Itt n is Hkp

I Hk p h k Rkrtiln` Hkjpr`sskr
VIX 960 OM1
Gdstruhtgkd Lkke
9892 8299 18 @m. 2 <221- 29

„Hkpyrgaft <221, Itnis Hkphk Hkjpr`sskrs, NNH. Q`stcg`nm, Jissihfus`tts

Idy udiutfkrgz`m us` kr hkpygda kc tf` hkdt`dts kr idy pirt kc tfgs lkke gs
prkfglgt`m. ]fgs ippng`s gd pirtghun
pirtghunir
ir tk trim`jires, jkm`n m`dkjgditg
m`dkjgditgkds,
kds, pirt
dujl`rs idm mriwgdas.‚

Dk. 9892 8299 18 @m. 2

<221-29
KQD@\XFGR MI]I
Pdgt jkm`n? Kwd`r's jihfgd` dk.?

@dagd` typ`? Pdgt s`rvgh` dk.?

M`ngv`ry mit`? @dagd` s`rgin dk.?

X`rvgh` pnid? Cgrst stirt-up mit`?

X`n`ht`m Nulrghidts
Hkjpr`sskr? Hipihgty?

L`irgda ar`is` typ`, `n`htrgh jktkr?

Rrgdt`m Jitt`r Dks.

Itnis Hkphk gdstruhtgkd lkke / r`v? Itnis Hkphk nkalkke?

Itnis Hkphk pirts ngst / r`v? @dagd` pirts ngst?

Nkhin Itnis Hkphk \`pr`s`dtitgv`

Dij`?

Immr`ss?

]`n`pfkd`? Hkdtiht p`rskds? X`rvgh`?

]`n`cix? Rirts?

< 9892 8299 18

Hkdt`dts
9 Xic`ty Rr`hiutgkds ckr Rkrtiln` Hkjpr`sskrs =
9.9 Gdtrkmuhtgkd =
9.< A`d`rin Xic`ty Rr`hiutgkds =
9.8 Xic`ty murgda us` idm kp`ritgkd 0
9.= Xic`ty Murgda Jigdt`didh` idm \`pigr 3
9.0 ]kkn Ippnghitgkds Xic`ty 1
9.3 Litt`rg`s 1
9.1 @tf`r cu`n Xyst`js 1
9.6 Rr`ssur` v`ss`ns 6
9.7 Xic`ty vinv` 6
9.92 Gdoury Rr`v`dtgkd 6
< N`imgda Rirtghunirs 7
<.9 M`shrgptgkd kc Xic`ty Rghtkarijs Ps`m gd tfgs Jiduin 7
<.< A`d`rin M`shrgptgkd 7
<.8 Jigd Rirts 99
<.= Igr Cnkw (s`` Cga. <.=) 9<
<.0 Kgn syst`j (s`` Cga. <.=) 98
<.3 Hkdtgdukus r`aunitgda syst`j 98
<.1 @n`htrghin Xyst`j 9=
8 Kp`ritgda Gdstruhtgkds 90
8.9 Riregda, ]kwgda Idm Ngctgda Gdstruhtgkds 90
8.< L`ckr` Xtirtgda 93
8.8 Xtirtgda/Xtkppgda (X`` Cga. 8.8) 91
8.= Murgda Kp`ritgkd 91
= Jigdt`didh` 91
=.9 Ps` kc X`rvgh` Ries 91
=.< Rr`v`dtgv` Jigdt`didh` Xhf`mun` Ckr ]f` Hkjpr`sskr 91
=.8 Nulrghitgkd kgns 96
=.= Kgn N`v`n Hf`he 96
=.0 Kgn Idm Kgn Cgnt`r Hfida` (s`` Cga. =.0) 97
=.3 Hn`idgda Hkkn`rs 97
=.1 Litt`ry Hir` 97
=.6 Xtkria` <2
=.7 X`rvgh` Egts <2
0 Imoustj`dts idm X`rvghgda Rrkh`mur`s
Rrkh`mur`s <9
0.9 Imoustj`dt kc tf` Hkdtgdukus
Hkdtgdukus \`aunitgda Xyst`j (X``
(X`` Cga. 0.9) <9
0.< Igr Cgnt`r @dagd`/Hkjpr`sskr
@dagd`/Hkjpr`sskr <<

0.8
0.= Igr \`h`gv`r
Xic`ty Sinv` <<
<<
0.0 Cu`n Xyst`j (s`` Cga. 0.=) <<
3 Rrkln`j Xknvgda <8
3.9 Rrkln`j Xknvgda Hfirt <8
3.< Int`rditkr Rr`hiutgkds <8
1 ]`hfdghin Xp`hgcghitgkds <3
1.9 X`ttgdas kc Xfutmkwd Xwgthf`s idm Xic`ty Sinv` <3
1.< Hkjpr`sskr/@dagd` Xp`hgcghitgkds <3

9892 8299 18 8
 GJRK\]ID]

9 Xic`ty
Xic`ty Rr`hi
Rr`hiutg
utg kds ckr Rkrtiln` Hkjpr`sskr
Hkjpr`sskrss
]k l` r`im itt`dtgv`ny idm iht`m kd ihhkrmgdany l`ckr` tkwgda, ngctgda, kp`ritgda,
p`rckrjgda jigdt`didh` kr r`pigrgda tf` hkjpr `sskr

9.9 Gdtrkmuhtgkd 8 ]f` sup`rvgskr, kr tf` r`spkdsgln` p`rskd, sfinn it inn

tgj`s jie` sur` tfit inn gdstruhtgkds r`airmgda
]f` pknghy kc Itnis Hkphk gs tk prkvgm` tf` us`rs kc tf`gr jihfgd`ry idm `qugpj`dt kp`ritgkd idm jigdt`didh`
`qugpj`dt
Cihtkrs wgtfgdtk
tie`d sic`, r`ngiln`
ihhkudt ir`idm `ccghg`dt
ijkda prkmuhts.
ktf`rs? ir` strghtny cknnkw`m idm tfit tf` jihfgd`s wgtf inn
ihh`sskrg`s idm sic`ty m`vgh`s, gdhnumgda tf` `dtgr`
- tf` gdt`dm`m idm pr`mghtiln` cut
cutur`
ur` us` kc ttf`
f` hkjpr`ssgkd kr vihuuj syst`j wgtf pgp`s, vinv`s,
prkmuhts, idm tf` `dvgrkdj`dts gd wfghf tf`y ir` hkdd`htkrs, fks`s, `th., is w`nn is tf` hkdsujgda
`xp`ht`m tk kp`rit`, m`vgh`s, ir` gd akkm r`pigr, cr`` kc ildkrjin w`ir kr
ilus`, idm ir` dkt tijp`r`m wgtf.
- ippnghiln` run
run`s,
`s, hkm`s idm r`aunitg
r`aunitgkds,
kds,
= Jigdt`didh`, kv`rfiun idm r`pigr wkre sfinn kdny l`
- tf` `xp`ht`m us`cun prkmuht ngc`, issujgda prkp`r hirrg`m kut ly im`quit`ny trigd`m p`rskdd`n5 gc r`qugr`m,
s`rvgh` idm jigdt`didh`. udm`r sup`rvgsgkd kc skj`kd` quingcg`m ckr tf` okl.
L`ckr` fidmngda idy prkmuht, tie` tgj` tk r`im tf` r`n`vidt 0 Qf`d`v`r tf`r` gs id gdmghitgkd kr idy suspghgkd tfit
gdstruhtgkd lkke. L`sgm`s agvgda m m`tign`m
`tign`m kp`ritgda id gdt`rdin pirt kc i jihfgd` gs kv`rf`it`m, tf`
gdstruhtgkds, gt insk agv`s sp`hgcgh gdckrjitgkd ilkut sic`ty, jihfgd` sfinn l` stkpp`m. Dk gdsp`htgkd hkv`rs sfinn
pr`v`dtgv` jigdt`didh`, `th. l` kp`d`m l`ckr` succghg`dt hkkngda tgj` fis `nips`m5
]f`s` pr`hiutgkds ir` a`d`rin idm skj` stit`j`dts wgnn tfgs gs tk ivkgm tf` rgse kc spkdtid`kus gadgtgkd kc tf` kgn
tf`r`ckr` dkt inwiys ippny tk i pirtghunir udgt. vipkr wf`d igr gs imjgtt`m.

Qf`d fidmngda, kp`ritgda, kv`rfiungda idm/kr p`rckrjgda 3 Jigdt`didh` wkre, ktf`r

jigdt`didh` kr r`pigr kd Itnis Hkphk `qugpj`dt, tf`
j`hfidghs ir` `xp`ht`m tk us` sic` `dagd``rgda prihtgh`s
idm tk kls`rv` inn r`n`vidt nkhin sic`ty r`qugr`j`dts idm
krmgdidh`s. ]f` cknnkwgda ngst gs i r`jgdm`r kc sp`hgin
sic`ty mgr`htgv`s idm pr`hiutgkds jigdny ippnghiln` tk Itnis
Hkphk `qugpj`dt.
]fgs lrkhfur` ippng`s tk jihfgd`ry prkh`ssgda kr
hkdsujgda igr kr gd`rt ais.
ais. Rrkh`ssgda kc idy ktf`r ais
r`qugr`s immgtgkdin sic`ty pr`hiutgkd typghin tk tf`
ippnghitgkd idm ir` dkt gdhnum`m f`r`gd.
Inn r`spkdsglgngty ckr idy mijia`s kr gdoury r`suntgda crkj
d`an`htgda tf`s` pr`hiutgkd? kr ly dkd-kls`rvidh` kc
krmgdiry hiutgkd idm mu` hir` r`qugr`m gd fidmngda,
kp`ritgda, jigdt`didh` kr r`pigr, insk gc dkt `xpr`ssny
j`dtgkd`m gd tfgs lrkhfur` kr tf` gdstruhtgkd lkke(s), gs
mgshnigj`m ly Itnis Hkphk.
Gc idy stit`j`dt mk`s dkt hkjpny wgtf nkhin n`agsnitgkd, tf`
strght`r kc tf` twk
twk sfinn l` ippng`m. Xtit`j`dts gd tfgs
tfgs
jiduin sfkunm dkt l` gdt`rpr`t`m is suaa`stgkds?,
r`hkjj`dmitgkds kr gdmuh`j`dts tfit gt sfkunm l` us`m gd
vgknitgkd kc idy ippnghiln` niws kr r`aunitgkds.
9.< A`d`rin
A`d`rin Xic`ty
Xic`ty Rr`hiutgkd s
9 ]f` kwd`r gs r`spkdsgln` ckr jigd
jigdtigdgda
tigdgda tf` udgt gd i
sic` kp`ritgda hkdmgtgkd.
hkdmgtgkd. Pdgt pirts idm ihh`sskrg`s
just l` r`pnih`m gc jgssgda kr udsugtiln` ckr sic`
kp`ritgkd.
< Ps` k
kdny
dny nulrghitg
nulrghitgda
da kgns idm ar`is`s r`hkjj`dm`m kr
ipprkv`m ly Itnis Hkphk kr tf` jihfgd`
jiducihtur`r. Ish`rtigd tfit tf` s`n`ht`m nulrghidts
9= Inn r`aunit
hkjpny wgtf inn ippnghiln` sic`ty r`aunitgkds, `sp`hginny
wgtf r`airm tk `xpnksgkd kr cgr` rgse idm tf` pkssglgngty
kc m`hkjpksgtgkd kr a`d`ritgkd kc fizirmkus ais`s.
kdny l` udm`rtie`d wf`d tfid rkutgd` itt`dtgkd,
tf` jihfgd` gs turd`m sfinn
kcc.
1 L`ckr` mgsjidtngda idy pr`ssurgz`m hkjpkd`dt, tf`
hkjpr`sskr kr tf` `qugpj`dt sfinn l` `cc`htgv`ny
gsknit`m crkj inn skurh`s kc pr`ssur` idm l` hkjpn`t`ny
v`dt`m tk itjkspf`r`. Gd immgtgkd, i wirdgda
wirdgda sgad
l`irgda i n`a`dm suhf is "wkre gd prkar`ss5 mk dkt
kp`d" sfinn l` ittihf`m tk `ihf kc tf` gsknitgda vinv`s.
6 L`ckr` i jihfgd` gs l`gda r`pigr`m, st`ps sfinn l`
tie`d tk pr`v`dt gdimv`rt`dt stirtgda. Gd immgtgkd, i
wirdgda sgad l`irgda i n`a`dm suhf is "wkre gd
prkar`ss5 mk dkt stirt" sfinn l` ittihf`m tk tf` stirtgda
`qugpj`dt. ]f` litt`ry sfinn l` mgshkdd`ht`m idm
r`jkv`m kr tf` t`rjgdins hkv`r`m ly gdsunitgda hips.
7 Dkrjin ritgdas (pr`ssur`s, t`jp`ritur`s, sp``ms, `th.)
sfinn l` murilny jire`m.
92 D`v`r kp`rit
kp`rit`` i jihfgd` kr
kr `qugpj`dt l`ykdm gts
rit`m ngjgts (pr`ssur`, t`jp`ritur`, sp``m, `th.).
99 Jigdt`didh` idm r`pigr wkre sfkunm l` r`hkrm`m gd id
kp`ritkr's nkalkke ckr
ckr inn jihfgd`ry. Cr`qu`dhy idm
ditur` kc r`pigrs hid r`v`in udsic` hkdmgtgkds.
9< ]f` jihfg
jihfgd`ry
d`ry idm pd`ujitgh `qu`qugpj`dt
gpj`dt sfin
sfinnn l` e`pt
hn`id, g.`. is cr`` is pkssgln` crkj kgn, must kr ktf`r
m`pksgts.
98 ]k pr`v`dt id gdhr`is` gd wkregda t`jp`ritur`, gdsp`ht
idm hn`id f`it tridsc`r surcih`s (hkkn`r cgds,
gdt`rhkkn`rs, wit`r oihe`ts, `th.) r`aunirny. Ckr `v`ry
jihfgd` `stilngsf i sugtiln` tgj` gdt`rvin ckr hn`idgda
kp`ritgkds.
r`aunitgda
gda idm sic`ty
sic`ty m`vgh`s sfinn l` jigdtigd`m wgtf
wgtf
mu` hir` tk `dsur` tfit tf`y
tf`y cudhtgkd prkp`rny. ]f`y jiy
dkt l` ly-piss`m.

