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6.1 BASIC DEFINATIONS

F OR EN S IC MED I CIN E : A ppli ca t i on o f me di cine i n la w . A s a doct or we sh ou ld b e a b le t o
di st in gu i sh t h e cau se of dea th . i . e . N a tur a l or Un nat ura l.

 N A T URA L D EA T H: e . g . - CAD (cor onar y art er y di se a se ) .the th re e ma jor ar t er ie s

i n vo lv e d are LA D , LCX a n d R C. We do cor ona r y di sse ct i on f or CA D.
o Q→ If t h ere i s 7 5 % b lo cka ge i n c oron ar y a r te r i e s th a t me an s t h e y are
fi x ed an d o b st ru cte d (cha n ce s o f t r e at men t ar e n eg li g i b le) . How t o do
cor on a ry di sse ct io n ?
o A → R e gu lar i n c isio n s of c or onar i e s 0 .5 cm a par t (di agr a m -4:13 )
o POS T -M OR T EM di ag n osis o f M I
↓
S li c e o f h e ar t
↓
D i p t he sli ce s i n T T C (t r i phe nyl t et r azo li u m ch lor i de ) solu t i on
 If t he myoc ar diu m i s v ia b le , co lor ch an g e s t o r e d be cau se o f
pre sen ce of LD H e n zy me .
 If t he myoc ar diu m i n n on -v i ab le (i n fr ac te d), t her e i s n o c h ang e i n
color a s L D H le a ks f r om dea d t i ssu e .
 UN N ATU R A L D EA T H:
1. SU I CI DA L:
 most c ommon meth od of su ic i de in I n dia is h a n g in g
 most c ommon ca u se of su i ci de in I n dia is d e pre ssi on ( i n e ar ly
re c ov e ry st a ge of de pre ssi on a . k. a . d epr e ssio n i n i nv o lu t i on )
2 . A CCID EN TA L: E. g . - fa ll f r om h e i gh t
 Mu lt i ple in ju r ie s a ll ov e r the b o dy(abr a si on s, b ru i se , la cer at i on s)
 T ra n smi tt ed for ce i mpa ct i n jur ie s.
o Fr a ctu re of fo ot b on e s
↓
Fr a ctu re of th ora colu mb ar ver t ebr ae
↓
Fr a ctu re of fo ra me n ma gnu m ( r i ng fr a ct ure)
3 . HOM I CI D E: t o k i ll

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M ED ICA L J UR I SPR UD EN CE : A ppli cat ion o f la w i n me di cine

 M TP a c t
 T ra n sp la nt a t i on a ct
 Juv en i le ju st i ce a ct
 POCS O a ct
→ ju v en i le ju st i ce a ct an d POCS O a ct cla ssi fy ch ildr en a s < 18 y e ar s.
 Cr i min a l la w a men dmen t a ct -2 0 18(r a pe la w s)

M ED ICA L E T HI CS :

 Set o f mo r a l pr in c ip le s g u i din g doct or - doct or , doc tor -pat i en t a n d doct or - st at e

re lat ion sh ip. Br ea ch o f e th i cs b y a do ct or i s pu n i sh a b le.
 M ED ICA L E T IQU ET T ES : la w s o f cou rt e sy be t we en do ct or s. Bre a ch of me di ca l
et i qu et t e s i n n on - pun i shab le .
 UN ET HI CAL A CT / IN F AM OUS CON D UCT / PR OF ES S ION A L M IS CON DU CT.
It i n c lu de s 6 A s
1. A ssoci a t ion (cov er ing u nqu a li f ie d p e ople )
2 . A lcoh ol
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3 . A ddi ct i on
4. Ab ort i on (i lle g a l/u n la w fu l – don e o ut si de M T P a ct )
5 . A dv er t i se ment (i s t o b e done in pr e sc r ib ed man n er by M CI )
6 . A du lt ery (497 ) – i t i s n o mo r e of fen ce a ccord in g t o S . C g u i de li ne s. A
marr ie d ma le ha d se xua l in ter cou r se w i th some on e ’s w if e w it h ou t t he
kn ow ledge of h er hu sb an d
↓
If h er hu sban d g oe s t o po li ce , poli ce fi le s ca se on th e ma le un der 497
(b ut si n c e O ct o ber 20 18 it i s n o more an of fe n ce )
BU T I T I S S T I LL U N ET HI CA L I N M ED I CA L

Oth er poi nt s in clu de d i n in fa mou s co ndu ct

 Is su i n g f a lse cer t i fi ca te s e . g . b irth , de at h an d di sa b ili ty ce r t i fi cat e. Un de r 19 7

