Ch5 2

1
Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e, ISV
SOLUTION:
Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

2
SOLUTION:

3

4
SOLUTION:
𝑉1
If 𝐼0 = 1𝐴 then 𝑉1 = 3 + 5 𝐼0 = 8 𝑉 and 𝐼1 = 4
= 2 𝐴.ApplyingKCL at node 1 gives
𝐼2 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼0 = 3 𝐴
𝑉2
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 + 2𝐼2 = 8 + 6 = 14 𝑉, 𝐼2 = =2𝐴
7
Applying KCL at node 2 gives
𝐼4 = 𝐼3 + 𝐼2 = 5 𝐴
Therefore,𝐼𝑠 = 5 𝐴.This shows that assuming𝐼0 = 1 𝐴 gives𝐼𝑠 = 5 𝐴.The actual source current of 15 A
will give 𝐼0 = 3 𝐴 as the actual value.

5
SOLUTION:
Open circuit the 4 A source. Then,

(7 + 2) || (5 + 5) = 4.737 Ω, we can calculate v1’ =1.4.737 = 4.737V
To find the total current flowing through the 7 Ω resistor, we first determine the total
voltage v1 by continuing our superposition procedure. The contribution to v1 from the 4 A
source is found by first open-circuiting the 1 A source, then noting that current division
yields:
5 20
4 = = 1.053A
5 + (5 + 7 + 2) 19
V1’’ = (1.053)(9) = 9.477V
Hence v1 = 14.21V
We may now find the total current flowing downward through the 7 Ω resistor as
14.21/7 = 2.03 A.

6
SOLUTION:

7
SOLUTION:
Short-circuit the 10 V source

Note that 6 || 4 = 2.4 Ω. By voltage division, the voltage across the 6 Ω resistor is then
2.4
4× = 1.778V
3 + 2.4
So that i1’ = 0.2693A
Short-circuit the 4 V source
Note that 3 || 6 = 2 Ω. By voltage division, the voltage across the 6 Ω resistor is then
2
−10 × = −3.33V
6
i1’’= -5.556mA
a. I = i1’ + i1’’
= -259.3mA

8
SOLUTION:
Taking one source at a time:

The contribution from the 24-V source may be found by shorting the 45-V source and open-
circuiting the 2-A source. Applying voltage division
20 20
vx‘ = 24 = 24 = 10V
10+20+45||30 10+20+18
We find the contribution of the 2-A source by shorting both voltage sources and
applying current division:
20
vx’’ = 24 10+20+18 = 8.333V
Finally, the contribution from the 45-V source is found by open-circuiting the 2-A
source and shorting the 24-V source.
Defining v across the 30-Ω resistor with the “+” reference on top:
30
v30 v30 v30 − 45

0= + +
20 10 + 20 45
solving, v = 11.25 V and hence v ”’ = -11.25(20)/(10 + 20) = -7.5 V

30 x
Adding the individual contributions, we find that v = v ’ + v ” + v ”’ = 10.83 V
x x x x

9
SOLUTION:

10
SOLUTION:

11
SOLUTION:

12
SOLUTION:

13
SOLUTION:
We find the contribution of the 4-A source by shorting out the 100V source and
analysing the resulting circuit:
V1′ V ′1 −V′
4= 20
+ 10
V1′ V ′ −V ′1
4i1’ = 30 + 10
Where i1 ' = V '/ 20
1
Simplifying & collecting terms, we obtain 30 V ' – 20 V' = 800
1
-7.2 V ' + 8 V' = 0
1
Solving, we find that V' = 60 V. Proceeding to the contribution of the 60-V source, we
analyse the following circuit after defining a clockwise mesh current i flowing in the left
a
mesh and a clockwise mesh current i flowing in the right mesh.
b

14
30 ia – 60 + 30 ia – 30 ib = 0
ib = -0.4i1" = +0.4ia
Solving, we find that ia = 1.25 A and so V" = 30(ia – ib) = 22.5 V
Thus, V = V' + V" = 82.5 V.

