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International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

Designing of Parabolic Trough Collector using Plane Mirrors

Mayank Lambaa* , Subhra Dasb
a*
Department of Mathematics, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana
b
Solar Engineering Department, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University Haryana

Email: mayank.lamba.96@gmail.com

Abstract
Parabolic trough collectors are used for concentrating solar radiation along the focal line. These
collectors are commercially used for power generation. Approximately thirty-seven percent of the total
cost is attributed to the solar field. In order to increase the economic viability of solar thermal power
plants, there is a need to reduce the cost of solar thermal collectors. In this paper, an attempt has been
made to reduce the cost of parabolic trough collectors by fabricating them using plane mirrors. In this
endeavor, all factors which affect the surface area of the collector have been identified and the impact
of rim angle on the surface area of the collector has been studied. It has been observed that surface area
decreases sharply with an increase in rim angle from 20-60 and beyond this value, there is a negligible
increase in surface area. Thus, a parabolic trough with aperture width 0.5m, length 0.95m, and rim angle
of 96 has been considered for designing a parabolic trough collector using plane mirrors.
It has been observed that the use of plane mirrors in place of curved mirrors significantly reduces the
cost of manufacturing by 83.33 percent and will give a major boost to the large-scale installation of
solar thermal power plants.
Keywords: Parabolic Trough Collector, Plain mirrors, Cost Analysis, Designing.

1. Introduction-
Climate change and depletion of the ozone layer have coerced mankind to vehemently look for clean sources of
energy, since the start of the 21st century (Das et al., 2021). In the current scenario of the modern world, every
single tool requires energy to work and this creates an everlasting hunger to find newer sources of energy.
According to scientific expectations, energy demand will rise by 25% in the next 20 years (S Das et al, 2019). For
years mankind was solely dependent on non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels, which were the biggest
reason for the increase in global warming. A survey conducted in India revealed the energy requirement of rural
areas as 510 kcal(2.13 MJ) per capita consumption daily (C S Sinha et al,1998). But as science leaped miles, it is
our good fate that we have discovered some new sources of energy that are renewable, which means they get
replenished by time. Some examples are solar energy, hydro energy, wind energy, and energy from biomass.
Therefore, after ardent attempts by the research and development industries accompanied by scientific minds,
different ways to trap solar energy were developed for various applications. Solar photovoltaic panels are used to
collect solar radiation and convert it into electricity. On the other hand, solar thermal collectors convert absorbed
solar radiation into heat energy which can be used for different domestic and industrial applications. The first
solar collector was made in 1767, by a Swiss scientist named Horace de Saussure, and was used to cook food (N
L Panwar et al, 2012). Solar thermal collectors can be broadly classified into two categories: Flat plate collectors
and Concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors work with both direct and diffuse radiation to generate hot water
at 70-100oC and are mainly used for domestic or low-temperature applications. These collectors do not track the
sun. Concentrating collectors are used to generating hot fluid above 120oC. These type of collectors tracks the
sun and works with direct solar radiation. There are three types of concentrating collectors like parabolic trough
collector (PTC), dish type collector, and central receiver type collector (Duffie et al., 2013). Concentrating
collectors consist of a concentrator/receiver which tracks the sun and reflects the solar radiation incident on it to
the absorber placed either along the focal line (for PTC) or at the focus (for Dish Type collector). The absorber
absorbs the reflected solar radiation and transfers a portion of the heat to the fluid that flows through it (Abdullahi
et al, 2014) and the rest is lost to the ambient (Stojicevic et al, 2019).

