8

Science
Quarter 3-Module 5
Week 5, Atomic Structure
Science - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 - Module 5: Atomic Structure Revised
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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

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Development Team of the Module

Writer/Compiler: Emarie Kathleen G. Verano, Teacher I, (CCDCAGMNHS)

Illustrator/Layout Artist: N/A

Content Editors: Dr. Gemma A. Bendebel , Principal II Lahug Night High School
Mr. Rommel C. Villahermosa, Assisting Principal, Abellana NS

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Management Team: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent Dr.
Bernadette A. Susvilla, Assistant Schools Division
Superintendent
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Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS LRMDS

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Office Address : New Imus Avenue, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City
Telephone Nos. : (032) 2551516
E-mail Address : cebu.city@deped.gov.ph

II

Atomic
Lesson
Structure

Quarter : Third Quarter

Content Standard
Performance Standard
different models of the atom.
Competency
atom. S8MT-IIIe-f10
Duration : Quarter 3, Week 5 Topic :
Structure
: The learners should be able to identity a
substance according to its atomic structure.
: The learners should be able to create a comic strip
that explains the history of the development of the
: The learners should be able to determine the
number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an
Atomic

What I Need to Know

From the previous module, you learned that matter is made up of atoms
which are too small to see with the unaided eye or even with the use of the ordinary
light microscope. When the idea of the atom was conceived by the ancient Greek
philosophers, they thought the atom is indivisible, that it has no parts. However,
Scientists have proven that the atom is composed of even smaller particles. From
experiments conducted in the latter part of the 19th century to the early half of the
20th century, scientists collected evidence that atoms are composed of three types
of particles, namely, (1) protons, (2) electrons and (3) neutrons. These components
of the atom are collectively referred to as subatomic particles. To get you started,
prepare yourself to turn the atoms inside out!
Objectives:
1. Explain the three fundamental laws established by Dalton.
2. Describe how the structures of an atom evolved.
3. Differentiate the three sub-atomic particles.
4. Infer that object may carry positive and negative charges.
5. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
 1

What I Know

Pre-Assessment
DIRECTIONS: Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Who is the first person to suggest that all matter is made of tiny particles?
A. Democritus B. Ernest Rutherford C. John Dalton D. J.J Thomson
2. Which of the following statements is NOT part of Dalton’s Atomic theory? A.
All atoms of a given element are identical.
B. Atoms combine in simple, fixed whole number ratios.
C. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
D. During a chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
3. What is the region where an electron is MOST likely to be found?
A. energy levels B. nucleus C. orbitals D. shell
4. What does the law of conservation of mass state?
A. All atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
B. Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
C. The mass of the substance produced is equal to the mass of the
substances that reacted.
D. All samples of pure compound always contain the same proportions of the
composing elements.
5. Who proposed the idea that an atom contains a dense nucleus?
A. Ernest Rutherford B.James Chadwick C.J.J Thomson D.John Dalton
6. Which atomic model was the first one to include electrons?
A. Bohr’s atomic model C. Rutherford’s atomic model
B. Dalton’s atomic model D. Thomson’s plum pudding model 7. Which
atomic model was the first one to identify energy levels?
A. Bohr’s atomic model C. Rutherford’s atomic model
B. Dalton’s atomic model D. Thompson’s plum pudding model
8. Who discovered neutron?
A. Democritus B. Ernest Rutherford C. James Chadwick D. J.J
Thomson
9. Which subatomic model was the first to assume that atoms come in different
shapes and sizes?
A. Dalton’s model B.Thomson’s model C. Democritus’ model D. Rutherford’s
model 10. What are the three basic subatomic particles?
A. proton, ion and electron C. proton, neutron, and electron B.
nucleus, proton, and neutron D. proton, neutron, and hydrogen 11. What do
you call the number of protons within the nucleus of an atom?
 A. Atomic mass B. Atomic number C. Mass number D. Nucleon number
12. A neutral atom of nitrogen (N) has seven protons, seven neutrons, and seven
electrons. What are the atomic number and mass number of Nitrogen?
A. 7;7 B. 7;14 C. 14;7 D. 14;14
13. Which of the particles have approximately the same size and mass?
A. Protons and neutrons C. Neutrons and electrons
B. Electrons and protons D. All subatomic particles have different mass and size

2
14. What is the equivalent mass number of an atom? It is the total number
of____________.
A. protons in the atom C. particles within the nucleus
B. electrons in the atom D. subatomic particles in the atom
15. An element has a mass number of 40 and atomic number of 20. How many
neutrons does this atom have?
A. 2 B. 20 C. 40 D. 60

What’s In

Let us have a quick look at what you learned from the previous module. This will help
you get connected.
DIRECTIONS: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write the letter of
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The particles of a gas are packed tightly together because of the strong forces
of attraction between the particles.
2. During the melting process, the temperature of a solid increases steadily until
all of it has melted.
3. When a gas condenses to a liquid phase, it will absorb heat from its
surrounding.
4. An increase in temperature increases molecular motion and increases the
distance between atoms and molecules in solids, liquids, and gases.
5. The molecules of the liquid inside the thermometer increase in speed when
the thermometer is cooled down.