15
SOLUTION:

16
SOLUTION:
Since there are two sources, let
𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
Where 𝑣1 and𝑣2 are the contributions due to the 6-V voltage sourceand the 3-A current source,
respectively. To obtain 𝑣1 we set the currentsource to zero, as shown in the figure below.
Applying KVL to the loop, we get,
12𝑖1 − 6 = 0 => 𝑖1 = 0.5 𝐴
Thus, 𝑣1 = 4𝑖1 = 2 𝑉
To get 𝑣2 we set the voltage source to zero, as shown.
Using current division,

8
𝑖3 = 4+8 3 = 2 𝐴

17
Hence, 𝑣2 = 4𝑖3 = 8 𝑉
And we find, 𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 10 𝑉

18
SOLUTION:

19
SOLUTION:

20
SOLUTION:

21
SOLUTION:
The circuit involves a dependent source, which must be leftintact. We let,
𝑖0 = 𝑖0𝑎 + 𝑖0𝑏
Where𝑖0𝑎 and 𝑖0𝑏 are due to the 4-A current source and 20-V voltagesource respectively. To obtain𝑖0𝑎
we turn off the 20-V source so that we have the circuit shown below.
We apply mesh analysis in order toobtain 𝑖0𝑎 . For loop 1,
𝑖1 = 4 𝐴 (i)
For loop 2,
−3𝑖1 + 6𝑖2 − 𝑖3 − 5𝑖0𝑎 = 0 (ii)
For loop 3,

22
−5𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 10𝑖3 + 5𝑖𝑜𝑎 = 0 (iii)
But at node 0,
𝑖3 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖0𝑎 = 4 − 𝑖0𝑎 (iv)

52
Solving equations (i)-(iv), we get, 𝑖0𝑎 = 17 𝐴
To obtain 𝑖𝑜𝑏 we turn off the 4-A current source so that the circuitbecomes as that shown below.
For loop 4, KVL gives,
6𝑖4 − 𝑖5 − 5𝑖0𝑏 = 0 (v)
And for loop 5,
−𝑖4 + 10𝑖5 − 20 + 5𝑖0𝑏 = 0 (vi)

60
But, 𝑖5 = −𝑖0𝑏 . Thus, using this and equations (v) and (vi) we get, 𝑖0𝑏 = − 17 𝐴
Hence, 𝑖0 = 𝑖𝑜𝑎 + 𝑖0𝑏 = −0.4706 𝐴

23
SOLUTION:

24
SOLUTION:

25
SOLUTION:

26

27
SOLUTION:
In this case, we have three sources. Let 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3
Where, 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 and 𝑖3 are due to the 12-V, 24-V, and 3-A sources respectively. To get 𝑖1 , consider the circuit
shown below.
Combining the 4 Ω (on the right-hand side) in series with 8 Ω gives 12 Ω. The 12 Ω inparallel with 3 Ω
12
gives4Ω as shown in the figure above. Thus, 𝑖1 = =2𝐴
6
To get 𝑖2 , consider the circuit shown below,

28
Applying mesh analysisgives,
16𝑖𝑎 − 4𝑖𝑏 + 24 = 0 => 4𝑖𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = −6 (i)

7
7𝑖𝑏 − 4𝑖𝑎 = 0 => 𝑖𝑎 = 4 𝑖𝑏 (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get, 𝑖2 = 𝑖𝑏 = −1 𝐴
To get𝑖3 , consider the circuit shown below.
Using nodal analysis gives,

𝑣2 𝑣2 −𝑣1
+ =3 => 3𝑣2 − 2𝑣1 = 24 (iii)
8 4
𝑣2 −𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑣1 10
4
= 4
+ 3
=> 𝑣2 = 𝑣
3 1
(iv)
Substituting (iv) into (iii) leads to 𝑣1 = 3 and

