CHAPTER 1

DIVISION OF SCIENCE
Mathematics

 Arithmetic
 Plane and Analytic Geometry
 Statistics
 Algebra
 Trigonometry
 Differential and Integral Calculus
 Differential Equation

Logic

 Inductive
 Deductive

Physical Science

 Physics
 Geology
 Astronomy
 Chemistry
 Meteorology

Life Science

 Anatomy
 Physiology
 Microbiology
 Pathology

Social Science

 Sociology
 Psychology
 Political Science
 Economics
 Anthropology

Page 1 of 26
 PHYSICS

Wave
 Acoustic “sound”
 Optics “light”

Electromagnetism
 Electricity
 Magnetism

Mechanics
 Motion

Life Physics

Thermodynamics
 Heat
 Fluid

Atomic Physics

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 All non-zero digits are significant.
Ex. numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9

 Zeros in between non-zero digits are significant

Ex. 105 – 3 20008 – 5

 Zeros to the right of a non-zero digits in unexpressed decimal point are not
significant
Ex. 200 - 1

 Zeros at the right of a non-zero digit in an express decimal point are significant.
Ex. 200.00 = 5

 Zeros at left of a non-zero digit but to the right of a decimal point are not
significant.
Ex. 0.0000001 – 1

Page 2 of 26
 Rounding Off

 When the number to be rounded off is less than 5 change that number to zero “0”
to retain the preceding number.
Ex. 12.34 – 12

 When the number to be rounded off is greater than or equivalent to 5 change that
number to zero “0” and add one to the preceding number.
Ex. 98.76 – 99

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 It simplifies the writing, reading and computation of very large and small number
thereby decreasing the risk of errors.

Exponential
 Uses the power of ten
Writing as: N=ax 10 b
Where:
N = any given number
a = number having single non-zero digit to the left of a decimal point and
two decimal places.

RULES IN SIGNIFICANT NUMBER IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

a. Determine “a” – by shifting the decimal point of the original number to the left or
right, until one digit is to the left of it.
b. Determine “b” – by counting the number of decimal places the point has moved,
if it has been to the left “b” is positive if to the right “b” is negative.

Ex. 123456 – 1.23 x 105 left - +

0.0009876 9.88 x 10-4 right - -

BASIC CONCEPTS IN PHYSICS

Matter = Anything that occupied space and has mass.

Mass = Quantity of matter

Force = It is capable of changing the condition of rest or motion of a certain body.

Physical Quantity = Any number used to describe a physical phenomenon.

Ex. Height 5’2 – Quantity
2 Ways of Describing a Physical Quantity
a. Direct – which means measuring
b. Indirect – calculating, gather information

Page 3 of 26
Operational Definitions = Definitions that gives of procedure of measuring the quantity.

BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

1. Algebraic Methods
 Solving an unknown of a given operation
 Trigonometric functions and law
 Analytical method – interprets through graphs

Units and Problem Solving

Important Terms:

Unit = a quantity in terms of which another quantity is used.

Standard = a unit established to have a precise definition of a unit.

Standard Unit = if a unit becomes officially accepted

System of Units = a group of standard units and their combinations

International System of Units = the modernized version of the metric system which
includes the base quantities and derived quantities

SI Base Units = represented by standards

SI Derived Units = other quantities that may be expressed in terms of combinations of

the base units

Meter (m) = the SI unit for length, 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the North Pole to
the Equator along the meridian running through Paris

Kilogram (kg) = The SI unit of mass, specific volume of water but is now referenced to a
specific material standard The mass of a cylinder of a platinum, iridium, alloy, kept at the
international Bureau of Weights and Measurements in Paris, France

Second (s) = the SI unit of time, time required for cesium 133/133 CS to undergo
9192631770 vibration
MKS System = meter-kilogram-second

CGS System = centimeter-gram-second, Gaussian System

FPS System = foot-pounds-second, British Engineering System

Liter (L) = the nonstandard unit of volume

Page 4 of 26
Dimensional Analysis = a procedure by which the dimensional consistency of any
equation may be checked

Unit Analysis = using units instead of symbols in dimension analysis

Density (ρ) = ratio of mass to the volume

Conversion Factor = equivalent statements expressed in the form of ratios

Exact Number = those without any uncertainty or error

Measured Number = obtained from measurement processes and so generally have some
degree of uncertainty or error

Significant Figures (sf) = the number of reliably known digits it contains

Important Equations:

Density
ρ = m/V
Where:ρ = density
m = mass
V = volume

PREFIXES
21
Zetta x 10 Zepto x 10-21
Exa x 1018 Atto x 10-18
Peta x 1015 Femto x 10-15
Tera x 1012 Meter/Gram/Liter/Pascal Pico x 10
-12