= 9892 8299 18
90 Hir` sfinn l` tie`d tk ivkgm mijia` tk sic`ty vinv`s
idm ktf`r pr`ssur` r`ng`c m`vgh`s, `sp`hginny tk ivkgm
pnuaagda ly pigdt, kgn hke` kr mgrt ihhujunitgkd, wfghf
hkunm gdt`rc`r` wgtf tf` cudhtgkdgda kc tf` m`vgh`.
93 Rr`ssur` idm t`j
t`jp`ritur`
p`ritur` aiua`s sfinn l` hf`he`m
r`aunirny wgtf r`airm tk tf`gr ihhurihy.
ihhurihy. ]f`y sfinn l`
r`pnih`m wf`d`v`r kutsgm` ihh`ptiln` tkn`ridh`s.
91 Rirts sfin
sfinnn kdny l` r`pnih`m ly a`dugd` Itnis Hkphk
r`pnih`j`dt pirts.
96 Xic`ty m`vgh`s sfinn l` t`st
t`st`m
`m is m`shrgl`m gd tf`
jigdt`didh` shf`mun` kc tf` gdstruhtgkd lkke(s) tk
m`t`rjgd` tfit tf`y ir` gd akkm kp`ritgda hkdmgtgkd.
97 D`v`r us` cnijjiln` sknv`dts kr hirlkd t`trihfnkrgm`
ckr hn`idgda pirts. ]ie` sic`ty pr`hiut
pr`hiutgkds
gkds iaigdst
tkxgh vipkrs wf`d hn`idgda pirts gd kr wgtf hn`idgda
prkmuhts.
<2 Kls`rv` shrupunkus hn`idngd`ss murgda jigdt`didh`
idm r`pigr. E``p iwiy mgrt ly hkv`rgda tf
tf`
` pirts idm
`xpks`m kp`dgdas wgtf hn`id hnktf, pip`r kr tip`.
<9 Rrkt`ht tf` `dagd`, int`rditkr, igr gdtie` cgnt`r, `n`htrghin
idm r`aunitgda hkjpkd`dts, `th. tk pr`v`dt jkgstur`
gdar`ss, `.a. wf`d st`ij-hn`idgda.
<< Qf`d p` p`rckrjgda
rckrjgda idy kp`ritgkd gdvknvgda f`it, ccnij`s
nij`s
kr spires kd i jihfgd`, tf` surrkudmgda hkjpkd`dts
sfinn cgrst l` shr``d`m
sh r``d`m wgtf dkd-cnijjiln` jit`rgin.
<8 D`v`r us` i ngaft skurh` wgtf kp`d cnij` cckr
kr gdsp`htgda
tf` gdt`rgkr kc i jihfgd`, pr`ssur` v`ss`n, `th.
<= Kd pkrtiln` udgts, suppkrt tf` mriwlir idm ixn`(s)
s`hur`ny gc wkregda udm`rd`itf tf` udgts kr wf`d
r`jkvgda i wf``n. Mk dkt r`ny kd oihes.
<0 Rrgkr tk strgppgda i hkjpr`sskr, `dagd` kr ktf`r
jihfgd` kr udm`rtiegda jiokr kv`rfiun kd gt, pr`v`dt
inn jkviln` pirts wgtf i jiss `xh``mgda 90 ea (82 nls)
crkj rknngda kv`r kr jkvgda.
<3 Qf`d r`pigr fis l``d hkjpn`t`m, jie` sur` tfit dk
tkkns, nkks` pirts kr rias ir` n`ct gd, kr kd, tf`
jihfgd`, tf` prgj` jkv`r kr tf` mrgvgda a`ir. ]f`
jihfgd` sfinn l` lirr`m s`v`rin r`vknutgkds tk `dsur`
tfit tf`r` gs dk j`hfidghin gdt`rc`r`dh` wgtfgd tf`
jihfgd` kr mrgv`r.
9.
9.8
8 Xic`ty
Xic`ty murgd a us` idm kp`ritgkd
]k ngct i udgt, inn nkks` kr pgvktgda pirts, `.a. mkkrs sfinn cgrst
l` s`hur`ny cist`d`m. Mk dkt ittihf hiln`s, hfigds kr
rkp`s mgr`htny tk tf` ngctgda `y`5 ippny i hrid` fkke kr ngctgda
sfihen` j``tgda nkhin sic`ty run`s.
F`nghkpt`r ngctgda usgda tf` ngctgda `y` gs ckrlgmm`d.
Gt gs strghtny ckrlgmm`d tk mw`nn kr stiy gd tf` rgse zkd` udm`r
i ngct`m nkim. D`v`r ngct tf` udg
udgtt kv`r p`kpn` kr r`sgm`dtgin
ir`is.
Ngctgda ihh`n`ritgkd idm r`tirmitgkd sfinn l` e`pt wgtfgd sic`
ngjgts.
9 L`ckr` tkwgda tf` udgt?
9892 8299 18
- ish`rtigd tfit tf` pr`ssur` v`ss`n(s) gs (ir`)
m`pr`ssurgz`m,
- hf`he tf` mriwlir, tf` lrie` syst`j idm tf` tkwgda
tkwgda `y`.
Insk hf`he tf` hkupngda kc tf` tkwgda v`fghn`,
- hf`he tfit tf`
tf` pgvkt wf``n kr
kr stidm n`a gs
gs sic`ny nkhe`m gd
tf` rigs`m pksgtgkd,
- ish`rtigd tfit tf` tkwgda `y` hid swgv`n cr``ny kd tf`
fkke,
- hf`he tfit tf` wf``ns ir` s`hur` idm tfit tf`
tf` tgr`s ir` gd
akkm hkdmgtgkd idm gdcnit`m hkrr`htny,
- hkdd`ht tf` sgadin
sgadin hiln`, hf`he inn ngafts idm hkdd`ht tf`
pd`ujitgh lrie` hkupn`rs,
- ittihf tf` sic`t
sic`ty
y lr`ie-iwiy hiln` tk tf` tkwgda
v`fghn`,
- r`jkv` wf``n hfkhes, gc ippng`m, idm mgs`daia` tf`
piregda lrie`.
- Ippny sic`ty hfigds tk tkw v`fghn`.
< Gc tf` udgt gs tk l` lihe`m up ly tf` tkwgda v`fghn`,
mgs`daia` tf` kv`rrud lrie` j`hfidgsj (gc `qugpp`m).
8 D`v`r `xh``m tf` jixgjuj tkwgda sp``m kc tf` udgt.
= Rnih` tf` udgt kd n`v`n arkudm idm hfkhe tf`
tf` wf``ns
wf``ns l`ckr`
mgshkdd`htgda tf` udgt crkj tf` tkwgda v`fghn`. Pdhngp tf`
sic`ty lr`ie-iwiy hiln`
0 Qf`d tf` udgt fis tk kp`rit` gd i cgr`-fizirmkus
`dvgrkdj`dt, `ihf `dagd` `xfiust fis tk l` prkvgm`m wgtf
i spire irr`stkr tk trip gdh`dmgiry spires.
s pires.
3 ]f` `xfiust hkdtigds hirlkd jkdkxgm` wfghf gs i n`tfin
ais. Qf`d tf` udgt gs us`m gd i hkdcgd`m spih`, hkdmuht
tf` `dagd` `xfiust tk tf` kutsgm` itjkspf`r` ly i pgp` kc
succghg`dt mgij`t`r (jgd. = gdhf`s)5 mk tfgs gd suhf i wiy
tfit dk `xtri lihe pr`ssur` gs hr`it`m
hr`it`m ckr tf` `dagd`. Gc
d`h`ssiry, gdstinn id `xtrihtkr.
1 Qf`d kp`ritgda gd i must-nim`d itjkspf`r`, pnih` tf` udgt
sk tfit must gs dkt hirrg`m
hirrg`m tkwirms gt ly tf` wgdm. Kp`ritgkd
gd hn`id surrkudmgdas hkdsgm`rilny `xt`dms tf` gdt`rvins ckr
hn`idgda tf` igr gdtie` cgnt`rs idm tf` hkr`s kc tf` hkkn`rs.
6 Nkhit` tf` udgt iwiy crkj winns. ]ie` inn pr`hiutgkds tk
`dsur` tfit fkt igr `xfiust`m crkj tf` `dagd` idm mrgv`d
mr gv`d
jihfgd` hkkngda syst`js
syst`js hiddkt l` r`hgrhunit`m. Gc suhf
fkt igr gs tie`d gd ly tf` `dagd` kr mrgv`d jihfgd` hkkngda
cid, tfgs jiy hius` kv`rf`itgda kc tf` udgt5 gc tie`d gd ckr
hkjlustgkd, tf` `dagd` pkw`r wgnn l` r`muh`m.
7 Dk `xt`rdin ckrh` jiy l` `x`rt`m kd tf` igr kutn`t vinv`s,
`.a. ly punngda kd fks`s kr ly
l y gdstinngda iuxgngiry `qugpj`dt
mgr`htny tk i vinv`, `.a. i wit`r s`piritkr, i nulrghitkr, `th.
92 Mgstrglutgkd pg
pgp`wkre
p`wkre idm igr
igr fks`s just
just l` kc hkrr`ht sgz`
idm sugtiln` ckr tf` wkregda pr`ssur`.
D`v`r us` criy`m, mijia`m kr m`t`rgkrit`m fks`s.
\`pnih` fks`s idm cn`xgln`s kc wfghf tf` ngc`tgj` `xpgr`m.
Ps` kdny tf` hkrr`ht typ` idm sgz` kc fks` `dm cgttgdas idm
hkdd`htgkds. Gdstinn sic`ty pgds kd qughe typ` fks`
hkdd`htgkds.
I fks` hkdd`ht`m
prkvgm`m tk iwgr`
wgtf i sic`ty < gdhf (02 jj)
(6 jj) cgx`mvinv` just
just
tk tf` l`ckr
fks`
`cc`htgv` pr`ssur`s is crkj 92 lir (9=0 psg) up, intfkuaf gt
gs r`hkjj`dm`m tk ippny suhf sic`auirm inr`imy crkj =
lir (32 psg) up. ]f` sic`ty wgr` `dms fiv` tk l` ittihf`m,
0
 kd` tk tf` `y` prkvgm`m d`xt tk tf` hkjpr`sskr igr - tf`r` ir` dk cu`n, kgn kr hkknidt
hkknidt n`ies,
kutn`t vinv`, tf` ktf`r kd` tk i pkgdt d`ir tk tf` igr
gdn`t kc tf` ippng`m `qugpj`dt. - inn cist`d`r
cist`d`rs
s ir` tgaft
Cgdinny i wgr` j`sf fks` hid l` cgx`m kv`r tf` fks` - inn `n`htrghin n`ims ir` s`hur` idm gd akkm krm`r,
`dms tk mijp`d tf` lnist gd his` i hkdd`htgkd stirts
n`iegda kr sfkunm l`hkj` udmkd`.
- tf` `dagd` `xfiust syst`j gs gd akkm hkdmgtgkd,

Hnks` tf` hkjpr`sskr igr kutn`t vinv` l`ckr` - igr kutn`t vinv`s idm jidgcknm, fks`s, hkupngdas,
hkdd`htgda kr mgshkdd`htgda i fks`. Ish`rtigd tfit i `th. ir` gd akkm r`pigr, cr`` kc w`ir kr ilus`,
fks` gs cunny m`pr`ssurgz`m l`ckr` mgshkdd`htgda gt.
- tf` wf``n duts ir` tgaft`d`m tk tf` prkp`r tkrqu`.
Qf`d lnkwgda tfrkuaf i fks` kr igr ngd`, `dsur` tfit
Qf`d jkr` tfid kd` hkjpr`sskr gs hkdd`ht`m tk i hkjjkd
tf` kp`d `dm gs f`nm s`hur`ny. I cr`` `dm wgnn w
wfgp
fgp
f`im`r, l` sur` `ihf hkjpr`sskr fis i dkd-r`turd vinv` (hf`he
idm jiy hius` gdoury. vinv`) tk pr`v`dt r`v`rs` rktitgkd wf`d stkppgda.
D`v`r pniy wgtf hkjpr`ss`m igr. D`v`r ippny gt tk ykur
segd kr mgr`ht id igr str`ij it p`kpn`. D`v`r us` gt tk 9.= Xic`ty
Xic`ty Murg
Murgda
da Jigdt`didh` idm \`pigr
\`pigr
hn`id mgrt crkj ykur hnktf`s.
hnktf`s. Qf`d usgda gt tk hn`id
mkwd `qugpj`dt, mk sk wgtf `xtr`j` hiutgkd idm us` Jigdt`didh` idm r`pigr wkre sfinn kdny l` hirrg`m kut ly
`y` prkt`htgkd. im`quit`ny trigd`m p`rskdd`n? gc r`qugr`m, udm`r sup`rvgsgkd kc
99 D`v`r jkv` i udgt wf`d `xt
`xt`rdin
`rdin ngd`s kr fks`s ir` skj`kd` quingcg`m ckr tf` okl.
hkdd`ht`m tk tf` kutn`t vinv`s, tk ivkgm mijia` tk 9 Ps` kdny tf` hkrr`ht tkkns ckr jigdt`didh` idm r`pigr wkre.
vinv`s idm/kr jidgcknm idm fks`s.
< Ps` kdny a`dugd` spir` pirts.
9< D`v`r r`c
r`cgnn
gnn cu`n
cu`n wfgn
wfgn`
` tf` udgt gs ruddgda. E``p ccu`n
u`n
iwiy crkj fkt pirts suhf is igr kutn`t pgp`s kr tf` 8 Inn jigdt`didh` wkre, ktf`r tfid rkutgd` itt`dtgkd, sfinn
`dagd` `xfiust. Mk dkt sjke` w wf`d
f`d cu`ngda. Qf`d kdny l` udm`rtie`d wf`d tf` udgt
udgt gs stkpp`m. @dsur` tfit
cu`ngda crkj id iutkjitgh pujp, i arkudm hiln` tf` udgt hiddkt l` stirt`m gdimv`rt`dtny.
sfkunm l` hkdd`ht`m tk tf` udgt tk mgshfira` stitgh
= L`ckr` r`jkvgda idy pr`ssurgz`m hkjpkd`dt, `cc`htgv`ny
`n`htrghgty. D`v`r spgnn dkr n`iv` kgn, cu`
cu`n,
n, hkknidt kr
gsknit` tf` hkjpr`sskr crkj inn skurh`s kc pr`ssur` idm
hn`idsgda ia`dt gd kr irkudm tf` udgt. r`ng`v` tf` `dtgr` syst`j kc pr`ssur`. Mk dkt r`ny kd dkd-
98 D`v`r kp`rit
kp`rit` ` tf` udgt ggd
d surrkudmgdas wf`r` tf`r` gs r`turd vinv`s (hf`he vinv`s) tk gsknit` pr`ssur` syst`js.
i pkssglgngty kc tiegda gd cnijjiln` kr tkxgh cuj`s.
0 D`v`r us` cnijjiln` sknv`dts kr hirlkd t`trihfnkrgm` ckr
9= D`v`r kp`rit
kp`rit`
` tf` udgt it pr`ssur`s kr sp``ms l`nkw hn`idgda pirts. ]ie` sic`ty pr`hiutgkds
pr`hiutgkds iaigdst tkxgh
kr gd `xh`ss kc tf` ngjgt ritgdas stit`m kd tf` Rrgdhgpin vipkrs crkj hn`idgda ngqugms.
Miti sf``t.
3 Xhrupunkusny kls`rv` hn`idngd`ss murgda jigdt`didh` idm
90 Kd wwit`r-hkkn`m
it`r-hkkn`m `dagd`s wg wgtf
tf hnks`m hkkngda hgrhugt? wf`d p`rckrjgda r`pigrs. E``p mgrt iwiy ly hkv`rgda tf`
innkw tf` udgt tk hkkn l`ckr` r`jkvgda i pr`ssur` hip. pirts idm `xpks`m kp`dgdas wgtf i hn`id
h n`id hnktf, pip`r kr
tip`.
93 Inn mkkrs sfinn l` sfut murgda kp`ritgkd sk is dkt ttk
k
mgsturl tf` hkkngda igr cnkw gdsgm` tf` lkmy-wkre
lkmy- wkre idm/kr 1 D`v`r w`nm kd kr p`rckrj idy kp`ritgkd gdvknvgda f`it d`ir
r`dm`r tf` sgn`dhgda n`ss `cc`htgv`. I mkkr sfkunm l` tf` cu`n kr kgn syst`js.
syst`js. Cu`n idm kgn tides just l`
e`pt kp`d ckr i sfkrt p`rgkm kdny, `.a. ckr gdsp`htgkd kr hkjpn`t`ny pura`m, `.a. ly st`ij-hn`idgda,
s t`ij-hn`idgda, l`ckr` hirrygda
imoustj`dt kut suhf kp`ritgkds.

91 Q`ir `ir prkt`ht

prkt`htkrs
krs wf`d `dvgrkdj`dtin dkgs` hid D`v`r w`nm kd, kr gd idy wiy jkmgcy, pr`ssur` v`ss`ns.

r`ihf kr `xh``m
`xpksur` 60 mL(I). L`wir` kc nk
tk dkgs`. nkda-tgj`
da-tgj` Mgshkdd`ht
udgt. tf` int`rditkr hiln`s murgda irh w`nmgda kd tf`

6 Xuppkrt tf` mriwlir idm tf` ixn` s`hur`ny gc wkregda

udm`rd`itf tf` udgt kr wf`d
wf`d r`jkvgda i wf``n. Mk dkt r`ny
96 R`rgkmghinny hf`he tfit? kd oihes.
- inn sic`ty `qugpj`dt gs gd akkm wkregda krm`r, 7 Jie` sur` tfit dk
dk tkkn
tkkns,
s, nkks` pirts kr rias ir` n`ct gd kr kd
- inn auirms idm igr hkdmuhtgda licc
liccn`s
n`s ir` gd p
pnih`
nih` tf` udgt.
idm s`hur`ny cist`d`m, 92 L`ckr` hn`irgda tf` udgt ckr us` ict`r
ict`r jigdt`didh`
jigdt`didh` kr
- inn fks`s idm/kr pgp`s gdsgm` ttf`
f` udgt ir` gd akkm kv`rfiun, hf`he tfit kp`ritgda pr`ssur`s, t`jp`ritur`s idm
hkdmgtgkd, s`hur` idm dkt rullgda, sp``ms ir` hkrr`ht idm tfit tf` hkdtrkn idm sfutmkwd
m`vgh`s cudhtgkd hkrr`htny.
99 Mk dkt r`jkv` idy kc, kr tijp`r wgtf,
wgtf, tf` skudm mijpgda
jit`rgin. E``p tf` jit`rgin cr`` kc mgrt idm ngqugms suhf is
cu`n, kgn idm hn`idsgda ia`dts.
9< Rrkt`ht tf` `n`htrghin idm r`aunitgda
r`aunitgda hkjpkd`dts, tf` igr
cgnt`r, `th. tk pr`v`dt jkgstur` crkj `dt`rgda tf`j, `.a. wf`d
st`ij-hn`idgda.

3 9892 8299 18
9.
9.0
0 ]kkn Ippng hitgkds Xic`ty
Xic`ty 9.3 Litt`rg`s
Ippny tf` prkp`r tkkn ckr
ckr `ihf okl. Qgtf tf` edkwn`ma` kc 9 ]f` `n`htrknyt` gd litt`rg`s gs i sunpfurgh ihgm sknutgkd wfghf
hkrr`ht tkkn us` idm edkwgda tf` ngjgtitgkds kc tkkns, inkda hid l` citin gc swinnkw`m idm hid hius` lngdmd`ss gc tf`
wgtf skj` hkjjkd s`ds`, jidy ihhgm`dts hid l` sknutgkd hkdtihts ykur `y`s. Gt wgnn insk hius` lurds gc gt
pr`v`dt`m. hkdtihts ykur segd. ]f`r`ckr`, l` hir`cun
hir`cun wf`d fidmngda
Xp`hgin s`rvgh` tkkns ir` ivigniln` ckr sp`hgcgh okls idm litt`rg`s, `.a. wf`d hf`hegda tf` hfira` hkdmgtgkd.
sfkunm l` us`m wf`d
wf`d r`hkjj`dm`m. ]f` us` kc tf`s`
< Gdstinn i sgad prkfglgtgda cgr`, kp`d cnij` idm sjkegda it tf`
tkkns wgnn siv` tgj` idm pr`v`dt mijia` tk pirts.
pkst wf`r` litt`rg`s ir` l`gda hfira`m.
9 Ps` kdny wr`dhf`s kr skhe`ts wfks` sgz` cgts tf`
8 Qf`d litt`rg`s ir` l`gda hfira`m, id `xpnksgv` ais
cist`d`r.
jgxtur` ckrjs gd tf` h`nns idm jgaft `ship` tfrkuaf tf`

< Ippny idf`im,

cist`d`r kp`d-`dm wr`dhf
squir` tk tf`kdny gd tf`
tfr`im pnih` kc tf`
ixgs. v`dt fkn`s gd tf` pnuas.
]fus id `xpnksgv` itjkspf`r` jiy ckrj irkudm tf` litt`ry
8 Mk dkt us` i pgp` kr ktf`r gjprkvgs`m n`v`ria` gc v`dtgnitgkd gs pkkr, idm hid r`jigd gd idm irkudm tf`
`xt`dsgkds kd fidmn`s. litt`ry ckr s`v`rin fkurs ict`r gt fis l``d hfira`m.
= Mk dkt fijj`r kd wr`dhf`s kr ktf`r tkkns wfghf ir` ]f`r`ckr`?
dkt sp`hginny m`sgad`m ckr gt.
- d`v`r sjke` d`ir litt`rg`s l`gda, kr fivgda r`h`dtny
0 Inwiys suppkrt tf` rithf`t f`im wf`d usgda skhe`t l``d, hfira`m,
`xt`dsgkds.
- d`v`r lr`ie ngv` hgrhugts
hgrhugts it litt`ry t`rjgdins, l`hius` i
3 Mgshirm idy wr`dhf wgtf lrke`d kr litt`r`m pkgdts kr spire usuinny khhurs.
`ma`s.
= Qf`d hkdd`htgda id iuxgngiry litt`ry (IL) gd pirinn`n tk tf`
1 D`v`r us` fidm typ` skhe`ts kd pkw`r kr gjpiht tkkns. udgt litt`ry (HL) wgtf lkkst`r hiln`s? hkdd`ht tf` + pkn` kc
IL tk tf` + pkn` kc HL, tf`d hkdd`ht tf` - pkn` kc I
IL
L tk tf`
6 X`n`ht kdny f`ivy-muty gjpiht skhe`ts ckr us` wgtf
jiss kc tf` udgt. Mgshkdd`ht gd tf`
tf` r`v`rs` krm`r. Gdhkrr`ht
pd`ujitgh kr `n`htrgh gjpiht tkkns.
hkdd`htgkd wgnn mijia` int`rditkr.

