AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES-I

Course Code: ASE2451

B.Tech – Aerospace Engineering

Module II & III:
Structural Analysis Method & Statically Indeterminate
Structures
Responsible & prepared by
Dr. Saptarshi Mandal
 Introduction
Module II: Structural Analysis Method
 Energy Method, strain energy, complimentary energy.
 The two Castiglino’s theorems and application to statically
indeterminate system.
 Unit load method, principle of virtual work and virtual
displacement, principle of superposition, reciprocal theorem.
Structural Analysis Method
Structural Analysis Method
Truss problem in statics
Truss analysis by method of joints
 Structural Analysis Method
• Statically Determinate Structures
No. of unknown reactions =
No. of equilibrium equations =
Statically Determinate (External)

No. of members (m) =

No. of joints (j) =
Truss No. of unknown reactions (R) =
m + R = 2j
Statically Determinate (Internal)

m + R > 2j
Statically Indeterminate (Internal)
Structural Analysis Method
 Structural Analysis Method
Redundancy
When more number of members/supports are present than are needed
to prevent collapse/stability
 Statically Indeterminate Truss
cannot be analysed using equations of equilibrium alone!
additional members or supports which are not necessary for
maintaining the equilibrium configuration
 Redundant
External and Internal Redundancy
Extra Supports than required  External Redundancy
– Degree of indeterminacy from available equilibrium equations
Extra Members than required  Internal Redundancy
 Structural Analysis Method
m + 3 = 2j  Statically Determinate Internally
m + 3 > 2j  Statically Indeterminate Internally
m + 3 < 2j  Unstable Truss

Why to Provide Redundant Members?

• To maintain alignment of two members during construction
• To increase stability during construction
• To maintain stability during loading (Ex: to prevent buckling of compression
members)
• To provide support if the applied loading is changed
• To act as backup members in case some members fail or require
strengthening
• Analysis is difficult but possible
 Structural Analysis Method
• Statically Indeterminate Structures
(approximate solutions of complex problems)

The Principle Of Virtual Work Strain Energy

Wt= We+Wi

W t= W e
Principle of Virtual Work & Virtual Displacement

Virtual linear
displacements

Virtual angular
displacements

Total virtual
work done
 Energy Method
For an elastic body in equilibrium under
the action of applied forces, the true
internal forces (or stresses) and
reactions are those for which the total
complementary energy has a stationary
value. In other words, the true internal
forces (or stresses) and reactions are
those which satisfy the condition of
compatibility of displacement. This
property of the total complementary
energy of an elastic system is
particularly useful in the solution of
statically indeterminate structures, in
which an infinite number of stress
distributions and reactive forces may be
found to satisfy the requirements of
equilibrium.
 Castiglino’s Theorems
Castigliano’s first theorem: The first partial derivative of This first theorem is
the total internal energy (strain energy) in a structure with applicable to linearly or non-
respect to any particular deflection component at a point is
linearly elastic structures in
equal to the force applied at that point and in the direction
corresponding to that deflection component. which the temperature is
constant, and the supports
Castigliano’s second theorem: The first partial are unyielding.
derivative of the total internal energy in a structure with
respect to the force applied at any point is equal to the
deflection at the point of application of that force in the
direction of its line of action.
𝛿𝑖
Note that in the above statements, force may mean point 𝛿𝑢
force or a couple (moment) and displacement may mean = 𝜃𝑖
translation or angular rotation. 𝛿𝐹𝑖
𝜕𝑢
=
Castiglino’s Theorems
 • The unit load method is extensively used
in the calculation of deflection of beams,
frames, and trusses.
• Theoretically, this method can be used to
calculate deflections in statically
determinate and indeterminate structures.
Unit load • However, it is extensively used in the
evaluation of deflections of statically
method determinate structures only as the method
requires a priori knowledge of internal
stress resultants.
• The unit load method used in structural
analysis is derived from Castigliano’s
theorem.
 Principle of Superposition
Definition:
For linearly elastic structure the
load effect caused by two or
more loadings are the sum of
the load effects caused by each
loading separately.
Limitations:
• Linear material behaviour only
• Structure undergoing small
deformations only

𝑃1 = 𝑘𝛿1
 Reciprocal Theorem
The Maxwell-Betti law of reciprocal deflections establishes the fact that the
displacements at two points in an elastic structure subjected to a unit load
successively at those points are the same in magnitude.

This law helps reduce the computational efforts required to obtain the flexibility
coefficients for the compatibility equations when analysing indeterminate structures with
several redundant restraints by force method. The Maxwell-Betti law of reciprocal
deflection states that the linear displacement at point due to a unit load applied at is equal
in magnitude to the linear displacement at point due to a unit load applied at for a stable
elastic structure.
Solved example
• Truss analysis method by joints
• Virtual Work and Virtual Displacement