Introduction to Science, Technology &
Society
SCIENCE
- Latin word: ‘scientia’ – knowledge
- refers to a methodical and systematic
activity of building and organizing knowledge
- Learning new facts
- Solving problems
TECHNOLOGY
- Greek root word: ‘techne’ – art, skill, cunning
of hand
- the application of scientific knowledge, laws,
and principles to produce services, materials,
tools, and machines
- creating/inventing things
– Application of understanding of natural laws
to the solution of practical problems
Science, Technology and Society is the study
of how society, politics, and culture affect
scientific research and technological
innovation, and how these, in turn, affect
society, politics and culture.
SCIENCE contributes to TECHNOLOGY
1. direct source of ideas
2. Source of tools and techniques
3. Research instrumentation, lab techniques,
and analytical methods
4. Practice of research
5. assessment of technology
6. more efficient strategies
TECHNOLOGY contributes to SCIENCE
1. fertile source of novel scientific questions
2. Source of otherwise unavailable
instrumentation and techniques
SCIENTIFIC METHOD - mathematical and
experimental technique employed in the
sciences.
- More specifically, it is the technique used in
the construction and testing of a scientific
hypothesis
RESEARCH - Is an inquiry process that has
clearly defined parameters and has as its aims
the discovery or creation of knowledge, or
theory building
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS
 orderly & systematic
 control external factors
 empirical evidences
 can be generalized
 based on assumptions or hypothesis
 develop or test hypothesis
STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Step 1: State the Problem
Step 2: Formulate a Hypothesis
Step 3: Test the Hypothesis
Step 4: Gather Data
Step 5: Analyze and Interpret the Data
Step 6: Draw Conclusions
Step 7: Communicate Results
The Research Process
1. Identify research hypothesis
2. design study
3. Carry out research
4. Analyze results
5. Publish results
Limitations of Scientific Methods
1. MORAL OR ETHICAL PROBLEM - The
constraint of involving humans, which is
essential for observing human behavior for
experimentation, is one such ethical problem.
2. HUMAN COMPLEXITY - When human
behavior is studied & analyzed by other
human beings, the personal biases come into
the picture & distort the analytical facts.
3. MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS - Human
behavior is not uniform, certain, or
predictable.
4. EXTERNAL VARIABLE CONTROL PROBLEMS -
weak or no control over external variables in
scientific activity
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
ANCIENT WORLD
PRIMITIVE MAN:
• Conceived that the earth is flat and
limitless
 • Observed the changing of the seasons
in connection to the shifting of the
sun
• Recognized the fundamental
distinction of living and non-living
things
• Practiced instinctive therapeutics
Stone Age - were hunter-gatherers who lived
in a small, nomadic groups
• homo habilis 25million years ago
• they make tools out of stones to hunt
and gather
Neolithic Revolution (15 000 BCE) - From
hunters to settlers: transition from nomadic
hunter-gatherers to agrarian communities
- They need to cultivate the land. And because
they have a lot of food, they already
understood that not everyone should hunt
and gather, they can now diversify their roles
like they can be farmers, scribes, women stay
at home and tend the children etc.
- This actually lead to the Foundation of
civilizations
MIDDLE AGES
MESOPOTAMIA – area with many empires
(members ang Sumerian)
Mesopotamia is like middle east
Fertile Crescent: The Cradle of Civilization -
the boomerang-shaped region of the Middle
East that was home to some of the earliest
human civilizations. Also known as the
“Cradle of Civilization,” this area was the
birthplace of a number of technological
innovations, including writing, the wheel,
agriculture, and the use of irrigation.
Sumerian Civilization (4100 – 1750 BCE)
- Explored the practice of the scientific
hypothesis
- Engaged in technological innovation (like
wheels, where they created wheels in fast
production/ crafting of better pottery and
eventually adapted wheels to create carts and
chariots for transporting good and for
travelling; Sail, through observation of the
wind`s effect on a piece of cloth.
- Created the earliest written language
- Developed mathematics, astronomy and
astrology
- Fashioned the concept of time
Sumerians were recording their language
using simple pictures – cuneiform
- Wheel - Irrigation and Dikes
- Sail - Farming Implements
Babylonian Civilization (2300 BCE)
• Astronomy, astrology
• Mathematics
• Cartography
• Jewelry-making
• Calendar system
• Map of the world
• Lunisolar calendar – lunar calendar
that keeps months on a lunar cycle,
but then intercalary months are
added to bring the lunar cycles into
synchronization with the solar year.