7 \`pnih` skhe`ts sfkwgda hrihes kr w`ir5 e``p

skhe`ts hn`id. 9.1 @tf`r cu`n Xyst`js
92 D`v`r us` shr`wmrgv`rs cckr
kr prygda, pudhfgda, hfg
hfgs`ngda,
s`ngda,
shkrgda kr shripgda. @tf`r cu`n syst`js ir` us`m ckr mg`s`n hknm stirtgda.

99 Ps` tf` hkrr`ht typ` idm sgz` kc shr`wmrgv`r ckr tf` 9 Mk dkt us` `tf`r is i stirtgda
stirtgda igm gd hkdoudtgkd
hkdoudtgkd wgtf
wgtf ktf`r
okl. ]f` lgt just jit
jithf
hf tf` cist`d`r. stitgda igms (g.`. ankw pnua, igr gdtie` f`it`r `th..) is id
`xpnksgv` hkdmgtgkd jiy r`sunt gd s`v`r` `dagd` mijia` kr
9< I shr`wmrgv`r wgtf rkudm`m `ma`s wgnn sngp5 gt d``ms tk p`rskdin gdoury.
l` r`mr`ss`m kr mgshirm`m.
< ]fgs typ` kc cu`n gs `xtr`j`ny cnijjiln`, tkxgh idm
98 D`v`r us` i shr`wmrgv`r kr idy ktf`r ttkkn
kkn d`ir i ngv` pkgskdkus. Ivkgm hkdtiht wgtf `y`s kr segd idm lr`itfgda
wgr` kr `n`htrghin hkjpkd`dt. Rnistgh hkv`rgda kc tf` cuj`s. Gc ihhgm`dtinny swinnkw`m, mk dkt gdmuh`
fidmn`s gs ckr hkjckrt idm argp kdny. ]f`y ir` dkt vkjgtgda lut hinn i pfysghgid
pfys ghgid gjj`mgit`ny.
gdt`dm`m tk iht is gdsunitgkd gc suhf gs dkt hn`irny
jire`m ly tf` jiducihtur`r. 8 Gc cu`n `d
`dt`rs
t`rs kr cuj`s grrgtit` tf` `y`s, cn
cnusf
usf tf` nitt`r wgtf
nira` quidtgtg`s kc hn`id wit`r idm hinn ckr j`mghin igm.
9= D`v`r strge` i fijj
fijj`r
`r iaigdst i firm`d`m klo`ht5 u
us`
s`
= L`ckr` kp`ritgda `tf`r hknm stirtgda igms, r`im tf`
i skct mrgct iaigdst tf` klo`ht idm strge` iaigdst tf`
mrgct. gdstruhtgkds idm tf` hkdtigd`r nil`n.

90 Xtrge` tf` klo`ht wgtf tf` cunn cih` kc tf` fijj`r. 0 D`v`r kp`rit` `tf`r hknm stirtgda igms wfgn` tf` `dagd` gs
ruddgda is tfgs hid hius` s`v`r`
s`v `r` mijia`.
93 D`v`r us` i fijj
fijj`r
`r wgtf i nkks` f`im.
3 Qf`d jigdt`didh`, t`sts kr r`pigr fis tk l` p`rckrj`m, mk
91 Mgshirm i fijj`r w
wgtf
gtf hfgpp`m kr jusfrkkj
jusfrkkj`m
`m cih`. sk gd i w`nn-v`dtgnit`m ir`i kdny, iwiy crkj f`it, kp`d
cnij` kr spires. Ish`rtigd tfit tf`tf` ir`i gs hn`irny jire`m
96 D`v`r us` i hfgs`n kr pudhf wgtf i hfgpp`m kr
kut wgtf sgads prkfglgtgda cgr`, kp`d cnij` idm sjkegda.
jusfrkkj`m strgegda cih`.
1 Q`ir `y` prkt`htgkd wf`d t`stgda i syst`j. Jie` sur`
97 Inwiys punn kd i w
wr`dhf
r`dhf kr skhe`t fidmn`, gc pkssgln`,
tfit kp`dgdas kc i spriy hkdtigd`r, vinv`, tul` kr itkjgz`r
idm imoust ykur stidh` tk pr`v`dt i cinn gc skj`tfgda
ir` pkgdt`m iwiy crkj ykurs`nc idm ktf`rs wfgn` t`stgda.
n`ts ak.
6 Mk dkt stkr` `tf`r hkdtigd`rs gd t`jp`ritur`s ilkv` 12¿H
<2 Q`ir ipp
ipprkv`m
rkv`m `y` prkt`htgkd wf`d usgda p`rhussgkd
(932 ¿C),
tkkns kr wf`d shripgda, hfgppgda, sfivgda kr argdmgda.
7 Mk dkt gdhgd`rit`, pudhtur` kr itt`jpt tk r`jkv` tf` h`dt`r
<9 Q`ir prkt
prkt`htgv`
`htgv` a
ankv`s
nkv`s wf`d fknmgda i hfgs`n kr
hkr` vinv`, sgm` sic`ty vinv` kr idy ktf`r pirt kc id `tf`r
pudhf. hkdtigd`r.

9892 8299 18 1
9.6
9.6 Rr`ssur` v`ss`ns 8 Dkgs`, `v`d it r`iskdiln` n`v`ns, hid hius` grrgtitgkd
idm mgsturlidh` wfghf, kv`r i nkda p`rgkm kc tgj`, jiy
Jigdt`didh` / gdstinnitgkd r`qugr`j`dts? hius` s`v`r` gdourg`s tk tf` d`rvkus syst`j kc fujid
l`gdas.
9 ]f` v`ss`n hid l` us`m is i ppr`ssur`
r`ssur` v`ss`n kr i
is
si
s`piritkr idm gs m`sgad`m tk fknm hkjpr`ss`m igr ckr Qf`d tf` skudm pr`ssur` n`v`n, it idy pkgdt wf`r`
tf` cknnkwgda ippnghitgkds? p`rskdd`n dkrjinny fis tk itt`dm, gs?

- pr`ssur` v`ss`n cckr

kr hkj
hkjpr`sskr.
pr`sskr. l`nkw 12 mL(I)? dk ihtgkd d``ms tk l` tie`d,
ilkv` 12 mL(I)? dkgs`-prkt`htgv` m`vgh`s sfkunm l`
- j`mguj IG\/KGN, prkvgm`m ckr p`kpn` hkdtgdukusny l`gda
idm kp`rit`s is m`tign`m kd tf` miti pnit` kc tf` pr`s`dt gd tf` rkkj,
v`ss`n? l`nkw 60 mL(I)? dk ihtgkd d``ms tk l` tie`d ckr
khhisgkdin vgsgtkrs stiygda i ngjgt`m tgj`
- tf` ji
jixgjuj
xgjuj w
wkregda
kregda pr`ssur` gd psg, kdny,
ilkv` 60 mL(I)? rkkj tk l` hnissgcg`m is i dkgs`-
< ]f` pr`ssur` v`ss`n gs kdny tk l` us`m ckr tf`
fizirmkus ir`i idm id klvgkus wirdgda
ippnghitgkds is sp`hgcg`m ilkv` idm gd ihhkrmidh` wgtf
sfinn l` pnih`m p`rjid`dtny it `ihf
tf` t`hfdghin sp`hgcghitgkds.
sp`hgcghitgkds. Xic`ty r`iskds prkf
prkfglgt
glgt
`dtridh` tk in`rt p`kpn` `dt`rgda tf`
idy ktf`r ippnghitgkds.
rkkj, ckr `v`d r`nitgv`ny sfkrt tgj`s,
8 Ditgkdin n`agsnitgkd r`qugr`j`dts wgtf r`sp`ht tk r`- ilkut tf` d``m tk w`ir `ir prkt`htkrs,
gdsp`htgkd just l` hkjpng`m wgtf. ilkv` 70 mL(I)? tf` wirdgda(s) it tf` `dtridh`(s) sfinn
l` hkjpn`t`m wgtf tf` r`hkjj`dmitgkd
= Dk w`nmgda kr f`it tr`itj`dt kc idy egdm gs p`rjgtt`m tfit insk khhisgkdin vgsgtkrs sfinn w`ir
tk tfks` v`ss`n winns wfghf ir` `xpks`m tk pr`ssur`. `ir prkt`htkrs,
0 ]f` v`ss`n gs prkvgm`m idm jiy kdny l` us`m w wgtf
gtf tf` ilkv` 920 mL(I)? sp`hgin `ir prkt`htkrs tfit ir` im`quit`
im`quit`
r`qugr`m sic`ty `qugpj`dt suhf is pr`ssur` auia`, ckr tfgs dkgs` n`v`n idm tf` sp`htrin
kv`rpr`ssur` hkdtrkn m`vgh`s, sic`ty vinv`, `th. hkjpksgtgkd kc tf` dkgs` sfinn l`
prkvgm`m idm i sp`hgin wirdgda tk tfit
3 Mrigdgda kc hkdm`dsit` sfinn l` p`rckrj`m r`aunirny `cc`ht sfinn l` pnih`m it `ihf `dtridh`.
wf`d v`ss`n gs gd us`.
= Gdsunitgkd kr sic`ty auirms kc pirts tf` t`jp`ritur` kc
1 Gdstinnitgkd, m`sgad idm hkdd`htgkds sfkunm dkt l` wfghf hid l` gd `xh`ss kc 62 ¿H (910 ¿C) idm wfghf jiy l`
hfida`m. ihhgm`dtinny tkuhf`m ly p`rskdd`n sfinn dkt l` r`jkv`m
l`ckr` tf` pirts fiv` hkkn`m tk rkkj t`jp`ritur`.
6 Lknts kc hkv`r idm cnida`s jiy dkt l` us`m cckr
kr `
`xtri
xtri
cgxitgkd. 0 Qf`d fkt pirts fiv` tk l` fidmn`m, `.a. sfrgde cgttgda,
sp`hgin f`it-r`sgstidt ankv`s sfinn l` us`m idm, gc r`qugr`m,
9.7 Xic`ty vinv`
vin v` ktf`r lkmy prkt`htgkd sfinn l` ippng`m.
3 Gc tf` wkregda prkh`ss prkmuh`s cuj`s, must kr vglritgkd
Inn imoustj`dts kr r`pigrs ir` tk l` mkd` ly id iutfkrgz`m fizirms, `th., tie` tf` d`h`ssiry st`ps tk `ngjgdit` tf` rgse
r`pr`s`dtitgv` kc tf` vinv` suppng`r. kc p`rskdd`n gdoury.
Cknnkwgda hf`hes just l` hirrg`m kut? 1 L`ckr` ngctgda jihfgd`s, inn nkks` pirts wfghf hkunm l` ngiln`
9 I hf`he kc tf` kp`dgda k
kcc tf` ngctgda a`ir,9 kr < tgj`s i tk cinn mkwd sfinn l` r`jkv`m kr s`hur`m5 pgvktgda pirts
y`ir. ]fgs hid l` mkd` ly ngct
ngctgda
gda tf` rgda kr n`v`r. suhf is mkkrs, `th. sfinn l` sic`ny gjjklgngz`m.

< I hf`he kc tf` s`t pr`ssur` kdh` i y`ir ihhkrmgda tk 6 ]k nngct

gct f`ivy pirts, i fkgst kc ijpn` hipihgty, t`st`m idm
ipprkv`m ihhkrmgda tk nkhin sic`ty r`aunitgkds, sfinn l`
tf` nkhin wgtf
l` mkd` r`aunitgkds, gc r`qugr`m.
tf` hkjpr`sskr ]fgs hf`he
suppnygda jiy dkt
tf` igr us`m.
pr`ssur` idm just l` hirrg`m kut kd i prkp`r t`st 7 Qf`d ngctgda jihfgd`ry, kdny fkkes kr sfihen`s j``tgda
l`dhf. nkhin sic`ty r`aunitgkds
r`aunitgkds sfinn l` ippng`m. D`v`r sfinn
hiln`s, hfigds kr rkp`s l` ippng`m mgr`htny kd kr tfrkuaf
9.92 Gdoury Rr`v`dtgkd ngctgda `y`s. D`v`r innkw sfirp l`dms gd ngctg
ngctgda
da hiln`s,
hfigds kr rkp`s.
9 Xtitgkdiry fkusgda auirms ir` prkvgm`m kd inn rktitgda
kr r`hgprkhitgda pirts dkt ktf`rwgs` prkt`ht`m idm 92 Ngctgda fkkes, `y`s, sfihen`s, `th. sfinn d`v`r l` l`dt
l`dt idm
wfghf jiy l` fizirmkus
fizirmkus tk p`rskdd`n. Jihfgd`ry sfinn kdny fiv` str`ss gd ngd` wgtf tf`gr m`sgad nkim ixgs.
sfinn d`v`r l` put gdtk kp`ritgkd, wf`d suhf auirms ]f` hipihgty kc i ngctgda m`vgh` mgjgdgsf`s wf`d tf` ngctgda
fiv` l``d r`jkv`m, kp`rit` kdny wf`d auirms ir` ckrh` gs ippng`m it id idan` tk gts nkim ixgs.
s`hur`ny r`gdstinn`m. 99 Ckr jixgjuj sic`ty idm `ccghg`dhy kc tf` ngctgda
ngctgda ippiritus
< Mk dkt kp`d `n`htrghin hilgd`ts, hulghn`s kr ktf`r inn ngctgda j`jl`rs sfinn l` ippng`m is d`ir tk p`rp`dmghunir
`qugpj`dt wfgn` vkntia` gs
gs suppng`m. Gc suhf hiddkt l` is pkssgln`. Gc r`qugr`m, i ngctgda
ngctgda l`ij sfinn l` ippng`m
ivkgm`m, `.a. ckr j`isur`j`dts, t`sts kr imoustj`dts, l`tw``d fkgst, idm nkim.

fiv` tf` ihtgkd hirrg`m kut ly i

quingcg`m `n`htrghgid kdny, wgtf ipprkprgit` tkkns, idm
ish`rtigd tfit tf` r`qugr`m lkmgny prkt`htgkd iaigdst
`n`htrghin fizirms gs ippng`m.