---------------

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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

*corresponding author email address mayank.lamba.96@gmail.com

Figure 1: Parabolic Trough Collector (3D view) Figure 2: Concentrated solar rays at foci
of PTC

Concentrating collectors work with beam radiation and constantly track the sun. At any location on earth, the
position of the sun in the sky varies with time and this phenomenon is major because of two reasons: a revolution
of the earth around the sun and rotation of the earth about its axis once a day. The Revolution of the earth is along
an ellipse with the sun at one of its foci and the plane of the orbit containing the earth and the sun is called the
elliptical plane. An analytical method of computing the position of the sun at any location at any time of the day
has been proposed by Pal and Das (2015). A parabolic collector is installed with its focal axis pointing either in
the East-West direction or North-South direction. When it is placed in the East-West direction then it is termed as
being placed horizontally and when it is placed in the North-South direction then the focal axis may be inclined
or horizontal. For parabolic trough type collectors, there are five established and efficient modes of solar tracking
as tabulated in Table 1 which decide the angle of incidence of the solar radiation on the concentrator.
Table 1: Solar Tracking Modes (Sukhatme and Nayak, 2012)
Mode Descriptions
I In this mode of placement, the collector axis is placed in East-West or horizontal direction and
is moved once a day according to the normal solar radiations.
II This mode consists of placing the collector axis in East-West or horizontal direction and the
collector is moved continuously the whole day to maintain the minimum angle of incidence of
solar radiation with the collector aperture plane.
III In this mode, the focal axis is kept in North-South and horizontal direction and the collector is
moved continuously the whole day in order to maintain a minimum angle of incidence of solar
radiations with the collector aperture plane.
IV In this mode, the focal axis is kept in North-South direction and inclined at a fixed angle equal
to the latitude of that place and the collector is moved continuously at a constant angular velocity.
This kind of placement is also known as Polar mount.
V In this mode, the focal axis is placed in North-south direction and inclined at a fixed angle and it
is continuously rotated the whole day, but not with a constant angular velocity.

Concentrating collectors are mainly used for industrial heat applications and power generation. Some commercial
application of PTC technology for power generation can be seen in Kramer Junction California, that has an
installed capacity of 354 MW and in Boulder City Nevada, having a solar thermal plant of 64 MW capacity. One
more power generation plant, which has great importance in research are in Plataforma Solar de Almería, Southern
Spain Andasol 1 and Andasol 2 (Gunther et al,2011). Scheffler dish type solar thermal cooking system is being
used at OM Shanti Retreat to cook 6000 meals per day since 2001 and is being utilized to cook food three times
a day (Kanyowa et al., 2021). Dish type collectors are also used for power generation using Sterling engines
(Duffie and Beckman,1980). There have been places where the applications of these efficient technologies have
taken a backseat due to some hurdles in their path. Like in Mexico, the expenses of production, operations, and

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International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

maintenance of solar thermal systems have prevented their widespread applications. It is worth mentioning that
one of the most significant hurdles in the development of solar concentrating technologies is the lack of public
policies that gives support to these technologies.
As the heat loss from the receiver and the heat transfer from the receiver to the thermal fluid, is of immense
importance while studying the efficiency of the PTC, so various researches have been done to maximize the
efficiency of the PTC. The receiver behavior in Direct Steam Generation was being very well analyzed by (
Almanza et al, 1997). In 2006, the impact of wind on the PTC, and the heat transfer was studied by (Yaghoubi et
al, 2017). In 2008, the Mont Carlo Ray Tracing method was used to study the radiation distribution around the
receiver of PTC.
In this paper, an attempt has been made to design a parabolic trough type collector using plane mirrors to reduce
the cost of the system. The factors which have an impact on the design of the collector have been studied and their
impact on the collector’s design has been analyzed. A detailed computation for replacing the curved surface with
plane mirrors has been presented. The cost of designing a parabolic trough collector with plane mirrors is
compared with the cost of PTC made with curved mirrors to study the economic feasibility of the work.
The novelty of our research resides in the fact that designing of this kind has been done for dish type collectors,
and we have done it on Parabolic Trough Collector. Adding more novelty we have even included the cost
advantage of such a system, which makes it more lucid and expands its outreach in its application.
2. Geometry of the Parabolic Trough Collector- consists of a concentrator and a receiver. The
concentrator is parabolic in shape and acts like a concave mirror. It receives the incident solar radiation
and reflects it along the focal line. A receiver is placed along the focal line which consists of an absorber
tube made of stainless steel covered with glass. The absorber tube absorbs the solar radiation reflected
by the concentrators and transfers the heat to heat retaining fluid flowing through the absorber tube as
shown in fig 3.