What’s New
Activity 1 “Charge” it to experience!
I. Objectives:
After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. observe that objects may attract or repel each other,
2. infer that object may carry positive and negative charges, and
3. deduce that neutral objects contain positive and negative charges. II.
Materials Needed:
Plastic comb, paper
III. Procedure: (Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.)
1. Tear off several bits of paper about the size a pea or smaller and place
them on aa table or counter.
2. Bring the comb near to the paper bits.
Q1. What happened to the bits of paper? __________________
3. Next run the comb through your hair several times and again bring the
comb near the bits of paper. Observe.
Q2. What happened with the bits of paper? ____________________
3
Q3. Based on your observations, did the comb acquire the same
charges? Explain_______________________________________ IV.
Conclusion:
_________________________________________________________________

What is It

From the activity above, you have “experienced” that objects, even they seem to
be neutral, can carry “charges”. In fact, you were able to charge the objects by rubbing them
against another object; just like when you rubbed the comb onto your hair. The first time you
brought the comb near the paper bits, nothing happened, but when you gave the comb a
charge of static electricity. Then, when you brought the comb near the paper bits, they were
attracted to the comb because of the charge. Have you experienced the same with your
hair after brushing it? Did you observe some unusual behavior, too? Was it a “hair-raising”
experience? Why do you think this happened? From here, you can infer that object is
electrically neutral, or simply, neutral, but it carries electrical charges. But where do all
these charges come from? Let’s find out!

Early theories of the Atom

The concept of the atom started with the ancient Greeks 2500 years ago.
Leucippus and Democritus believed that all matter in nature consisted of two things:
atoms and the void (emptiness) around them. They thought that atoms are already
indivisible and indestructible because these are very small. Moreover, Democritus
believed that atoms are solid with no empty spaces within them, just like small
marbles. They also believed that different atoms have different shapes and sizes.
Democritus thought that matter, such as rock, can be pounded and grinded into very
small grains. This process can be repeated until you reached a point wherein a
certain grain cannot be grounded into a smaller grain. He named this very small
piece of matter atomos, which means “indestructible particle”.

John Dalton’s Atomic Theory

In 1803, John Dalton proposed his theory of the atom. His atomic theory
explained the existing laws and principles about the concept of chemical
combination. It was also based from the works of earlier scientists. He is regarded
as the “father of the modern atomic theory”. His atomic theory states the following:
- Matter is made up of very small, invisible, and indivisible particles called
atoms.
- Atoms of the same element have the same properties. Atoms of different
elements differ in properties.
- Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed in any chemical reaction.
- Atoms combine with each other in whole number ratios to produce
compounds.

4
Dalton’s Atomic theory gave explanations to the fundamental laws in chemistry.
These are the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportion, and the
law of multiple proportions.
o The law of mass conservation
https://bit.ly/3Hy
states that in an
ordinary chemical reaction, the
total mass of the reactants should be
equal to the total mass of the
products. This is similar to the
destroyed in a chemical reaction. Figure 1. In any chemical reaction, there is no
detectable change in the total mass of the reactants
and the products.
statement that matter is neither created nor

o The law of definite proportion states https://bit.ly/3

that different samples of a pure
compound will contain the same
element(s) in the same proportion.

Figure 2. by mass, water is: 88.8% oxygen

11.2 % hydrogen
 o The law of multiple proportions https://bit.ly/3FlyNzK
states that the mass of one element that
can combine with a fixed mass of another
element can be expressed in a ratio of
small whole numbers.

Figure 3. The law of multiple proportions as illustrated in the

information of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide
The Different Models of the atom
Plum Pudding Model
In 1897, Sir Joseph John Thomson discovered
the electrons through an experiment that made use of
a cathode ray tube. Electrons is one of the subatomic
particles of an atom and it is negatively charge. He
also proposed the plum pudding model. He
believed that the atom was a large, positive, solid
sphere. The negatively charged electrons were
embedded in the positively charged sphere. The
positive charges around the sphere would spread out
as much as possible while the electrons(plum) will be
Figure 4. Thomson’s Plum Pudding
distributed around the positive atoms(pudding) evenly.
model of the atom.

