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Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 This question is about five inorganic compounds (A, B, C, D and E).

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(a) Compounds A and B contain s-block elements.
(i) In flame tests, A gave a yellow colour and B gave a yellow-red colour.
Identify the s-block metal ions in A and B.
(1)

The metal ion in A .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The metal ion in B .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the colour of the precipitate formed when concentrated
sodium hydroxide solution is added to an aqueous solution of B.
(1)

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(iii) Compound A is a carbonate.

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Write an ionic equation for the reaction that takes place when
dilute hydrochloric acid is added to an aqueous solution of A.
Include state symbols.
(2)

(iv) Compound B is a halide.

Identify, by name or formula, a reagent that may be used to test for
halide ions in an aqueous solution of B.
(1)

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(b) Compounds C, D and E are nitrates of d-block elements.

Aqueous sodium hydroxide is added, drop by drop, until in excess to separate
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solutions of C, D and E.
(i) Compound C forms an off-white precipitate which darkens on standing in air.
Identify the precipitate, by name or formula, and explain why it darkens.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Compound D forms a white precipitate which dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide
to form a colourless solution containing a complex ion.
Write the formula of this complex ion.
(1)
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(iii) Compound E forms a green precipitate which does not dissolve in excess
sodium hydroxide.
The precipitate turns brown on standing in air.
Identify, by name or formula, the compound E and the brown solid.
(2)

Compound E.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Brown solid.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 1 = 10 marks)

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2 W is a white solid with the molecular formula C9H8O2.
(a) A series of tests is carried out on W.

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Complete the table.

Test Observation Inference

(i) Ignite a sample of W Very smoky flame W could be an alkene

or ........................................................................... (1)

compound

(ii) Add a little W to bromine Yellow solution turns W contains the

water and shake the mixture into a colourless
solution ................................................................................... (1)

group

(iii) Heat W until it melts then Steamy fumes form W contains the

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add
phosphorus(V) chloride ................................................................................... (1)

group

(iv) Heat W until it melts then Bubbles of W contains the

add solid carbon dioxide form
...................................................................................
(2)
. . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

group
. . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Complete the table, which contains information about the mass spectrum of W.

Peak Inference
+
(i) A peak occurs at m / e = The peak is due to C6H5
(1)
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. ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) A peak occurs at m / e = 103 The peak is due to an ion with the formula
(1)
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 (c) The low resolution proton nmr spectrum of W has four peaks each with
relative area 1 and two peaks each with relative area 2.
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(i) State the number of proton environments in W.

(1)

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(ii) State what can be deduced from the relative peak areas.
(1)

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(d) W exists as two geometric isomers.

Use all the information in this question to deduce the structure of one of these isomers.
(2)
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(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)

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3 A student used two methods to determine the concentration of vanadium(III) ions
in an aqueous solution X.

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(a) Method 1 used a titration procedure.
10.0 cm3 of X was titrated with 0.0400 mol dm–3 acidified potassium manganate(VII).
The equation for the reaction is

5V3+(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 2H2O(l) o 5VO+2(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 4H+(aq)

The results of four titrations are shown.

Titration Rough 1 2 3

Final burette
21.10 41.30 19.85 20.10
reading / cm3

Initial burette
0.50 21.10 0.25 0.00
reading / cm3

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Titre / cm3 20.10

Titres used to
calculate mean

(i) Complete the table and calculate the mean titre.

Show which titres you have used in your calculation by putting a tick (  ) in
the appropriate boxes in the table.
(2)

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Mean titre = ...................................................... . . . . . . . . . cm3

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 (ii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm−3, of V3+(aq) ions in solution X.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(3)
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(iii) Each burette reading was accurate to ±0.05 cm3.

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the titre value for Titration 3.
(1)
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 (b) Method 2 used an electrochemical cell.
An electrochemical cell was made from the electrode systems represented by

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these half-equations:

Zn2+(aq) + 2e− U Zn(s)

V 3+(aq) + e− U V2+(aq)
The Ecell value was measured using the apparatus shown.
Solution Y was made by mixing 50 cm3 of an aqueous solution of V 2+ ions with
50 cm3 of the same solution X as used in Method 1.