Giga x 109 x 100 Nano x 10-9

Mega x 106 Micro x 10-6
Kilo x 103 Milli x 10-3
Hecto x 102 Centi x 10-2
Deca x 101 Deci x 10-1

1m = 100 cm 1 kg = 2.2 lb
1m = 3.28 ft 1 hr = 60 min
1in = 2.54 cm 1 min = 60 sec
1ft = 12 in 1 mL = 1 cc
1 yd = 3 ft 1L = 1000 ml
1 mi = 5280 ft 1 kips = 1000 lbs
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 km = 0.62 mi

Page 5 of 26
 100 212
o o
C F

0 32

9
° F= ° C +32
5

5
° C= ( ° F−32 )
9

100−0 212−32 100 180

= , =
C−0 F−32 C F−32

100 C 5 C
= , =
180 F−32 9 F−32

K = 273 + oC
R = 460 + oF

Example 1:

1. 40 km/hr  ft/sec =
40 km 1000 m 3.28 ft 1 h r
x x x =36 . 44 ft /s
hr 1 km 1m 3600 s

2. 500g  lbs
1 kg 2.2lbs
500 g x x =1 . 1lbs
1000 g 1 kg

3. 5 ft 5 in  m
1 ft
5∈ x
12∈¿=0.42 ft ¿
1m
5.42 ft x =1 . 65 m
3.28 ft

4. 4000 mi → km
1 km
4000 mi x =6 , 451 . 61km
0.62mi
1.609 km
4000 mi x =6 , 436 km
1 mi
5280 ft 1m 1 km
4000 mi x x x =6 , 439 .02 km
1mi 3.28 ft 1000 m

Page 6 of 26
5. 1 metric ton to kilograms

1,000 kg
1 metric ton x =1000 kg
1 metric ton

N = +Y

S(-x, y) A(x, y)

W = -x E = +x

T(-x, -y) C(x, -y)

S = -y
Note: The direction will just be represented at the angle from any two of the fixed axes
which the vector is enclosed.

Resolution of Vectors
- Graphical Method

- Rules in determining the magnitude and directions of “R”

1. Construct an accurate Cartesian plane.

2. Plot the first force using a given scale.
3. At the end of the first force construct another accurate C.P. and make sure that it
is parallel to the first C.P.
4. Plot the second force using the new Cartesian Plane and so on so forth.
5. Using an arrow, connect the tail of the first force to the head of the last force and
label it “R” for resultant
6. To determine the magnitude of R, simply measure the length of R using the given
scale.
7. To determine the direction of R, simply measure the angle with respect with the Y
- axis.

Resultant Vectors
- It is a vector whose effect is the same as all the component vectors put
together.

Case I: Two or more forces acting on an object in the same direction

Page 7 of 26
Ex. Given F1 = 10N due E
F2 = 20 N due E

Scale 10 N = 1 cm
R = 3cm due E
F1 = 10N/10 = 1cm R = 30N, due E
F2 = 20 N/10 = 2cm

Case II: Two or more forces acting on an object on opposite directions

F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 60N due W Scale: 20N = 1cm
F1 = 40N/20N = 2cm
F2 = 60N/20N = 3cm
R = 1cm, due W
R = 20N, due W

Case III: Two forces acting on an object perpendicular to each other.

F1 = 30N due E
F2 = 40N due S

Page 8 of 26
 Scale: 10N = 1cm
F1 = 30N/10N = 3cm
F2 = 40N/10N = 4cm
R = 5cm, S37oE
R = 50N S 37 ° E

Case IV: Two or more forces acting on an object at random directions.

F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 40N due E
F3 = 40N NE

Scale: 20N = 1cm

F1 = 40N/20N = 2cm
F2 = 40N/20N = 2cm
F3 = 40N/20N = 2cm
R = 5.8cm, N76oE
R = 116N N 76 ° E

Ex.

Page 9 of 26
F1 = 50N 50o E of S = 50N, S50E
F2 = 50N 30o W of N=50N, N30W

Scale: 20N = 1cm

F1 = 50N/20N = 2.5cm
F2 = 50N/20N = 2.5cm
R = 0.95cm, N48oE
R = 19N, N 48 ° E

ANALYTICAL METHODS

Case I: Just add and follow the direction of the forces.

F1 = 10 N due E
F2 = 30 N due E
R = 40 N due E

Case II: You just subtract and follow the directions of greater value.

F1 = 40N due E
F2 = 60N due W
R = 20N due W

Case III: Use Pythagorean Theorem and tangent.

