(100 – 5) = `95  100 
\ `5 must be the interest on `95 for 1 year. \ Required equivalent discount
 100 × 5  5 10 × 20
So, rate =   = 5 %. = 10 + 20 – = 30 – 2 = 28%
 95 × 1  19 100

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  Discount: True and Banker’s 25

35. (d) We know that discount equivalent to two sucessive 40. (c) Let the C.P. of the article be `100. Therefore, marked
discounts of x% and y% is given by price = `140
 xy  S.P. = 70% of 140 = `98
x + y − % 100 − 98
 100  loss% = × 100 = 2%
Now, from the question, 100
   Equivalent discount of two successive discounts 41. (d) Single equivalent discount for 36% and 4%
10% and 12%  36 + 4 − 36 × 4 
=  
 10 × 12   100 
= 10 + 12 −  = 20.8%
 100  = (40 – 1.44)% = 38.56%
Therefore, required difference
Now, equivalent discounts of 20.8% and 15%
= 1.44% of 500
20.8 × 15
= 20.8 + 15 – 1.44
100 = × 500 = `7.20
100
= 35.8 – 4.12 = 31.68%
42. (b) S.I. on `240 for a given time = `20
36. (d) Let C.P. of (15 + 1) articles = `1600
S.I. on `240 for half the time = `10
1600 × 135 \ `10 is T.D. on `250
\ S.P. of 15 articles =
100
 10 
So, T.D. on `260 = `  × 260  = `10.40.
1600 × 135  250 
S.P. of 1 article = = 144
100 × 15 43. (a) Let the marked price be `x
144 × 100 Therefore, in case 1, S.P.
Now, M.P. = = 150%
96 70 x
= `
\ M.P. above the C.P. = 50% 100
37. (d) Single discount series of p% and q%    Single discount equivalent to successive discounts
of 20% and 10%.
 pq 
= p+q− %  20 + 10 − 20 × 10 
 100  =  %
 100 
38. (d) Cost of one apple = `25
 30 − 200 
\ Cost of 12 apples = 25 × 12 = `300 Ex =  %
 100 
Amount paid = `250
= (30 – 2)% = 28%
Discount = 300 – 250 = `50 Hence S.P. in this case
50 × 100 72 x
% Discount = = `
300 100
= 17% (approx.) Therefore,
39. (b) Let the sum be `x. Then, 72 x 70 x
` − = `72
2 100 100
 4  
45.90 = x 1 +  − 1 2x
 100   ⇒ = 72
100
 26 2   676 − 625  ⇒ 2x = 7200
=   − 1 =   7200
 25    625  ⇒ x= = `3600
2
625 × 45.9
\ x= = `562.5 44. (b) Single equivalent discount for successive discounts of
51 10% and 20%
\ T.D. on `562.5  20 × 100 
= 10 + 20 − %
562.5 × 4 × 2 4500  100 
= = = `41.67.
100 + 4 × 2 108 = 28%

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 26 Chapter 2

Single equivalent discount for 28% and 30% 832 1

= ` = `277
 28 × 30  3 3
=  28 + 30 − 
 100  47. (a) T.D. = `1245 – `1200 = `45
= 49.6% P.W. = `1200

45. (b) T.D. = `50 45 × 100

\ Rate % = = 3%.
P.W. = `2550 – `50 = `2500 1200 × 15/12
50 × 100 × 4 48. (b) A has to pay the P.W. of `220 due 1 year hence, which
Rate of Interest =
2500 × 1 is
= 8% per annum  100 × 220 
= `   = `200
 2550 1 100 + (10 × 1) 
B.D. = `  × 8 ×  = `51.
 100 4 A actually pays = `[110 + P.W. of `110 due 2 years
1350 × 100 1350 × 400 hence].
46. (a) P.W. of `1350 = =  100 × 110 
3 405 = ` 110 + 
100 + × 5 100 + (8 × 2) 
12 
4000 = `192.66
= `
3 \ A gains = `[200 – 192.66] = `7.34.
1078 × 100 1078 × 1200 B.G. × 100 180 × 100
P.W. of `1078 = = 49. (b) T.D. = =` = `600
5 1225 R×T 10 × 3
100 + × 5
12 \ B.D. = `(600 + 180) = `780.
= `1056 B.G. × 100  8 × 100 
50. (a) T.D. = = ` 
 4000  Rate × Time  5× 2 
\ A should pay B = `  − 1056 
 3  = `800.

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 3 Binary Number System

INTRODUCTION Illustration 1 In the number (5342)x.

A number system is nothing more than a code. For each The weight of 2 is x0
distinct quantity, there is an assigned symbol. The most The weight of 4 is x1
familiar number system is the decimal system which uses 10 The weight of 3 is x2
digits, that is, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The main advantage
The weight of 5 is x3.
of this system is its simplicity and long use. Most of the
ancient societies used this system. Even in our everyday The sum of all the digits multiplied by their respective
life, we use this system and is sometimes being taken as the weights is equal to the decimal equivalent of that number
natural way to count. Since this system uses 10 digits it is and gives the total amount represented by that number.
called a system to base 10. (5342)x = (5x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2x0)10
A binary number system is a code that uses only two Illustration 2
basic symbols, that is, 0 and 1. This system is very useful
in computers. Since, in this system, only two symbols are 5 7 0 3 4 Number to the base 10,
there, it can be used in electronic industry using ‘on’ and 10 4
10 3
10 2
10 1
10 0
that is, decimal number
‘off’ positions of a switch denoted by the two digits 0 and 1. weights
Decimal Number System \ 5 × 104 + 7 × 103 + 0 × 102 + 3 × 10 + 4 × 100
Decimal number system used 10 digits, 0 through 9, that is, = Value represented or decimal equivalent
the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Illustration 3
Binary Number System 1 1 0 0 1 Number to the base 2
4 3 2 1 0
Binary means two. The binary number system uses only 2 2 2 2 2 that is, binary number weights
two digits, 0 and 1.
\ 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
Base or Radix = 16 + 8 + 1 = 25
The base or radix of a number system is equal to the = Decimal equivalent or value represented by
number of digits or symbols used in that number system. 110012.
For example, decimal system uses 10 digits, so that base
of decimal system (that is, decimal numbers) is 10. Binary Decimal to Binary Conversion
numbers have base 2. Step 1: Divide the number by 2.
A subscript attached to a number indicates the base Step 2: Divide Quotient of Step 1 by 2.
of the number. For example, 1002 means binary 100. 10010
stands for decimal 100. Continue the process till we get quotient = 0
and remainder as 1.
Weights
Then, the remainders from down upwards
In any number to a given base, each digit, depending on its written from left to right give the binary number.
position in the number has a weight in powers of the base.

