agricultural surplus and where
What is Art History?
∙ Art history is the study of objects of
art considered within their time
period
∙ Begins with the emergence of human
beings whose imagination propels an
expression of great legacies that
human civilizations witnessed.
“ART IS AN OLD AS HISTORY”
PRE HISTORIC PERIOD
∙ STONE FLAKES
⮚ Our ancestor use stone flakes to
produce fire to protect themselves ∙
CRO-MAGNONS
⮚ Made carving on woods and rocks
and painted the caves to scare wild
beast and protect their families
⮚ Painted animals as a ritual to ensure
successful hunting and animal
fertility
MESOLITHIC AGE
∙ In this age the art of tool making was
improved like the use of axes by
sharpening the tools using stone
flaking ad grinding.
NEOLITHIC AGE
∙ Nomadism ended
∙ Engaged art of farming
∙ Polishing and putting of handles on
stone tools for comfortable
hunting.
ANCIENT PERIOD
∙ Represented architectural
constructions of stones and bricks for
temple, fortresses, tombs and palace
that symbolize power and authority.
∙ ZIGGURAT OF UR
⮚ It was the place where the
citizens of Ur would bring
∙ The Egyptians were the first group of
they would go to receive their
regular food allotments.
∙ THE GATE OF ISHTAR
⮚ It was constructed circa 575 BCE
by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II
on the north side of the city.
∙ PYRAMID OF GIZA
⮚ Served as tombs of Pharaohs in
2000 BCE
∙ MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT ⮚
Is a mortuary temple built during the
reign of Pharaoh Hatshepsut of the
Eighteenth Dynasty of
Egypt.
∙ BUST OF NEFERTITI
⮚ The Nefertiti Bust is a painted
stucco-coated limestone bust of
Nefertiti, the Great Royal Wife of
Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten.
∙ AGE OF METALS
⮚ Age of Metals considered the
most significant part of the
Ancient Period
BRONZE AGE
∙ The Bronze Age is a historic period,
approximately 3300 BC to 1200 BC, that
was characterized by the use of bronze,
in some areas writing, and other early
features of urban
civilization.
∙ MYCENAE
⮚ Palace of Knossos
⮚ Lions gate
∙ PARTHENON IN ACROPOLIS ⮚ symbol of
power and elevated the culture of
democracy
∙ DELPHI THEATER
⮚ The Greeks spend their leisure
time by watching stage
presentation or play at the
theater of Delphi.
COPPER AGE
 people to use copper for ornaments
during the copper age. The art of
mixing copper and tin resulted in the
production of bronze that
transitioned this age to Bronze Age
IRON AGE
∙ The Iron Age was a period in human
history that started between 1200
B.C. and 600 B.C.,
∙ During the Iron Age, people across
much of Europe, Asia and parts of
Africa began making tools and
weapons from iron and steel.
∙ GREEK ART
⮚ Influence by Etruscan Art by mixing
Greek and Roman styles to create
composite columns in
sophisticated homes and tombs.
∙ ROMAN ART
⮚ Expresses Practical and Down to
earth motif
⮚ The Romans also known for
frescoes, mosaic and murals
∙ CHRISTIAN ART
⮚ Started in 400 CE which featured
Christian and Churches Images
⮚ Examples: St. Peter Basilica,
Mausoleum Of Galla Placidia,
Good Shepherd
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
∙ Divided into two:
1. The Early Medieval
▪ Early Medieval started from
410 CE to 1024 CE
▪ Include elaborately
decorative patterns, bright
colors, iconography, and
Christian subject matter.
2. Late Medieval
EARLY MEDIEVAL
∙ BYZANTINE ART
⮚ Byzantine art-focused heavily on
religious themes, particularly
applied in mosaics, Icon paintings
(paintings of the saints on wood
panel), and fresco wall paintings.
This art movement's influence on
later periods is seen in the
Illuminations of Anglo Saxon
monastic illustrations.
∙ GOTHIC PERIOD
⮚ While the Gothic style can vary
according to location, age, and
type of building, it is often
characterized by 5 key
architectural elements: large
stained glass windows, pointed
arches, rib vaults, flying
buttresses, and ornate
decoration.
LATE MEDIEVAL
∙ Lasted from 1300 CE-1500 CE ∙ This
Period coincided with the massive
development of art during the
Renaissance as a redemption of
freedom curtailed during the early
medieval times.
EARLY RENAISSANCE
∙ Uses Oil Painting, extreme detail of
frescoes and tempera in art
∙ MEDICI ACADEMY
⮚ Introduced Medici platonic
academy
∙ RENAISSANCE ART
⮚ Focused on human beauty and
nature was a fervent period of
European cultural, artistic,
political and economic "rebirth"
following the middle ages.
 CHAPTER 1: CREATIVE AND ART
APPRECIATION WHAT DIFFERENTIATES ART FROM CRAFT?