Figure 3: Parabolic Trough Collector

Fig. 4 shows the cross sectional view of the trough type collector having aperture width (𝑊𝑎 ), rim angle (φ), focal
point of parabola (f), diameter of the absorber tube (D), radius of the parabola (r), length of parabola (L), half of
the width aperture (a) .

Figure 4. Transversal cut of the solar collector. (Adopted from Acosta et al., 2014)

3
International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

The focus of the collector can be expressed as a function of aperture width and rim angle as (Acosta et al, 2014):
𝑊𝑎
𝑓= (φ) (1)
𝑡𝑎𝑛
2

The radius of the parabola is expressed as (Acosta et al, 2014):

2𝑓
𝑟= (2)
1+cos (φ)

Length of arc of PTC is expressed as (MIT Open CourseWare)

𝑎 1 1 𝑎
𝑆 = ∫0 √1 + 4𝑥 2 = [4 ln(2𝑥 + √1 + 4𝑥 2 ) + 2 𝑥√1 + 4𝑥 2 ] (3)
0

The concentration ratio of the collector is the ratio of aperture area to absorber area and is expressed as (Acosta
et al., 2014):
𝑊
𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷𝑎 (4)

2.1 Impact of Rim Angle on Surface Area of Collector & Cost of Collector
For finding a relation between the rim angle and surface area of PTC a few equations are required which will help
in specifying how the surface area of trough changes when the rim angle is altered. (Gunther et al., 2011)
𝑎 4 16
𝑓
= − tan (𝜑) + √𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (φ) + 16 (5)
𝑤
Where 𝑎 = 2𝑎

The surface area of the parabolic trough collector is expressed in terms of focal length (f), aperture width (a) and
length of collectors (L) as (Gunther et al., 2011):

𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2
𝐴=( √1 + + 2𝑓 × 𝑙𝑛 ( + √1 + )) × 𝐿 (6)
2 16𝑓 2 4𝑓 16𝑓 2

3. Geometrical Analysis for Using Plane Mirrors to design Parabolic Trough collector
Here lies the crux of the research when many smaller plane mirrors are used to substitute larger and expensive
curved mirrors for designing the parabolic trough collectors. To make it more understandable, a similar model of
a solar dish using plane mirrors is shown in fig 5.

Figure 5: Design of Solar Dish type collector using plane mirrors

3.1 Angle of Incidence of Solar Radiation
Fig 6 shows the design of the parabolic trough type collector under consideration. For the present case we consider
that the collector is polar mounted. In this mode of tracking the focal axis of PTC is kept North-South aligned and

4
International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

inclined at an angle equal to latitude of that place which means parallel to the axis of earth. The collector is then
continuously moved the whole day. The angle of incidence of solar radiation in this case is equal to the declination
angle δ at a particular place at any time t and is given by (Pal et al., 2015):
360
𝜃 = 𝛿 = 23.45 sin [365 (284 + 𝑛)] (7)

Figure 6: Design of Parabolic Trough Collector using Plane Mirror

3.2 To Compute the Angle at which Plane Mirrors will be Placed

Because of symmetry of parabola about its axis; calculation for replacing curved surface by a plane surface is
shown along one arm of the parabola (fig 6). Let us consider plane mirrors of length L and width b1 to be used to
replace the curved surface.
Area of plane mirror = 𝑏1 ×
Step 1: Leave the area which is under the shadow of the receiver. That is the first mirror will be placed at a
distance of (D/2+ b1/2) from the origin (vertex) say at the point P(xo, yo) where xo= (D/2+ b1/2).
Step 2: Compute the angle at which mirror should be placed
Equation of Parabolic trough is given by
𝑥2
𝑦 = 4𝑓 (8)