IP C.
 D I CHOT OMY ( f e e spli t t in g )

A CT ION S T A KEN B Y S T AT E M ED ICA L C OUN CI L

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 Warn in g
 Pen a l e r a su re of doc t or ’s n a me fro m st a t e me d ic a l r e g i st er. I t ca n be
te mp ora r y or per manen t (a . k .a pr ofe ssi on a l de ath se nten ce)
o Fi n a l a ppe a ls a r e ma de t o ce ntr a l h e a lt h min istr y u n der g over n men t
of I n di a

PR OF ES S I ON AL S E CR E CY :

 A ll t h e i n f or ma t i on of pa t ient i s t o b e ke p t se c ret n y th e d oct or

 Ex c e pt ion s t o PS – ca lle d a s “P R I VIL IGE D C OMMUN I CA T I ON ” . A doct or c an
co mmu n i cat e t o cer t a in in div i dua ls or c e rt a in a uth or it i e s i n some ca se s
o E. G. M n e mon i c - CIVI CS IN
 C → Cr i me
 I→ I n f e ct iou s di se a se
 V → Ve ne r ea l d ise a se
 I → i n p a t i en t s i n ter e st e . g . pat ie nt w i th sui ci da l t en den cie s
 C → Cour t o f la w
 S → S er v an t a n d e mploye e (E. g . pa t ien t w it h c olor b li n dn e ss,
w a it er w i th S TD ’S )
 I → In se lf i n ter e st of do ct or (E.g . N e g li g e nce ca se s)
 N → N ot i f ia b le di se a se s ( e . g . ye llow fe ver di se a se t o pu b lic
he a lt h a uth or it i e s)

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 6.2 POWERS OF COURT & CRPC SECTIONS (part -1)

Type s o f c ourt :

1. Magiste rial
2. Ses sion c ourt
1. MA G ISTER IAL:
 Sec ond class ju dic ial mag istrat e → pun is hment Rs. 5 ,000 and 1
y ear imprisonmen t.
 First class judicial magist rate (a.k.a Metropolita n magist rate in
metros) → Imprisonment – 3 y ears and fine – 1 0,000
 Chief ju dic ia l ma gistrat e (a.k.a ch ief judicial magist rate) →
Unlimite d fine and imprisonmen t for max imum 7 y ea rs.
2 . SE SSIO N CO URT:
 Ass is tant ses sion AfraTafreeh.com
→ u nlimited fine , impris onment – 1 0 y ears
maximu m
 Additional sess ion court → U nlimited fine and can pass death
sentence
 Distric t court →unlimited fine and c an pass death sentenc e
 High court
 Supreme c ourt
 Min imum le vel of court to pass d eath se ntenc e is AD DI TIO NAL
SE SSIO N CO URT
 Min imum le vel of court to pass unlimit ed fin e is CHIE F JU DICIAL
MAGISTRATE
 If additional ses sion judg e pa sses death s enten ce t hen it goes t o
high court for confirmation

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DEA TH SE NTE NCE (CA PITAL P UNISH ME NT)

 Judicial →
o hang in g- frac ture of C2-C3 (Hang man’s fracture)
o Classificat ion of hangman’s fracture is g iv en by L EVINE &
EDWARD .
o Pos ition of kn ot- left angle of mandible.
o A MNE ST Y → power t o grant pardon from de ath sent ence
 Pres id ent of India under art ic le 72 of const itut ion
 Governor of sta te under article 161 of con stitut ion of
Ind ia
 In cas e of pregnan t female → High court h ave power of
post pone men t of d eath sent ence of death se ntenc e or
can be chang ed t o life impris onment i.e . CO MMU TE D under
416 CrPc .

IPC (INDIA N PE NAL CODE ) –

 for med in 1860

 define s offen ces and there pu nishments
 E.G.
o offence of rape defined in 375
o punish me nt of rape defined in 376
o Perjury (FALSE E VIDE NCE U NDER OATH): It is defined as a
offence un der 1 91 IPC and punish men t is define d un der 1 93
IPC.

CrPc (criminal procedur al code )

 Forme d in 1 861 and ame nded in 1973

 It is t he proced ure follow ed after a crime has oc curred
 E.G.