6 9892 8299 18
9< Qf`d f`ivy pi pirts
rts ir` l
l`gda
`gda ngct`m wgtf i fkgst, gt gs
strghtny ckrlgmm`d tk mw`nn kr piss udm`r tf` nkim kr gd
tf` spih` wfghf gs ngiln` tk l` fgt gc tf` nkim kr pirt kc gt
sfkunm tkppn` kv`r kr hkj` nkks`. D`v`r n`iv` i nkim
fidagda kd i fkgst. Ngctgda ihh`n`ritgkd idm r`tirmitgkd
sfinn l` e`pt wgtfgd sic` ngjgts.
98 I fkgst fis tk l` gdstinn`m gd suhf i wiy tfit tf` kloklo`ht
`ht
wgnn l` ngct`m p`rp`dmghunir.
p`rp`dmghunir. Gc tfit gs dkt pkssgln`, tf`
d`h`ssiry pr`hiutgkds just l` tie`d tk pr`v`dt nkim-
swgdagda, `.a. ly usgda twk fkgsts, `ihf it
ipprkxgjit`ny tf` sij` idan` dkt `xh``mgda 82m`a
crkj tf` v`rtghin.
9= Qf`d usgda hkjpr`ss`m igr kr gd`rt ais tk hn`id mkwd
`qugpj`dt, mk sk wgtf hiutgkd idm us` tf` ipprkprgit`
prkt`htgkd, it n`ist sic`ty aniss`s, ckr tf` kp`ritkr is
w`nn is ckr idy lystidm`r. Mk dkt ippny hkjpr`ss`m
igr kr gd`rt ais tk ykur segd kr mgr`ht id igr kr ais
str`ij it p`kpn`. D`v`r us` gt tk hn`id mgrt crkj ykur
hnktf`s.
90 L`ckr` lnkw
lnkwgda
gda hkjpr`ss`m igr kr gd`rt ai
ais
s tfrkuaf i
fks`, `dsur` tfit tf` kp`d `dm gs f`nm s`hur`ny, sk
Cga. <.9 A`d`rin vg`w kc VIX 960 OM1
tfit gt hiddkt wfgp idm hius` gdoury.
93 Qf`d wisfgda pirts gd kr wgtf i hn`idgda sknv`dt, <.< A`d`rin
A`d`rin M`shr
M`shr gpt gkd
prkvgm` tf` r`qugr`m v`dtgnitgkd idm us` ipprkprgit`
prkt`htgkd suhf is i lr`itfgda cgnt`r, sic`ty aniss`s, ]f` VIX 960 gs i sgn`dh`m, sgdan`-stia`, kgn-gdo`ht`m shr`w
rull`r iprkd idm ankv`s, `th. hkjpr`sskr, lugnt ckr i dkrjin `cc`htgv` wkregda pr`ssur` kc 1
91 Xic`ty sfk`s sfkunm l` hkj hkjpunskry
punskry gd idy wkresfkp lir (92< psg).
idm gc tf`r` gs i rgse, fkw`v`r sjinn, kc cigngda klo`hts, ” @dagd`
w`irgda kc i sic`ty f`nj`t sfkunm l` gdhnum`m.
]f` hkjpr`sskr gs mrgv`d ly i wit`r-hkkn`m
wit`r-hkkn`m mg`s`n `dagd`. ]f`
96 Gc tf`r` gs i rg
rgse
se kc ggdfingda
dfingda fizirmkus ais`s, cuj`s kr `dagd`‗s pkw`r gs tridsjgtt`m tk tf` hkjpr`sskr tfrkuaf i
must, tf` r`spgritkry kraids just l` prkt`ht`m idm, cn`xgln` hkupngda.
m`p`dmgda kd tf` ditur` kc tf` fizirm, sk just tf`
`y`s idm segd. ” Hkjpr`sskr

97. \`j`jl`r tfit wf`r` ttf`r` f`r` gs vgsgln` must, tf` cgd`r, ]f` hkjpr`sskr hisgda fkus`s twk shr`w-typ`
shr` w-typ` rktkrs, jkudt`m
gdvgsgln` pirtghn`s wgnn injkst h`rtigdny l` pr`s`dt tkk5 kd linn idm rknn`r l`irgdas. ]f` jin` rktkr, mrgv`d ly tf`
lut tf` ciht tfit dk must hid l` s``d gs dkt i r`ngiln` `dagd`, mrgv`s tf` c`jin`
c`jin` rktkr. ]f` jin` rktkr fis ckur
ckur nkl`s
gdmghitgkd tfit mida`rkus, gdvgsgln` must gs dkt pr`s`dt idm tf` c`jin` rktkr
rktkr fis sgx cnut`s. ]fus, tf` jin` rktkr
rktkr
gd tf` igr. r`vknv`s it 9 9/< tgj`s
tgj`s tf` sp``m kc tf` cc`jin`
`jin` rktkr. ]f`
`n`j`dt m`ngv`rs punsitgkd-cr`` igr.
<2. Qf`d usgda hirtrgma
hirtrgma`
` typ` lr`itfgda cgnt`r `qugpj`d
`qugpj`dt,
t,
ish`rtigd tfit tf` hkrr`ht typ` kc hirtrgma` gs us`m idm Gdo`ht`m kgn gs us`m ckr s`ingda, hkkngda idm nulrghitgda purpks`s.
tfit gts us`cun s`rvgh` ngc` gs dkt surpiss`m.

< N`imgda Ri
Rirtgh
rtgh unirs ” Hkjpr`sskr Kgn Xyst`j
]f` kgn gs lkkst`m ly igr pr`ssur`. ]f` syst`j fis dk kgn pujp.

<.
<.9
9 M`shrg
M`shrg ptgkd kc Xic`ty
Xic`ty Rghtkarijs ]f` kgn gs r`jkv`m crkj tf` igr, gd tf` igr/kgn v`ss`n cgrst ly
h`dtrgcuain ckrh`, s`hkdm tfrkuaf tf` kgn s`piritkr `n`j`dt.
`n`j`dt. ]f`
Ps`m
Ps`m gd tfgs Jiduin
Jiduin v`ss`n gs prkvgm`m wgtf id kgn n`v`n gdmghitkr.
]fgs syjlkn mriws ykur itt`dtgkd tk mida`rkus
sgtuitgk ds. ]f` kp`ritgkd hkdh`rd`m jiy ” \`aunitgkd
`dmida`r p`rskds idm hius` gdourg`s. ]f` hkjpr`sskr gs prkvgm`m wgtf i hkdtgdukus r`aunitgda syst`j
idm i lnkw-mkwd vinv` wfghf gs gdt`arit`m gd tf` udnkim`r
+ ]fgs syjlkn gs cknn kw`m ly suppn`j`dti
suppn`j`dtiry
ry iss`jlny. ]f` vinv` gs hnks`m murgda kp`ritgkd ly kutn`t
gdckrjitgkd. pr`ssur` kc tf` hkjpr`sskr `n`j`dt idm kp`ds ly igr r`h`gv`r
pr`ssur` wf`d tf` hkjpr`sskr gs stkpp`m.
s tkpp`m.
Qf`d tf` igr hkdsujptgkd gdhr`is`s, tf` igr r`h`gv`r pr`ssur`
wgnn m`hr`is` idm vgh` v`rsi.

]fgs r`h`gv`r
vinv` pr`ssur`
wfghf, ly j`ids virgitgkd
kc hkdtrkngsigr
s`ds`m
tk tf` ly tf` r`aunitgda
udnkim`r idm `dagd`
sp``m r`aunitkr, jithf`s tf` igr kutput tk tf` igr hkdsujptgkd.
]f` igr r`h`gv`r pr`ssur` gs jigdtigd`m l`tw``d tf` pr`-

9892 8299 18 7
s`n`ht`m wkregda pr`ssur` idm tf` hkrr`spkdmgda
udnkimgda pr`ssur`.
” Hkkngd a Xyst`j
@dagd` idm hkjpr`sskr ir` prkvgm`m wgtf i rimgitkr idm kgn
hkkn`r. ]f` hkkngda igr gs a`d`rit`m ly i cid, mrgv`d ly tf`
`dagd`.
” Xic`ty M`vgh`s
I tf`rjin sfut-mkwd swgthf prkt`hts tf` hkjpr`sskr
iaigdst kv`rf`itgda. ]f` igr r`h`gv`r gs
gs prkvgm`m wgtf i
sic`ty vinv`.

]f` `dagd` gs `qugpp`m wgtf nkw kgn pr`ssur` idm fgaf

hkknidt t`jp`ritur` sfut-mkwd swgthf`s idm id
int`rditkr/S-l`nt prkt`htgkd syst`j.
” Crij` idm Ixn`
]f` hkjpr`sskr/`dagd` udgt gs suppkrt`m ly rull`r lucc`rs
gd tf` crij`.
]f` stidmirm VIX 960 OM1 gs `qugpp`m wgtf i dkd-
imoustiln` mriwlir wgtf i tkwgda `y` idm rkim ngaftgda.
Is id kptgkd, tf`
tf` udgt hid l` `qugpp`m wgtf `n`htrgh,
fymuringh idm/kr piregda lrie`.
Qf`d mrgvgda lihewirms tf` fymuringh lrie` gs dkt
`daia`m iutkjitghinny.

” Lkmywkre
]f` lkmywkre fis kp`dgdas it tf` sfip`m crkdt idm r`ir
`dm ckr tf` gdtie` idm kutn`t kc hkkngda igr idm i sp`hginny
fgda`m hidkpy ckr jigdt`didh` idm s`rvgh` kp`ritgkds.
]f` lkmywkre gs pirtginny ngd`m wgtf skudm-ilskrlgda
jit`rgin.
” Ngct gda @y`
I ngctgda `y` gs
gs ihh`ssgln` tfrkuaf tf` rkkc pid
pid`n
`n it tf` tkp
kc tf` udgt.
” Hkdtrk n Rid`
Rid`nn
]f` hkdtrkn pid`n arkupgda tf` igr pr`ssur` aiua`, hkdtrkn
swgthf `th., gs pnih`m it r`ir kc igr hkjpr`sskr.
” Miti Rnit`
]f` hkjpr`sskr gs curdgsf`m wgtf i miti pnit` nkhit`m kd
tf` crkdt sgm` kc tf` udgt sfkwgda tf` hkjpr`sskr typ`,
s`rgin dujl`r, jixgjuj cgdin pr`ssur` idm dkrjin wkregda
pr`ssur`.

Rnih`
`xijpn` kc
miti pnit`

92 9892 8299 18
<.8 Jigd Rirts

IS

CR
\S

SNh
HR RA
XS
I\/KX

KCh
ICh
@

C
KC`

IC`

C]

CH9

A9

@R

Cga <.8Jigd p irts kc VIX 960 OM

IC` Igr Cgnt`r @dagd` CH< @dagd` Kgn Cgnn`r Hip KNA Kgn N`v`n Aiua`
ICh Igr Cgnt`r Hkjpr`sskr CCi Cu`n Cgnt`r (Cgdin) KX Kgn X`piritkr
I\ Igr \`h`gv`r CCl Cu`n Cgnt`r (Rrgjiry) RA Rr`ssur` Aiua`
IS Igr Kutn`t Sinv` CR Hkjpr`sskr Kgn Cgnngda Rnua \S \`aunitgda Sinv`
LMS Lnkw Mkwd Sinv` C\ Cnkw \`strghtkr XN Xhiv`da` Ngd`
H@ Hkjpr`sskr @n`j`dt C] Cu`n ]ide X\ Xp``m \`aunitkr
HR Hkdtrkn Rid`n CP Cu`n Rujp Jiduin XS Xic`ty Sinv`
HS Hf`he Sinv` A9 Int`rditkr ]X ]`jp`ritur` Xwgthf
ML Mrgv` L`nt NS Nkimgda Sinv` PI Pdnkim`r Iss`jlny
MR Mrigd Rnua JRS Jgdgjuj Rr`ssur` Dkzzn` PS Pdnkim`r Sinv`
Ms` Mgpstghe @dagd` Kgn N`v`n J9 Xtirt`r Jktkr @dagd` SF S`dt Fkn`
@ @dagd` KH Kgn Hkkn`r SG` Sihuuj Gdmghitkr @dagd`
@R @xfiust Rgp` KC` Kgn Cgnt`r @dagd` SGh Sihuuj Gdmghitkr Hkjpr`sskr
C Hkkngda Cid KCh Kgn Cgnt`r Hkjpr`sskr SS Sihuitkr Sinv`
CH9 Cu`n Cgnn`r Hip

9892 8299 18 99
Hkjpr`sskr \`aunitgda Xyst`j (Nkim
(Nkim Hkdmgtg kd)

Cga. <.=
<.= Hkjpr`sskr \`aunitg da Xyst`j
IC` Igr Cgnt`r @dagd` @ @dagd` JRS Jgdgjuj Rr`ssur` X\ Xp``m \`aunitkr
ICh Igr Cgnt`r Hkjpr`sskr @R @xfiust Rgp` Dkzzn` XS Xic`ty Sinv`
I\ Igr \`h`gv`r C Hkkngda Cid KH Kgn Hkkn`r ]X ]`jp`ritur` Xwgthf
IS Igr Kutn`t Si
Sinv`
nv` CH9 Cu`n Cgnn`r Hip KC` Kgn Cgnt`r @dagd` PI Pdnkim`r Iss`jlny
LMS Lnkw Mkwd Sinv` CR Hkjpr`sskr Kgn Cgnngda KCh Kgn Cgnt`r Hkjpr`sskr PS Pdnkim`r Sinv`
H@ Hkjpr`sskr @n`j`dt Rnua KNA Kgn N`v`n Aiua` SF S`dt Fkn`
HR Hkdtrkn Rid`n C\ Cnkw \`strghtkr KX Kgn X`piritkr SG` Sihuuj Gdmghitkr
HS Hf`he Sinv` A9 Int`rditkr RA Rr`ssur` Aiua` @dagd`
ML Mrgv` L`nt NS Nkimgda Sinv` \S \`aunitgda Sinv` SGh Sihuuj Gdmghitkr
MR Mrigd Rnua XN Xhiv`da` Ngd` Hkjpr`sskr

<.= Igr
Ig r Cnkw (s`` Cga. <.=) ]f` hf`he vinv` pr`v`dts lnkw-lihe kc hkjpr`ss`m igr wf`d
tf` hkjpr`sskr gs stkpp`m.
stkpp`m. Gd tf` igr r`h`gv`r/kgn s`piritkr
]f` syst`j hkjprgs`s? (I\/KX), jkst kc tf` kgn gs r`jkv`m crkj tf` igr/kgn jgxtur`? tf`
IC Igr cgnt`r r`jigdgda kgn gs r`jkv`m ly tf` s`piritkr `n`j`dt.
I\/KX Igr r`h`gv`r/kgn s`piritkr ]f` kgn hknn`hts gd tf` r`h`gv`r idm kd tf` lkttkj kc tf`
H@ Hkjpr`sskr `n`j`dt s`piritkr `n`j`dt.
PI/PS Pdnkim`r iss`jlny wgtf udnkim`r vinv` ]f` igr n`iv`s tf` r`h`gv`r vgi
v gi tf` jgdgjuj pr`ssur` vinv`
LMS Lnkw-mkwd vinv` (JRS) wfghf pr`v`dts tf` r`h`gv`r pr`ssur` crkj mrkppgda
l`nkw tf` jgdgjuj wkregda pr`ssur`, `v`d wf`d tf` igr kutn`t
JRS Jgdgjuj pr`ssur` vinv`
vinv`s ir` kp`d. ]fgs `dsur`s im`quit
im`quit`
` kgn gdo`htgkd idm

Igr NS Nkimgda
mriwd tfrkuaf Sinv` (IC) gdtk tf` hkjpr`sskr
tf` igrcgnt`r pr`v`dts kgn hkdsujptgkd.
`n`j`dt (H@) gs hkjpr`ss`m. It tf` `n`j`dt kutn`t, I t`jp`ritur` swgthf
swgthf (]X) idm i wkregda pr`ssur` aiua` (RA)
hkjpr`ss`m igr idm kgn piss gdtk tf` igr r`h`gv`r/kgn ir` hkjprgs`m gd tf` syst`j.
s`piritkr (I\/KX).

9< 9892 8299 18

I lnkw-mkwd vinv` (LMS) gs cgtt`m gd tf` u
udnkim`r
dnkim`r iss`jlny ly j`ids kc hkdtrkn igr tk tf` udnkim`r, jithf`s tf` igr kutput
tk iutkjitghinny m`pr`ssurgz` tf` igr r`h`gv`r (I\) wf`d tk tf` igr hkdsujptgkd. ]f` igr r`h`gv`r pr`ssur` gs jigdtigd`m
jigdtigd`m
tf` hkjpr`sskr gs stkpp`m. l`tw``d tf` pr`-s`n`ht`m wkregda pr`ssur` idm tf`
hkrr`spkdmgda udnkimgda pr`ssur`.
<.0 Kgn sy
syst
st`j
`j (s`` Cga. <.=) Qf`d stirtgda tf` hkjpr`sskr, tf` udnkim`r vinv` (PS) gs e`pt
kp`d ly sprgda ckrh`, tf` `dagd`
`dagd` ruds it jixgjuj sp``m. ]f`
]f` syst`j hkjprgs`s? hkjpr`sskr `n`j`dt (H@) tie`s gd igr idm pr`ssur`
pr `ssur` lugnms up gd
I\/KX Igr r`h`gv`r/kgn
r`h`gv`r/kgn s`piritkr tf` r`h`gv`r. ]f` udnkim`r vinv` gs hnks`m.

