"#$%&'()*+,(-*.

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PNNL’s Hydrogen Safety Resources
Safety Panel
▶ Identify Safety-Related Technical Data Gaps
▶ Review Safety Plans and Project Designs
▶ Perform Safety Evaluation Site Visits
▶ Provide Technical Oversight for Other Program Areas

Tools Web Portal (http://h2tools.org)

▶ Hydrogen Facts, Training, Forums, HyARC Tools
▶ Hydrogen Lessons Learned, Best Practices, Workspaces

Emergency Response Training Resources

▶ Online Awareness Training
▶ Operations-Level Classroom/Hands-On Training
▶ National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Emergency Response Training Resource

April 17, 2018 / 3

!"#$%&"#'()'*$+,-"#$+(.(-)$+*",(.(*#

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State and Regional Incentives

April 17, 2018 / 9

California Incentives

Clean Vehicle Rebate: $5,000

• Additional $2,000 rebate 2017 Guidelines for Additional Rebate
(based on income)
Household Size Max Income
1 $36,180
Other Incentives
2 $48,720
• Carpool sticker
3 $61,260
• Bridge toll discounts
4 $73,800
• Free hydrogen fuel
5 $86,340
• Free car rentals
6 $98,880

(Federal tax credit expired) 7 $111,420

April 17, 2018 / 10

Station Network—Northern California

April 17, 2018 / 11

Station Network—Southern California

April 17, 2018 / 12

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 Hydrogen – A Clean, Flexible Energy Carrier

H2 services all energy

sectors AND improves Industry has used H2
Energy Security and safely for over eight
Domestic Economy decades!
Source: DOE, NREL, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Program
April 17, 2018 / 16
Hydrogen: the Fuel of the Future

▶ Used for more than 80 years in

industrial applications

▶ US Production capacity is 9-11

million tons/year

▶ 1,500 miles of H2 pipelines in US

▶ Used for refining petroleum,

treating metals, producing
fertilizer, and processing
foods…and rocket fuel

April 17, 2018 / 17

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Hydrogen Properties: A Comparison
Hydrogen Gas Natural Gas Gasoline
Color No No Yes

Toxicity None Some High

Odor Odorless Yes (mercaptan) Yes (benzene)

Buoyancy 14X 2X 3.75X

Relative to Air Lighter Lighter Heavier

Energy 2.8X ~1.2X

43 MJ/kg
by Weight > Gasoline > Gasoline

Energy 4X 1.5X
120 MJ/Gallon
by Volume < Gasoline < Gasoline

Source: California Fuel Cell Partnership

April 17, 2018 / 19
How is H2 Stored and Transported?
Well-established industrial supply system
Liquid (LH2 )
• Cryogenic: -423°F (-253°C)
• Double walled, vacuum insulated tanks with burst
disks, vents, and pressure relief devices
§ Low pressure - 50 psi

Gaseous (GH2)
• Thick walled metallic (Type I) or
composite reinforced tanks (Type II, III or IV)
• 2400-8000 psi
• No liquid phase in compressed gas H2 storage
• Compression does not liquefy

April 17, 2018 / 20

Topics for Today’s Presentation

▶ U.S. Progress on Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Deployment

▶ Hydrogen Basics and Properties

▶ Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

▶ Hydrogen Fueling Stations

▶ Other Applications

▶ Safety Management & Resources

▶ Concluding Thoughts
▶ Supplemental Information

April 17, 2018 / 21

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How a PEM* Hydrogen Fuel Cell Works:
1. Hydrogen (H2) to anode side
(negative electrode)
2. H2 molecules react at anode,
release electrons (e-)
3. Electrons travel external circuit
toward cathode (positive
electrode), as electrical current,
to do work
4. Hydrogen ions (H+, protons)
exchange through solid polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) to
cathode
5. Hydrogen ions react with
airborne oxygen (O2) and
electrons at the cathode
(*Proton exchange membrane) electrode to form water

Source: http://www.toyota-global.com/ April 17, 2018 / 28

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FCEV Onboard Hydrogen Tanks
• 10,000 psi (700 bar) composite tanks with
TPRDs (Type III or Type IV tanks) 5-8 kg H2
• Designed for 2x pressure, impact
• In-tank shutoff valve isolates gaseous H2 when
vehicle is off or impacted

TPRD opens at 110 C

Direction of
H2 discharge on
TPRD activation
Source: Toyota
Example of Thermal Pressure Relief Device (TPRD) – Toyota April 17, 2018 / 31
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FCEV H2 Fueling Stations - Infrastructure

April 17, 2018 / 34

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 Port of Long Beach Tri-Gen Plant

▶ Construction complete in 2020.