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 o 174 CrPc →Pol ic e inqu est
o 176 CrPc → Magiste rial inquest
o 53-A → Rape acc used ex aminat ion
o 164 –A → R ape v ic tim examination

IE A ( INDIA N E VIDE NCE A CT)

 Define releva nce / we ig htage of an evidenc e

 E.G.
o ORAL> D OCUME NTARY (c ros s ex aminat ion c an b e don e in oral.
o 45 Section →d efines expe rt witn ess
o 118 Sec tion → De fines common wit ness

CrPc SE CTIO NS

 2 ( c ) → Cogn iza ble offens e ( police c an arrest a person without a

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warrant from mag is trat e e.g. murder, rape , a ll g rievous hu rts etc )
 2 ( l ) → Non cognizable offense ( polic e n eeds warrant e .g . 510
IPC– miscon duct in public places by a drunk person is punishab le )
 2 ( w ) → Summon cases – for which punishment is <2 y ears ( e.g.
334 IPC – v olu ntarily caus in g hu rt on provocation. Punishmen t is one
month imprisonmen t with Rs.500 fine.
 2 (x) → warrant cases - punishment is >2 y ears. E.g. 335 IPC –
voluntarily causing grievous hurt on prov ocat ion .punish ment is 4
y ear imprisonmen t with or wit hout 2,000 fine.

61 – 19 CrPc SUMMO NS

 Also calle d as SUB -POE NA

 Define d as a d ocument compel ling attendanc e of witne ss in cou rt of
law on a particular date and time for g iv in g ev idence

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 TYPE S OF SUMMON S
o Subpoena duce s t ecum : documen t + test imony
o Subpoena ad t estifica ndum : testimony
 Order of att ending summons :
1. Higher court first (first rule is to be applied first)
2. Crimin al case (murd er- 302- IPC) > civil cas e (road traffic
acciden ts 304 A-IPC )
 Q→ 2 su mmons on s ame day and time. First is a civil cas e in high
cou rt and s econd is crimin al cas e in s ession ’s court. Whe re t o g o
firs t?
A→ fi rs t ca se (firs t rule s are applied first )
 CO ND UCT MO NEY (diet money )
o Trav el expen ses of witness given in civil cases
o Summon
↓ (if not attended)
Re-summon
↓ (if not attende d)
Notice unde r 350 CrPc - if a valid reason is there - n o
punish me nt but, if there is in valid reason –fine Rs.100
↓(i f not attended)
Baila ble warrant
↓ (if not attende d)
Non- bailable wa rrant

53 A CrPc

 Deals wit h ra pe ac cused exa minat ion

 Cons ent of accu sed is not must an d minimu m reas onable force c an
be applie d under 53(1) CrPc
 LUGOL ’S IDO INE TE ST – white filte r pa per is applied t o penile shaft

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 ↓
Filter paper is ex posed to fumes of L U GOL’ S I ODINE
↓
If th e color c hanges to brown, it means it is positive. Color changes
due to prese nce of female v aginal epith elial c ell which c onta in
gly cogen
 Pos it ive - c orrobora tiv e an d ne gative doesn ’t ru le out sexu al assault

165 A CrPc

 Deals wit h ra pe vict im examination

 Cons ent is must . if c onse nt is not given then “ INF OR MED REF USAL”
 TOLUID INE BL UE TE ST : visua lization of microinjuries ov er g enitals
(micro lac eration s)
 Loc ation of tears of hy men :
o Betwee n 5’O clock - 7’O clock an d re aching margins → du e to
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sexual interc ours e
o Betwee n 1 1’O cloc k -1’O c loc k and reaching margins →
mastu rbation or finge ring by female

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o Fimbriated hy men/ denticular hy men – resembles tears

due to sexual in tercours e ( but th ey don’t reach margins )
 GLA STER KEE N ROD S ( bent g las s r od) are used to visualize hy men
 Most common locat ion of te ars is PO STEROL ATERA L A SPECT.

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 6.3 POWERS OF COURT AND CrPc SECTIONS PART-2
17 4 Cr Pc - P OL I CE IN QU ES T

 Con du ct ed b y he a d c on st ab le (HC) – mi n i mum r an k

↓
ASI
↓
S I (su b in spe ct or) - mi n i mu m r an k for r ape ca se s
↓
I n spe c t or
↓
S . H.O (st at e h ou se o ff ic er )

17 6 Cr Pc – MA GI ST E R IA L I N QU ES T

 D ea th du e to po li ce f ir in g , d ea th in poli ce cu st o dy , pr i son or ment a l h o spi ta l.

