INTRODUCTION - MALE/FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND FUNCTIONS

Adult males and females produce specialised reproductive germ cells, called ganetes.
The male gametes are called spermatozoa and the fenale gametes called ova.

They contain the genetic material, or genes, on chromosomes, which pass inherited
characteristics on to the next generation.
At fertilisation, the fusion of an ovum and a spermatozoon, the resulting cellis called a
zygote
The fuctions of the female reproductive system
" formation of ova
ception of spermatozoa
"provision of suitable environments for fertilisation and fetal development
parturition (childb1rth)
"lactation, the production of brcast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the
baby in its early life.

The functions of the male reproductive system are:

"production of spermatozoa
"transmission of spermatozoa to the female
COMMON CONDITIONS
Chronic renal failure: This occurs when the renal reserve is lost and there is
irreversible damage to about 7596 of nephrons. Onset is usually slow and
asymptomatic, progressing over several years. The main causes are diabetes mellitus,
glomerulonephritis and hypertension
End-stage renal failure: When death is likely without renal replacement therapy, such
as haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or a kidney transplant, the condition is referred to
as end-stage renal failure. The excretory functions of the kidneys are lost, acid-base
balance cannot be maintained and endocrine functions of the kidncy are disrupted.
Ureteritis: Inflammation of a ureter is usuallydue to the upward spread of infection in
cystitis.
Cystitis: This is inflammation of the bladder
Urethritis: This is inflammation of the urethra

Acute renal failure: There is asudden and severe reduction in the glomerular filtration
rate and kidney function that is often reversible over days or wecks if treated.

oPTUM