Do you believe that creativity is the mother ∙ Art and craft are forms of human
of all inventions? Yes, imagination remains creativity.
its grandmother. According
IMAGINATION Art Craft
to…
∙ Imagination allows us to be creative. ∙
You can able to form ideas in your Inocian is an is a form
mind and things that you have not (2019) expression of work
of feelings with
experienced.
and the use of
∙ Artists use their imagination that gives emotions available
birth to reality through creation. materials

Zulueta is beautiful is making

"IMAGINATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN
KNOWLEDGE. FOR KNOWLEDGE IS LIMITED TO ALL WE
(1994) rather useful something
KNOW AND UNDERSTAND, WHILE IMAGINATION useful
EMBRACES THE more
ENTIRE WORLD, AND ALL THERE EVER WILL BE TO
KNOW AND UNDERSTAND." - ALBERT EINSTEIN
than
beautiful

CREATIVITY ∙ PAINTING
⮚ Spoliarium (1884) – Juan luna
∙ Is a metacognitive skill - a form of
divergent thinking that allows us to ∙ SCULPTURE
generate relationships, integrate ⮚ Bonifacio monument (1993) –
concepts, elaborate information Guillermo Tolentino
and brainstorm issues with ∙ THEATER
fluency, ⮚ Philippine Zarsuela
flexibility and originality (Johnson, ∙ MUSIC
2010) ⮚ Original Pilipino music (OPM)
∙ Is an unstructured free flowing ∙ CRAFT
process to capacitate the body and ⮚ Textile weaving
create art ⮚ Basket weaving
∙ The ability to create something. ⮚ Pottery
⮚ Woodcarving
We appreciate art because art gives us IN SIMPLE TERMS…
pleasure. Art allows us to imagine our past
experiences and draws our feelings to ∙ Art is the expression of imagination;
appreciate beauty. Craft is the realization of the
Art allows us to express something that we expression
ourselves feel unable to express or convey.
∙ Art can stand alone even without
Through its visual medium it evokes feelings of
joy, sadness, anger and pain. Craft, Craft without art is awful
with no appreciation.
 HOW CAN IMAGINATION AND
EXPRESSION TAKE PLACE IN THE WORLD
OF THE VISUAL ARTS?
∙ The artist is honest about his or her
feelings on the realities of nature
and society, affecting his or her life
and the life of everybody, either
reflecting the core or the peripheral
context of Society in the artwork.
Osborne (2014) specified that tints are the
combinations of white to a color that
increases lightness; tones are the
combinations of a specific color with gray to
produce its tinting and shading: shades are
the combinations of a specific color with
black to increase darkness.
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
∙ The Contemporary Period of history
mark the beginning of Abstract
Expressionism in (1945) and Pop
Art in 1960s.
∙ After World War II, art observed pure
abstraction and expression without
forms.
∙ Some Contemporary painters have
shifted their interest to the work
of art as an object in itself.
∙ The use of popular art absorbs a wide
demand for consumerism in
advertisement, commercial and
entertainment companies.
NATURALISM
∙ In art refers to the depiction of
realistic objects in a natural setting ∙
An important part of naturalist
movement was its Darwinian
perspective of life and its view of
the futility of man against the
forces of nature.
∙ Ex.: Fallen Monarchs - Willian Bliss
Maker
REALISM
∙ Realism is the visual arts and literature
is the general attempt to depict
subjects as they are considered to
exist in third person objective reality
without embellishment or
interpretation.
∙ Ex.: The stone breaker – Gutave
Courbet
IMPRESSIONISM
∙ Impressionism (1820) it was the
product of decades of art critics
and member of high society
scrutinizing many new artist about
what they could paint.
∙ EXAMPLES:
⮚ Claude Monet
⮚ Art Nouveau was most popular in
Europe, but its influence was
global. It is considered now as
important transition between
the historicism of neoclassicism
and modernism
⮚ Ex.: Staircase of Hotel Tassel –
Victor Horta
CUBISM
∙ Cubism (1907) Is a form of art made of
geometric shapes, interlocking planes,
and Collages by Pablo Picasso.
∙ Ex.: Maquette for guitar (1912) -
Pablo Picasso
SURREALISM
∙ Surrealism early 1920’s is a form of art
when artist create dream-like
paintings, especially nightmares and
are filled with mysterious objects
that have been oddly change in
ways you couldn't see in reality
∙ Ex.: Metamorphosis of Narcissus –
 Salvador Dali
SYMBOLISM
∙ Symbolism was a late nineteenth
century art movement of
French,
Russian and Belgian origin poetry
and other arts.
∙ Ex.: The death of the grave digger –
Carlos Schwabe
POP ART
∙ Pop Art 1950 is a form of art based on
modern popular culture and the mass
media. It was around in Britain in the
mid 1950’s and States in the late
1950’s
∙ Ex.: Coca cola – Andy Warhole
CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS & PHILOSOPHY
OF ART
"Final Cause of Being"
“There is nothing in this world that
happens by chance.” –Aristotle
UTILITARIAN INTENTION
Some people are motivated to do a work of
art because they find it useful, they're
earning, To express one's emotion, letting
one's voice to be heard, for campaigning,
etc.
PHILOSOPHERS VIEW
∙ PLATO
⮚ An artist's work is nothing but a
copy (mimesis) of the original
object that is found in the world
of ideas.
∙ ARISTOTLE
⮚ Art is a representation of the
object. Artist doesn't simply copy
but reproduces reality in a
manner uniquely his own.
∙ KANT
⮚ Art is something that is second
nature to man. The
expression
"art for art's sake!" thus becomes
his famous battle-cry. For Kant,
art's purpose is to be
"purposeless."