In a ll t he se c on d it ion t he i nqu e st in con duct e d b y JU D ICIA L ma g i st rat e u n de r
17 6 (1A ) Cr Pc AfraTafreeh.com
 D ow ry dea t h s an d ex hu mat ion [(di si n t er men t ) -17 6 (3) Cr P c] . the se are
co ndu ct ed b y EX ECU T IVE ma g i st r ate or SD M or D M un der 17 6 (1) Cr P c
 Be st t ype on i n q ue st in I n dia is j u di ci a l in qu e st .
 EX HUMA T ION
o T a k in g out a bur ie d b ody fr om t he gr oun d
o Ea r ly mor n ing h our s a r e pr e ferr e d
o N o t i me li mi t i s t h ere for e xhu mat i on
o 5 0 0g m o f e art h i s pr e ser ve d
o S it e s:
 He a d sit e
 Low er li mb si t e
 Le f t si de
 R i ght sid e
 S it e ab ove th e bo dy
 S it e be low th e b ody
o POS T-M O R TEM IM B IBA T I ON - di f fu sion of poi so n fro m soi l i n t o b o dy e . g .
Ar sen i c

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 B ody a r se n i c > e ar th ar sen ic → i n di ca te s a r se n ic po ison in g

 Ea r th ar sen i c > b od y a r se n i c → i n di ca te s PM i mb i b at ion

D OWR Y D EAT H - 3 0 4 B IP C

 D ea th of a ma rr ie d f e ma le w i t h in 7 ye ar s of ma rr i ag e du e t o cru e lt y w i th
fe ma le i n re lat ion t o dowr y j u st be f ore dea th b y hu sban d or re lat i ve of
hu sban d
 Pun i sh men t : 7 ye ar s t o li fe i mpr i so n ment

3 09 ( 1) Cr Pc

 A ft er 2 0 13 (n ir b ha ya c a se )
 D ay t o day t r i a l of w i tn e ss

3 27 Cr Pc

 In c a mera tr ia l of r a pe ca se s(i t i s a m isn ome r , i t is n ot re c or de d i n ca mera )

 T r ia l in a con fine d spa c e w i th li mit ed nu mb er of pe o ple
 Pre fer ab le ju dg e i s a F EM AL E

3 57 (c ) Cr Pc

 Ho spi t a l r ole in t re at men t of v ict i ms of se x ua l a ssa u lt an d a ci d att a ck s.

 Fi r st a id sh ou ld be g i ven f re e of c ost . i f fa i l e d t o do so, t h e doct or w i ll b e
pun i she d un der 16 6 –B (I PC)

4 16 Cr Pc

 Post pone me nt of e xe cut ion of dea th se n t en ce of pr e gna nt fe ma le by h i g h

co urt or t he y can c ommu t e de ath se nte n ce t o li fe i mp r i so n ment .

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 6.4 COURTROOM PROCEDURES
1. VI CT IM /c ompla in a nt / plan t i ff : t h e ir la w yer i s ca lle d PUB LI C P R OS ECUT O R
2 . JUD GE :
 Is su e s su mmon s t o w i tn e sse s
 T Y P ES OF S UMM ON S :
a ) Common w itn e ss
 Per son wh o h a s fi r stha n d kn o w le dge a bout cr ime i .e .
a ct u a lly se en th e c r i me
 Un der se c t i on 118 o f IEA - A ll pe r son s of a ll a ge s a re
comp eten t
b ) Ex p ert w i tn e ss: u nd er se c t i on 45 of I EA
c) Host i le w it ne ss
 T ur ne d aw ay i n co urt fr om h i s p r ev iou s w i tne ss
 Le a din g que st i on s c a n be a sk e d b y la w ye r w h o h a s ca lle d
the w i tn e ss du r i ng EX A M IN A T ION I N CHI EF
OA T H A DM IN IS T ER A T IO N

Ex ce pt ion : c h i ld < 12 year s a n d ath e i st – t hey sa y “I so le mn ly a ff ir m”

R E CORD IN G OF EVI D EN CE
1. Ex a min at i on i n ch i e f / diAfraTafreeh.com
r e ct exa min at i on
2 . Cr o ss e x a min at i on ( b y t he oppo si t i on la w ye r )
 N o t i me li mi t
 Le a din g que st i on s ( a n sw er ab le i n ye s or n o ma nn e r) ar e a llowe d
 Ex c e pt ion : c an b e a sk e d in ex a min at i on i n chi e f t o h ost i le w i tn e ss
3 . R e - d ir e ct ex a min at i on ( b y p u b li c pro se cut or )
4. Cou r t que st i on s: q ue st i on s c a n be a sk e d b y ju dg e at an y t ime of j u d ic ia l
pro cee din g s.