\S/PI \`aunitgkd Sinv`/Pdnkim`r Sinv` ]f` igr kutput gs hkdtrknn`m crkj jixgjuj kutput (922%) tk dk
kutput (2%) ly?
KH Kgn hkkn`r
9. Xp``m hkdtrkn kc ttf`
f` `dagd`
`dagd` l`tw``d
l`tw``d jixgju
jixgjuj
j nkim
nkim sp``m
KC Kgn cgnt`r idm udnkimgda sp``m (tf` kutput kc i shr`w
shr` w hkjpr`sskr gs
prkpkrtgkdin tk tf` rktitgda sp``m).
]f` nkw`r pirt kc tf` igr r`h`gv`r
r `h`gv`r (I\) s`rv`s is kgn tide.
<. Igr gdn`t tfrkttngda.
Igr pr`ssur` ckrh`s tf` kgn crkj tf` igr r`h`gv`r/kgn s`piritkr
(I\/KX) tfrkuaf tf` kgn hkkn`r (KH) idm kgn cgnt`r (KC) tk tf` 8. Lnkw kcc vinv` (LKS).
hkjpr`sskr `n`j`dt (H@).
Gc tf` igr hkdsujptgkd gs `quin tk kr `xh``ms tf` jixgjuj igr
]f` hkjpr`sskr `n`j`dt fis id kgn ainn`ry gd tf` lkttkj kc kutput, tf` `dagd` sp``m gs f`nm it jixgjuj nkim sp``m idm
gts hisgda. ]f` kgn ckr rktkr nu
nulrghitgkd,
lrghitgkd, hkkngda idm s`ingda tf` udnkimgda vinv` gs cunny kp`d.
gs gdo`ht`m tfrkuaf fkn`s gd tf` ainn`ry.
Gc tf` igr hkdsujptgkd gs n`ss tfid tf` jixgjuj igr kutput, tf`
Nulrghitgkd kc tf` l`irgdas gs `dsur`m ly kgn gdo`ht`m gdtk r`aunitgda vinv` suppng`s hkdtrkn igr tk udnkim`r vinv` (PS) tk
tf` l`irgda fkusgdas. r`muh` tf` igr kutput idm fknms igr r`h`gv`r pr`ssur` l`tw``d
tf` dkrjin wkregda pr`ssur` idm tf` hkrr`spkdmgda udnkimgda
]f` gdo`ht`m kgn, jgx`m wgtf tf` hkjpr`ss`m igr, n`iv`s tf`
pr`ssur` kc ipprkx. 9.0 lir (<9.10 psg) ilkv` tf` dkrjin
hkjpr`sskr `n`j`dt idm r`-`dt`rs tf` igr r`h`gv`r, wf`r` gt
wkregda pr`ssur`.
gs s`pirit`m crkj tf` igrigr is m`shrgl`m gd s`htgkd <.=. ]f`
kgn tfit hknn`hts gd tf` lkttkj kc tf` kgn s`piritkr `n`j`dt gs Qf`d tf` igr hkdsujptgkd gs r`suj`m, tf` udnkim`r vinv`
r`turd`m tk tf` syst`j tfrkuaf shiv`dagda ngd` (XN), wfghf arimuinny kp`ds tf` igr gdtie` idm tf` sp``m r`aunitkr gdhr`is`s
gs prkvgm`m wgtf i cnkw r`strghtkr (C\). tf` `dagd` sp``m.
]f` kgn cgnt`r ly-piss vinv` kp`ds wf`d tf` pr`ssur` mrkp ]f` hkdstruhtgkd kc tf` r`aunitgda vinv` gs suhf tfit idy
kv`r tf` cgnt`r gs ilkv` dkrjin l`hius` kc i hnkaa`m cgnt`r. gdhr`is` (m`hr`is`) kc tf` igr r`h`gv`r pr`ssur` ilkv` tf` pr`-
]f` kgn tf`d ly-piss`s tf` cgnt`r wgtfkut l`gda ccgnt`r`m.
gnt`r`m. Ckr s`t vinv` kp`dgda pr`ssur` r`sunts gd i prkpkrtgkdin gdhr`is`
tfgs r`iskd, tf` kgn cgnt`r just l` r`pnih`m it r`aunir (m`hr`is`) kc tf` hkdtrkn pr`ssur` tk tf` udnkimgda vinv`.
gdt`rvins (s`` s`htgkd =.<).
Rirt kc tf` hkdtrkn igr gs v`dt`m tk itjkspf`r`, idm idy
hkdm`dsit` mgshfira`m, tfrkuaf tf` v`dt fkn`s (SF).
<.
<.3
3 Hkdtgdukus r`aunitgda syst`j
(s`` Cga.
Cga . <.=)
]f` syst`j hkjprgs`s?
\S \`aunitgda vinv`
PI Pdnkim`r iss`jlny
X\ Xp``m r`aunitkr
]f` hkjpr`sskr gs prkvgm`m wgtf i hkdtgdukus r`aunitgda
syst`j. ]fgs syst`j gs prkvgm`m wgtf i lnkw-mkwd vinv`
(LMS) wfghf gs gdt`arit`m gd tf` udnkim`r iss`jlny (PI).
]f` vinv` gs hnks`m murgda kp`ritgkd ly kutn`t pr`ssur` kc
tf` hkjpr`sskr `n`j`dt idm kp`ds ly igr r`h`gv`r
pr`ssur` wf`d tf` hkjpr`sskr gs stkpp`m.
Qf`d tf` igr hkdsujptgkd gdhr`is`s, tf` igr r`h`gv`r
pr`ssur` wgnn m`hr`is` idm vgh` v`rsi. ]fgs r`h`gv`r
pr`ssur` virgitgkd gs s`ds`m ly tf` r`aunitgda vinv` wfghf,

9892 8299 18 98
@n`htrg
@n`htrg hin Xyst`j

<.1.9 Hgrhugt Mgiarij

2 9 < 8

X9

2
9
9<S MH X9 <
8
9
92I C9 0 < <
82
8 8 E8
= = 61 61i

E= 61i
61 61i X0

6 8 8 8 7 7 7 < 82
E= 63 X3 61
X6 99
60 E2
A< 82
A9 \9 X< R< +
+ L+ 61i
M+ 3
- L- E2 82
X8 X
61
R
R9 <1 82
E0 61 J9
f
S< W9 E8 63 63 E< J
82 <3
60 60 F9 F< E0 60 E9 63

90 ]`jp A@D@\IN X1 63 60
F]\ 61 INI\J
61i X=
82 E9 E< 82
61
9< 9< 9< 9< 9< 9< 9< 9< 9<

Cgaur` <.1 Hgrhugt m giarij

C9 Hgrhugt lr`ie`r R9 Fkur j`t`r
A9 Int`rditkr R< Cu`n N`v`n Aiua`
A< Litt`ry X9 Hkdtiht swgthf (Kcc-Kd-Kv`rrgm`-Xtirt)
F9 ]`jp`ritur` inirj nijp X< ]`jp`ritur`
]`jp`ritur` swgthf `dagd`
F< A`d`rin inirj nijp X8 Kgn pr`ssur` swgthf `dagd`
F]\ Igr gdn`t pr`f`it X= Nijp t`st swgthf
E2 Xtirt`r skn`dkgm (pirt kc J9) X0 ]`jp`ritur` swgthf (Hkjpr`sskr)
E9 \`niy X3 Nkw Cu`n N`v`n swgthf
E< \`niy X1 Cu`n N`v`n s`dm`r
E8 \`niy X6 Rr`f`it Rusfluttkd

E=
E0 \`niy
\`niy W9 Cu`n skn`dkgm vinv`
\9 \`sgstkr
J9 Xtirt`r jktkr S< Mgkm`

9= 9892 8299 18
<.1.<
<.1.< M`shrg pt
ptgk
gkd
d (s`` Cga. <.1) 8 Kp`
Kp`ritgda
ritgda Gdstruht gkd
gkdss
Kp`ritgkd kc tf` `n`htrgh hgrhugt Gd m`tign
Xtirt luttkd X9 pksgtgkd 9? 8.9
8.9 Ri
Riregda
regda , ]kwgda Idm Ngctg da
Ngd` < kd 9<S hkdtiht E8 hnks`m (82-61), nijp F< gs
Gdstruhtgkds
kd. E= `xhgt
`xhgt`s
`s hkdtiht E= (61-61i). ]f`rjkhkdtiht
Xic`ty Rr`hiutgkds
`n`j`dt X0 dkrjinny hnks`m, E9 `xhgt`s hkdtiht E9
(82-61). ]f` kp`ritkr gs `xp`ht`m tk ippny inn r`n`vidt sic`ty
pr`hiutgkds, gdhnumgda tfks` j`dtgkd`m kd tf` Gdsgm` kc tf`
Ps` kc pr`f`it?
hkv`r kc tfgs lkke.
Xtirt luttkd X9 pksgtgkd 9 pr`ss pusfluttkd X6,
Itt`dtgkd?
`d`ragz`s
ankwpnua. r`niy E0 idm prkvgm`s pkw`r
pk w`r tk tf` ” Hf`he idm r`tgaft`d tf` w
wf``n
f``n duts idm mriwlir lknt
lknts
s tk
tf` sp`hgcg`m tkrqu`. X`` s`htgkd 1.
Xtirt luttkd X9 pksgtgkd <?
Ngd` 8 kd 9<S (kv`rrgm` cudhtgkd)
cudhtgkd) fkurj`t`r R9, idm 8.9.9
8.9.9Mriwlir Rr`piritgk ds ckr ]kwgda (s``
cu`n skn`dkgm W9 gs `xhgt`m.
`xhgt`m. ]f`rjkhkdtiht `dagd` X<
dkrjinny hnks`m, kgn pr`ssur` hkdtiht X8 kp`d. Cgas . 8.9I-H)
8.9I-H)
Xtirt luttkd X9 pksgtgkd 8? Itnis Hkphk VIX960
VIX960 hkjpr`sskrs jiy l` suppng`m tk i
hustkj`r wgtf i cknm`m mriwlir (s`` Cga. 8.9I). ]f` mriwlir gs
Xtirt r`niy E2 gs `xhgt`m idm stirt`r jktkr gs ruddgda,
pksgtgkd`m gd gt‗s uprgaft pksgtgkd ckr sfgppgda purpks`s kdny.
`dagd` lugnms up kgn pr`ssur` idm kgn pr`ssur` hkdtiht
Qf`d tf` hkjpr`sskr gs r`h`gv`m ly tf` `dm hustkj`r, tf`
X8 hnks`s. E8 `xhgt`m idm hkdtiht E E8
8 hfida`s kv`r tk
mriwlir wgnn d``m tk l` put gdtk gt‗s kp`ritgda
kp`ritgda pksgtgkd. ]k mk
(82-61). \`niy E< dk nkda`r `xhgt`m, hkdt
hkdtiht
iht E<
tfgs?
kp`ds, nijp F9 ak`s kut. Int`rditkr insk hkjj`dh`s
suppnygda vkntia` idm E= gs dk nkda`r `xhgt`m idm 9) Qgtf ttf`
f` w`gaft kc tf` hkjpr`sskr stgnn
stgnn kd tf` mriwlir, punn
hkdtiht E= hfida`s
hfida`s kv`r tk (61-61i). Nijp F< ak`s tf` pgd kd tf` oihegda m`vgh` (prkp kr dks` wf``n) idm
kut, kd` hid r`n`is` stirt luttkd X9 idm gt r`turds tk jkv` gt gdtk tf` mkwd pkstgkd. L` sur` tk r`-gds`rt tf` pgd tk
pksgtgkd 9. @xhgtgda tf` sic`ty m`vgh`s khhurs dk e``p tf` oihe nkhe`m gd pnih`.
nkda`r ihrkss ngd` 8 lut ihrkss ngd` < tk ngd` = idm tfgs
<) Ps` tf` oihe tk suppkrt tf` hkjpr`sskr gd i n`v`n pksgtgkd
wiy tk ngd` 8.
ly turdgda tf` fidmn` it tf` tkp kc tf` oihe.
@xpniditgkd kc sfutmkwds?
8) Psgda tf` ipprkprgit` tkkns, r`jkv` tf` sfgppgda lrihe`t
Kgn pr`ssur` hkdtiht X8 kp`ds, E8 dk nkda`r `xhgt`m. (s`` Cga. 8.9I, gt`j 9) idm cknm tf` mriwlir gdtk gt‗s mkwd
E8 hfida`s kv`r (61i-61), `dagd` huts kut l`hius` pksgtgkd (s`` Cga. 8.9L). Mgsairm nkhedut.
cu`n skn`dkgm W9 dk nkda`r `xhgt`m idm nijp F< ak`s
Dkt`? tie` tf` d`h`ssiry pr`hiutgkds is tk dkt pgdhf tf`
Dkt`?
kd sgjuntid`kusny.
wgr` fird`ss tfit ruds tfrkuaf tf` mriwlir murgda tf`
]f`rjkhkdtiht X< kp`ds, E8 dk nkda`r `xhgt`m. E8 udcknmgda prkh`ss. Runn tf` `xh`ss fird`ss kut tfrkuaf tf`
hfida`s kv`r (61i-61), `dagd` huts kut l`hius` cu`n crkdt kc tf` mriwlir.
skn`dkgm W9 dk nkda`r `xhgt`m idm nijp F< ak`s kd
sgjuntid`kusny. =) \`us` tftf`
` sfgppgda lrihe`t lknt tk
tk s`hur` tf` mriwlir
mriwlir ly
r`gds`rtgda tf` lknt tfrkuaf lktf mriwlir finv`s (gt`j <, 8).
]f`rjkhkdtiht X0 kp`ds, E9 dk nkda`r `xhgt`m. X`hur` idm tgaft`d wgtf tf` nkhedut suppng`m gd tf` sfgppgda
Hkdtiht E9 hfida`s kv`r (61-61i). E8 dk nkda`r lia. ]krqu` tf` dut idm lknt tk 982 ct-nls (r`c`r tk s`htgkd
`xhgt`m. E8 hfida`s kv`r (71i-61), `dagd` huts kut 1.< Hkjpr`sskr/@dagd` sp`hgcghitgkds).
l`hius` cu`n skn`dkgm W9 dk nkda`r `xhgt`m idm nijp
0) Psgda i oihe stidm kr ly lnkhegda, suppkrt tf` `dm kc tf`
F< idm F9 ak kd sgjuntid`kusny. ]ie`-kv`r r`niy E<
gs `xhgt`m sgjuntid`kusny wgtf F9 idm hkdtiht E< mriwlir (s`` Cga. 8.9H). Qgtf tf` hkjpr`sskr
hkjpr`sskr prkp`rny
hnks`s (82-61). suppkrt`m r`jkv` tf` prkp kr dks` wf``n idm tgaft`d tf`
pgvkt dut/lknt (gt`j 1, 6). ]krqu` tf` dut idm lknt tk 982 ct-
]f`rjkhkdtiht X0 hkkns kcc idm hnks`s, E9 `xhgt`m nls (r`c`r tk s`htgkd 1.< Hkjpr`sskr/@dagd` sp`hgcghitgkds).
iaigd idm hkdtiht E9 hfida`s kv`r (61-61i).
3) \`-ittihf tf` prkp tk tf` mriwlir gd tf` mkwd pksgtgkd idm
Fkw`v`r, nijp F9 r`jigds kd ihrkss ngd` 7 idm
gdstinn e``p`r pgd. Oihe tf` udgt up wgtf tf` prkp tk r`jkv`
hkdtiht E< (82-61).
tf` lnkhegda.
I ciunt gd tf` int`rditkr
int`rditkr pirt hius`s t`rjgdin M
M+
+ tk ak tk 2S
1) Psgda lkn
lknt,
t, wisf`rs,
wisf`rs, idm nkhedut (gt`js =,0,3) crkj sfgppgda
idm E= tk l` `xhgt`m. Hkdtiht E= hfida`s kv`r tk (61i-(61i-
lia, gds`rt lknt tfrkuaf fkn` kd tkp kc mriwlir is sfkwd gd
61), `dagd` huts kut l`hius` cu`n skn`dkgm W9 dk nkda`r
Cga 8.9L usgda wisf`rs idm s`hur` wgtf nkhedut. ]krqu`
`xhgt`m idm nijp F< ak`s kd sgjuntid`kusny.
dut idm lknt tk 982 ct-nls.
6) Mgshirm idy r`jigdgda firmwir` idm tf`
tf` sfgppgda lrihe`t.
7) \`tkrqu` tf` ininnn mriwlir ittihfj`dt lknts ttk
k tf`gr
tf`gr sp`hgcg`m
vinu` ict`r 0-92 fkurs kc us`.
Dkt`? tf` pgvktgda c`itur` kc tf` mriwlir gs ckr sfgppgda
Dkt`?
purpks`s kdny. ]f` mriwlir gs tk r`jigd gd gd tf` mkwd

9892 8299 18 90
 pksgtgkd ict`r gt‗s gdgtgin s`tup. \@PX@ KC NKHEDP]X
GX X]\GH]NW R\KFGLG]]@M LW I]NIX HKRHK
hkjpr`sskr upwgdm, iwiy crkj hkdtijgdit`m wgdm-str`ijs idm
winns. Ivkgm r`hgrhunit
r`hgrhunitgkd
gkd kc `xfiust igr crkj tf` `dagd`. ]fgs
hius`s kv`rf`itgda idm `dagd` pkw`r m`hr`is`.

8.9.
8.9.8
8]kwgda Gdstruhtg kds
L`ckr` tkwgda tf` hkjpr`sskr, jie` sur` tfit tf` tkwgda
`qugpj`dt kc tf` v`fghn` jithf`s tf` tkwgda `y` kr linn
hkdd`htkr
]f` mriwlir sfkunm l` is n`v`n is pkssgln` idm tf` hkjpr`sskr
idm tkwgda `y` `dm gd i n`v`n pksgtgkd. X`hur` dks` prkp (9) gd
tf` fgaf`st pksgtgkd. Ittihf sic`ty hfigds/hiln`s
hfigds/hiln`s gd i hrgshrkss
jidd`r tk tf` tkw v`hfghin. ]fgs wgnn f`np pr`v`dt tf`
tf` tkwlir
crkj hkdtihtgda arkudm gd `v`dt kc i lr`ieiwiy. Hkdd`ht rkim
ngafts wf`d ippnghiln`.
9
8.9.
8.9.=
= Ngctg da Gdstruht gkds
Qf`d ngctgda tf` hkjpr`sskr, tf` fkgst fis tk l` pnih`m gd suhf
Cga. 8.9I Mriwlir i wiy tfit tf` hkjpr`sskr, wfghf just l` pnih`m n`v`n, wgnn l`
ngct`m v`rtghinny.
P` tf` ngctgda lin` prkvgm`m tk ngct tf` udgt.
Ngctgda ihh`
ihh`n`ri
n`ritgkd
tgkd idm r`tirmitgkd
r`tirmitgkd just l` e`pt
wgtf gd sic` ngjgt s (jix. <
<xa).
xa).
F`nghkpt`r ngctgda gs dkt innkw`m.

8
= 8.< L `ckr` Xtirtgda
Xtirtgd a
0 Gc tf` hkjpr`sskr gs tk l` hkdd`ht`m tk i hkjjkd
< hkjpr`ss`m igr syst`j, cgt id ipprkprgit` hf`he
vinv` l`tw``d hkjpr`sskr kutn`t idm igr syst`j.
0 3 Kls`rv`
Kls` rv` tf` rgaft jk udtgda pk sgtgkd/mgr`htgkd!