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 28 Chapter 3

Illustration 4 Convert decimal 23 to binary. Illustration 6 Add 1010 to 10100

Solution: 2 23 Solution: 10100
Remainders
2 11 + 1010
1
2 5 11110
1
2 2 1 Binary Subtraction
1 0
1. 0 – 0 = 0
0 1
2. 1 – 0 = 1
Reading the remainders upwards and writing from left 3. 1 – 1 = 0
to right we get the binary equivalent of decimal 23 as 10111. 4. 10 – 1 = 1
That is, Binary 10111 is equivalent to decimal 23 or we can 5. 0 – 1 = –1
write 101112 = 2310. (Complement of a binary number is the exact reverse of the
given number)
Binary to Decimal Conversion Complement of 0 = 1
Following steps are involved to convert a binary Complement of 1 = 0
number to its decimal equivalent For subtraction of binary number, the following method
Step 1: Write the binary number. known as one’s complement method is used.
Step 2: Write the weights 20, 21, 22, 23, ... under the
Subtraction of a lower number from a higher
binary digits starting from extreme right.
number. To determine which binary number is lower
Step 3: Cross out any weight under a zero, that is, and which is higher, it is advisable to find their decimal
weights under zeros in the binary number equivalents.
should be deleted.
Step I: Make the number of digits equal in both
Step 4: Add the remaining weights. the numbers.
Step II: Take the complement of the second
Illustration 5 Convert binary 1101 to its decimal equivalent. number, that is, take the complement of
Solution: 1 1 0 1 Binary number the number to be subtracted.
23 22 21 20 weights Step III: Add the complement obtained in Step
II to the first number. The carry over
The weight 21 is under 0 so it can be deleted. Sum of obtained from this addition indicates that
the remaining weights the answer shall be positive.
= 23 + 22 + 20 = 8 + 4 = 1 = 13. Step IV: This carry over is taken out and added to
\ Decimal equivalent of binary 1101 = 13 the first digit on the right, that is, extreme
right digit.
that is, 11012 = 1310.
Step IV: The digits so obtained is the final answer.
Binary Addition Illustration 7 Subtract 11 from 101.
In binary number system there are only 2 digits, that is, 0 Solution: Now, 1012 = 4 + 1 = 510, 112 = 2 + 1 = 310. Clearly,
and 1. In decimal system we carry 1 for every 10 whereas 11 is smaller than 101. Making the number of digits equal,
in binary system we carry 1 for every 2. Hence, rules of we write 11 as 011.
addition are as under: Complement of 011 = 100.
0+0 =0 Adding 100 to 101, we get
0+1 =1 101
1+0 =1 100
1 + 1 = 10 (1) 001 [Carry over is 1]

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 Binary Number System 29

Taking out the carry over and adding to extreme right Clearly, 11102 > 10012.
digit, we get Complement of 1110 = 0001.
001
1 Adding 0001 to 1001, we get
010 1001
0001 [There is no carry over]
\ The answer is 010 or 10.
1010
Subtraction of a higher number from a lower number.
Complement of 1010 = 0101.
Step I: Take the complement of the second number.
\ The answer is –0101 or 101.
Step II: Add the complement obtained in Step I to
the first number. In this case, there is no carry Binary Multiplication
over indicating that the answer is negative.
Step III: Recomplement the digits obtained after Rules: 1 × 1 = 1, 1 × 0 = 0.
adding the complement of the second
Illustration 9 Multiply 1111 by 11.
number to the first number.
Step IV: Put a negative sign before the result Solution: 1111
obtained in Step IV. 11
Illustration 8 Subtract 1110 from 1001. 1111
Solution: Now, 11102 = 8 + 4 + 2 = 1410; 11111
———
1001 = 8 + 2 = 1010. 101101

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Find the binary equivalent of decimal 117. 8. Find the decimal equivalent of binary 111011.
(a) 1010101 (b) 1110101 (a) 69 (b) 49
(c) 1111101 (d) None of these (c) 59 (d) None of these
2. Find the binary equivalent of decimal 52. 9. Add 1001 to 0101
(a) 110100 (b) 111100 (a) 1111 (b) 1110
(c) Remainder (d) None of these (c) 1010 (d) None of these
3. Find the decimal equivalent of binary 1110101. 10. Add 11010 to 11100
(a) 11010 (b) 11110 (a) 110110 (b) 111110
(c) 11710 (d) None of these (c) 110111 (d) None of these
4. Find the binary equivalent of decimal 235. 11. 111112 + 100012 + 10112 =
(a) 10101112 (b) 10101112 (a) 110111 (b) 111001
(c) 111010112 (d) None of these (c) 111011 (d) None of these
5. Find the binary equivalent of decimal 701. 12. 110012 + 110112 + 111112 =
(a) 10101111012 (b) 10111011012
(a) 1010011 (b) 111011
(c) 11101111012 (d) None of these
(c) 1110011 (d) None of these
6. Find the decimal equivalent of binary 101001.
13. 112 + 1112 + 11112 + 111112 =
(a) 31 (b) 41
(a) 101010 (b) 111000
(c) 51 (d) None of these
(c) 101100 (d) None of these
7. Find the decimal equivalent of binary 10000010011.
14. 1112 + 1012 =
(a) 1043 (b) 1023
(a) 1111 (b) 10111
(c) 1033 (d) None of these
(c) 1100 (d) None of these

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 30 Chapter 3

15. 10002 + 11012 + 11112 = (c) 1110 (d) None of these

(a) 100100 (b) 111100 21. 1000012 – 111102 =
(c) 101010 (d) None of these (a) 11 (b) 111
16. 1112 + 1012 + 0112 = (c) 10 (d) None of these
(a) 1011 (b) 1111 22. Multiply 1111 by 11
(c) 1101 (d) None of these (a) 110101 (b) 101101
17. 1110002 – 110012 = (c) 110100 (d) None of these
(a) 11111 (b) 10111 23. Multiply 101 by 11
(c) 11011 (d) None of these (a) 1111 (b) 1011
18. 100012 – 11112 = (c) 1110 (d) None of these
(a) 101 (b) 11 24. Multiply 101101 by 1101
(c) 10 (d) None of these (a) 1111001001 (b) 1001101001
19. 1111012 – 101112 = (c) 1001001001 (d) None of these
(a) 111110 (b) 100110 25. Multiply 11001 by 101
(c) 101110 (d) None of these (a) 1111101 (b) 1110101
20. 111112 – 100012 = (c) 1011101 (d) None of these
(a) 1010 (b) 1111

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS

1. (b) 3. (c)
2 117 Remainder 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
2 58 1 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
2 29 0 Delete the weights 23 and 21.
2 14 Adding the remaining weights, we get
1
26 + 25 + 24 + 22 + 20
2 7 0
= 64 + 32 + 16 + 4 + 1
2 3 1
= 117
1 1
i.e., 11101012 = 11710.
0 1
\ The binary equivalent of decimal 117 is 1110101. 4. (c)
2 235 Remainder
2. (a) 2 117 1
2 52 Remainder 2 58 1
2 26 0 2 29 0
2 13 0 2 14 1
`2 6 1 2 7 0
2 3 0 2 3 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
\ The binary equivalent of decimal 52 is 110100.
\ 23510 = 111010112

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 Binary Number System 31

5. (a) 12. (a) 11001

2 701 Remainder 11011

2 350 1 11111
2 175 0 1010011
2 87 1 3
2 43 1 Column 1 : 1 + 1 + 1 = 3; = Quotient 1, Remainder 1
2
2 21 1 Column 2: 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 (carry from first column)
2 10 1 3
2 5 = 3; = Quotient 1 and Remainder 1
0 2
2 2 1 Column 3: 0 + 0 + 1 + 1 (carry from second column)
1 0 2
0 = 2; = Quotient 1 and Remainder 0
1 2
\ (701)10 = 10101111012. Column 4: 1 + 1 + 1 (carry from column 3)
4
6. (b) = 4; = Quotient 2 and Remainder 0
2
1 0 1 0 0 1
Column 5: 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 (carry from column 4)
25 24 23 22 21 20
= 5, 510 = 1012.
Decimal equivalent
Note: Quotient in any column is carry for next column.
= 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 + 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 25 + 23 + 1 × 20 = 32 = 32 + 8 + 1 = 41. 11
13. (b)
7. (a) 111
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1111
210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 11111
Decimal equivalent 111000
= 1 × 210 + 0 × 29 + 0 × 28 + 0 × 27
+ 0 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 14. (c) 111
+ 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 101
= 210 + 24 + 21 + 20 = 1043. 1100
8. (c)
1 1 1 0 1 1 15. (a)
1000
25 24 23 22 21 20 1101

Decimal equivalent 1111
= 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 100100
= 25 + 24 + 23 + 21 + 20 = 59.
16. (b)
111
9. (b) 0101
101
+1001
011
1110
1111
10. (a) 11100
17. (a)
+ 11010 1110002 = 32 + 16 + 8 = 56
110110 110012 = 16 + 8 + 1 = 25
   Since 110012 < 1110002, so we are to subtract a
11. (c) 11111 lower number from a higher number.
10001   Making the digits equal in the number to be

1011 subtracted, we get
111011 011001.