Ancient Egyptian (2700 – 2200 BCE)
• Egyptian civilization developed along
the Nile River
• Egyptians built grand monuments and
temples
• They made advances in engineering,
architecture, agriculture, medicine,
astronomy, and even in art and
literature
Hieroglypics – Egyptian writing system
Papyrus plant - sheets of writing materials
Ancient Egyptian handheld mirrors
Depiction of Ancient Egyptian Toothbrush
• Egyptian Astronomy for spiritual and
practical purpose
• Starclock and Merkhet
• Developed medicines and practiced
embalming called mummification
Ancient Greek (600 AD)
Pythagoras – credited for most mathematical
and scientific discoveries
 • Numerical system, Pythagorean
theorem, identity of morning and
evening star as the planet Venus
Plato – believed that all substances to be
composed of air, earth, fire and water
• Believed that the earth is the center
of the universe, and a motion of
planets along crystalline spheres.
• Invented a theory of vision involving
three streams of light
Hippocrates – established a medical school
and wrote treatises on medical matters
• Father of modern medicine
Aristotle – classification of animals (founder
of zoology)
• Contributions in physics, psychology,
meteorology, ethics, politics and even
poetics
TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS
- CRANE, WATER MILL, ANALOG COMPUTER
Ancient Roman (12 BC – AD A86)
• Science, technology, medicine, and
law
• Roman innovations were largely more
concerned with refinements of new
ideas
• For the romans, science had to
provide useful information
• Adopted the Greek architectural
orders and made their buildings more
intricately decorative
TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS
- Wheeled plough, oxen-driven harvesting
machine
Renaissance (15th – 16th centu)
• Dark ages – This is the result of the
collapse of roman empire where
most of the roman provinces were
occupied and controlled by barbarian
tribal nomads. (outsiders)
• However, this is only true to Europe.
Much of the eastern and middle
eastern civilization such as the
ottoman empire and the Chinese
empire still generated knowledge,
technology, culture, and other
indicators of high civilization.
• Renaisance is the period that
promoted the rebirth/rediscovery of
classical philosophy, literature and art
• Leonardo daVinci and Michaelangelo
The population was becoming wealthier
which led to an increase in trade and travel
and the spread of new ideas. The rise in
prosperity also generated an interest in
education, supported the flourishing of the
arts and promoted scientific discoveries and
new inventions.
Scientific Revolution (1550 – 1700) -
emphasized systematic experimentation
(scientific method) as the most valid research
method, resulted in developments in
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology,
and chemistry. These developments
transformed the views of society about
nature.
• Discoveries like thermometer,
telescope and even concepts in
physics like inertia.
• Development of calculus, probability,
and analytical geometry
Information Age - brought about many new
inventions and innovations. Many
communication services like texting, email,
and social media developed and the world has
not been the same since.
• Information age – handle and convey
information
• Progress in electronics and computers
caused information to be one of the
most important commodities
• Advances in biology, genetics, medicin
• Communication worldwide became
cheap
• Changed the way people work (online
work)
STS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Spanish period - we should remember how
important trading to other country is. To
trade before, ships headed toward Asia to
embark on an long journey around the Cape Jones Law - The Philippine s Autonomy Act -
of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. which transferred the Bureau of Science to
the Department of Agriculture and Natural
• By 1869, the Suez Canal was opened Resources
which shortened the route from
War Years
Philippines to Europe
Manuel L. Quezon
• The canal enabled the Philippines to
• President when the war between
have direct commercial relations with
Japan and US broke out
Spain. With the shorter travel time to
• Poor economy thus unproductive life
Spain, enabled more Filipinos to study
for research with threat of hunger
in Europe.
• National scientists directed their
• The Suez Canal is important
efforts to food processing
because it is the shortest maritime
Manuel Roxas
route from Europe to Asia.