9. L`ckr` gdgtgin stirt-up, pr`pir` litt`ry ckr kp`ritgkd gc dkt

Cga. 8.9L Mriwlir inr`imy mkd`. X`` s`htgkd =.1.
<. Qgtf tf` hkjpr`sskr
hkjpr`sskr stidmg
stidmgda
da n`v`n,
n`v`n, hf`he tf` n`v`n
n`v`n kc tf`
`dagd` kgn. Imm kgn, gc d`h`ssiry, tk tf` upp`r jire kd
mgpstghe. Hkdsunt tf` @dagd` Kp`ritgkd
Kp`ritgkd Jiduin ckr tf`
tf` typ`
idm vgshksgty arim` kc tf` `dagd` kgn.
8. Hf`he tf` n`v`n kc tf` hkjpr`sskr kgn. ]f` pkgdt`r
pkgdt`r kc kgn
n`v`n aiua` (KNA- Cga. <.8) sfkunm r`agst`r gd tf` ar``d
rida`. Imm kgn gc d`h`ssiry. X`` s`htgkd =.8
=.8 ckr tf` kgn tk
1 l` us`m.
L`ckr` r`jkvg da kg n cgn n`r pnu a (CR
(CR-- Cga. <.
<.8),
8), `dsur`
tfit tf` pr`ssur` gs r`n`is`m ly kp`dgda id igr kutn`t
vinv`.
6

=. Hf`he tfit tf` cu`n tide hkdtigds succghg`dt cu`n. ]kp up, gc
d`h`ssiry. Hkdsunt tf` @dagd` KpKp`ritgkd
`ritgkd Jiduin ckr ttf`
f`
typ` kc cu`n.
0. Mrigd idy wit`r ididm
m s`mgj`dt crkj tf` cu`n cgnt`r
cgnt`r udtgn
udtgn hn`id
Cga. 8.9H Mriwlir cu`n cnkws crkj tf` mrigd hkhe.
3. Rr`ss vihuitkr vinv` (SS-
(SS- Cga. <.8) kc tf` igr cgnt`r tk
tk
8.9.<
8.9.<Rireg
Rireg da Gdstruht
Gdstr uht gkd s (s`` Cga. 8.<)
r`jkv` must.
Qf`d piregda i hkjpr`sskr, s`hur` prkp (9) kr dks` wf``n 1. Hf`he tf` igr cgnt`r
cgnt`r s`rvgh`
s`rvgh` gdmghitkr
gdmghitkr (SG-
(SG- Cga. <.8). Gc tf`
tf` r`m
tk suppkrt tf` hkjpr`sskr gd i n`v`n pksgtgkd. Rnih` tf` pirt sfkws hkjpn`t`ny, s`rvgh` kr r`pnih` tf` cgnt`r `n`j`dt.
hkjpr`sskr is n`v`n is
kp`rit`m t`jpkrirgny gd pkssgln`5 fkw`v`r,
id kut-kc-n`v`n
ku t-kc-n`v`n gt hid
pksgtgkd l`
dkt \`s`t tf` gdmghitkr.
`xh``mgda 90². Gc tf` hkjp
hkjpr`sskr
r`sskr gs pire`m kd snkpgda 6. Kp`d id igr kutn`t vinv` (IS-cga.
(IS-cga. <.<) tk innkw igr cnkw tk tf`
arkudm, gjjklgngz` tf` hkjpr`sskr ly pnihgda wf``n itjkspf`r`.
hfkhes gd crkdt kc kr l`fgdm
l`fgdm tf` wf``ns. Nkhit` tf`

93 9892 8299 18
7. Hf`he hkknidt n`v`n gd kv`rcnkw lkttn`. ]kp kcc hkknidt ” I ciunt wfghf khhurs w
wgtf
gtf tf` `dagd`, `gtf`
`gtf`r?
r? `dagd` kgn
gc d`h`ssiry. Hkdsunt `dagd`‗s kp
kp`ritgkd
`ritgkd jiduin cckr
kr pr`ssur` (tkk nkw), hkjpr`sskr kgn t`jp`ritur` (tkk fgaf),
wit`r/hkknidt sp`hgcghitgkds. `dagd` hkknidt (tkk fgaf) kr int`rditkr vkntia` (tkk nkw) wgnn
inwiys idm gjj`mgit`ny hius` tf` `dagd` tk hut kut idm tf`
hkdtrkn nijp F< wgnn ak
ak kd. Ly mkgda skj` sgjpn`
sgjpn` hf`hes, gt hid
8.8 Xtirtgda/Xtkppg
Xtirtgd a/Xtkppg da (X``
(X`` Cga. 8.8)
8.8)
l` m`t`rjgd`m wfit gt wis tfit hius`m tf` `dagd` tk cign? nkw kgn
L`ckr` stirtgda, cgrst kp`rit` tf` hgrhugt lr`ie`r luttkd (Cn) n`v`n, hnkaa`m-up hkkn`r, snihe int`rditkr l`nt t`dsgkd kr lrke`d
nkhit`m kd tf` lihe kc tf` hkdtrkn pid`n hkv`r. l`nt.

]k stirt, tf` stirt luttkd gs turd`m hnkhewgs` tk pksgtgkd 9, ” Qf`d tf` kutn`t t`j
t`jp`ritur`
p`ritur` kc tf` `n`
`n`j`dt
j`dt l`hkj`s tkk
nijp F< (a`d`rin inirj) wgnn ak kd idm tf` pr`if`st r`niy fgaf, i tf`rjkhkdtiht wgnn insk swgthf kcc tf` udgt gjj`mgit`ny.
E0 wgnn l` `d`ragz`m. ]f` ankw pnua (F]\) wgnn l` ihtgvit`m. Lktf hkdtrkn nijp F9 idm F< wgnn ak kd. Lktf hkdtrkn nijps wgn wgnnn
]f` luttkd sfkunm l` f`nm gd tfgs pksgtgkd ckr 92 tk 90 r`jigd kd udtgn tf` udgt fis l``d r`stirt`m (stirt luttkd tk
s`hkdms tk innkw ckr prkp`r pr`-f`itgda kc tf` hyngdm`rs. pksgtgkd 8) kr tf` hkdtiht gs turd`m kcc (stirt luttkd tk pksgtgkd 2)?
Qf`d tf` luttkd gs turd`m curtf`r tk pksgtgkd 8, tf` stirt`r insk wf`d, mu` tk hkkngda kcc, tf` tf`rjkhkdtiht fis hnks`m
jktkr wgnn s`t tf`
tf` `dagd` gd jktgkd. Nijp F< wgnn ak k kut
ut is iaigd (: j`jkry cudhtgkd).
skkd is tf` `dagd` fis l``d stirt`m.
stirt`m. ]f` stirt luttkd
iutkjitghinny sprgdas lihe tk pksgtgkd 9. Jie` sur` kd` 8.= Murgda
Mur gda Kp`ritgkd
mgshfira` vinv` gs kp`d`m it tgj` kc stirt-up tk
r`aunit` `dagd`
`dagd` sp``m it fgaf`r rpj ckr prkp`r wirj-  ]f` mkkrs just l` hnks`m murgda kp `ri
`ritgkd
tgkd idm
up ‘ stiy kut kc pitf kc mgshfira` vi vinv`
nv` murgda jiy l` kp`d`m
kp`d`m ckr sfkrt p`rgkms kdn y.
prkh`ss. Nijp F9 kdny prkmuh`s i sgadin wf`d tf`
hkjpr`sskr kutn`t t`jp`ritur`
t`jp`ritur` gs tktkk
k fgaf. Hkrr`ht = Jigdt`didh`
kp`ritgkd kc tf` nijp gts`nc hid l` hf`he`m ly kp`ritgda
tf` nijp t`st luttkd
luttkd X= nkhit`m kd tf` hkdtrkn pid`n. Qf`d
tf` stirt luttkd gs gd pksgtgkd 9 idm tf` `dagd` gs dkt
=.9 Ps` kc X`rv
X`rvgh
gh`
` Ries
ruddgda, tf` nijp t`st hid l` us`m. Nijp F9 wgnn ak kd X`rvgh` Ries gdhnum` inn a`dugd` pirts d``m`m ckr dkrjin
idm wgnn iutkjitghinny ak kut wf`d tf` udgt gs stirt`m. jigdt`didh` kc lktf hkjpr`sskr
hkjpr`sskr idm `dagd`. X`rvgh` Ries
Xfuttgda-mkwd gs sgjpny mkd` ly turdgda tf` stirt luttkd jgdgjgz` mkwdtgj` idm e``p ykur jigdt`didh` luma`t nkw.
hkudt`r hnkhewgs` tk pksgtgkd 2 (wgtf vinv`s hnks`m).
Wku jiy krm`r X`rvgh` Ries crkj ykur nkhin Itnis Hkphk m`in`r.
C9 Cus` r`s`t (Hgrhugt lr`ie`r) nkhit`m
gdsgm` tf` udgt kd tf` hkdtrkn pid`n‗s
hkv`r
=.< Rr`v`dtgv` Jigdt`didh`
Jigdt`didh` Xhf`mu
Xhf`mun`
n` Ckr
F9 ]`jp`ritur` inirj (r`m)
]f` Hkjpr`sskr
Hkjpr`sskr
F< A`d`rin inirj (r`m) ]f` shf`mun` hkdtigds i sujjiry kc tf` jigdt`didh`
gdstruhtgkds.
NS Nkimgda vinv` (kptgkdin)
RA Qkregda pr`ssur` aiua` \`im tf` r`sp`htgv` s`htgkd l`ckr` tiegda jigdt`didh`
j`isur`s.
R9 Fkur j`t`r
R< Cu`n aiua` Qf`d s`rvghgda, r`pnih` inn mgs`daia`m pihegdas, `.a. aise`ts,
2-rgdas, wisf`rs.
X9 Hkdtiht swgthf (`dagd` gadgtgkd)
X= Rr`f`it luttkd Ckr `dagd` jigdt`didh` r`c`r tk @dagd` Kp`ritgkd Jiduin.

R9 ]f` jigdt`didh` shf`mun` fis tk l` s``d is i augm`ngd` ckr

C9 udgts kp`ritgda gd i muty `dvgrkdj`dt typghin tk hkjpr`sskr
ippnghitgkds.
kd ippnghitgkdJigdt`didh`
`dvgrkdj`dt shf`mun` hid
idm quingty kc l` imipt`m m`p`dmgda
jigdt`didh`
9/<

@ C

R< RA F9,F< X9 X=
Cga. 8.8
8.8 Hkdtrkn pid`n

]f` hkdtrkn pid`n gd immgtgkd gdmghit`s r`h`gv`r pr`ssur`

(RA) idm ihhujunit`m kp`ritgda fkurs (R9).

Ci
Ciunt
unt sgtuitgkds idm p rkt`htgv` m`vgh`
m`vgh`s?
s?
” ]f` stirt`r jktkr ggs
s prkt`ht`m iaigdst prknkda`m
stirtgda kr iaigdst itt`jpts tk stirt wf`d tf` udgt gs inr`imy
ruddgda.
9892 8299 18 91
.
JIGD]@DIDH@ XHF@MPN@ Migny Gdgtginny Dkrjin Lg-W`irny W`irny Dkt`
Irkudm Kr `v`ry <02 Kr `v`ry 022 Kr `v`ry
02 fkurs fkurs fkurs 9222 fkurs
Egt Rirt # Egt Rirt # Egt Rirt #
989282281= 9892822810 9892822818
@dagd` kgn n`v`n Hf`he
Hkjpr`sskr kgn n`v`n Hf`he
Igr cgnt`r must vinv` @jpty

Cu`ngdtie`
Igr cgnt`r wit`r
vihuujmrigd
gdmghitkr
gdmghitkr Mrigd
Hf`he
@n`htrknyt` n`v`n idm t`rjgdins kc litt`ry Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he
]gr` pr`ssur` Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he
N`ies gd igr-, kgn- kr cu`n syst`j Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he
Kgn hkkn`r piheia` Hn`id Hn`id Hn`id
@dagd` jgdgjuj idm jixgjuj sp``ms Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he
]krqu` kc wf``n duts Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he Hf`he
Hf`he/ Hf`he/ Hf`he/ Hf`he/
Lrie` syst`j (gc gdstinn`m)
Imoust Imoust Imoust Imoust
Xic`ty vinv` ]`st
Mkkr Fgda`s Ar`is` Ar`is` Ar`is`
]kwgda `y` sfict kr linn hkupngda idm gts sfict Ar`is` Ar`is` Ar`is`
Xfut-mkwd swgthf`s Hf`he
Rr`ssur` mrkp kv`r s`piritkr `n`j`dt (<) J`isur` J`isur` \`pnih`
Cid v-l`nt (8) Imoust Imoust Imoust Imoust
Cu`n tide Hn`id Hn`id Hn`id
Hkjpr`sskr kgn Hfida`
Hkjpr`sskr kgn cgnt`r \`pnih` \`pnih` \`pnih`
Igr cgnt`r `n`j`dt
`n`j`dt (9) \`pnih`
@dagd` kgn (8) Hfida` Hfida` Hfida` Hfida`
@dagd` kgn cgnt`r (8) \`pnih` \`pnih` \`pnih` \`pnih`
Cu`n cgnt`r (Rrgjiry idm Cgdin) (8) \`pnih` \`pnih` \`pnih`
@dagd` gdtie` idm `xfiust vinv`s (8) Imoust Imoust
Gdsp`htgkd ly Itnis Hkphk X`rvgh` t`hfdghgid 

(9) Jkr` cr`qu`dtny wf`d kp`ritgda gd i musty `dvgrkdj`dt.

(<) \`pnih` tf` `n`j`dt wf`d tf` pr`ssur` mrkp `xh``ms 99.0 psg.
(8) \`c`r tk tf` Okfd M``r` gdstruhtgkd jiduin.

E``p tf` lknt s kc tf` fkusgd a, tf` ngctg da `y`, tf` tkwlir idm tf` ixn` s`hur`ny tgaf t`d`m. \`c`
\`c`rr tk
Hkjpr`sskr/@dagd` Xp`hgcghitgkds (s`htgkd 1.<) ckr tf` tkrqu` vinu`s.

=.8
=.8 Nulrg hitgkd kgns =.=.9
=.=.9 Hf`he @dagd`
@dagd ` Kgn N`v`n
Gt gs strkdany r`hkjj`dm`m tk us` Itnis Hkphk lridm`m Hkdsunt insk tf` @dagd` Kp`ritgkd Jiduin ckr tf` kgn
nulrghitgkd kgns ckr hkjpr`sskr. sp`hgcghitgkds, vgshksgty r`hkjj`dmitgkds idm kgn hfida`
gdt`rvins.
Hkjpr`sskr kgn RI\KGN
RI\KGN??
X`` shf`mun`.
0 ainnkd pign? krm`r dujl`r 9892 288= 82
Hf`he `dagd` kgn n`v`n ihhkrmgda tk tf` gdstruhtgkds gd tf`
Xegm (<=) 0 ainnkd pigns? krm`r dujl`r 9892 288= 8<
@dagd` Kp`ritgkd Jiduin idm tkp up wgtf kgn gc d`h`ssiry.
Xegm (=) 00 ainnkd mrujs? krm`r dujl`r 9892 288= 88
=.=.<
=.=.< Hf`he Hkjpr `sskr Kgn N`v`n
+ Gc yku widt tk us` idktf`r lridm kc kgn, hkdsunt
Qgtf tf` udgt stidmgda n`v`n, `dagd` stkpp`m, hf`he tf` n`v`n kc
It nis Hkp hk ck r j
jkr
kr ` gd
gdck
ck rj
rjitg
itgkd
kd hk
hkdh
dh `rd gd a
tf` hkjpr`sskr kgn. ]f` pkgdt`r kc tf` kg kgnn n`v`n aiua` (KNA)
tf` r`hkjj`dm`m kgn idm s`rvgh` gdt`rvins.
just r`agst`r gd tf` upp`r `xtr`jgty kc tf` ar``d rida`. Imm kgn
vgi tf` kgn cgnn pnua (CR) gc d`h`ssiry.
d`h`ssir y.
=.=
=.= Kgn N`v`n Hf`he L`ckr` r`jkvgda kgn cgnn`r pnua, `dsur` tfit tf`
D`
D`v`r
v`r jgx kgns kc mgcc`r`dt lridms kr typ`s pr`ssur` gs r`n`is`m ly kp`dgda id igr kutn`t vinv`.

96 9892 8299 18
 0 Cgnn tf` igr r`h`gv`r udtgn
udtgn tf` pkgdt`r kc tf` kgn n`v`n aiua`
=.0 Kgn Idm Kgn
Kgn Cgnt`r Hfida`
Hfida` (s`` Cga. (KNA) r`agst`rs gd tf` upp`r `xtr`jgty kc tf` ar``d rida`.
=.0) ]ie` hir` tfit dk mgrtmgrt mrkps gdtk tf` syst`j.
syst`j. \`gdstinn idm
tgaft`d tf` cgnn`r pnua.
KCh
3 \ud ttf`
f` udgt it dk
dk nkim ckr i c`w jgdut`s tk hgrhunit`
hgrhunit` tf`
tf` kgn
I\/KX
idm tk `vihuit` tf` igr tripp`m gd tf` kgn syst`j.
1 Xtkp tf` hkjpr`sskr. N`t tf` kgn s`ttn` ckr i c`w jgdut`s.
Hf`he tfit tf` pr`ssur` gs r`n`is`m ly kp`dgda id igr kutn`t
IS vinv` (IS). Xhr`w kut cgnn`r pnua
pnua (CR) idm imm kgn udtgn
udtgn tf`
pkgdt`r kc tf` kgn n`v`n aiua` (KNA) iaigd r`agst`rs gd tf`
KNA
upp`r `xtr`jgty kc tf`
tf` ar``d rida`. \`gdstinn idm tgaft`d
tgaft`d
CR
tf` cgnn`r pnua.
D`
D`v`rv`r iimm
mm jkr` kgn. Kv`
Kv`rcgnngda
rcgnngda r `sunts gd kgn
hkdsujptgkd.