5
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model called this location the electrons’
energy levels. Where electrons
In the early 1900s, Ernest Rutherford can move from one energy level to
discovered nucleus and protons through the alpha another by absorbing or releasing
scattering experiment or thin gold foil experiment.
energy.
Nucleus is the small dense region consisting of
protons and neutrons at the center. Protons the
positively charged particle in the nucleus. He also
proposed the Nuclear Model or also known as the
Planetary Model of the Atom. He concluded that the
atom was made up of a very dense and positively
charged nucleus surrounded by free moving
electrons. After that, James Chadwick discovered a
neutral particle (no net electrical charge) inside the
nucleus and called this particle neutron.
https://bit.ly/3oHpZNU
The Rutherford-Bohr’s Model of the Atom
Figure 5. Rutherford’s Nuclear model of
In Bohr’s model of the atom, there are the atom.
particular orbits or predetermined locations in which
the electron can move without losing energy. He
 https://bit.ly/3Fu818
Figure 6. The Rutherford- Bohr model of the
atom assigned electrons at a fixed energy level
or electron shell.
The Quantum Mechanical Model
Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger
formulated the quantized energy levels of atoms. The
quantum mechanical model explained how electrons
existed in atoms and how those electrons determined the
chemical and physical properties of elements. This model
of the atom made use of electron clouds as probable
position of the electrons instead of Bohr’s
circular orbit. https://bit.ly/3oxGlZq
Figure 7. The quantum – mechanical model of the
atom made use of electron clouds as probable

The Three Subatomic Particles position of the electrons instead of Bohr’s circular
orbit
The Electron- the electron is the lightest of all the three subatomic particles. It
carries a net charge of negative one (-1) and is presented by the symbol e-. Located
outside the nucleus.
The Proton- A proton carries one positive charge (+1) and is represented by the
symbol p. Located inside the nucleus.

6
The Neutron- The neutron has no net electrical charges. It is represented by the
symbol n. Located inside the nucleus.
Table 1. The properties of the three subatomic particles.
PARTICLE SYMBOL MASS (KG) RELATIVE RELATIVE
MASS CHARGE
PROTON p+ 1.673 x 10 -27 1 +1
NEUTRON n0 1.675 x 10 -27 1 0
ELECTRON e- 9.109 x 10 -31 0.00055 -1

The Atomic Number and the Mass Number

 The Atomic Number and Mass number of an element are given in the
periodic table of elements. The Mass number is the atomic weight or atomic
mass rounded off to a whole number.

Where A= mass number

Z= atomic number
X=symbol of element

For example:
The element is Helium. It has a mass number of 4 amu. Its atomic number is 2.
The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons of an element. It can be used to
identify the atom. An element is a neutral atom. Therefore, an element has an equal
number of protons and electrons.
The mass of an atom is influenced by the mass of the nucleus. Thus, the
atomic mass (A) is given by the mass of the protons and neutrons. The atomic
mass is measured in atomic mass unit (amu). The following formulas will help you
remember how to get the number of subatomic particles of an element:
Z = e - = p+ A = p+ + n 0 n0 = A – p+
Where:
Z = atomic number A =
mass number e- =
number of electrons p+ =
number of protons
n0 = number of neutrons

7
Table 2. To get the mass number, round off the atomic mass to the nearest whole
number.
Element Atomic Mass (amu) Mass Number
Molybdenum 95.94 96
Cesium 132.9054 133
Gallium 69.723 70
Table 2.
Table 3. To get the number of protons and electrons, remember the formula
Z = e - = p+
Element Atomic Number Number of Protons Number of
electrons
Ruthenium 44 44 44
Chlorine 17 17 17
Ytterbium 70 70 70
 Table 3.
Table 4. To get the number of neutrons, get the difference between the atomic
number and mass number.
n0 = A – p+
Element Atomic Number Mass Number Number of Number of
electrons Neutrons
Californium 98 251 98 153
Lead 82 207 82 125
Tungsten 74 184 74 110
Table 4.

What’s More

Activity 2 Atoms by
Numbers
I. Objectives:
1. Locate the atomic number in the periodic table
2. Identify the subatomic particles associated with the mass number
3. Interpret the numbers in an element’s chemical symbol
4. Write the chemical symbol of an element using the mass number and atomic
number
II. Materials: paper, writing instruments, a copy of the periodic table of the elements
III.Procedure: Use your periodic table in answering the questions provided. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Questions:
1. What is the element with an atomic number of 18? ________________
2. How many protons does element 18 have? ______________________
3. How many protons are there in an atom of fluorine? ________________
4. What element has the least number of protons in its atom? __________
5. An atom of potassium contains 19 protons, 20 neutron, and 19 electrons. Its
mass number is 39. Based on what you have learned so far, which of the
subatomic particles determine the mass number of an atom? Why?
_________________________________________________________

8
6. The Figure shows the chemical symbol for the element sodium. The subscript
on the left denotes the atomic number, whereas the superscript identifies the
mass number.

a. How many protons are there in an atom of sodium?