R=√ F 2x + F 2y

θ=tan
−1 F x
( )
Fy
Example:
F1 = 30N due E
F2 = 40N due S

R=√ 30 + 40 =50 N
2 2

θ=tan
−1 F x
Fy( )
=tan ( )
−1 30
40
= S 36.8 E
= 36.87 E of S
Case IV: Construct a Cartesian plane without a need of a scale, plot the given vectors in
the Cartesian plane and use component method or sine and cosine law.

Page 10 of 26
Ex.1: sine and cosine law
F1 = 50N 50oE of S
F2 = 50N 30o W of N
2 2 2
a =b +c −2( b)(c)cos θ
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c

50N
50 20 30
50N
40
R=√ 50 2+50 2−2(50)(50)cos 20
= 17.36 N

sin β sin 20
=
50 17.36 β=80.09

β=sin−1 ( 5017.36
sin 20
) ∅ =180−( 80.09+50 )

∅ =N 49.91° E
Forces Direction
50N S50E 50Sin50 =
50N N30W 50Sin30 =

Solution:

R=√ 13.30 +11.16 =17.36 N

2 2

Page 11 of 26
 θ=tan−1 ( 11.16
13.3
)=N 50 ° EInclined Axis
F1 = 50#,1:2 in Q4
F2 = 100#, 3:1 in Q1 y : x = rise is to run
F3 = 155#, 3:2 in Q2

x
y
100#

3
50
1 #
155#
2
2 1
3

Forces # Fx Fy

( ) ( )
50 2 −1
50 =+ 44.7 50 =−22.36
√5 √5

( √110 )=+ 31.67 ( √310 )=+ 94.87

100
100 100

( √−213 )=−85.97 ( √313 )=+ 128.97

155
155 155

-9.63 +201.48
R=√ 9.63 + 201.48 =201.71 ¿
2 2

θ=tan−1 (9.63
201.48 )
=N 2.74 ° W

3 DIMENSIONAL
Components:

F x =F m x , F y =Fm y , F z=F m z , F=Fm d

2 2 2 2
F =F x + F y + F z

Page 12 of 26
 d 2=x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , d= √ x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Slope:
F x F y Fz Fm
= = =
x y z d
Direction:
Fx Fy Fz
cos θ x = , cos θ y = , cos θ z =
F F F

F x =FCos θ x , F y =FCos θ y , F z=FCos θ z ,

Given:
x=3
y=4
z=5
F = 100#

Req’d.: Components & Directions

Solution:
d =x + y + z , d= √ x + y + z
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

d= √ 3 2+ 42 +52 =√ 50=5 √ 2
F 100 20 20 √ 2
F m= = = = =10 √ 2
d 5 √2 √ 2 2

F x =F m x =3 ( 10 √2 ) =30 √ 2=42.43 ¿

F y =F m y =4 ( 10 √ 2 )=40 √ 2=56.57 ¿

F z =F m z=5 ( 10 √ 2 )=50 √ 2=70.71 ¿

cos θ x =
Fx
F ( )F
; θ x =cos−1 x =cos−1
F (
42.43
100
=64.89 ° )
cos θ y =
Fy
F
; θ y =cos( )
−1 F y
F
=cos (
−1 56.57
100
=55.55 ° )
cos θ z =
Fz
F ( )
F
; θ z=cos−1 z =cos−1
F (
70.71
100
=45.00 ° )
Coordinate = head - tail
x = right or left

Page 13 of 26
y = upward or downward
z = forward or backward

Example:
From (0, 12, 0)

P = 280#  (-4, 0, 6)
F = 210#  (6, 0, 4)
T = 260#  (-4, 0, -3)

Required:
a. Resultant
b. Components
c. Directions.
Y

Solution:
force x y z d fm fx fy fz
280 -4 -12 6 14 20 -80 -240 120
260 -4 -12 -3 13 20 -80 -240 -60
210 6 -12 4 14 15 90 -180 60
∑❑ -70 -660 120
θ 84.04 11.89 79.75

R=√ 70 +660 +120 =674.46 ¿ ¿ forward

2 2 2

Fx
cos θ x = ; θ x =cos
F F( )
−1 F x
=cos
−1
(
70
674.46 )
=84.04 °

Page 14 of 26
cos θ y =
Fy
F
; θ y =cos( )
−1 F y
F
=cos
−1
( 660
674.46)=11.89°

F
( ) F
cos θ z = z ; θ z=cos−1 z =cos−1
F F ( 120
674.46) =79.75 °
Unit Vectors = A unit vector is vector with magnitude of unit. Its purpose is only to show
direction in space.