=.3 Hn`idgd
Hn`idgd a Hkkn`rs
Cga. =.0 Kgn cgn t`rs E``p tf` hkkn`rs hn`id tk
tk jigdtigd tf` hkkngda
hkkngda `ccghg`dhy. Crkdt
hkkn`r liccn` gs r`jkviln` ckr ihh`ss ly udshr`wgda = lknts.
=.0.9
=.0.9 @dagd` Kgn
Kgn Idm Kgn
Kgn Cgnt`r Hfida`
Hfida`
\`
\`jkv`
jkv` idy mgrt cr kj tf` hkkn`rs wgtf i cgl`r lrusf.
Hkdsunt insk tf` @dagd` Kp`ritkrs Jiduin ckr kgn idm kgn D`v`r us` i wgr` lru sf kr j `tin klo`hts.
D`v`r
cgnt`r
Qf`d hn`idgda ly igr o`t, lnkw igr tfrkuaf tf` hkkn
hkkn`r
`r gd r`v`rs`
(9) hfida` gdt`rvins.
mgr`htgkd kc dkrjin cnkw.
(<) kgn typ`s.
Gc tf` mgrt gs kgny, wisf tf` hkkn`rs wgtf m`ar`is`r kr i hn`idsgda
ia`dt.
=.0.<
=.0.< Hkjpr`sskr
Hkjpr `sskr Kgn Idm Kgn
Kgn Cgnt`r Rrkt`ht tf` `n`
Rrkt`ht `n`htrghin
htrghin idm hk dtrknngda `qugpj`dt, igr
igr
Hfida` cgnt`rs `th. iaigdst p`d`tritgkd kc jkgstur`.
]f` quingty idm tf` t`jp`ritur` kc tf` kgn m`t`rjgd` tf` kgn
hfida` gdt`rvin. I spriy aud sfkunm pr`c`rilny l`l` us`m tk ippny tf` sknv`dt tk
tf` cgds. \gds` tf` lnkhes ly j`ids kc i wit`r o`t jix. 922 psg
]f` pr`shrgl`m gdt`rvin (X`` s`htgkd =.<) gs lis`m kd id kgn it < gdhf mgstidh` ict`r
ict`r i skiegda-gd p`rgkm. Xt`ij hn`idgda
t`jp`ritur` kc up tk 922¿H (<9<¿C) idm dkrjin kp`ritgda jiy insk l` ippng`m.
hkdmgtgkds.
]k ivkgm mijiagda tf` hkkn`rs, idan` l`tw``d
Qf`d kp`ritgda gd fgaf ijlg`dt t`jp`ritur`s, gd v`ry wit`ro`t idm hkkn`rs sfkunm l` ipprkx. 72¿.
musty kr fgaf fujgmgty hkdmgtgkds, gt gs r`hkjj`dm`m tk
hfida` tf` kgn jkr` cr`qu`dtny. D`v`r n`iv` spgnn`m ngqugms suhf is cu`n, kgn, wit`r idm
hn`idsgda
hn`idsgda ia`dts gd k r irkudm tf ` hkjpr`sskr.
+ Gd tfgs his`, hkdtiht Itnis Hkphk.
=.1 Litt `ry Hir`
9 \ud tf` hkjpr`sskr
vinv`(s) idm stkp tf`udtgn wirj. Hnks`
hkjpr`sskr. Qigttf` kutn`t
udtgn tf`
pr`ssur` gs r`n`is`m tfrkuaf tf` iutkjitgh lnkw-mkwd
vinv`. Pdshr`w tf` kgn cgnn`r pnua (CR) kd` turd. ]fgs
+ L`ckr` fidmng da litt`rg`s, r`im tf` r`n`vidt sic`ty
pr`hiutgkds
pr`hiutgkds idm iht ihhkrmgdany.
udhkv`rs i v`dt fkn`, wfghf p`rjgts idy pr`ssur` gd
tf` syst`j tk `ship`.
Id IXL (X`rvgh`
(X`rvgh` Lunn`tgd) m`ingda `nilkrit`ny wgtf litt`rg`s id
idm
m
< Mrigd tf` kgn ly r`jkvgda inn mrigd pnuas. Mrigd pnuas mu` hir` gs ivigniln` kd r`qu`st.
ir` nkhit`m it tf` kgn tide, mgshfira` jidgcknm, idm kgn
gdo`htgkd jidgcknm.
jidgcknm. Hithf tf` kgn gd i mrigd pid. Xhr`w Gc tf` litt`ry gs stgnn mry, gt just l` ihtgvit`m is m`shrgl`m gd
kut tf` cgnn`r pnua tk sp``m up mrigdgda. ]gaft`d tf` pkgdt =.1.9.
pnuas ict`r mrigdgda. ]f` litt`ry just l` gd kp`ritgkd wgtfgd < jkdtfs crkj l`gda
8 \`jkv` tf` kgn cgnt`r (KCh), `.a. ly j`ids kc i sp
sp`hgin
`hgin ihtgvit`m5 gc dkt, gt d``ms tk l` r`hfira`m cgrst.
tkkn. Hithf tf` kgn gd i mrigd pid.
= Hn`id tf` cgnt`r s`it kd tf` jidgcknm, tiegda hir` tfit
dk mgrt mrkps gdtk tf` syst`j. Kgn tf` aise`t kc tf` =.1.9 @n`htrknyt`
d`w cgnt`r `n`j`dt. Xhr`w gt gdtk pn
pnih`
ih` udtgn tf` aise`t
hkdtihts gts s`it, tf`d tgaft`d kd` finc turd kdny. \`im tf` sic`ty gdstruhtgkds hir`cunny

@n`htrknyt` gd litt`rg`s gs i sunpfurgh ihgm sknutgkd gd mgstgnn`m

wit`r.

9892 8299 30 97
]f` sknutgkd just l` jim` up l`ckr` l`gda gdtrkmuh`m gdtk =.7 X`rvg
X`rvg h` Egt s
tf` litt`ry.
I s`rvgh` egt gs i hknn`htgkd
hknn`htgkd kc pirts tk cgt i sp`hgcgh r`pigr kr
=.1.<
=.1.< \`hfirag
\`hfirag da I Litt`ry r`lugnmgda tise.
Gt auiridt``s tfit inn d`h`ssiry pirts ir` r`pnih`m it tf` sij`
L`ckr` idm ict`r hfiragda i litt`ry, inwiys hf`he tf`
tgj` wfghf gjprkv`s tf` uptgj` kc tf` udgt.
`n`htrknyt` n`v`n gd `ihf h`nn5 gc r`qugr`m, tkp up wgtf mgstgnn`m
wit`r kdny. Qf`d hfiragda litt`rg`s, `ihf h`nn just l` ]k purhfis` s`rvgh` pies hkdtiht ykur nkhin Itnis Hkphk
kp`d, g.`. pnuas idm/kr hkv`r r`jkv`m. r`pr`s`dtitgv`.
<02/102 fr. Rie? krm`r dujl`r 989282281=
+ Ps` i hkjj`rhgin iutkjitgh litt`ry hfira`r
022 fr. Rie? krm`r dujl`r 9892822810
ihhkrmgda tk jiducihtur`
jiducihtur`rs
rs gdstru htgkds.
9222 fr. Rie? krm`r dujl`r 9892822818
Ippny wgtf pr`c`r`dh` tf`
tf` snkw hfiragda j`tfkm idm imoust
tf` hfira` hurr`dt ihhkrmgda tk tf` cknnkwgda run` kc tfujl?
litt`ry hipihgty gd If (ijp fkurs) mgvgm`m ly <2 agv`s sic`
hfiragda hurr`dt gd Ijps.

=.1.8
=.1.8 Litt`ry Jigdt`didh`
E``p tf` litt`ry hn`id idm mry
- E``p tf` `n`htrknyt` n`v`n it 92 tk 90 jj ilkv` tf`
pnit`s kr it tf` gdmghit`m n`v`n5 tkp up wgtf mgstgnn`m wit`r
kdny.
- E``p tf` t`rjgdins idm hnijps tgaft, hn`id, idm
ngaftny hkv`r`m p`trkn`uj o`nny.

=.6 Xtkria`
\ud tf` hkjpr`sskr r`aunirny, `.a. twgh` i w``e, udtgn
wirj.
Nkim idm udnkim tf` hkjpr`sskr i c`w tgj`s tk kp`rit`
tf` udnkimgda idm r`aunitgda
r`aunitgda hkjpkd`dts. Hnks` tf` igr
kutn`t vinv`s ict`r stkppgda.

+ Gc tf` hkjpr`sskr
hkjpr`sskr gs akgda tk l` stkr`m wgtfkut
ruddgda crkj tg j` tk tgj`, prkt`htgv` j`i
j`isur`s
sur`s
just l ` tie`d is m`shrgl`m Gd i s`pirit` X`
X`rvgh`
rvgh`
Lunn`tgd (IXL), wfghf jiy l` kltigd`m kd
r`qu`st. Hkdsunt Itnis Hkphk.

<2 9892 8299 18

0 Imou stj`dts idm X`
X`rvgh
rvgh gda Rrkh`mur`s

0.9 Imo ustj`dt

ust j`dt kc tf` Hkdt
Hkdt gdukus
gdu kus \`aunitgda
\`aunitgd a Xyst
Xyst`j
`j (X`
(X``
` Cga. 0.9)
0.9)

Cga. 0.9
0.9 Hkjpr`sskr \`aunitgda Xyst`j

]f` wkregda pr`ssur` gs m`t`rjgd`m ly tf` t`dsgkd kc tf` =. Kp`d id kutn`t vinv` oust `dkuaf tk n`t tf` `dagd` rud it
sprgda gd tf` r`aunitgda vinv` (\S). ]fgs t`dsgkd hid l` jixgjuj sp``m. ]f` wkregda pr`ssur` just l` 92 92<< psga/
gdhr`is`m tk rigs` tf` pr`ssur` idm m`hr`is`m tk nkw`r gt 1 lir(`).
ly turdgda tf` imoustgda wf``n hnkhewgs` idm hkudt`r-
Imoust gc d`h`ssiry wgtf r`aunitgda vinv` (\S).
hnkhewgs` r`sp`htgv`ny.
0. Hf`he tf` `dagd` jixgjuj sp``m (s`` s`htgkd 1.<).
]k imoust tf` dkrjin wkregda pr`ssur`, prkh``m is cknnkws?
Imoust tf` jixgjuj
jixgjuj sp``m ly j`ids kc i
imoustgda
moustgda `hh`dtrgh
9. Xtirt idm w
wirj
irj up tf` `dagd` (s`` s`htgkd 8.8). dut kd tkp kc sp``m r`aunitkr (X\).
<. Qgtf tf` kutn`t vinv`s (IS) hnks`m, nkks`d tf` 3. Hnks` tf` kut
kutn`t
n`t vinv`s, hf`he tfit tf` pr`ssur` ggs
s l`tw``d
r`aunitgda vinv`‗s nkhedut idm imoust tf` r`aunitgda 9<2-9<3 psga/ 6.8-6.1 lir(`).
vinv` (\S) udtgn ykur r`ihf tf` m`sgr`m pr`ssur` kc 9<8
psga/6.0 lir(`). Nkhe tf` r`aunitgda vinv` ly cgxgda tf` nkhedut.

8. Hf`he tf` jgdgjuj sp``m kc tf` `dagd` (s`` s`htgkd

1.<). Imoust jgdgjuj sp``m stkp shr`w gc d`h`ssiry.

9892 8299 30 <9

0.<
0.< Igr Cgnt`r @dagd`/Hkjpr`sskr
@dagd`/Hkjpr`sskr =. Gdsp`ht idm tgaft`d inn igr gdtie` hkdd`htgkds.
0. \`s`t ttf`
f` vihuuj gdmghitkr ly pusfgda tf` r`s`t luttkd (6-
Cga. 0.8).
0.<.9
0.<.9Jigd Rirts

Cga. 0.<
0.< Igr cg nt`r
9 Xdip hngps
Cga. 0.8
0.8 Si
Sihuuj
huuj g dmghitk r
< Must trip
1 Igr cgnt`r hkdtijgditgkd gdmghitkr
8 Cgnt`r `n`j`dt 6 \`s`t luttkd
= Xic`ty hirtrgma` 7 \`m gdmghitkr

0 Cgnt`r fkusgda
0.8 Igr \`h`gv`r
\`h`gv`r
3 Sihuitkr vinv`
]f` igr r`h`gv`r gs t`st`m ihhkrmgda tk kccghgin stidmirms.
\`aunirny fiv` gdsp`htgkds hirrg`m kut gd hkdckrjgty wgtf nkhin
0.<.<
0.<.< \`hkjj
\`hkjj`dmitgk
`dmitgkds
ds r`aunitgkds.
]f` Itnis Hkphk
Hkphk igr cg nt`rs ir` sp`hginny m`sgad`m
ckr tf` ippnghitgkd. ]f` us` kc dkd-a`dug d` i igr
gr 0.= Xic`ty Sinv`
cgnt `rs jiy n`im tk s`v`r` mijia`
mijia` kc `dagd`
idm/kr hkjpr`sskr `n`j`dt. Inn
In n im
imou
ou st j`d ts k r r `pigrs
`pig rs ir` t k l ` mkd`
mk d` ly
l y id
D`v`r
D`v `r rud tf` hkjpr `sskr wgtfkut igr cgnt`r iutfkrgz`m r`pr`s`dtitgv` kc tf` vinv` suppng`r.
`n`j`dt.
Cknnkwgda hf`hes just l` hirrg`m kut?
D`w `n`j`dts just insk l` gdsp`ht`m ckr t`irs kr - i hf`he kc tf` kp`dgda kc tf` ngctgda a`ir, twgh` i y`ir. ]fgs
pudhtur`s l`ckr` gdstinnitgkd. hid l` mkd` ly ngctgda tf` rgda kr n`v`r.
Mgshirm tf` `n`j`dt (8) wf`d mijia`m. - i hf`he kc tf` s`t pr`ssur` kdh` i y`ir ihhkrmgda
ihhkrmgda tk tf` nkhin
Gd f`ivy muty ippnghitgkds gt gs r`hkjj`dm`m tk gdstinn i r`aunitgkds. ]fgs hf`he hiddkt l` mkd` kd tf` jihfgd` idm
sic`ty hirtrgma`. just l` hirrg`m kut kd i prkp`r t`st l`dhf.

I mgrty sic`ty
cudhtgkdgda igrhirtrgma` (=) gs id
cgnt`r `n`j`dt.
cgnt`r gdmghitgkd
\`pnih` tf` kc i jin- idm tf`
`n`j`dt 0.0 Cu`n Xyst`j (s`` Cga. 0.=)
sic`ty hirtrgma` gd tfgs his`.
\`pnih` tf` sic`ty hirtrgma` tka`tf`r wgtf tf` cgnt`r
`n`j`dt. ]f` sic`ty hirt
hirtrgma`
rgma` hiddkt l` hn`id`m.

0.<.8
0.<.8 Hn`idgda
Hn`idgd a ]f` Must ]rip
]k r`jkv` must crkj tf` must trip pgdhf tf` vihuitkr vinv`
(3) s`v`rin tgj`s.

0.<.=
0.<.= \`pnihg
\`pnihg da ]f`
]f` Igr Cgnt`r @n`j`dt
@n`j`dt
9
9. \`n`is` tf` sdip hngps (9) idm r`jk
r`jkv`
v` tf` must tri
trip
p
(<). Hn`id tf` tri
trip.
p.

<. \`jkv`
Gc tf` `n`j`dt
tf` `n`j`dt gs tk l`(8) crkj tf`
s`rvgh`m ckrfkusgda
gjj`mgit`(0).r`-us`, Cga. 0.= Cu`n Cgnt`r
r`gdstinn tf` must trip tk prkt`ht tf` igr gdtie` syst`j
wfgn` hn`idgda tf` `n`j`dt.
8. \`iss`jln` gd r`v`rs` krm`r kc mgsjidtngda. \`pnihgda tf` cgnt`r `n`j`dt?

<< 9892 8299 18

9 Pdshr`w tf` cgdin cgnt`r `n`j`dt (9) crkj tf` imipt`r `qugpj`dt, idm hkjpr`sskr/`dagd` jigdtigd`m wgtf tf`
f`im. r`hkjj`dm`m kgn.
< Hn`id tf` imipt`r f`im s`ingda surcih`. Ngaftny kgn tf` Id `n `ht rg hin ciu nt ju st l ` tr
trih`m
ih`m ly id `n
`n`ht
`ht rg hgid.
hg id.
aise`t kc tf` d`w `n`j`dt idm shr`w tf` nitt`r kdtk
tf` f`im`r udtgn tf` aise`t gs prkp`rny s`it`m, tf`d Jie` sur` tfit tf` wgr`s ir` dkt mijia`m idm tfit tf`y ir`
tgaft`d wgtf lktf fidms. hnijp`m tgaft tk tf`gr t`rjgdins.
8 Ict`r r`pnihgda tf` cgdin cgnt`r‗s `n`j`dt, prgj` cu`n
syst`j wgtf jiduin prgj` luttkd (CP) nkhit`m l`nkw 3.<
3.< Int`rdi
Int`rditkr
tkr Rr`
Rr`hiutgkds
hiutgkds
tf` cu`n cgnt`r‗s fkusgda.
9 D`v`r r`v`rs` tf` pknirgty kc tf` litt`ry kr tf` int`rditkr.
= Hf`he ckr cu`n n`ies kdh` tf` `dagd` fis l``d
r`stirt`m. < D`v`r lr`ie idy int`rditkr kr litt`ry hkdd`htgkds wfgn`
tf` `dagd` gs ruddgda.
3 Rrkln`j Xknvgda 8 Qf`d r`hfiragda tf` litt`ry, mgshkdd`ht gt crkj tf`
int`rditkr. L`ckr` usgda lkkst`r hiln`s tktk stirt tf`
3.9 Rrkln`j
Rrkln `j Xknvgda
Xknvg da Hfirt `dagd`, l` sur` kc tf` pknirgty idm hkdd`ht tf` litt`rg`s
pksgtgv` tk pksgtgv`, d`aitgv` tk d`aitgv`.
]f` hfirt f`nps tk sknv` j`hfidghin prkln`js.
= D`v`r kp`rit` tf` `dagd` wgtfkut tf` jigd kr vkntia`
Gt gs issuj`m tfit tf` `dagd` gs gd akkm hkdmgtgkd, tfit s`dsgda hiln`s hkdd`ht`m gd tf` hgrhugt.
tf`r` gs im`quit` cu`n cnkw tk tf` cgnt`r idm gdo`htgkd

Rrkln`j Rkssgln` ciunts Hkrr`htgv` ihtgkds

9. Nijps (F9, F<) mk dkt i. Mgshfira`m kr m`c`htgv` i. Hf`he `n`htrknyt` n`v`n idm hfira` litt`ry. Gc dk h`nns ir`
ngaft up wf`d swgthfgda litt`ry. sfkrt`m idm litt`ry gs mgshfira`m, trih` hius` idm
(X9) tk ‚n„ idm ippnygda hkrr`ht.
l. Nkks` litt`ry hiln`(s) kr
nijp t`st. kxgmgz`m t`rjgdins. l. Hf`he idm hkrr`ht is d`h`ssiry.
h. Nkks` hkdd`htgkd kr h. Hf`he wgrgda idm hkdd`htgkds, hkrr`ht is d`h`ssiry.
mijia`m wgrgda.
m. Qgtf (X9) swgthf`m gd ‚ G „, hf`he vkn
vkntia`
tia` l`tw``d
l`tw``d arkudm
m. Hkdtiht swgthf (X9) idm r`sp`htgv`ny `ihf kc tf` t`rjgdins
t`rjgdins kc (X9). Skntia`
m`c`htgv`. just r`agst`r it `ihf kc tf` t`rjgdins5 gc dkt, r`pnih` (X9).
`. Hgrhugt lr`ie`r m`c`htgv`. `. \`pnih` hgrhugt lr`ie`r.