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solution Y containing
. . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . V 2+(aq) and V3+(aq)
salt
bridge

(i) Complete the diagram by adding labels on the dotted lines provided.
Conditions are not required.
(4)
(ii) The salt bridge consisted of a strip of filter paper soaked in a saturated
solution of potassium nitrate.
Give a reason why potassium hydroxide solution should not be used for the
salt bridge.
(1)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 (iii) In this cell, the zinc half-cell was at standard temperature and concentration.
When the cell reaction occurred, the zinc was oxidised and Ecell = +0.44 V.
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Write the overall equation for the cell reaction.

State symbols are not required.
(1)

(iv) The standard electrode potential, E , for the Zn2+(aq)|Zn(s) half-cell = −0.76 V.
The V 3+(aq)|V 2+(aq) half-cell was not at standard concentration in this experiment.
Calculate the electrode potential, E, for the V 3+(aq)|V 2+(aq) half-cell in this
experiment.
(1)
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(v) The standard electrode potential, E , for the V3+(aq)|V2+(aq) half-cell = −0.26 V.
Solution Y was 1 mol dm–3 with respect to V2+(aq).
For the half-cell in this experiment, the electrode potential is given by

E = E + 0.059 log [V3+(aq)]

Use this, and your answer to (b)(iv), to calculate the concentration of V3+(aq) in
solution Y. You must show your working.
(2)
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 (c) The concentration of V3+(aq) obtained in (a)(ii) was approximately double that
obtained in (b)(v).

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Explain why these two values were different.
(1)

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(Total for Question 3 = 16 marks)

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*P58301A01016*
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4 This question is about the laboratory preparation of 3‑methylbutyl ethanoate,

an ester used as a banana flavouring in foods.

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O O
  +          +  H2O
OH HO O
ethanoic acid 3-methylbutan-1-ol 3-methylbutyl ethanoate

Procedure
Step 1 Add 7.5 cm3 of 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 10 cm3 of ethanoic acid and
2 cm3 of concentrated sulfuric acid to a round-bottom flask.
Step 2 Add a few anti-bumping granules and heat the mixture under reflux
for 35 minutes.
Step 3 Transfer the cooled reaction mixture to a separating funnel. Add 30 cm3
of distilled water and washings from the flask. Shake the mixture, allow to
separate and discard the aqueous layer.
Step 4 Wash the organic layer with 15 cm3 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution,

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releasing the build up of pressure. Discard the aqueous layer and repeat
until the aqueous layer is slightly alkaline.
Step 5 Transfer the organic layer to a boiling tube and dry with
anhydrous magnesium sulfate.
Step 6 Decant the organic layer into a clean round-bottom flask and distil.
Collect the fraction boiling between 140 °C and 144 °C in a pre-weighed test tube.
Data

Compound Molar mass / g mol−1 Density / g cm−3 Boiling temperature / °C

3-methylbutan-1-ol 88.0 0.81 131
ethanoic acid 60.0 1.05 118
3-methylbutyl ethanoate 130.0 0.88 142
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(a) State the purpose of the concentrated sulfuric acid and of the anti‑bumping
granules added to the round-bottom flask.
(2)
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Concentrated sulfuric acid in Step 1 .. . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anti-bumping granules in Step 2 .. . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus used to heat the reaction mixture
under reflux in Step 2.
(2)
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(c) Draw a diagram of the separating funnel in Step 3, clearly labelling the aqueous
and organic layers.
(2)

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(d) Give the reason why the organic layer is washed with sodium hydrogencarbonate solution
in Step 4 and suggest how the alkalinity of the aqueous layer should be confirmed.
(2)

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(e) Explain why the distillate is not collected below 140 °C in Step 6.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(f ) A student prepared 4.75 g of 3‑methylbutyl ethanoate starting with 7.5 cm3 of

3‑methylbutan‑1‑ol and excess ethanoic acid.
(i) Calculate the percentage yield of 3‑methylbutyl ethanoate.
(3)
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(ii) Give the main reason why the yield is significantly less than 100%.
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Do not consider errors in the experimental procedure or transfer losses.

(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 50 MARKS

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*P56132A01616*
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