𝑣1
𝑖3 = =1𝐴
3
Thus, 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 = 2 𝐴

29
SOLUTION:

30

31

32
SOLUTION:
One approach to this problem is to write a set of mesh equations, leaving the voltage source
and current source as variables which can be set to zero.
We first rename the voltage source as V . We next define three clockwise mesh currents in
x
the bottom three meshes: i , i and i . Finally, we define a clockwise mesh current i in the
1 y 4 3
top mesh, noting that it is equal to –4 A
Our general mesh equations are then:
-V + 18i – 10i = 0
x 1 y
–10i + 15i – 3i = 0
1 y 4
–3i + 16i – 5i = 0
y 4 3
Set V = 10 V, i = 0. Our mesh equations then become
x 3
18i – 10iy’ = 10
1
–10i + 15iy’ – 3i = 0
1 4
– 3iy + 16i = 0
4
Solving, iy’ = 0.6255 A.

Set V = 0 V, i = – 4 A. Our mesh equations then become
x 3
18i – 10iy’’ = 0
1
–10i + 15iy’’ – 3i = 0
1 4
-3iy’’ + 16i4 = -20

Solving,iy’’ = –0.4222 A
Thus, iy = iy’ + iy’’ = 203.3mA

33
SOLUTION:

34

35

36

37
SOLUTION:

38
SOLUTION:

39

40
SOLUTION:

41

42

43

44
SOLUTION:

45

46
SOLUTION:

47

48

49
SOLUTION:
Shorting the 14 V source, we find that RTH = 10 || 20 + 10 = 16.67 Ω.

Next, we find V by determining V (recognising that the right-most 10 Ω resistor carries no
TH OC
current, hence we have a simple voltage divider):
10 + 10
VTH = Voc = 14 = 9.33V
10 + 10 + 10
Thus, our Thevenin equivalent is a 9.333 V source in series with a 16.67 Ω resistor, which is
in series with the 5 Ω resistor of interest.
9.333
Now, I5Ω = 5+16.67 = 0.4307A
Thus, P5Ω = (0.4307)2.5 = 927.5mW

50
SOLUTION:

51

52
SOLUTION:

53

54
SOLUTION:

55

56
SOLUTION:

57

58
SOLUTION:

59
SOLUTION:
First
R = 10 mV/ 400 μA = 25 Ω
TH
Then
R = 110 V/ 363.6×10-3 A = 302.5 Ω
TH
Increased current leads to increased filament temperature, which results in a higher
resistance (as measured). This means the Thévenin equivalent must apply to the specific
current of a particular circuit – one model is not suitable for all operating conditions (the
light bulb is nonlinear).

60
SOLUTION:

61

62
SOLUTION:
a. Shorting out the 88-V source and open-circuiting the 1-A source, we see looking
into the terminals x and x' a 50-Ω resistor in parallel with 10 Ω in parallel with (20 Ω + 40
Ω), so
R = 50 || 10 || (20 + 40) = 7.317 Ω
TH
Using superposition to determine the voltage V across the 50-Ω resistor, we find
xx'
50||(20 + 40) 40
Vxx ′ = VTH = 88 + 1 (50||10)[ ]
10 + [50|| 20 + 40 ] 40 + 20 + (50| 10
= 69.27V
b. Shorting out the 88-V source and open-circuiting the 1-A source, we see looking
into the terminals y and y' a 40-Ω resistor in parallel with [20 Ω + (10 Ω || 50 Ω)]:
R = 40 || [20 + (10 || 50)] = 16.59 Ω
TH
Using superposition to determine the voltage V across the 1-A source, we find
yy'
27.27 40
V𝑦𝑦 ′ = VTH = 1. R TH + 88 [ ]
10 + 27.27 20 + 40
= 59.52V

