HL topic 8 Acids and bases - 10 September 2020

1. [1 mark]

Which two species act as Brønsted–Lowry acids in the reaction?

H2PO4− (aq) + OH− (aq) HPO42− (aq) + H2O (l)

A. HPO42− (aq) and OH− (aq)

B. H2PO4− (aq) and HPO42− (aq)

C. HPO42− (aq) and H2O (l)

D. H2PO4− (aq) and H2O (l)

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

2. [1 mark]

What is the order of increasing pH for the following solutions of the same concentration?

A. HCl (aq) < NH3 (aq) < NaOH (aq) < CH3COOH (aq)

B. CH3COOH (aq) < HCl (aq) < NH3 (aq) < NaOH (aq)

C. HCl (aq) < CH3COOH (aq) < NH3 (aq) < NaOH (aq)

D. NaOH (aq) < NH3 (aq) < CH3COOH (aq) < HCl (aq)

Markscheme

Examiners report

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 [N/A]

3. [1 mark]

What are the products of the reaction between sulfuric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate?

A. NaSO4 + H2O + CO2

B. Na2SO4 + CO2

C. Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

D. NaSO4 + H2CO3

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

4. [1 mark]

Which statement is correct?

A. A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a strong conjugate base.

B. A weak acid is a poor proton acceptor and has a strong conjugate base.

C. A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a weak conjugate base.

D. A strong base is a good proton donor and has a weak conjugate acid.

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

5. [1 mark]

What will happen if the pressure is increased in the following reaction mixture at equilibrium?

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H+ (aq) + HCO3− (aq)

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 A. The equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will decrease.

B. The equilibrium will shift to the right and pH will increase.

C. The equilibrium will shift to the left and pH will increase.

D. The equilibrium will shift to the left and pH will decrease.

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

6. [1 mark]

10.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide of pH = 10 is mixed with 990.0 cm 3 of

distilled water. What is the pH of the resulting solution?

A. 8

B. 9

C. 11

D. 12

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

7. [1 mark]

Which statement is incorrect for a 0.10 mol dm–3 HCOOH solution?

A. pH = 1

B. [H+] << 0.10 mol dm–3

C. [HCOO–] is approximately equal to [H+]

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 D. HCOOH is partially ionized

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

8. [1 mark]
Which can act as a Lewis acid but not a Brønsted–Lowry acid?
A. BF3

B. H2O

C. NF3

D. NH3

Markscheme
A
9. [1 mark]

What is the order, in increasing pH, of the following solutions of equal concentration?

A. H3BO3 < CH3CH2CH2COOH < CH3CH2COOH < CHCl2COOH

B. H3BO3 < CH3CH2CH2COOH < CHCl2COOH < CH3CH2COOH

C. CH3CH2CH2COOH < CH3CH2COOH < CHCl2COOH < H3BO3

D. CHCl2COOH < CH3CH2CH2COOH < CH3CH2COOH < H3BO3

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 Markscheme
D
10. [1 mark]

Which of the following is correct?

A. A weak acid is a proton donor and its aqueous solution shows good conductivity.

B. A weak acid is a proton donor and its aqueous solution shows poor conductivity.

C. A weak acid is a proton acceptor and its aqueous solution shows good conductivity.

D. A weak acid is a proton acceptor and its aqueous solution shows poor conductivity.

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

11 Which solution is basic at 25 °C?

Kw = 1.0 × 10−14
A. [H+] = 1.0 × 10−3 mol dm−3
B. [OH−] = 1.0 × 10−13 mol dm−3
C. solution of pH = 4.00
D. [H3O+] = 1.0 × 10−13 mol dm−3

Markscheme
D
12. [1 mark]

Which of the following gases does not result in acid deposition?

A. CO2
B. NO2
C. NO
D. SO2

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 Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

13. [1 mark]

A student carried out a titration to determine the concentration of an acid and found that his value had
good precision but poor accuracy. Which process explains this outcome?

A. Consistently overshooting the volume of solution from the burette into the flask.

B. Collection of insufficient titration data.

C. Reading the meniscus in the burette at a different angle each time.

D. Forgetting to rinse the flask after one of the titrations.

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

14. [1 mark]

Activity series of selected elements:

Which react with dilute sulfuric acid?

I. Cu

II. CuO

III. CuCO3

A. I and II only

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 B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Markscheme

Examiners report

[N/A]

15[1 mark]

Which has the strongest conjugate base?

A. HCOOH (Ka = 1.8 × 10−4)
B. HNO2 (Ka = 7.2 × 10−4)
C. HCN (Ka = 6.2 × 10−10)
D. HIO3 (Ka = 1.7 × 10−1)

Markscheme
C

16[1 mark]

What is the pH of 0.001 mol dm−3 NaOH (aq)?

A. 1
B. 3
C. 11
D. 13

Markscheme
C

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17[1 mark]

Where is the buffer region for the titration of a weak acid with a strong base?

Markscheme
B

18[1 mark]

The following equation represents the dissociation of water at 25 °C.

2H2O (l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + OH− (aq) ΔH = +56 kJ
Which changes occur as the temperature increases?
A. [H3O+] increases and pH will decrease.
B. [H3O+] decreases and pH will increase.
C. [H3O+] increases and pH will increase.
D. [H3O+] decreases and pH will decrease.

Markscheme
A

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19a[1 mark]

Graphing is an important tool in the study of rates of chemical reactions.