Chapter_03.indd 31 2/1/2016 12:51:22 PM

 32 Chapter 3

Complement of 011001 = 100110. 01101

Adding 100110 to111 000, we get + 1
111000 01110
100110
\ 11 1112 – 100012 = 1110.
[1]011110
21. (a) Complement of 011110 = 100001
[1 in the [ ] is the 1 carried over]
Adding 1 to the extreme right digit in 011 110, we get 100001
Now, + 100001
011110
[1]000010
1
11111 000010

\ 1110002 – 110012 = 11111. + 1
000011
18. (c) 100012 = 24 + 1 = 17,
\ 1000012 – 111102 = 11.
11112 = 23 + 22 + 21 + 1 = 15.
   Since 11112 < 100012, we are to subtract a lower 22. (b)1111
number from a higher number.
11
  Making the digits equal in the number to be
subtracted, we get 11 11
01111. 1 11 1
Complement of 01111 is 10000. 10 11 0 1
Adding 10000 to 10001, we get
10001 23. (a) 101
10000 11
[1]00001 101

101
Adding 1 to 1 in 00001, we get
1111
00001
1 24. (c)
00010 101101
1101
\ 100012 – 11112 = 10.
101101
19. (b) Complement of 0101112 = 101000 0000000
111101 10110100
Now, + 101000 101101000
[1]100101 1001001001
Adding 1 to the extreme right digit in 100101, we get 25. (a)
100101 11001
+ 1 101
100110 11001

000000
\ 1111012 – 101112 = 100110.
1100100
20. (c) Complement of 100012 = 01110.
1111101
11111
Now, + 01110
[1]01101

Chapter_22.indd 32 2/1/2016 11:12:04 AM

 4 Series

Introduction 1 1 1 1
(c) , , , , ...
Now-a-days questions on series are asked in almost every 4 12 36 100
competitive examination. These questions may involve 1 1 1 1
numbers only, letters (A, B, ...) only or a combination of (d) , , , , ...
5 30 180 1080
both.
(e) x, x2, x3,x4, ... (where x is any fixed real number),
Series are all geometric series. The ratio of any term in
(a) to the preceding term is 2. The corresponding
A series is a sequence of numbers. These numbers are
1 1
called terms of the sequence. All the terms of the sequence ratios in (b), (c), (d) and (e) are –2, , and x,
are arranged according to a certain predefined rule. After 3 6
respectively.
carefully studying the given series and finding the specific
pattern in which the terms are changing, it is possible to find 3. Series of squares, cubes and so on.  Simple powers
out the next term of the series. of natural numbers (squares, cubes, etc.) or their
combinations are sometimes used to form some series.
Number series Illustration 3
1. Arithmetic Series  An arithmetic series is one in (a) 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ...
which the difference between any two consecutive
terms is always the same and is called the common Each term in this series is a perfect square. The square roots
difference, that is, each successive number is obtained of the terms are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... . Clearly, the square roots
by adding (or subtracting) a fixed number to the of the terms of the given series are forming an arithmetic
previous number. series with common difference 1. So, the next term of the
series will be (6 + 1)2, that is, 49.
Illustration 1  Consider the series: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ....
(b) 1, 27, 125, 343, ...
Here, 2nd term – Ist term = 3rd term – 2nd term
Each term in this series is a perfect cube. The cube roots
= 4th term – 3rd term = ... = 2. of its terms are 1, 3, 5, 7, ... clearly, the cube roots of the
Hence, 1, 3, 5, 7, ... is an arithmetic series. terms of the given series are forming an arithmetic series
with common difference 2.
2. Geometric series  A geometric series is one in which
the ratio of any two consecutive terms is always the So, the next term of the series will be 93, that is, 729.
same and is called the common ratio, that is, each 1 4 9 16
successive number is obtained by multiplying (or (c) , , , , ...
8 27 64 125
dividing) a fixed number by the previous number.
In the above series, the numerators are squares of natural
Illustration 2  The series given below: number (n), while the denominators are cubes of (n + 1).
(a) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ... 25
So, the next term of the series will be .
(b) 3, –6, 12, –24, 48,... 216

Chapter_23.indd 33 2/1/2016 11:27:40 AM

 34 Chapter 4
4. Arithmetic series of second order  We know
that in an arithmetic series, the difference of any
two consecutive terms is always the same. This is
arithmetic series of first order.
A series in which the difference between successive terms
themselves form an arithmetic series is called an arithmetic
series of second order.
Illustration 4  Consider the series 1, 3, 7, 13, ...
The difference between successive terms of the above series
are 2, 4, 6, ... which form an arithmetic series with common
difference 2.
So, the next term of the series will be (13 + 8), that is, 21.
5. Arithmetic series of third order  A series in which
the difference between successive terms themselves
form an arithmetic series of second order is called an
arithmetic series of third order.
Illustration 5  Consider the series : 2, 9, 17, 28, ...
The difference of successive terms of the above series is 7,
8, 11, 16, ...
The difference of successive terms of the above series is
1, 3, 5, ... which forms an arithmetic series with common
difference 2.
So, the next term of the series will be (28 + 16), i.e., 44.
In this manner, we can construct arithmetic series of higher
order.
6. Arithmetico-Geometric series  In this series, each
successive term is obtained by first adding a fixed
number to the previous term and then multiplying it
by another fixed number.
Illustration 6  The series: 1, 9, 33, 105, ... is an arithmetico-
geometric series as each successive term is obtained by first
adding 2 to the previous term and multiplying it by 3.
So, the next term of the series will be (105 + 2) × 3,
that is, 321.
It is important to note that the differences of successive
numbers in the above series are 8, 24, 72, ... which are
forming a geometric series.
7. Geometrico-Arithmetic series  In this series, each
successive term is obtained by first multiplying (or
dividing) the previous term by a fixed number and
then adding (or subtracting) another fixed number.
Illustration 7  The series : 2, 5, 17, 65, .... is a geometrico-
arithmetic series as each successive term is obtained by first
multiplying the previous term by 4 and then subtracting 3
from it.
Chapter_23.indd 34
So, the next term of the series will be (65 × 4) –3, that
is, 257.
Again, note that the differences of successive numbers
in the above series are 3, 12, 48, ... which are forming a
geometric series.
8. Double series  It consists of two series combined into
a single series. The alternating terms of this series
form an independent series.
Illustration 8  Consider the series:
1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 18, 10, 54, ....
Terms at odd places of the series: 1, 4, 7, 10, .... is an
arithmetic series.
Terms at even places of the series: 2, 6, 18, 54, .... is a
geometric series.
So, the next term of the series will be (10 + 3), that
is, 13.
Finding the wrong term in a series
In such questions, a number series is given of which all
others except one are similar in some respect. The one
term of the sequence does not follow the same pattern as
is followed by the others. This one is the wrong term in the
series. To find the wrong term in a given series we must
study the given series carefully and find the pattern/rule in
which the terms are changing. After that, we should find
which of the terms is not changing according that pattern/
rule. Thus, the wrong term is found.
Illustration 9 Find the wrong term in the given series: 5,
10, 17, 24, 37, 50, 65.
Solution: The terms of the series are in the following order:
22 + 1, 32 + 1, 42 + 1, 52 + 1, 62 + 1, 72 + 1, 82 + 1
Clearly, fourth term of the series, that is, 24 should be
replaced by 26 so that all the terms of the series follow a
particular pattern. Thus, 24 is the wrong term in the given
series.
Finding the missing term of the series
In such questions, a number series is given in which a blank
space or question mark is provided in place of any one term
of the series. The term at the blank space follow the same
pattern as followed by other terms. We are required to find
the missing term to replace the blank space or question
mark.
Illustration 10  Find the missing term in the given series:
49, 56, 64, 72, ?, 90, 100
Solution: The terms of the series are in the following order
72, 72 + 7, 82, 82 + 8, 92, 92 + 9, 102
2/1/2016 11:27:40 AM
 Series 35