Differentiating w.r.t x and computing the value of the derivative at P we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑃
| = 2𝑓𝑜 (9)

Eq (9) gives the slope of the tangent at the point P to the parabola. The slope of the tangent can thus be obtained
as
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑜
tan 𝛽 = | = (10)
𝑑𝑥 𝑃 2𝑓

Subsequently, the angle β at which plane mirror is fixed at the point P is given by
𝑥
𝛽 = tan−1 (2𝑓𝑜 ) (11)

Step 3: Shadow Analysis

5
International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

Consider the ∆ABE as shown in fig 6. AE represents the width of mirror which is fixed at the point P making an
angle β with the horizontal BE. Angle of incidence of the solar radiation is δ as shown in fig 6 and BC represents
the shadow of the mirror at any time t. Let AC= H be the height of the tip of the mirror form BE.
From ∆ACE we get
𝐻 = 𝐴𝐸 sin 𝛽 = 𝑏1 sin 𝛽 (12)

From ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 we compute the length of the shadow, BC as

𝐻
Length of shadow = tan (90°−𝛽−𝛿) (13)

Every mirror placed at angle β, will cast some shadow along the horizontal axis, which in turn has to be added in
the previous width of mirrors while calculating β for successive mirrors.
Step 4: Number of Plane mirrors used for Replacing the Curved Surface
𝑆−(∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 )
Number of plane mirrors used = (14)
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

4. Results & Discussions

4.1 Calculation of Surface Area as a function of Rim Angle
The specifications for parabolic trough collector that has been considered for designing is tabulated in Table 2
Table 2: Specifications of PTC
Description Dimension (m)
Width Aperture of PTC 0.50
Length of arc of parabola 0.26
Theoretical diameter of the receptor 0.0024
PTC Length 0.95
The surface area for the paraboloic trough collector is computed for different values of rim angle from 20°-150°
using the eq (6) and its variation is shown in Fig 7.
0.4

0.35
Surface Area of Trough (𝑚^2)

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Rim angle (degree)

Figure 7: Relation between Rim Angle and Surface Area of Trough

From fig 7 it is observed that surface area of the concentrator decreases with the increase in rim angle. The change
in surface area with respect to rim angle is tabulated below in Table 3.

6
International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

Table 3: Observations
Change in rim angle Change in surface area
20 < φ <30 0.068
30 < φ <60 0.0408
60 < φ <90 0.0074
90 < φ <150 ~0

Thus, it is observed that when 90 < φ < 150 the change in surface area is negligible and also corresponds to the
minium surface area. Thus, in the present work we have considered rim angle equal to 96o which corresponds to
minimum surface area for the given specification of the PTC to ensure reduction in cost.
4.2 Calculation for Replacing Curved Surface by Plane Mirrors

Step-1: Calculating length of shadow L1 for 1st mirror from ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 & ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 following the steps discussed in
Section3.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥1 0.0112
| = = = 0.0497
𝑑𝑥 𝑃1 2𝑓 2×0.1125

𝑥
𝛽1 = tan−1 (2𝑓1 ) = 2.8484°

𝐻1 = 𝑏1 × sin(𝛽1 ) = 0.00099 m
𝛿 = 0.40925°
𝐻1
𝐿1 = = 0.000056 m
tan (90°−𝛽1 −𝛿)

Step-2: Calculating the length of shadow 𝑳𝟐 for 2nd mirror

Similarly 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 + 𝐿1 = 0.0310

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International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
| = = = 0.1377
𝑑𝑥 𝑃2 2𝑓