Outline why pH is more widely used than [H+] for measuring relative acidity.

Markscheme

«pH» converts «wide range of [H+]» into simple «log» scale/numbers

OR

«pH» avoids need for exponential/scientific notation

OR

«pH» converts small numbers into values «typically» between 0/1 and 14

OR

«pH» allows easy comparison of values of [H+]

Accept “uses values between 0/1 and 14”.

Do not accept “easier to use”.

Do not accept “easier for calculations”.

[1 mark]

Examiners report

[N/A]

19b. [1 mark]

Outline why H3PO4/HPO42− is not a conjugate acid-base pair.

Markscheme

«species» do not differ by a «single» proton/H+

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OR

conjugate base of H3PO4 is H2PO4– «not HPO42–»

OR

conjugate acid of HPO42– is H2PO4– «not H3PO4»

Do not accept “hydrogen/H” for “H+/proton”.

[1 mark]

Examiners report

[N/A]

20a. [1 mark]
A molecule of citric acid, C6H8O7, is shown.

The equation for the first dissociation of citric acid in water is

C6H8O7 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ C6H7O7− (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
Identify a conjugate acid–base pair in the equation.

Markscheme
C6H8O7 AND C6H7O7−
OR
H2O AND H3O+ ✔
20b. [1 mark]
The value of Ka at 298 K for the first dissociation is 5.01 × 10−4.
State, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid.

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Markscheme
weak acid AND partially dissociated
OR
weak acid AND equilibrium lies to left
OR
weak acid AND Ka < 1 ✔
20c. [2 marks]
The dissociation of citric acid is an endothermic process. State the effect on the hydrogen ion
concentration, [H+], and on Ka, of increasing the temperature.

Markscheme

21a. [2 marks]
Another common acid found in food is ethanoic acid.
A sample of ethanoic acid was titrated with sodium hydroxide solution, and the following pH curve
obtained.

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Annotate the graph to show the buffer region and the volume of sodium hydroxide at the
equivalence point.

Markscheme

buffer region on graph ✔

equivalence point/Veq on graph ✔
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 NOTE: Construction lines not required.
21b. [1 mark]
Identify the most suitable indicator for the titration using section 22 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
phenolphthalein ✔
NOTE: Accept phenol red.
21c. [2 marks]
Describe, using a suitable equation, how the buffer solution formed during the titration resists pH
changes when a small amount of acid is added.

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1:
H+ (aq) + CH3COO– (aq) → CH3COOH (aq) ✔
added acid neutralised by ethanoate ions
OR
«weak» CH3COOH (aq)/ethanoic acid replaces H+ (aq)
OR
CH3COOH/CH3COO– ratio virtually/mostly unchanged ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2:
CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + CH3COO– (aq) ✔
equilibrium shifts to the ethanoic acid side
OR
CH3COOH/CH3COO− ratio virtually/mostly unchanged ✔

22a. [2 marks]

Limescale, CaCO3(s), can be removed from water kettles by using vinegar, a dilute solution of ethanoic
acid, CH3COOH(aq).

Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of hydrochloric
acid and ethanoic acid with samples of calcium carbonate.

Markscheme

slower rate with ethanoic acid

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 OR

smaller temperature rise with ethanoic acid

[H+] lower

OR

ethanoic acid is partially dissociated

OR

ethanoic acid is weak

Accept experimental observations such as “slower bubbling” or “feels less warm”.

[2 marks]

Examiners report

[N/A]

22b. [5 marks]

Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other dissolved
gases can result in a much lower pH.

Give chemical equations to show why unpolluted rain is naturally acid.

State two gases which can dissolve in water to cause rain with a pH< 5.

State two environmental effects of acid rain.

Markscheme

CO2(g) + H20(l) ⇄ H2CO3(aq) ⇄ H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq)

SO2, SO3, NO, NO2

For environmental effects of acid rain: Any one of:

corrosion of materials/metals/carbonate materials

destruction of plant/aquatic life

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 «indirect» effect on human health

Accept “lowering pH of oceans/lakes/waterways”.

[1 mark]

Examiners report

[N/A]

23a. [1 mark]

Soluble acids and bases ionize in water.

Sodium hypochlorite ionizes in water.

OCl–(aq) + H2O(l) OH–(aq) + HOCl(aq)

Identify the amphiprotic species.

Markscheme

water/H2O

Accept “hydroxide ion/OH–”.

[1 mark]

Examiners report

[N/A]

23b. [1 mark]

Identify one conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction.

Markscheme

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 [1 mark]

Examiners report

[N/A]

23c. [1 mark]

A solution containing 0.510 g of an unknown monoprotic acid, HA, was titrated with 0.100 mol dm –3
NaOH(aq). 25.0 cm3 was required to reach the equivalence point.

Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH(aq) used.

Markscheme

«0.100 mol dm–3 x 0.0250 dm3» = 0.00250 «mol»

[1 mark]

Examiners report

[N/A]

23d. [1 mark]

Calculate the molar mass of the acid.

Markscheme

«M = =» 204 «g mol–1»

[1 mark]

Examiners report

[N/A]

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23e. [1 mark]

Calculate [H+] in the NaOH solution.

Markscheme

«1.00 x 10–14 = [H+] x 0.100»

1.00 x 10–13 «mol dm–3»

[1 mark]

Examiners report

[N/A]

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