FUNCTIONS OF ART
3 FUNCTIONS OF ART
1. Personal - Utilitarian, Public display,
Expression.
2. Social - Used for public display and
celebration; Used to affect the
collective behavior;
3. Physical – Utilitarian
EXAMPLE:
∙ PHYSICAL: Japanese Raku Bowl ∙
PERSONAL: Personal Function Artist
create art to express personal
feelings Painting - Cy Twombly
∙ SOCIAL: Gargantua Daumier Political
Art
UTILITARIAN
∙ First coined by Jeremy Bentham who
labored on the notion of happiness.
Its simplest formulation is the
popular phrase "The greatest
happiness for the greatest number.”
∙ His student John Stuart Mill, who
refined it by abandoning the
strict
"calculus of pleasures and pains as
too narrows."
Most people are motivated to do an
artwork because:
∙ Personal reasons - e.g. source of
income, self-expression,
escape
boredom, etc.
∙ Others would do it because of long
held traditions and beliefs -
 fiestas, birthdays, anniversaries,
etc.
∙ Still, there are those who are engaged
in art to maintain balance of mind and
body. "Mens sana in corpore sano" (A
healthy mind in a healthy body).
CHAPTER 3: WORK OF ARTS: ITS SUBJECT,
FORM AND CONTENT
SUBJECT
∙ The choices for subjects in the visual
arts are endless. An artist can choose
from the list of persons, objects,
themes and even ideas, etc. (Ocvirk
et al)
KINDS OF THE SUBJECT OF THE ART
∙ Representational
⮚ Appear to be very much like how
people see them in reality. They
are easily and clearly identified
by the viewers and audience of
the
art.
∙ Non-representational
⮚ Artists have freedom to portray
these subjects in their own
terms.
SOURCES OF SUBJECTS
∙ Artists struggle with knowing what to
create as an art. In some cases they
may require deep connection with
these subjects to motivate or inspire
them. For starters, these are the list
of sources to choose from.
A. NATURE
▪ Nature and environment have
been one of the sources of
artistic Inspirations. You can
derive Inspiration from the
shapes and forms that the
environment can offer such as
the trees, land, desert,
animals, etc (Regans, 2005).
▪ Ex.: Claude Monet: "Water
Lilies,” 1919
B. PEOPLE AND WORLD EVENTS ▪
People are one of the most common
subjects of art. This can be found in
individual and family portraits. Some
artists employ abstraction where
human figures or faces are
unclear or distorted. Using
people as subjects can also
convey emotions much
clearer than other subjects
(Regan, 2005).
▪ World events have been
subjects of art as well. You
see these when you read the
newspapers, and flip
through the editorial page.
Editorial
cartooning is an art that may
express satirical versions of
world events (Regan, 2005).
▪ Examples;
∙ Fernando Amorsolo
(1892-1972) La Mestiza
∙ Tomaso Albertini
∙ Hukbong Mapagpalaya
Filipino artist Johnny
Guarin
C. MYTHS AND LEGENDS
▪ Myths and legends have been
one of the sources of art
among artists. They used
myths and legends as a way
of visualizing the story found
within them. Most common
arts related to myths and
legends were popularized
during the Greek Civilization
(Regan, 2005).
▪ Ex.: "Parthenon" the
architects Ictinus and
 Callicrates
D. SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS
BELIEFS
▪ Like myths and legends, art
has been an outlet for religion
and faith to come to life. For
some, this is part of their
culture such as in Buddhist
and Islamic nations.
▪ Ex.: The Last Supper of
Leonardo da Vinci
E. IDEAS COMMISSIONED BY
EMPLOYERS
▪ There are artists hired by
employers. Like graphic
designers, they create
corporate logos, brochures,
restaurant menu designs and
other print materials, interior
designers and architects
design homes and buildings
according to the demands of
their clients (Regan, 2005).
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIA
∙ THREE DIMENSIONAL
⮚ There are artists hired by
employers. Like graphic
designers, they create corporate
logos, brochures, restaurant
menu designs and other print
materials, interior designers and
architects design homes and
buildings according to the
demands of their clients (Regan,
2005).
SCULPTURE
⮚ A type of three dimensional art where
most of the media used are clay, glass,
plastics, wood or metals.
Sculpting allows you and the artist to
create the intended shapes through
these media.
TWO TRADITIONAL TYPE OF SCULPTURE
⮚ Free-standing sculpture -That can be
viewed all around
⮚ Relief Sculpture - Projected into a
space from a flat surface. Usually
attached to the surface
TWO TYPES OF RELIEF SCULPTURE
⮚ Low Relief - where the sculpture
projects only slightly from the
background surface.
⮚ High Relief - Where the sculpture
projects at least half or more of its
natural circumference from the
background, and may in parts be
wholly disengaged from the ground,
thus approximating sculpture in the
round
FOUR BASIC METHODS OF MAKING A
SCULPTURE
1. Assembling - It is the process of
constructing a sculpture using
different materials. It can be a
combination of wood, plastic, metal
and others.
2. Molding - It is an additive process
where the artist gradually add more of
the material to build the form.
3. Carving - It is a subtractive where the
sculpture removed, cuts, chip, or drills
parts of the sold mass to create the
form.
4. Casting - It comes in the manipulative
process where materials like soft pliable
materials are made into
shapes using manual hand force or
machine force.
CRAFTS
∙ three-dimensional Crafts that have
utilitarian intentions. Usually
crafts made with functions are
basket,
plates, cups, vases, jars, kitchen
utensils and even jewelry.