SUM OF UNIT OF VECTORS

A = Axi + Ayj
B = Bxi + Byj

Let C = SUM OF A & B

C=A+B
= (Axi + Ayj) + (Bxi + Byj)
= (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j
C = Cxi + Cyj

Mag of C = Cx2 + Cy2

Difference of Two Vectors

Let D = A – B
= (Axi + Ayj) – (Bxi + Byj)
= (Ax - Bx)i + (Ay – By)j

Page 15 of 26
 D = Dxi + Dyj

Mag of D = Dx2 + Dy2

Products of Vectors
I. Scalar Product (Dot Product)

The Scalar product of 2 L Vector is Zero.

A.B = AB Cos 
Cos 0 = 1

A.B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

Note = ixi=1 ixj=0

jxj=1 ixk=0
kxk=1 kxj=0

II. Vector Product of 2 Vectors is zero when they are parallel.

A x B = AB sin 

AxB Ax Bx i Ax Bx
Ay By j Ay By
Az Bz k Az Bz
AxB= (Ay Bz – Az By)i + (Az Bx – Ax Bz – Ax Bz) jt
(Ax By – Ay Bx) k

Example:
A=−i+ 2 j – 5 k
B=2 i+ 3 j – 2 k

Page 16 of 26
Mag of A
A=√ 12 +22 +52= √ 30

Mag of B
B=√ 22 +32 +22=√ 17

C= A+ B
C=i+5 j – 7 k

Mag of C
C=√ 12+ 52+ 72=√ 75=5 √ 3

D= A−B
D=−3i – 1 j – 3 k

Mag of D
D= √ 32 +12 +32= √ 19

Dot Product

A · B=(−1 x 2 ) + ( 2 x 3 ) + (−5 x−2 ) =−2+6+10=14

Cross Product =
−1 2 i −1 2
2 3 j 2 3 = (-3k – 10j – 4i) – (-15i + 2j + 4k)
−5 −2 k −5 −2

A × B=11i – 12 j – 7 k

Mag of AxB= √112+122 +7 2=√ 314

A · B = ABcos θ

( )
¿ cos−1
A· B
AB
=cos−1
( √ 3014x 17 )=51.69
A × B= ABSinθ
θ=sin−1 (
A×B
AB )
=sin−1
( √ √30314x 17 )=51.69

Page 17 of 26
Name:
Course/Year/Section:

A. Count the number of significant figures and place the answer before the number and
transform the following to Scientific Notation
1. 0.000567 –
2. 6705001 –
3. 0.00090350 –
4. 84.650 –
5. 0.01425001 –

B. Perform the following operations. Final answer should be in scientific notation.

1. 0.03451 x 250 – 670.8 =

705 + 96.20  (0.35 x 0.00065)

2. (15430.0 4x 0.052) – 600 =

0.00705 + 6208  (3550 x 0.00015)

3. (3165 x 5.35) – 0.0002643 =

905000 + 0.0051  (0.46 x 0.0006708)

C. Convert the following.

1. 78.8 in to m

2. 1.53 m to ft

3. 1.8 lbs to kg

4. 9500 mg to kg

Page 18 of 26
5. 4520 cm/s to ft/s

6. 2.4g to cg

7. 45.2 oC to oF

8. 77 oF to C

9. 20 mi/hr to m/s

10. 1120 oF to oK

11. 97.75 oK to C

12. -1 oC to K

13. 87.9 oF to C

14. 101.97 ft/sec to m/hr

15. 5oF to R

Page 19 of 26
D.1. F1 = 89N, 73o W of N
F2 = 77N, N 40o E

Analytical

Forces Direction Fx Fy

R=

Page 20 of 26
 2. F1 = 157# 46 E of S
F2 = 175# 56 E of N

Analytical

Forces Direction Fx Fy

R=

Page 21 of 26
 3. F1 = 155, N 68o E
F2 = 196N, N 72 W

Analytical

Forces Direction Fx Fy

R=

Page 22 of 26
4. F1 = 70N due W
F2 = 150N due N
F3 = 20N due E
F4 = 30N due S

Analytical

Forces Direction Fx Fy

R=

Page 23 of 26
E.
From (3,6,-1)

A 100KN(-5,0,4)
To B 200KN(4,0,-5)
C 300KN(2,0,1)
Y

Force x y z d fm fx fy fz

R=

Page 24 of 26
F.
A = -3i + 5j – 6k
B = 7i + 8j – 3k

Mag of A

A=

Mag of B

B=

C=

Mag of C

C=

D=

Mag of D

D=

Dot Product

A.B =

Cross Product

AXB =
Mag of AXB =

=

θ=¿

Page 25 of 26
Page 26 of 26