Clearly, fifth term in place of question mark will be 92, 3×3=9

that is, 81. 3 × 9 = 27
9 × 27 = 243
Some special series
27 × 243 = 6561
1. Series of Date or Time
Thus, the number in place of question mark will
(a) Consider the series, be 27 × 243, that is, 6561.
3 – 2 – 2004, 13 ­– 2 – 2004, 23 – 2 – 2004,
4. By Use of Digit Sum
5 – 3 – 2004,
Consider the series,
Here, each successive date differs by 10 days.
Since 2004 is a leap year, 5 – 3 – 2004 should be 11, 13, 17, 25, 32, ?
replaced by 4 – 3 – 2004. Here, 13 = 11 + (1 + 1)
(b) Consider the series, 17 = 13 + (1 + 3)
3.35, 5.00, 6.25, 7.40, 9.15, 10.40 25 = 17 + (1 + 7)
Here, each successive time differs by 1 hr 25 min. 32 = 25 + (2 + 5)
Therefore, 7.40 should be replaced by 7.50. That is, next number = previous number + digit
sum of pervious number.
2.Numbers Followed by Their L.C.M. or H.C.F.
Thus, the number in place of question mark will
(a) Consider the series,
be 32 + (3 + 2) = 37.
1, 2, 3, 6, 4, 5, 6, 60, 5, 6, 7, ....?
1st part 2nd part 3rd part Alpha–Numeric Series
1, 2, 3, 6 4, 5, 6, 60 5, 6, 7 ? Such series involve the use of both the letters of the alphabet
as well as the numbers. It is a two-line series. One line is a
   Here, in each part fourth number is L.C.M. of first number series while the other line is an alphabet series. The
three numbers. Thus, the number in place of question terms of both the series follow the same pattern/rule. One of
mark will be 210 ( L.C.M. of 5, 6, 7). these two series is completely known. We have to find the
(b) Consider the series, required number of the incomplete series.
8, 4, 4, 7, 8, 1, 3, 9, 3, 2, 1, ? Illustration 11 2, 7, 17, 37, 77,
1st part 2nd part 3rd part 4th part 3, a, b, c, d,
8, 4, 4 7, 8, 1 3, 9, 3 2, 1 ? 2 7 17 37 77
Here, in each part third number is H.C.F. of first
two numbers. Thus , the number in place of question
mark will be 1 ( H.C.F. of 2, 1,). ×2+3 ×2+3 ×2+3 ×2+3
\ a =3×2+3=9
3. Numbers Followed by Their Product
b = 9 × 2 + 3 = 21
Consider the series,
c = 21 × 2 + 3 = 45
1, 3, 3, 9, 27, 243, ?
d = 45 × 2 + 3 = 93
Here, 1×3=3

Chapter_23.indd 35 2/1/2016 11:27:40 AM

 36 Chapter 4

Multiple Choice QuestionS

Directions (Q. 1 and 2): In each of these questions, one term in (a) 32 (b) 60
the given number series is wrong. Find out the wrong term. (c) 68 (d) 66
1. 8, 14, 26, 48, 98, 194, 386 [Based on MAT, 2000]
(a) 14 (b) 48 11.
(c) 98 (d) 194
[Based on MAT, 2004]
2. 11, 5, 20, 12, 40, 26, 74, 54
(a) 5 (b) 20
(c) 40 (d) 26
[Based on MAT, 2004]
Directions (Q. 3 to 5): In each of the following number series, two (a) 240 (b) 195
terms have been put within brackets. Mark your answer as
(c) 84 (d) None of these.
(a) If both the bracketed terms are right. [Based on MAT, 2001]
(b) If the first bracketed term is right and the second is wrong.
12. 6, 15, 36, 75, ?
(c) If the first bracketed term is wrong and the second is right.
(a) 231 (b) 138
(d) If both the bracketed terms are wrong.
(c) 214 (d) None of these.
3. 4, 6, 10, (12), 16, (14), 22. [Based on MAT, 2004] [Based on MAT, 2001]
4. 3, 10, 29, (66), (127), 218. [Based on MAT, 2004] 13. 15, 45, ?, 405
5. (2), 5, (12), 25, 41, 61 [Based on MAT, 2004] (a) 90 (b) 75
Directions (Q. 6 and 7): What number will replace the question (c) 135 (d) 51
mark (?) in these questions: [Based on MAT, 2001]

6. 3 8 10 2 ? 1 14. Find the next number:

6 56 90 2 20 0 2743, 2198, 1729, 1332,?
(a) 0 (b) 3 (a) 1015 (b) 1001
(c) 5 (d) 7 (c) 999 (d) 317
[Based on MAT, 2004] [Based on FMS (Delhi), 2004]
7. 1 2 3 2 10 12 15. Find the next number:
2 5 12 10 16 13
–1, 3, –15, 105, –945, 10395,?
1 2 1 ? 10 24
(a) 145535 (b) 135135
(a) 5 (b) 11
(c) –145535 (d) –135135
(c) 13 (d) 8
[Based on FMS (Delhi), 2004]
[Based on MAT, 2004]
8. The missing number in the series 8, 24, 12, 36, 18, 54, — 16. The first four numbers below form a series. Insert the
is missing number at the end of the series from the given
options:
(a) 27 (b) 108
(c) 68 (d) 72 28, 33, 31, 36,...
[Based on MAT, 2002] (a) 32 (b) 34
9. What is the next number in the series given below? (c) 38 (d) 40
[Based on Narsee Manjee Inst. of Man. Studies, 2003]
2, 5, 9, 14, 20
(a) 25 (b) 26 17. Find the next number:
(c) 27 (d) 28 999, 730, 511, 344, 215, ?
[Based on MAT, 2000] (a) 103 (b) 104
10. Complete the series: (c) 125 (d) 126
10, 18, 34, ??, 130, 258 [Based on FMS (Delhi), 2003]