_______________
b. How many neutrons are there in this atom of sodium?
_____________
c. How many electrons are there in this atom of sodium?
______________ IV. Conclusion:
______________________________________________________
 What I Have Learned

DIRECTIONS: Complete the table by supplying the correct quantity or numbers of

parties. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Element Atomic Mass Numbers Number of Number of
Number Number of Protons Electrons Neutrons

Sodium 10
Calcium 20
Manganese 25
Aluminum 27
Lead 125
What I Can Do
You are an artist in a science magazine. The editor asked you to
create a timeline that explains the history of the development of the different models
of atom. Be sure to include all the scientists who were involved in the development
of the atomic theory. For your guide, refer to the rubrics below and the sample of
timeline.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

TIMELINE
2002 2004 2005 2006

YouTube is an
LinkedIn is a social
American online
network that focuses
video sharing and
on professional
social media
networking and career
platform owned by
development. Facebook is an
Google. It was
American online Twitter (initially called
launched on
social media and Twttr) is an American
February 14, 2005
social networking microblogging and social
by Steve Chen,
service owned by networking service on which
Chad Hurley,
Meta Platforms. users post and interact with
messages known as "tweets"

9
Rubrics:
Content accuracy 35 points
Organization 25 points
Clarity 25 points
Neatness 15 points
TOTAL: 100 points
 Assessment

DIRECTIONS: Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Who was the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles?
A. Democritus B. Ernest Rutherford C. James Chadwick D. John Dalton
2. Which of the following statements is NOT part of Dalton’s atomic model? A. Atoms
combine to form compounds.
B. Atoms of different elements are different.
C. All atoms of the same elements are identical.
D. Atoms are composed of positively and negatively charged particles.
3. Which statement of Dalton’s atomic theory is now known to be INCORRECT? A.
All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
B. Atoms of the same element are identical.
C. Atoms can be joined together to form compounds.
D. Each element has its own type of atom.
4. What does the law of conservation of mass state? It states that _________.
A. all atoms of the same elements in a fixed ratio, by mass
B. a compound always contains the same elements in a fixed ratio, by
mass
C. the total mass of the products of a chemical reaction is equal to the
total mass of the reactants D. all of the above
5. Which of the following is the CORRECT definition of the law of multiple
proportions?
A. The same set of atoms cannot combine on multiple proportions.
B. In any given reaction, the ratio of the masses of two reacting
substances can always be expressed as a small whole number.
C. The same compound can be formed by a combination of the same
atoms in multiple different proportions, which can be expressed as a
ratio between two whole numbers.
D. When two elements can be mixed to form multiple compounds, the
proportions of the two elements in those compounds, can be expressed
as a ratio of two whole numbers.
6. Which among the three subatomic particles will be attracted to a positively charged
metallic plate?
A. electron B. neutron C. nucleus D. proton
7. How to obtain the mass number of an atom? It is done by____________.
A. adding the protons and electrons C. adding the number of protons and
neutrons
B. adding the electrons and neutrons D. determining the number of protons only
8. What is equal to the atomic number of an element? It is ________________.
A. the number of protons in the atom
B. the number of neutrons in the atom 10

C. the number of protons plus the number of electrons in the atom

D. the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the atom
9. How to determine the identity of an element? It is determined by _________.
 A. its atomic mass C. the number of its neutrons B. the
number of its protons D. the number of its electrons 10. Where is
the entire mass of an atom concentrated?
A. electrons B. neutrons C. nucleus D. protons
11. What is the smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in
combination with other such particles of the same or different elements?
A. atom B. electron C. nucleus D. proton
12. Which statement about subatomic particles is TRUE? A. Neutrons have no charge
and no mass.
B. Unlike protons or neutrons, electrons have no mass.
C. Protons, neutrons, and electrons have the same mass.
D. An electron has less mass than either a proton or neutron.
13. Which of the three subatomic particles does NOT have any significant contribution
to the overall mass of an atom?
A. electron B. neutron C. nucleus D. proton
For nos. 14 – 15, refer to the following details of Iron.

14. How many protons does the Iron element have?

A. 26 B. 30 C. 55.845 D. 56
15. How many electrons does the Iron element have?
A. 26 B. 30 C. 55.845 D. 56

11
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https://www.britannica.com/science/Rutherford-model

https://www.sutori.com/item/in-1926-erwin-schrodinger-created-the-quantum-
mechanicalmodel-which-describes-t

http://www.thestargarden.co.uk/Rutherfords-atom.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/Thomson-atomic-model

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/573364596283860632/ https://byjus.com/chemistry/law-

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