𝑥2
𝛽2 = tan−1 ( ) = 7.8412°
2𝑓
𝐻2 = 𝑏1 × sin(𝛽2 ) = 0.0.00272 m
𝐻2
𝐿2 = tan(90°−𝛽2 −𝛿)
= 0.00039 m

Similarly, the coordinates for placing the 3rd, 4th , 5th and 6th mirrors and the corresponding length of their shadow
L3 , L4 , L5 , L6 are calculated and tabulated in Table 4.
Table 4: Calculation for coordinates of placing the mirrors & its length of shadow
X- coordinate Y- coordinate Length of shadow (m)

𝑥1 = 0.0112 𝑦1 = 0.0005 0.00005

𝑥2 = 0.0310 𝑦2 = 0.0042 0.00039

𝑥3 = 0.0510 𝑦3 = 0.0163 0.00103

𝑥4 = 0.0720 𝑦4 = 0.0230 0.00199

𝑥5 = 0.0940 𝑦5 = 0.0392 0.00328

𝑥6 = 0.1173 𝑦6 = 0.0611 0.0049

Step 3: Compute the number of mirrors required to cover the entire curved surface area
The dimensions of the plane mirror and the concentrator considered for calcuation are tabulated in Table 5.
Table 5: Description and Dimensions of the plane mirror & Concentrator
Description Dimensions

Width of plane mirror (𝑏1 ), [𝒎] 0.02

Length of plane mirror (L), [𝒎] 0.95

Curved surface area, A [𝒎𝟐 ] 0.2405

Length of the arc, S [𝒎] 0.13003

𝑆−(∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 )

Number of plane mirrors used = = ~6 mirrors.
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

Above calculations shows that 6 mirrors will be required for one half of the PTC and hence a total of 12 mirrors
will be required.
4.3 Cost Analysis
Total area of the plane mirrors used = 12*0.02*0.95= 0.228 = 0.23m2.

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International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2178 (2022) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2178/1/012015

Area of the concentrator not covered by plane mirrors = Total surface area of the concentrator - Total area of the
plane mirrors = 0.0125 m2.
For analyzing the cost of replacing curved mirrors by plane mirrors in designing parabolic trough collector we
computed the price of 0.23m2 curved and plane mirror using the information available online and tabulated it in
Table 6.
Table 6: Cost Comparison
Materials Cost
𝟐 25000
Cost of silver coated curved mirror, (RS/𝒎 )
Cost of silver coated plane mirror, (RS/𝒎𝟐 ) 4166
2
Price of 0.23 𝑚 Curved mirror, (Rs) 5750
2
Price of 0.23 𝑚 Plane mirror, (Rs) 958.18
It can easily be comprehended that cost of our model is significantly less compared to the conventional parabolic
trough concentrator. Thus, one can easily estimate the amount of money that can be saved by implementing the
design proposed in this work.
5. Conclusion
Nowadays we all notice Parabolic Trough Collectors installed at various places, which is not only an efficient
source of energy but causes no harm to our nature. But the high investments involved in installing and maintaining
have restricted its use at a smaller level. Despite offering subsidies the incurring costs remain high for a larger
population to install them. Our main aim was to propose a design for a parabolic trough collector which will
reduce its cost. It has been observed that the proposed design enables us to cover the entire curved surface by
plane mirrors efficiently. Only 0.0125 m2 area of the concentrator is left uncovered. Thereby, ensuring minimum
loss of trapping solar radiation. In the future, we can reduce the uncovered area of PTC, by using plane mirrors
of different widths to reduce the length of the shadow and decreasing space between two successive mirrors
thereby decreasing the unutilized area. Also, thermal analysis of this collector can be conducted to study the
performance of this system. After pious and dedicated research, it can be concluded that the proposed design of
parabolic trough collector using plane mirrors, once implemented can drastically reduce the cost of these
wonderful devices and hence will be a boosted approach towards the shift to renewable sources of energy.
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International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2021) IOP Publishing
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