▶ $6M investment
▶ 2.35 megawatts of electricity
▶ 1.2 tons of hydrogen

Sufficient daily power for:

▶2,350 homes and
▶1,500 vehicles

April 17, 2018 / 47

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Parcel Delivery BEV – FC Range Extender

BEV-HFC hybrid medium-duty Class 6 delivery truck

going to Sacramento, CA, by September 2017
A 32kW HFC recharges a 45kWh battery using 10kg H2 fuel. Supports full duty cycle of the truck,
including highway driving. HFC enables another 125 miles of range (DOE EERE supported program).

https://pressroom.ups.com/pressroom/ContentDetailsViewer.page?ConceptType=PressRel
eases&id=1493730807330-217 April 17, 2018 / 50
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FC Powered Industrial Trucks Can Do More Work
Lead-acid battery H2 fuel cell pack
Recharge ~20 min swap to charge room <5 min H2 fueling by operator
Work voltage decay => power loss Constant FC voltage = max. power

FC retrofit truck at inside H2 fueling station

BMW regained > 156 hours of lost productivity over three-shift operation,
saving > $65 million annually

(Courtesy of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.) April 17, 2018 / 53

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Hydrogen vs. Hydrocarbons

Hydrogen exhibits different physical behaviors than hydrocarbon fuels

▶ Highly buoyant
▶ Diffuses 3x faster than hydrocarbons in air
▶ Very low ignition energy (an order of magnitude lower than
hydrocarbons: 0.017 mJ vs 0.8 mJ gasoline and 0.3 mJ methane)
▶ Broad flammability range (4% - 75% in air)
▶ Hydrogen causes embrittlement in many metals
▶ Lower radiative heat flux (and almost invisible flame)
▶ Higher heat of combustion
▶ More rapid generation of overpressures (and higher peak pressures)
due to fast flame speed

April 17, 2018 / 56

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 Introducing the Hydrogen Safety Panel (HSP)
Experienced, Independent, Trusted Expertise
The HSP promotes safe operation, handling, and use of H2

▶ Formed in 2003
▶ 400+ yrs combined experience
▶ Over 485 H2 safety reviews
completed – H2 fueling, auxiliary
power, backup power, CHP, portable
power, and lab R&D
▶ White papers, industry guides,
guidance on application of codes and
standards Some of the fire officials and hydrogen experts
that comprise the Hydrogen Safety Panel
▶ H2 safety knowledge shared through (24th meeting, 2017, Cambridge, MA)
the H2 Tools Portal (h2tools.org)

More information is available at http://www.h2tools.org/hsp

April 17, 2018 / 61
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First Responder Hydrogen Safety Training

▶ National Goal
• Support the successful implementation of hydrogen and fuel cell
technologies by providing technically accurate hydrogen safety
and emergency response information to first responders
▶ Integrated Activities
• Online, awareness-level training
(http://hydrogen.pnl.gov/FirstResponders/)
• Classroom and hands-on operations-level training
• National training resource (enabling trainers)
(http://h2tools.org/fr/nt)

A properly trained first responder community is critical to the successful introduction

of hydrogen fuel cell applications and their transformation in how we use energy.

April 17, 2018 / 70

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Thank You for Your Attention!
The authors wish to thank the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fuel Cell Technologies
Office (Sunita Satyapal, Director, Laura Hill, Safety, Codes and Standards Lead),
and the California Fuel Cell Partnership for their support of this work.

Contact Information:
Nick Barilo, P.E.
Hydrogen Safety Program Manager
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
P.O. Box 999, MSIN K7-76
Richland, WA 99352 USA
509-371-7894
nick.barilo@pnnl.gov
Suzanne Loosen
Zero Emission Vehicles Coordinator
San Francisco Department of the Environment
1455 Market Street, Ste. 1200
San Francisco, CA 94103
(415) 355-3765
Suzanne.Loosen@sfgov.org

April 17, 2018 / 74

Topics for Today’s Presentation

▶ U.S. Progress on Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Deployment

▶ Hydrogen Basics and Properties

▶ Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

▶ Hydrogen Fueling Stations

▶ Other Applications

▶ Safety Management & Resources

▶ Concluding Thoughts
▶ Supplemental Information

April 17, 2018 / 75

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Analyzing the Hazards

A hazard analysis is required by NFPA 2 for fueling stations, but should be conducted on every
significant hydrogen and fuel cell project by a qualified person with proven expertise in
hydrogen fueling systems, installations, and hazard analysis techniques.

Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment Steps

1. Define the scope of work
2. Identify hazards
3. Evaluate the impact of the hazards on
a) the environment and public
b) the facility and institution
c) the equipment and personnel
4. Assess the likelihood and severity of each hazard
5. Resolve hazards
6. Follow up actively with periodic review of work
scope and hazards

See https://h2tools.org/bestpractices/safety_planning/hazard_and_risk, and

https://h2tools.org/sites/default/files/h2_snapshot_v2i2.pdf April 17, 2018 / 79
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Indoor Storage - Safety Considerations

Safety considerations for indoor storage or use of bulk gaseous hydrogen

include:
▶ Buildings should be constructed of noncombustible materials.
▶ Mechanical or passive ventilation systems. Hydrogen sensors should be
installed at the exhaust within the enclosure.
▶ Install automatic shutoff that activates if a leak or fire is detected in the
facility that is being supplied with hydrogen.
▶ Avoid ignition sources in storage areas.
▶ Classified electrical equipment should be be in close proximity to storage
systems.
▶ Electrical bonding and grounding. Gaseous hydrogen system components
should be electrically bonded and grounded.

Code and Standards: IFC, IBC, IFGC, NFPA 2, NFPA 70

April 17, 2018 / 81
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Flame Detection / Thermal Detectors
H2 flames are almost invisible - thermal and optical sensors should be used
▶ To cover large area or volume, many thermal detectors are needed and should be
located at or near the site of a potential fire
▶ Optical sensors for detecting H2 flames operate in the
ultraviolet or infrared spectral region
• H2 specific Triple IR detectors are the least likely to
be susceptible to to false trips

Flame detectors are required in applications such as H2

fueling station dispensers. Detector systems should:
▶ Provide rapid and reliable flame indication.
▶ Provide for H2 source automatic shut-off / isolation
▶ Shut down the system to a safe mode
▶ Control active ventilation
▶ Activate audible and visual alarms

Code and Standards: NFPA 2-10.3.1./11.3.3

April 17, 2018 / 85
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Emergency Shutdown System (ESS)

General ESS Considerations

Ø ESS should operate on:
• Detection alarms
• Fire alarms
• Loss of ventilation
• Activation of manual emergency shutdown
devices (ESD)
Ø When activated, the ESS should:
• De-energize unclassified electrical
• Close all automatic shutoff control valves
Ø ESDs should be located:
• On HEEs
• Near fuel dispensers
• Have a remote ESD located 25 to 100 feet from
the equipment it is serving

April 17, 2018 / 87

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Outdoor GH2 Separation Distances – NFPA 2

Current separation distance groups

*

*Distances shown are only an example - required distances are determined by pipe sizes and pressures.

Code and Standards: NFPA 2-7.3.2.3

April 17, 2018 / 89
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Introduction to Hydrogen for Code Officials

Provides an overview of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, discusses how

these technologies are used in real-world applications and discusses the codes
and standards required for permitting them.

▶ Hydrogen and fuel cell basics

▶ Hydrogen and fuel cell
applications
▶ Hydrogen fueling stations
▶ Fuel cell facilities

Developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

URL: http://h2tools.org/content/training-materials
April 17, 2018 / 92
H2 Fueling Station Permitting Videos

▶ Gives AHJs, Project Developers, and other interested parties a quick orientation in
permitting hydrogen fueling stations.
▶ Provides basic background information on hydrogen technologies followed by a
description of the permitting process including an overview of key codes and
standards.
▶ Contains interviews with code officials, emergency responders, and technical experts
as well as footage of hydrogen stations.

Videos available at https://h2tools.org/videos

Videos developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
April 17, 2018 / 93
Working with First Responders
Preplanning
▶ Facility owners and first responders should
work together to perform preplanning
activities. This should include a tour of the
hydrogen facilities with focused attention on
safety features and emergency shutoffs.
Training
▶ Training of emergency response personnel
should be a high priority to ensure that these
personnel understand how to properly respond
to a hydrogen incident.
▶ A variety of resources are available to assist
with this training (and discussed in later slides).
Equipment
Volpentest HAMMER Federal Training Center
▶ A hydrogen fire is often difficult to detect
without a thermal imaging camera or flame
detector. First responders have one available
for their use.

Code and Standards: IFC 5003.9.1

April 17, 2018 / 94
Thank You for Your Attention!
The authors wish to thank the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fuel Cell Technologies
Office (Sunita Satyapal, Director, Laura Hill, Safety, Codes and Standards Lead),
and the California Fuel Cell Partnership for their support of this work.

Contact Information:
Nick Barilo, P.E.
Hydrogen Safety Program Manager
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
P.O. Box 999, MSIN K7-76
Richland, WA 99352 USA
509-371-7894
nick.barilo@pnnl.gov
Suzanne Loosen
Clean Cities Coalition Coordinator
San Francisco Department of the Environment
1455 Market Street, Ste. 1200
San Francisco, CA 94103
(415) 355-3765
Suzanne.Loosen@sfgov.org

April 17, 2018 / 95