Chapter_23.indd 36 2/1/2016 11:27:40 AM

 Series 37

18. Find the next number: 27. 24 : 126 :: 48 : ?

1, 3, 15, 105, 945,? (a) 433 (b) 192
(a) 9995 (b) 10395 (c) 240 (d) 344
(c) 956 (d) 19395 [Based on SSC (GL), 2010]
[Based on FMS (Delhi), 2003] 28. 1 : 8 :: 27 : ?
Directions (Q. 19 to 21): In each of these questions, a number (a) 37 (b) 47
series is given. After the series, a number is given followed by (a), (c) 57 (d) 64
(b), (c), (d) and (e). You have to complete the series starting with [Based on SSC (GL), 2010]
the number given following the sequence of the given series to
answer these questions: 29. Find the wrong number in the series
19. 3 10 26 83 336 1683 6, 9, 15, 22, 51, 99
7 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) 99 (b) 51
What will come in place of (b)? (c) 22 (d) 15
(a) 32 (b) 30 [Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
(c) 34 (d) 36 30. 8, 15, 36, 99, 288, ...?
(e) None of these [Based on IRMA, 2002]
(a) 368 (b) 676
20. 4 3 4 7 1.5 23.5 (c) 855 (d) 908
6 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) [Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
What will come in place of (c) ?
31. 4, 196, 16, 169, ? , 144, 64
(a) 8.5 (b) 9.5
(a) 21 (b) 81
(c) 8 (d) 9
(c) 36 (d) 32
(e) None of these [Based on IRMA, 2002]
[Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
21. 3 4 16 75 364 1945
32. Find out the questioned number. 6 : 5 : : 8 : ?
1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(a) 2 (b) 4
What will come in place of (c)?
(c) 6 (d) 10
(a) 72 (2) 63
[Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
(c) 66 (d) 69
(e) None of these [Based on IRMA, 2002] 33. 5, 21, 69, 213, 645, __ ?
(a) 1670 (b) 1941
22. 48, 24, 72, 36, 108, ?
(a) 115 (b) 110 (c) 720 (d) 1320
[Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
(c) 121 (d) 54
[Based on MAT, 2008] 34. 121, 144, 289, 324, 529, 576, __ ?
23. 7, 9, 13, 21, 37, ? (a) 961 (b) 841
(a) 58 (b) 63 (c) 900 (d) 729
(c) 69 (d) 72 [Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
[Based on SSC (GL), 2010] 35. 14, 19, 29, 49, 89, __ ?
24. 36, 28, 24, 22, ? (a) 139 (b) 149
(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 159 (d) 169
(c) 21 (d) 22 [Based on SSC (GL), 2011]
[Based on SSC (GL) 2010]
36. 34, 18, 10, ?
25. 0, 4, 18, 48, ?, 180
(a) 8 (b) 5
(a) 58 (b) 68
(c) 7 (d) 6
(c) 84 (d) 100
[Based on SSC (GL), 2010] [Based on SSC (GL), 2011]

26. 987 : IHG :: 654 : ? 37. 9, 8, 10, 16, 11, ?, 12, 64

(a) FDE (b) FED (a) 28 (b) 36
(c) EFD (d) DEF (c) 25 (d) 32
[Based on SSC (GL), 2010] [Based on SSC (GL), 2011]

Chapter_23.indd 37 2/1/2016 11:27:40 AM

 38 Chapter 4

38. 7, 8, 18, 57, ? 47. 850 600 550 500 475 462.5 456.25
(a) 232 (b) 228 (a) 600 (b) 550
(c) 234 (d) 226 (c) 500 (d) 462.5
(e) None of these (e) None of these
[Based on Gramin Bank U.P. (SO) Exam, 2012] [Based on Bank of Baroda PO, 2010]
39. 7, 11, 19, 35, ? 48. 12 12 18 36 90 270 ?
(a) 71 (b) 69 (a) 945 (b) 810
(c) 65 (d) 73 (c) 1080 (d) 1215
(e) None of these (e) None of these
[Based on Gramin Bank U.P. (SO) Exam, 2012] [Based on Syndicate Bank PO, 2010]
40. 5, 11, 23, ?, 95 49. 1015 508 255 129 66.5 ? 20.875
(a) 45 (b) 49 (a) 34.50 (b) 35
(c) 47 (d) 46 (c) 35.30 (d) 35.75
(e) None of these (e) None of these
[Based on Gramin Bank U.P. (SO) Exam, 2012] [Based on Syndicate Bank PO, 2010]
41. 17, 22, 52, 165, ? 50. 8 9 20 63 256 1285 ?
(a) 648 (b) 468 (a) 6430 (b) 7450
(c) 334 (d) 668 (c) 7716 (d) 7746
(e) None of these (e) None of these
[Based on Gramin Bank U.P. (SO) Exam, 2012] [Based on Syndicate Bank PO, 2010]
42. Find the value of x in the series 2, 6, 30, 210, x, 30030, ... 51. 980 484 236 112 50 ? 3.5
(a) 2310 (b) 1890 (a) 25 (b) 17
(c) 2520 (d) 2730 (c) 21 (d) 29
[Based on U.P. P.C.S., 2012]
(e) None of these
Directions (Q. 43 to 47): In each of these questions, one term in [Based on Syndicate Bank PO, 2010]
the given number series is wrong. Find out the wrong term.
52. The first three numbers in a series are – 3, 0, 3, the 10th
43. 142 119 100 83 65 59 52
number in the series will be
(a) 65 (b) 100
(a) 18 (b) 21
(c) 59 (d) 119
(c) 24 (d) 27
(e) None of these [Based on MAT (Sept), 2007]
[Based on Bank of Baroda PO, 2010]
53. Four different integers form an increasing AP If one of
44. 8 12 24 46 72 108 152 these numbers is equal to the sum of the squares of the
(a) 12 (b) 24 other three numbers, then the numbers are
(c) 46 (d) 72 (a) –2, –1, 0, 1 (b) 0, 1, 2, 3
(e) None of these (c) –1, 0, 1, 2 (d) None of these
[Based on Bank of Baroda PO, 2010] [Based on MAT (Dec), 2006]
45. 13 25 40 57 79 103 130 54. The missing number in the series 8, 24, 12, 36, 18, 54, ...
(a) 25 (b) 40 is
(c) 57 (d) 79 (a) 27 (b) 108
(e) None of these (c) 68 (d) 72
[Based on Bank of Baroda PO, 2010] [Based on MAT (May), 2002]
46. 2 10 18 54 162 486 1458 55. What is the next number in the series given below?
(a) 18 (b) 54 53, 48, 50, 50, 47
(c) 162 (d) 10 (a) 51 (b) 46
(e) None of these (c) 53 (d) 52
[Based on Bank of Baroda PO, 2010] [Based on MAT (Dec), 2000]