<. A`d`rin inirj nijp (F<) i.
mk`s dkt ngaft up wf`d
l.
swgthfgda (X9) tk „9‚5
nijp (F9) ngafts up wf`d
ippnygda nijpt`st.
Nijp (F<) lnkwd,
Int`rditkr/r`aunitkr
m`c`htgv`.
i. \`pnih` nijp.
l. Mgshkdd`ht tf` wgr`
wgr` crkj int`rditkr t`rjgdin M+ idm
hkdd`ht gt tk t`rjgdin
t`rjgdin M-. Gc (F9) ngafts up, r`pnih` tf`
int`rditkr5 gc dkt, t`st (X9)5 s`` r`j`my 9m.

8. ]`jp`ritur`
(F9) mk`s dkt ini
inirj
rjup
ngaft nijp i. Nijp (F9) lnkwd, i. \`pnih` nijp.
l. X`` ciunt 9m. l. X`` 9m.
wf`d swgthfgda (X9) tk
tf` „G„ pksgtgkd idm
ippnygda nijp t`st.

=. Xtirt`r jktkr mk`s dkt i. Nkw litt`ry kutput. i. X`` r`j`my 9i.
hride `dagd` ict`r
l. Xtirt luttkd (X9) m`c`htgv`. l. Qgtf (X9) gd pksgt
pksgtgkd
gkd „G‚,
„G‚, hf`he vkntia` l`tw``d `irtf
`irtf idm
swgthfgda (X9) tk „G‚
`ihf kc tf` t`rjgdins kc (X9). Skntia` just r`agst`r it
h. Int`rditkr kutput gdniy (E=) `ihf kc tf` t`rjgdins5 gc dkt r`pnih` (X9).
m`c`htgv`.
h. \`pnih` (E=).
m. Xtirt skn`dkgm (EK) kr
stirt`r jktkr m`c`htgv` m. Hf`he stirt skn`dkgm (E2). Fiv` stirt`r jktkr r`pigr`m.

Rrkln`j Rkssgln` ciunts Hkrr`htgv` ihtgkds

9892 8299 30 <8

 0. Xtirt`r jktkr hrides i. Xwgthf (X9) m`c`htgv`, i. X`` r`j`my =l.
`dagd` wf`d Xwgthfgda
l. Cu`n skn`dkgm (W9) m`c`htgv`. l. Hf`he skn`dkgm idm gts vinv`5 hkrr`ht
hkrr`ht kr
kr
X9 tk „G‚ lut `dagd` mk`s
r`pnih` is d`h`ssiry.
dkt cgr`. h. Nkw litt`ry kutput.
h. X`` 9i.

3. @dagd` cgr`s lut i. Int`rditkr mrgv` l`nt lrke`d kr sngppgda, i. Hf`he idm hkrr`ht is d`h`ssiry.
a`d`rin inirj nijp
l. Int`rditkr/r`aunitkr m`c`htgv`. l. Fiv` iss`jlny r`pigr`m.
(F<) r`jigds ingaft5
hkjpr`sskr stkps
wf`d r`n`isgda (X9).

1. @dagd` gs ruddgda lut i. Kv`rrgm` swgthf r`n`is`m tkk skkd. i. \`n`is` swgthf ict`r `dagd` kgn
sfuts mkwd pr`ssur` fis lugnt up tk ilkv` tf`
l. Gdsuccghg`dt `dagd` kgn pr`ssur`.
gjj`mgit`ny ict`r X9 jgdgjuj innkw`m vinu`.
fis l``d r`n`is`m. h. Cu`n tide hkdtigds gdsuccghg`dt cu`n.
l. Xtkp it kdh`, hkdsunt tf` `dagd`
m. @dagd` kgn pr`ssur` sfut-mkwd swgthf, Gdstruhtgkd jiduin.
`dagd` t`jp`ritur` swgthf kr
h. Cgnn cu`n tide.
hkjpr`sskr t`jp`ritur` swgthf
m`c`htgv`. m. \`jkv` idm t`st swgthf`s. \`pnih` gc
kut kc krm`r.

6. A`d`rin inirj nijp i. Gdsuccghg`dt `dagd` kgn pr`ssur` kr tkk i. Xtkp it kdh`, hkdsunt @dagd` Kp`ritgkd
(F<) r`jigds ingaft ckr fgaf `dagd` hkknidt t`jp`ritur`. Jiduin.
kv`r 0 s`hkdms ict`r
l. @dagd` kgn pr`ssur` swgthf (X8), kr l. Xtkp it kdh`, t`st swgthf`s, r`pnih` is
stirtgda.
hkjpr`sskr t`jp`ritur` swgthf (X0) d`h`ssiry.
m`c`htgv`. h. \`pnih` (E9).
h. \`niy (E9) m`c`htgv`.

7. Fkurj`t`r mk`s dkt i. Fkurj`t`r m`c`htgv`, i. \`pnih`.

hkudt ruddgda tgj`.

92. Hkjpr`sskr mk`s dkt i. Igr n`ies gd r`aunitgda syst`j. i. Hf`he idm r`pigr.
udnkim idm `dagd`
l. \`aunitgda vinv` (\S) gdhkrr`htny s`t kr l. Imoust kr r`pigr r`aunitgda vinv`5 s``
e``ps ruddgda it
m`c`htgv`. s`htgkd 0.9.
jixgjuj sp``m wf`d
hnksgda tf` igr kutn`t h. Pdnkimgda vinv` (PS) kr gts ihtuitgda h. \`pigr udnkimgda vinv` iss`jlny.
vinv`s5 sic`ty vinv` pgstkd stuhe.
lnkws.

99. Hkjpr`sskr hipihgty i. Igr hkdsujptgkd `xh``ms hipihgty kc i. Hf`he `qugpj`dt hkdd`ht`m.
kr pr`ssur` l`nkw hkjpr`sskr. l. X`rvgh` igr cgnt`r `n`j`dt (IC).
dkrjin,
l. Hfke`m igr cgnt`r `n`j`dt (IC).
h. Xp``m r`aunitgkd hiln` jinimoust`m5
h. Pdnkimgda vinv` (PS) dkt hkjpn`t`ny s`` s`htgkd 0.9.
kp`d.
m. Hf`he tf` jixgjuj sp``m, s`rvgh` tf`
m. @dagd` mk`s dkt rud it jixgjuj cu`n cgnt`r.
sp``m.
`. Fiv` `n`j`dt r`jkv`m idm gdsp`ht`m
`. Kgn s`piritkr `n`j`dt (KX) hnkaa`m. ly id Itnis Hkphk X`rvgh`
r`pr`s`dtitgv`.

9<. Dk igr kutput. i. Mrgv` hkupngda lrke`d. i. Hkdsunt Itnis Hkphk.

98. Qkregda pr`ssur` rgs`s i. X`` ciunts 92. i. X`` r`j`mg`s 92.
murgda kp`ritgkd idm
l. Xic`ty vinv` (XS) kp`ds tkk skkd. l. \`pnih` sic`ty vinv`5
hius`s sic`ty vinv` tk
lnkw. Hkdsunt Itnis Hkphk

<= 9892 8299 18

 Rrkln`j Rkssgln` ciunts Hkrr`htgv` ihtgkds
9=. @xh`ssgv` hkjpr`sskr i. \`strghtkr gd kgn shiv`dagda ngd` i. Mgsjkudt, hn`id idm r`cgt r`strghtkr5
kgn hkdsujptgkd. Kgn hnkaa`m,
l. \`pnih` `n`j`dt.
jgst l`gda mgshfira`m
l. Kgn s`piritkr `n`j`dt (KX)
crkj igr kutn`t vinv` (0- h. Hf`he ckr kv`rcgnngda. \`n`is`
m`c`htgv`.
cga. =.<). pr`ssur` idm mrigd kgn tk hkrr`ht
h. Kgn n`v`n tkk fgaf. n`v`n.

90. Hkjpr`sskr sfuts mmkwd

kwd i. Int`rditkr S-l`nt lrke`d kr sngppgda, i. \`-t`ds` kr r`pnih` S-l`nt.
tfrkuaf i sfut-mkwd
l. Hkjpr`sskr kv`rf`itgda. l. X`` hkdmgtgkd 91.
swgthf.
h. @dagd` kgn pr`ssur` tkk nkw. h. Hf`he `dagd` nulrghitgda syst`j.
m. @dagd` t`jp`ritur` tkk fgaf m. Hf`he `dagd` hkkngda5 s`` `dagd`
kp`ritgkd jiduin
93. Igr idm kgn `xp`nn`m crkj i. Pdnkim`r vinv` m`c`htgv`, i. \`pigr vinv`.
igr cgnt`r ict`r stkppgda.
l. Qrkda kgn typ` wgtf dk ckij- l. Hkdsunt Itnis Hkphk.
r`tirmgda immgtgv`s.

91. Hkjpr`sskr i. Gdsuccghg`dt hkjpr`sskr hkkngda, i. \`nkhit` hkjpr`sskr ckr im`quit`

kv`rf`itgda, v`dtgnitgkd.
l. Kgn hkkn`r (KH) hnkaa`m `xt`rdinny.
l. Hn`id hkkn`r5 s`` s`htgkd =.3.
h. Kgn syst`j hnkaa`m gdt`rdinny.
h. Hkdsunt Itnis Hkphk.
m. Kgn n`v`n tkk nkw.
m. X`` s`htgkd =.=.
`. Hkkngda cid (C) m`c`htgv`.
c. Kgn s`piritkr `n`j`dt hnkaa`m. `. \`pnih` cid.
c. \`pnih` kgn s`piritkr.
a. Kgn cgnt`r hnkaa`m.
a. \`pnih` kgn cgnt`r.
f. Lrke`d cid l`nt.
f. \`pnih`.

9892 8299 30 <0

 1 ]`hfdghin Xp`hgcgh itgkds
1.9 X`ttg
X`ttg das kc Xfutmk wd Xwgthf`s
Xwgth f`s idm Xic`ty
Xic`ty Sinv`
Sinv`
Hkjpr`sskr VIX960
VIX960 OM
]`jp`ritur` sic`ty swgthf trgp pkgdt........................
pkgdt.....................................
...........................
.......................
......... ²C/(²H) <=6/(9<2)
Xic`ty vinv` `cc`htgv` kp`dgda pr`ssur` ............
..........................
...........................
........................
........... psga/(lir) 902/(92.8)
(hf`he stijpgda kd vinv`)
@dagd`
Nkw kgn pr`ssur` sic`ty swgthf trgp pkgdt .............
...........................
...........................
.......................
.......... psga/(lir) 9</(.6)
]`jp`ritur` sic`ty swgthf trgp pkgdt.......................
pkgdt.....................................
............................
.......................
......... ²C/(²H) <87/(990)

1.
1.<
< Hkjpr`sskr/@dagd`
Hkjpr`sskr/@dagd` Xp`hgcgh
Xp`hgcgh itgkds
Hkjpr`sskr
Jixgjuj `cc`htgv` pr`ssur`.....................
pr`ssur`...................................
............................
............................
...................
..... psga/(lir) 9<8/(6.0)
Dkrjin `cc`htgv` wkregda pr`ssur` .............
...........................
............................
............................
.................
... psga/(lir) 922/(1.2)
Jgdgjuj `cc`htgv` wkregda pr`ssur` ..............
............................
............................
...........................
............. psga/(lir) 06/(=.2)
8
]ypghin kgn hkdt`dt kc tf` hkjpr`ss`m igr .............
...........................
............................
..........................ja/j
............ja/j >0
Cr`` igr m`ngv`ry it wkregda pr`ssur`,...................
pr`ssur`,.................................
............................
........................hcj/(n/s
..........hcj/(n/s)) 960/(61)
jixgjuj nkimgda sp``m idm r`c`ridh` hkdmgtgkds 9,<).
9) \`c`ridh` hkdmgtgkds is sp`hgcg`m ir` j`isur`m it tf` igr gdn`t aritgda kutsgm` tf` hidkpy?
-Igr gdtie` pr`ssur` (ilsknut`) 9 lir (9=.0 psg)
-Igr gdtie` t`jp`ritur` <2²H (36²C)
-\`nitgv` igr fujgmgty 2%
<) Cr`` igr m`ng
m`ngv`ry
v`ry gs j`isur`m ihhkrmg
ihhkrmgda
da tk GXK 9<91 `m. 8 9773 idd`x M wf
wfghf
ghf hkrr`spkdms tk I
Ij`rghid
j`rghid IDXG
R]H7.
Qgtf i tkn`ridh` kc ?+/- 0% <0 n/s>CIM><02 n/s
@dag d` VIX 960 OM
Jie` .......................................
.....................................................
............................
............................
............................
............................
..........................
.....................
......... Okfd M``r`
Jkm`n ..............
.............................
.............................
............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.........................
...............
.... =2<=]
]yp` ..............
.............................
.............................
............................
.............................
.............................
............................
.............................
.........................
...............
..... =HWN./]urlk
Jixgjuj kp`ritgda sp``m (hkjpr`sskr nkim`m) rpj .............
..........................
...........................
........................
.......... <102¹<2
Jgdgjuj kp`ritgda sp``m (hkjpr`sskr udnkim`m) rpj .............
............................
.............................
......................
........ 9322¹<2
Cu`n hkdsujptgkd (it cunn nkim) ..............
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
.....................
....... 8 ain/fr
Cu`n hkdsujptgkd (it udnkim) .............
...........................
............................
............................
............................
............................
......................
........ 9 ain/fr
Hipihgtg`s
Hkjpr`sskr kgn syst`j .............
...........................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.....................ain/(n)
.......ain/(n) </(1.=)
@dagd` nul` kgn syst`j wgtf cgnt`r.............
cgnt`r...........................
............................
...........................
...........................
............................
...............ain/(n)
.ain/(n) </(1.=)
Cu`n tide ..............
............................
.............................
.............................
............................
.............................
.............................
............................
................ain/(n)
..ain/(n) <0/(7=)
@dagd` hkkngda syst`j …....………………………
…....……………………….ain/(n)
.ain/(n) ..............
...........................
...........................
................ <.0/(7.<)

<3 9892 8299 18

@dag d` VIX 960R@ VIX 960 X]N
Kv`rinn n`datf (gdhnumgda tkwlir) gd/(jj) 9<1/(8<<3) 9<0/(8<22)
Kv`rinn wgmtf gd/(jj) 3=/(93<3) 32/(90<=)
Kv`rinn f`gaft gd/(jj) 39/(90=7) 01/(9==6)
Arkss w`gaft (w`t), ipprkxgjit`ny nl/(ea) <882/(9207) <=22/(9279)
Arkss w`gaft (mry), ipprkxgjit`ny nl/(ea) <912/(763) <<=2/(9296)
Xkudm pr`ssur` n`v`n mL(I).............
mL(I)...........................
............................
............................
.............................
.............................
............................
................
.. 1=
it 1j (<8 ct). ipprkxgjit`ny
Qf``n dut(s) tkrqu`
tkrqu` ct.-nl/(D-j)....................
ct.-nl/(D-j)..................................
............................
............................
............................
.............................
........................
......... 7=/(9<1)
]kwlir lknt tkrqu` ct.-nl/(D-j) .............
...........................
............................
............................
............................
............................
..........................
..................
...... 982/(913)
]gr` sgz` (Nkim \itgda) X]<20/10M90
@cc`htgv` tgr` pr`ssur` psga/(lir).................
psga/(lir)................................
.............................
............................
.............................
...........................
............ =0/(8)
Litt`ry (Kd`, LHG Arkup sgz` 89)....................
89)..................................
...........................
...........................
............................
......................
........ 9<S-3<0HHI
Ngjgtitgkds
Jixgjuj tkwgda sp``m jpf/(ej/f)..............................
jpf/(ej/f)............................................
............................
............................
..........................02/(62)
............02/(62)
Jixgjuj innkw`m ijlg`dt kp`ritgda
kp`ritgda t`jp`ritur` ²C /²H .............
............................
.............................
........................9<0/(0<)
..........9<0/(0<)
Jgdgjuj stirtgda t`jp`ritur` 9) ²C /²H…………………
/²H……………………………….8</(2)
…………….8</(2)
9) wgtfkut tf` us` kc stirtgda igms.