ARCHITECTURE
∙ Shelters, buildings, monuments and
religious shrines are some of the few
by-products of architecture. It is the
process planning, creating/building,
monitoring and of retrofitting
infrastructure to give humans and
other life forms safe spaces.
2 DIMENSIONAL ART
“Art is not what you see, but what you make
others see” – Edgar degas
∙ Are done on a flat surface, such as
piece of drawing paper or a canvas
possessing only height and width,
but no depth.
with colors made from powdered
pigment mixed with water and
egg yolk, size, or casein.
∙ Oil Paint - A paint that consist of
pigment mixed with drying oil.
PRINT MAKING
∙ Relief - Cuts away all parts of the
painting surface not meant to
carry the ink, leaving the design to
be printed in the level of the
original surface.
∙ Intaglio - the opposite of relief were
the area below the surface hold the
ink
∙ Screen Printing – Stencil printing

DRAWING

∙ To pull, push or drag a marking tool

across a surface to leave a line or
mark.

MEDIUM OF DRAWING

∙ Dry Media - includes pencil, charcoal,

crayon, and pastel
∙ Liquid Media - the most common
drawing liquids are black and
colored inks.

PAINTING

∙ Drawing with paint. Drawing and

Painting are closely related. The long
history of painting, the strong
appeal of color, and the
image-making
possibilities explain painting's
popularity.
MEDIUM OF PAINTING

∙ Watercolor Painting - Made by

applying pigment suspended in a
solution of water and gun to a
white paper.
∙ Tempera - A technique of painting