Chapter_23.indd 38 2/1/2016 11:27:40 AM

 Series 39

56. What is the next number in the series given below? 66. The next three terms of the series 28204492188 are
2, 5, 9, 14, 20 (a) 299 (b) 436
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 380 (d) 456
(c) 27 (d) 28 [Based on XAT, 2006]
[Based on MAT (Dec), 2000] 67. The next three terms of the series 137153163 are
57. In the following number series there is a wrong number. (a) 786 (b) 524
Find out that number. (c) 127 (d) 611
56, 72, 90, 108, 132 [Based on XAT, 2006]
(a) 72 (b) 132 68. The next three terms of the series 13102164129 are
(c) 108 (d) None of these (a) 778 (b) 612
[Based on MAT, 1999]
(c) 542 (d) 388
58. What should come in place of the question mark in the [Based on XAT, 2006]
following series?
69. The next three terms of the series 151620294 are
0, 1, ?, 64, 325
(a) 436 (b) 570
(a) 15 (b) 12
(c) 287 (d) 698
(c) 36 (d) 32 [Based on XAT, 2006]
[Based on MAT, 1999]
Directions (Q. 70 to 79): In each of these questions, one term in
59. The next number of the sequence 5, 25, 50, 250, 500, ... is the given number series is wrong. Find out the wrong term.
(a) 2500 (b) 1250 70. 484 240 120 57 26.5 11.25 3.625
(c) 1000 (d) 250 (a) 240 (b) 120
[Based on MAT, 1999] (c) 57 (d) 26.5
60. What is the next number in the series given be­low? (e) 11.25
2, 5, 9, 14, 20 [Based on Allahabad Bank PO, 2010]
(a) 25 (b) 26 71. 3 5 13 43 176 891 5353
(c) 27 (d) 28 (a) 5 (b) 13
[Based on MAT, 2000] (c) 43 (d) 176
61. What is the next number in the series given below? (e) 891
53, 48, 50, 50, 47 [Based on Allahabad Bank PO, 2010]
(a) 51 (b) 46 72. 6 7 16 41 90 154 292
(c) 53 (d) 52 (a) 7 (b) 16
[Based on MAT, 2000] (c) 41 (d) 90
62. Insert the missing number (e) 154
4, – 8, 16, – 32, 64, (...) [Based on Allahabad Bank PO, 2010]
(a) 128 (b) –128 73. 5 7 16 57 244 1245 7506
(c) 192 (d) –192 (a) 7 (b) 16
[Based on FMS (MS), 2006] (c) 57 (d) 244
63. The next 3 terms of the series 121143165 are (e) 1245
(a) 789 (b) 246 [Based on Allahabad Bank PO, 2010]
(c) 187 (d) 209 74. 4 2.5 3.5 6.5 15.5 41.25 126.75
[Based on XAT, 2006] (a) 2.5 (b) 3.5
64. The next three terms of the series 814265098 are (c) 6.5 (d) 15.5
(a) 386 (b) 194 (e) 41.25
(c) 943 (d) 650 [Based on Allahabad Bank PO, 2010]
[Based on XAT, 2006] 75. 32 34 37 46 62 87 123
65. The next three terms of the series 813213246 are (a) 34 (b) 37
(a) 74 (b) 98 (c) 62 (d) 87
(c) 54 (d) 63 (e) 46
[Based on XAT, 2006] [Based on Punjab and Sind Bank PO, 2010]

Chapter_23.indd 39 2/1/2016 11:27:41 AM

 40 Chapter 4

76. 7 18 40 106 183 282 403 85. 7 20 46 98 202?

(a) 18 (b) 282 (a) 420 (b) 410
(c) 40 (d) 106 (c) 310 (d) 320
(e) 183 (e) None of these
[Based on Punjab and Sind Bank PO, 2010] [Based on Punjab National Bank PO, 2010]
77. 850 843 829 808 788 745 703 86. 210 209 213 186 202?
(a) 843 (b) 829 (a) 138 (b) 77
(c) 808 (d) 788 (c) 177 (d) 327
(e) 745 (e) None of these
[Based on Punjab and Sind Bank PO, 2010] [Based on CBI (PO), 2010]

78. 33 321 465 537 590 600 87. 27 38 71 126 203?

(a) 321 (b) 465 (a) 212 (b) 202
(c) 573 (d) 537 (c) 301 (d) 312
(e) 590 (e) None of these
[Based on Punjab and Sind Bank PO, 2010] [Based on CBI (PO), 2010]

79. 37 47 52 67 87 112 142 88. 435 354 282 219 165?

(a) 47 (b) 52 (a) 103 (b) 112
(c) 67 (d) 87 (c) 120 (d) 130
(e) 112 (e) None of these
[Based on Punjab and Sind Bank PO, 2010] [Based on CBI (PO), 2010]

80. 586 587 586 581 570? 522 89. 4 200 369 513 634?
(a) 545 (b) 543 (a) 788 (b) 715
(c) 551 (d) 557 (c) 734 (d) 755
(e) None of these (e) None of these
[Based on Punjab National Bank PO, 2010] [Based on CBI (PO), 2010]

81. 64 54 69 49 74 44 ? 90. 8 11 17 47 128 371 1100

(a) 89 (b) 69 (a) 11 (b) 47
(c) 59 (d) 99 (c) 17 (d) 371
(e) None of these (e) 128
[Based on Punjab National Bank PO, 2010] [Based on Corporation Bank PO, 2009]

82. 4000 2008 1012? 265 140.5 78.25 91. 1 5 13 31 61 125 253
(a) 506 (b) 514 (a) 1 (b) 5
(c) 520 (d) 512 (c) 31 (d) 61
(e) None of these (e) 125
[Based on Punjab National Bank PO, 2010] [Based on Corporation Bank PO, 2009]

83. 5 5 15 75? 4725 51975 92. 325 314 288 247 191?
(a) 520 (b) 450 (a) 126 (b) 116
(c) 525 (d) 300 (c) 130 (d) 120
(e) None of these (e) None of these
[Based on Punjab National Bank PO, 2010] [Based on Corporation Bank PO, 2010]
84. 52 26 26 39 78? 585 93. 45 46 70 141? 1061.5
(a) 195 (b) 156 (a) 353 (b) 353.5
(c) 234 (d) 117 (c) 352.5 (d) 352
(e) None of these (e) None of these
[Based on Punjab National Bank PO, 2010] [Based on Corporation Bank PO, 2010]

Chapter_23.indd 40 2/1/2016 11:27:41 AM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of A
biographical memoir of the late Dr. Walter
Oudney, Captain Hugh Clapperton, both of the
Royal Navy, and Major Alex. Gordon Laing, all
of whom died amid their active and
enterprising endeavours to explore the interior
of Africa
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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eBook.

Title: A biographical memoir of the late Dr. Walter Oudney,

Captain Hugh Clapperton, both of the Royal Navy, and
Major Alex. Gordon Laing, all of whom died amid their
active and enterprising endeavours to explore the
interior of Africa

Author: Thomas Nelson

Release date: November 23, 2023 [eBook #72209]

Language: English

Original publication: Edinburgh: Waugh and Innes, 1830

Credits: Galo Flordelis (This file was produced from images

generously made available by the HathiTrust Digital
Library)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A

BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF THE LATE DR. WALTER OUDNEY,
CAPTAIN HUGH CLAPPERTON, BOTH OF THE ROYAL NAVY,
AND MAJOR ALEX. GORDON LAING, ALL OF WHOM DIED AMID
THEIR ACTIVE AND ENTERPRISING ENDEAVOURS TO
EXPLORE THE INTERIOR OF AFRICA ***
ROUTE OF Major Denham, Captn. Clapperton
and Dr. Oudney, in AFRICA.

(Large-size)
 A

BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR
OF THE LATE

DR. WALTER OUDNEY,

AND

CAPTAIN HUGH CLAPPERTON,

BOTH OF THE ROYAL NAVY,

AND

MAJOR ALEX. GORDON LAING,

ALL OF WHOM DIED AMID THEIR ACTIVE AND
ENTERPRISING ENDEAVOURS

TO

EXPLORE THE INTERIOR OF AFRICA.

BY THE

REV. THOMAS NELSON, M.W.S.

EDINBURGH: WAUGH AND INNES;

WHITTAKER, TREACHER, & CO. LONDON.

M.DCCC.XXX.
 Edinburgh:
Printed by A. Balfour & Co. Niddry Street.
 TO

ROBERT JAMESON, ESQ.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
EDINBURGH,

This small Volume is respectfully inscribed by the

Author, as a token of gratitude for his kindness to
himself, as a Memorial of the friendship and
patronage extended by him to the Gentlemen, the
incidents of whose lives it records, and as a
Testimony of the estimation in which his character is
held for his assiduous cultivation of Physical Science
in all its branches, and for his unwearied, enlightened,
and generous efforts to inspire, not only the Students
of his class, but the Public at large, with a love for the
study of Nature.
 P R E FA CE.