• Laid down policies to rebuild the
Because trade was the chief economic
economy
activity, Spanish officials focused more on the
• Bell Trade Relations Act which
trade due to big profits
provided free trade relations between
But it did not stop our filipino ancestors to
the Philippines and the US until 1954
study science. Among these Filipino Scientists
Elpidio Quirino
are:
Sought help from the US where President
• Fr. Ignacio de Mercado – first Filipino
Truman proposed an economic survey mission
botanist
– the Bell Mission
• Trinidad Pardo de Tavera –
Ramon Magsaysay
recommended the establishment of
• Under his administration, he directed
the first government medical school
all his efforts to the upliftment of the
in the country
rural people
• Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero - first licensed
• Improved land reform system
pharmacist in the Philippines, and one
• Provided easy-term credit and
of the most eminent botanists in the
facilities
country in his time
• Constructed roads and buildings for
the masses
American Period
• Provided technical advice for farmers
- Schurman Commission recommended the
on farm management and intensive
replacement of military government with a
development
civil government and establishment of free
Carlos Garcia
public educational system in the country.
• Replaced the National Science Board
- Taft Commission started the gradual
with National Science Development
Filipinization of the government and
Board
encouraged education in preparation for self-
• Raising it to department level with a
government
budget of its own
Primary research center (bureau of science) • Increased in crop production despite
- In 1905, the Bureau of Science was prolonged drought
established and enabled Filipinos to • Offshoot of agricultural research
undertake research in all fields of science. breakthroughs and improved farming
- In 1908, the University of the Philippines technologies and use of modern
was established, followed by the College of farming practices
Agriculture in Los Baños.
Diosdado Macapagal
• Instituted the full decontrol program
which lifted all government controls
on foreign exchange
• Lead to the unlimited importation and
the Filipino colonial mentality
• National Institute of Science and
Technology (NIST) and the Philippine
Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
• Scientific Instrumentation Division
• International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI)
Ferdinand Marcos
• Emphasized economic and rural
developments as national goals
• self-sufficiency in rice and
diversification of crops
• After Martial Law, NSDB drafted a
comprehensive science and
technology plan for the country and
created various agencies
Corazon Aquino
• inherited serious economic crisis
• Organized the Philippines Commission
on Good Government (PCGG)
• Created the Commission on Human
Rights
• Reorganized NSTA to Department of
Science and Technology
Fidel Ramos
• Envisioned the country “to be a
country where all are provided for a
better life”
• DOST refocused its efforts on the 15
“leading edges” sectors that have
substantial contribution to GNP
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
Modern Astronomy
• Ottoman Turks overrun
Constantinople (1453);
• Romans fled west into Europe
and took books with them;
• End of the Middle Ages (Dark
Ages);
• People cannot read or write
and generally believe that:
• Earth is a stationary sphere at
the center of heaven. Its
habitable surface is a flat
circle with Jerusalem at its
center.
• Stars and planets are made of
a perfect substance called
Aether (ether).
• Moon, sun, and stars are held
in place by invisible crystalline
spheres.
3 MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE
GEOCENTRIC MODEL
• Earth was the center of the
universe.
• This belief followed the
teaching of Aristotle
PTOLEMAIC MODEL
• The model included part of
the geocentric model.
• Moon and planets rotated in
circles as they went around
the earth
COPERNICAN MODEL
• Heliocentric Universe
• Suggested a sun-centered
universe (De Revolutionibus)
• Opposed by the Catholic
Church
Nicolas Copernicus
• Polish Catholic Cleric;
• Observed the sky from an
observation tower;
• Trying to solve the calendar
problem;
• Copernicus has no clue what
stars actually are or how far
they are away.
GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)
• Italian mathematician and
philosopher;
• First to study the sky with a
telescope;
• First person to look at the
moon through a telescope
 and make his first astronomy
discovery;
• Galileo used his mathematic
knowledge skills to improve
upon the spyglass and
improve/ build a telescope to
be used for astronomy.
FOUR (4) MAJOR DISCOVERIES
• saw that moon is
mountainous and pitted - just
like the Earth;
• Saw the moons of Jupiter;
• Realized that Venus has
phases which meant that it
orbited the Sun; and
• Saw sunspots on the sun.
CHARLES DARWIN
• His first work in science began
with a geologic field trip led
by English geologist Adam
Sedgwick;
• Robert Grant (Scottish
zoologist) introduced Darwin
to the evolutionary ideas of
the French naturalist Jean-
Baptiste Lamarck, who first
thought of the evolution of
life from simple forms.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856- 1939)
• Freudian Revolution;
• The first psychologist to study
human motivation
• Father of "psychoanalysis", a
method for treating mental
illness and also a theory that
explains human behavior
• Determinist
• Instincts
- Life instinct: sex (libido)
- Death instinct: aggression, self-destruction
FREUD: UNCONSCIOUS MIND
ID: raw instincts unconscious part of mind
- seeks to bring us pleasure
- primitive parts of our personality including
aggression and sexual drives
EGO: manager of the Id sublimates the
instincts
• the conscious part of the
mind (Rational Self)
• decides what part of the
action to take for positive
means and what to do based
on what is believed is the
right thing to do
• aware of reality
SUPEREGO: “conscience” that manages the
ego according to social standards and
morality
• seeks to bring us pleasure
• primitive parts of our
personality including
aggression and sexual drives
THE CONSCIOUS: small amount of mental
activity we know about
THE SUBCONSCIOUS: things we could aware
of if we wanted or tried
THE UNCONSCIOUS: things we are unaware
and cannot become aware of
Repression - Is an unconscious mechanisms
employed by the ego to keep disturbing or
threatening thoughts from becoming
conscious
Denial - Involves blocking external events
from awareness. If some situation is just too
much to handle, the person just refuses to
experience it
Projection - This involves individuals
attributing their own unacceptable thoughts,
feeling and motives to another person
Displacement - Satisfying an impulse (e.g.
aggression) with a substitute object
Refression - This is a movement back in
psychological time when one is faced with
stress
Sublimation - Satisfying an impulse (e.g.
aggression) with a substitute object. In a
socially accaptable way
AMBISYON NATIN 2040 - is a document
adopted by the government as a guide for
developing and planning.
Strong Family and Community Ties
(MATATAG)
• Family is Together
• Time with Friends
• Work-life Balance
• Strong response of
community (volunteer
opportunities)
A Comfortable Lifestyle (MAGINHAWA)
• Free from Hunger and Poverty
• Secure Home Ownership
• Good Transport
• Travel and Vacation
A Secure Future (PANATAG)
• Enough Resources for day-to-
day needs and unexpected
expenses
• Peace and Security
• Long and Healthy Life
• Comfortable Retirement
Philippine Development Plan (PDP) is a six (6)
year plan whose primary goal are to:
• Reinvigorate Job Creation
• Accelerate Poverty Reduction
- steering the economy back on a high-growth
path;
- affect economic and social transformation
for a prosperous inclusive and resilient society
PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2023-2028
• Serves as the overall blueprint
in developing planning for the
next six years; country`s
• Reflects the government`s
policies, strategies, programs,
and legislative priorities in
support of and consistent
with Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
Jr.`s "Socioeconomic Agenda"
OVERALL GOAL OF PDP - Aims to reinvigorate
job creation and accelerate poverty reduction
• Steering the Philippine
economy back to its high-
growth trajectory and effect
economic and social
transformation for a
prosperous, inclusive, and
resilient society.
GOALS AND TARGETS
1. Maintain annual economic growth rate
between 6.0 - 7.0 percent in 2023 and
between 6.5 - 8.0 percent from 2024 to 2028
– Sustained high levels of growth is a
necessary condition to meet the AmBisyon
Natin 2040.
2. Create more, better, and more resilient
jobs - By 2028, the unemployment rate shall
be within 4.0 to 5.0 percent, and the
percentage of wage and salary workers in
private establishments to total employed shall
be within 53 to 55 percent.
3. Keep food and overall prices low and
stable - Expanding the opportunities available
to Filipinos must be complemented by efforts
to protect people’s purchasing power. Food
and overall inflation will be kept to within 2.5
to 4.5 percent in 2023 and within 2.0 to 4.0
percent from 2024 to 2028.
4. Enforce fiscal discipline - To ensure the
sustainability of growth, the national
government deficit to GDP ratio will be
gradually reduced from 6.5 percent during the
first half of 2022 to 3.0 percent in 2028.
Outstanding government debt GDP ratio will
also be reduced from 63.7 as of September
2022 to 48 to 53 percent by end of 2028.