The materials whence the following biographical memoirs of the two

young men who were knit together in friendship, and whose
adventurous enthusiasm led them into the dangerous situation in
which their lives were terminated, have been drawn entirely from
private and authentic sources of information. The author had the
satisfaction of being personally acquainted with both the travellers,
before they went to Africa, and had, in consequence, the best
opportunities of learning the facts and circumstances of the previous
part of their lives. But the present publication, of which they are the
subject, owes its origin to an incidental conversation which he had
with Dr. James Kay, R.N. the intimate friend both of Oudney and
Clapperton. Dr. Kay not only had stored up in his memory many
curious incidents and anecdotes of his friends, which he
communicated freely, but he had in his possession a number of
letters from them both, received before and after they had
commenced their exploratory expedition. All these letters, with a
variety of other documents relative to them and their affairs, were
readily imparted to the author, to make whatever use of them his
judgment and discretion might dictate. When he had resolved on
publication, he mentioned his design to Professor Jameson, who, he
was aware, had been instrumental in getting both our travellers
appointed to the mission, in the accomplishment of which they went
to Africa. The Professor not only approved of the design, but
afforded the author essential service in its execution, by putting into
his possession a file of letters from Dr. Oudney, written during the
prosecution of his African expedition, and addressed, some of them
to the Professor, and the rest of them to the traveller’s eldest sister.
Professor Jameson, likewise, mentioned a number of interesting
particulars relative chiefly to the arrangements of the expedition, and
the views of the gentlemen by whom it was undertaken. The author
is farther indebted for a part of his information to Lieutenant Sheriff,
R.N. who had lived in habits of the closest intimacy with Captain
Clapperton, during a series of years, and had become well
acquainted with his history. Dr. Kay, moreover, applied to Mr.
Anderson, formerly a resident in the West Indies, afterwards in
Edinburgh, and now in the vicinity of Birmingham, also one of
Captain Clapperton’s friends, to communicate what he recollected of
him worthy being made public; and in reply he sent a letter, which
was also given to the author, containing many valuable facts relating
to an important period of Clapperton’s life; and stating the dates and
particulars of a great part of his public career as an officer in the
Navy, as well as mentioning a number of incidents, sentiments, and
conduct, illustrative of his character as a private individual. These
are the materials out of which the following narratives have been
composed, and while, it is hoped, they will have the effect of
preserving the memory of two interprising men who sacrificed their
lives in the discharge of their duty, from being lost in oblivion, they
will, at the same time, serve to assure the reader, that he may safely
repose the most unlimited confidence in the accuracy of their details.
After both the memoirs had been composed, and indeed printed
in a different form to that in which they now appear—a circumstance
which will account for the frequent use of the editorial we—the
Author had the good fortune to meet with Captain Clapperton’s
sister, from whom he received some valuable information respecting
the early part, especially, of her adventurous and lamented brother’s
life. In consequence of this accession of materials, he has been
enabled to correct several passages, and greatly to enrich his
narrative. And now he begs leave to offer his cordial thanks to that
lady, as well as to all the gentlemen mentioned above, to whom he
has been so much indebted.
With regard to the Memoir of Major Laing, the Author of those of
Oudney and Clapperton must disclaim both the merit and the
responsibility. It was compiled from a variety of previously published
notices of that gentleman, who like many others met an early grave
in the interior of the African continent. As, however, he was the
countryman of the other two travellers, and met his death while
engaged in the discharge of similar duties, as well as nearly about
the same time, the accompanying notice of his career seems to form
a suitable companion to the narratives in which theirs are recorded.
 C O N T E N TS.

DR. OUDNEY’S LIFE.

Dr. Oudney’s birth, enters Edinburgh University, passes as Surgeon, enters the
Royal Navy, 3—Put on half-pay, 4—Returns to Edinburgh, 5—Practises as
Surgeon, 6—Appointed member of expedition to explore the interior of Africa, 9—
Letter from London on the eve of his departure, 10—Letter from Malta, 11—Two
letters from Tripoli, 12—Letter from Tripoli, 16—Letter from Gardens, near Tripoli,
18—Letter from Mourzuk, 19—Ditto, 20—Ditto, to Professor Jameson, 22—Letter
from Mourzuk, 25—Letter to Professor Jameson from Mourzuk, 27—Letter from
Mourzuk, 30—Letter from Gatroni, 31—letter from Kuka, kingdom of Bornou, 32—
Letter from Kuka, 34—Sets forward to Soudan, 36—Falls ill at Katagum, letter
from Captain Clapperton to Mr. Consul Warrington from Kano, giving an account of
his illness and death, 37.

CAPTAIN CLAPPERTON’S LIFE.

Introductory remarks, 45—His parentage, 48—Birth, education, youthful

adventures, embraces the sea service, 52—Promoted to be a midshipman in his
majesty’s ship Renommeé, 58—Service in the East Indies, nearly drowned,
storming fort Louis, 64—Service on the lakes of Canada, crosses the ice to York,
Upper Canada, great sufferings, Huron Indians, 73—Second step of promotion,
and conduct while an officer on half-pay, 82—Acquaintance with Dr. Oudney, and
his first expedition to Africa, 91—Second expedition to Africa, 94—Account of
Mungo Park’s death, arrival at Soccatoo, his baggage seized by Bello, falls ill,
Lander’s account of his death, 112.

MAJOR LAING’S LIFE.

Birth and parentage, 117—Assists his father as a teacher, 118—Enters the
Edinburgh volunteers as ensign, 118—Goes to Barbadoes, 119—Placed on half-
pay, 120—Appointed Lieutenant and Adjutant, and goes to Sierra Leone, 120—
Goes on an embassy to Kambia, 120—Description of the country, &c. 125—
Penetrates into the country of the Soolimas, 126—Description of his route, 130—
Inoculates the children in Falaba, 136—Returns to Sierra Leone, 138—Sent to
England with despatches, 139—Promoted to be a Major, leaves London for Tripoli
on his way to Timbuctoo, 139—Marries Miss Warrington, 140—Leaves Tripoli, 140
—His journey, 142—His party attacked, and himself wounded, 143—Report of his
death, 144.
 Publications by the same Author.

1. A Sermon on the Return of Peace; preached at Holcome,

Lancashire, on the 7th July 1814.
Bishop Law, then of Chester, and now of Bath and Wells, in a Letter to the
Author, thus stated his opinion of the above discourse.
“Rev. Sir,—I have read your sermon with great pleasure, and entire
approbation. It is a composition every way respectable.”

2. A Narrative of the King’s Visit to Scotland, in August 1822.

3. A Treatise on Religion inserted in the Encyclopædia Edinensis.

The late venerable Sir Henry Moncrieff was pleased to express his unqualified
approbation of the above Treatise.

4. A Catechism of the Evidences of the Christian Religion.

From the Edinburgh Saturday Evening Post.—“Into a small compass, and at a
cheap price, the author has condensed the substance of many large treatises,
which the interest of the subject has called forth. The style is plain, simple, and
forcible; and we venture to affirm that he who makes himself master of the volume,
small as it is, will never be at a loss to give an answer to any man that asketh him
a reason of the hope that is in him.”
Extract of a Letter from W. Grant, Esq. Manchester.—“Your Catechism of the
Evidences of Christianity is admirably calculated for the improvement of youth.”