5. Transform the production sectors through
innovation – The Philippines aims to continue
its progress among the innovation achievers
of the region by ranking higher and within the
top 33 percent of the Global Competitiveness
Index by 2028.
6. Reduce poverty incidence from 18 percent
in 2021 to between 8 to 9 percent by 2028 -
All of our efforts are intended to significantly
improve the welfare of Filipinos.
ECONOMIC AND PRODUCTION SECTOR
1. Modernize agriculture and agri-business -
to raise overall productivity, move Philippine
products up the value chain, promote
diversification, and ensure food security.
2. Revitalize industry - The government will
pursue business-matching and encourage
innovation, technology adoption, and
servicification or embedding services into
manufacturing to add greater value to local
products.
3. Reinvigorate services - The Philippines’
services sector will shift from its low level of
productivity to become a modern, productive,
and resilient global leader providing higher
value-adding and differentiated services.
SOCIAL AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SECTOR
1. Promote and improve lifelong learning
and education - by providing access to high-
quality learning opportunities that develop
adequate competencies and character
qualities.
2. Boost Health - through interventions
leading to healthy schools, communities,
workplaces, and lifestyles.
3. Establish livable communities - by
upgrading and planning human settlements
such that integrated use of space will bring
people closer to work, recreation, and transit
options.
4. Ensure food security and proper nutrition -
through production and effective supply
management.
5. Strengthen the social protection system -
by integrating safeguards into development
interventions and by streamlining contingency
financing mechanisms, strengthening the
delivery of digital payments of cash transfers,
and expanding insurance coverage.
6. Increase the income-earning ability of the
workforce - through skills upgrading and
updating, employment facilitation services,
including the reintegration of migrant workers
back to the domestic economy.
6 CROSS CUTTING STRATEGIES
Digitalization - This will result in more
efficient and faster service delivery, more
transparency, and fewer opportunities for
corruption at various levels.
Public - Private Partnership - Reconfiguring
can help address cross-cutting issues of a
weak competition environment and the digital
divide, as well as boost the country`s
campaign to attract foreign investments.
Servicification - Will pursue policies building
ecosystems around manufacturing clusters
identified as potential sources of high growth.
Dynamic innovation ecosystem - This will
mean new products, more efficient processes,
and an even bigger market share.
Enhanced connectivity - Digital and Physical
connectivity through infrastructure is
important to link markets, connect urban
centers to rural areas, and facilitate the
movement of people where opportunities for
employment or health care and education are
better
Greater collab between local and national
government - Seeks to bring local
governments in as equal partners in the
development agenda of the country.
HARMONIZED NATIONAL RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 2023-2028
- The Harmonized National Research and
Development Agenda (HNRDA) 2017-2022
was served as guide for the prioritization of
research programs and projects funded in the
last five (5) years
- Quinquennial will be a post-pandemic world,
defined by the way society and the economy
adapted to the health crisis.
- The Research and Development (R&D)
continues, as every sector prepares for
upcoming eventualities
- The Department of Science and Technology 2. VOLCANO, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
(DOST) is mandated by law to provide central HAZARDS MAPPING AND RESEARCH AND
direction, leadership, and coordination of the DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
scientific and technological effort in the 3. VOLCANO, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
country DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK
• National Research Council of REDUCTION PROGRAM
the Philippines (NRCP)
• Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Aquatic and
Natural Resources Research
and Development (PCAARRD)
• Philippine Council for Health
Research and Development
(PCHRD)
• Philippine Council for
Industry, Energy, and
Emerging Technology
Research and Development
(PCIEERD)
• Undersecretary of Scientific
and Technical Services
• Disaster Risk Reduction and
Climate Change

Section 1: National Integrated Basic Research

Agenda
Section 2: Health Research and Development
Agenda
Section 3: Agriculture, Aquatic Natural
Resources Research and Development Agenda
Section 4: Industry, Energy and Emerging
Technology Research and Development
Agenda
Section 5: Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate
Change

Programs on Weather Forecasting, Flood and

Climate
1. forecast and warning
2. Clim up
3. Ligtas-Baha
4. DRR/CCA

Programs on Volcano, Earthquake and

Tsunami
1. VOLCANO, EARTHUQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
MONITORING AND WARNING PROGRAM