5. A Classical Atlas, with a Memoir on Ancient Geography,

dedicated to the Rector and Masters of the High School of
Edinburgh. In 22 Maps, neatly coloured, and half-bound, 8vo. Price
6s.
From the Edinburgh Literary Gazette.—“This is one of the neatest, best
arranged, and best executed little Manuals of Geography we have ever seen.”
 From the Edinburgh Evening Post.—“We know of no addition which has been
made to the number of our useful School-Books, for years past, by many degrees
so valuable as this Classical Atlas. It is neat and portable, accurate, and cheap,
and in all respects well fitted to accomplish its object.”
 ERRATUM.
Page 23 for only, read nearly.
 MEMOIR
OF

D R . O U D N E Y,
THE AFRICAN TRAVELLER.

Although biography be the most attractive species of historical

composition, as it gratifies the prying curiosity of our nature by
making us acquainted with the origin and progress, and the retired
habits, as well as the public pursuits, conduct, and character of
distinguished individuals; yet there are few, comparatively speaking,
of the human race, the actions of whose lives possess sufficient
interest to engage the attention of their fellow-men, or are, on that
account, worthy to be made the subject of biographical record. Had,
therefore, Dr. Oudney’s name not been associated with that select
band of enterprising men whose love of scientific adventure caused
them to forego their native country and the endearments of home,
and to wander in foreign lands, till they fell the victims of their own
enthusiasm; we are ready to grant that, in all probability,
notwithstanding his accomplishments and his worth, he would have
been allowed to rest uninquired after with those millions of mankind
who, the feverish bustle of life being over, have become “to dumb
forgetfulness a prey.” But as he had the ardour of mind to undertake
an expedition into the interior of Africa with the view of enlarging the
dominions of science, and the perseverance to prosecute the
enterprise, till, like others who had preceded him in the same career,
he sacrificed his life in the performance of his duty; the incidents of
his history have thereby acquired an interest, which, in other
circumstances, they could not have possibly possessed; and, hence,
a short memoir of his life cannot fail to afford a high gratification to a
numerous class of readers; and this it is the object of the following
pages to supply.
Doctor Walter Oudney was born, of humble parentage, in the
vicinity of Edinburgh, in the month of December, 1790. From his
boyhood he discovered an uncommon disposition and aptitude for
learning; so that he could scarcely be induced to take the necessary
hours of repose. It does not appear, however, that at this early period
he manifested that inclination for travelling or adventure which
afterwards operated so powerfully on his mind, and which seems to
have been entirely the result of his professional occupation as a
surgeon in the Royal Navy. Having found the means of attending the
medical classes in the university of Edinburgh, he applied himself
with indefatigable ardour to his studies, though we are not aware that
he gained any other distinction beyond that of the esteem of his
class-fellows, and the approbation of the respective professors under
whom he studied; with some of whom he continued on terms of
intimate friendship till the day of his death. Having passed the
necessary examinations, and taken his surgeon’s degree, he
experienced little difficulty, during the late extensive and long
continued war with France, of obtaining an appointment as a
surgeon in the royal navy. In this capacity he was employed, during a
series of years, on various stations, and among others in the Indian
ocean; and throughout the whole of that important period of his life,
while he was assiduous in the prosecution of his professional
studies, he was, at the same time, particularly careful to increase the
quantity, and to extend the sphere of his general knowledge. For this
laudable purpose, he applied himself with diligence to the reading of
the Greek and Latin classics, and made great progress in the
acquisition of the French, the Italian, and several other of the modern
languages of Europe.
When, by means of the noble perseverance and the heroic
bravery of Great Britain and her allies, the terrible and desolating war
which had broken out at the French revolution—a war which involved
not only the whole of Europe, but the greater part of the world at
large in its interests, and which, during a long series of years, was
carried on with unexampled pertinacity and magnitude of effort, both
by sea and land—had ended in the subversion of the usurped power
of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the restoration of the exiled princes of
Bourbon to the royal authority which had been so long exercised by
their ancestors, and when thereby peace was once more allowed to
revisit the almost exhausted nations of Europe; Mr. Oudney, with
thousands of his countrymen, had an opportunity of returning to his
native country, and of revisiting the city in which he had received his
education, and with which, consequently, he had many endearing
and tenderly-cherished associations. He was now a naval surgeon
on half pay, and, we believe, in the prospect of some prize-money;
and, what must have been peculiarly agreeable to his mind, which
was eminently gentle, sedate, and full of sensibility, he had an
opportunity of witnessing the grateful and enthusiastic exultation
which was exhibited by all ranks and descriptions of men for the
gallant and signally important achievements, which, for the benefit
and honour of the country, had been accomplished by the service
with which he had been so long connected, and by which the dignity
and the independence of the British empire had been so gloriously
sustained.
Mr. Oudney, on his return, found his mother and his young sisters
residing in Edinburgh, and with these near relations, who ever were,
and continued to the last to be, the objects of his duteous affection
and tender solicitude, he once more domesticated; and while he
treated his mother, now advancing into the vale of years, with the
respectful attention and kindness which filial regard alone can
dictate, he was to his sisters at once a father and a brother. He put
them in the way of receiving a good education, was careful to
impress upon their minds the lessons of virtue and religion, and
introduced them to society of a higher grade than, without his
assistance, they could have hoped to associate. Indeed, during the
whole period of Mr. Oudney’s public service, his mother and his
sisters had never ceased to engage his solicitous attention; and to
assure them of his affection towards them, and of his desire to
minister to their comfort, he had from time to time sent them money
so long as his public duties kept him at a distance from their society.
This fact, so worthy of being recorded and remembered to Mr.
Oudney’s honour, is a proof that his mind, which had been early
impressed, continued to be steadily actuated, by a sentiment, which
has long formed a distinguishing feature in the character of the
Scottish peasantry; namely, the obligation so deeply felt, and so
generally acted upon by them, of contributing to the support of their
aged and dependent relatives. To form and to cherish this generous
principle in the minds of the young, constitutes a part of their
religious education, and hence spring many of those pure and lofty
virtues which are often seen exemplified even in the humblest walks
of life, and which are nowhere depicted with more truth and feeling
than in the immortal pages of Burns. This is a trait in the Scottish
character which is truly ennobling, and which we fondly hope no
change of manners will ever weaken or efface.
As soon as Mr. Oudney had settled in Edinburgh he resumed his
professional studies, and having completed the curriculum,
prescribed to those who wish to take the degree of Doctor of
Medicine, he obtained that academical rank upon the first of August
1817, his inaugural dissertation being “De Dysenteria Orientali,” a
subject to which his attention was doubtless directed by having had
an opportunity of observing the character and treatment of that
disease during the period of his naval practice. He now became a
medical practitioner in Edinburgh, and was very careful to observe
and record the symptoms and circumstances which, in that capacity,
came under his notice. While he was thus employed, he was in the
habit of imparting the result of his observations to his medical
friends, and among others, to Dr. Abercrombie of this city, who, once
and again, in his communications to the “Edinburgh Medical and
Surgical Journal,” has mentioned Dr. Oudney with approbation, and
incorporated his young friend’s information with that of his own. We
likewise observe in the same Journal (for July 1820) a paper by Dr.
Oudney, entitled, “Cases of Ileus from a twist of the colon,” and we
are assured on the authority of one of the most intimate of his
medical friends, that he frequently sent communications to the
“London Medical Journal.” At this period he was assiduous in the
study of chemistry and natural history. Botany, especially, engaged
much of his attention; and, we believe, he was indebted to the late
Dr. Scott for much valuable information on this interesting
department of physical knowledge. He and Dr. Scott commenced a