63
SOLUTION:

64

65
SOLUTION:

66

67
SOLUTION:

68

69
SOLUTION:

70

71
SOLUTION:

72

73

74
SOLUTION:

75

76
SOLUTION:

77
SOLUTION:

78

79
SOLUTION:
a. Removing terminal c, we need write only one nodal equation

𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑣𝑥
3= +
2 3
which may be solved to yield V = 4 V. Therefore, Vab = VTH = 2 – 4 = 2V
b
R = 12 || 15 = 6.667 Ω. We may then calculate I as I = V / R
TH N N TH TH
= -300 mA (arrow pointing upwards)
b. Removing terminal a, we again find R = 6.667 Ω, and only need write a single
TH
nodal equation; in fact, it is identical to that written for the circuit above, and we once again
find that V = 4 V. In this case, V = V = 4 – 5 = -1 V, so I = -1/ 6.667
b TH bc N
= –150 mA (arrow pointing upwards)

80
SOLUTION:

81

82
SOLUTION:
We inject a current of 1 A into the port (arrow pointing up), select the bottom terminal
as our reference terminal, and define the nodal voltage V across the 200-Ω resistor.
x
Then, 1 = V / 100 + (V – V )/ 50 [1]
1 1 x
-0.1 V = V / 200 + (V – V )/ 50 [2]
1 x x 1
which may be simplified to
3 V – 2 V = 100 [1]
1 x
16 V + 5 V = 0 [2]
1 x
Solving, we find that V = 10.64 V, so R = V / (1 A) = 10.64 Ω.
1 TH 1
Since there are no independent sources present in the original network, I = 0.
N

83
SOLUTION:

84

85
SOLUTION:

86

87
SOLUTION:

88

89

90

91
SOLUTION:
Set the independent sources equal to zero. This leads to thecircuit shown below, from which we find
𝑅𝑁 .Thus,𝑅𝑁 = 4 Ω
To find we short-circuit terminals 𝑎 and 𝑏, as shown below.
We ignore the 5Ω resistor because it has been short-circuited.Applying mesh analysis, we obtain,
𝑖1 = 2 𝐴, 20𝑖2 − 4𝑖1 − 12 = 0
From these equations,, we get,
𝑖2 = 1𝐴 = 𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑁

92
Thus, the Norton equivalent circuit is as,

93
SOLUTION:

94

95
SOLUTION:

96

97
SOLUTION:
Since V = VTh= Vab = Vx, we apply KCL at the node a and obtain,
30−𝑉𝑇ℎ 𝑉 𝑇ℎ
12
= 60
+ 2𝑉𝑇ℎ => 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 1.19 𝑉
To find RTh , consider the circuit below.
At node a, KCL gives

𝑉𝑋 𝑉𝑋
2𝑉𝑋 + + =1 => 𝑉𝑋 = 0.4762 𝑉
60 12
𝑉𝑋 𝑉
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = 0.4762 Ω => 𝐼𝑁 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 2.5 𝐴
1 𝑇ℎ
Thus, 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 1.19 𝑉, 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 𝑅𝑁 = 0.4762 Ω, 𝐼𝑁 = 2.5 𝐴

98
SOLUTION:

99

100
SOLUTION:

101

102
SOLUTION:

103
SOLUTION:
To find we set the independent voltage source equal to zero andconnect a voltage source𝑣0 of 1V to the
terminals. We obtain the circuit shown below.
We ignore the 5-Ω resistor because it is short-circuited. Also due to the short circuit,the 4-Ω resistor, the
voltage source, and the dependent current sourceare all in parallel. Hence,𝑖𝑥 = 0. At node a,
1𝑉
𝑖0 = = 0.2 𝐴
5Ω
𝑣0
𝑅𝑁 = = 5Ω
𝑖0
To find 𝐼𝑁 we short-circuit terminals aand band find the current𝑖𝑠𝑐 as indicated in figure below.

104
The 4-Ωresistor, the 10-V voltage source, the 5-Ω resistor, and the dependentcurrent source are all in
parallel. Hence,
10
𝑖𝑥 = 4
= 2.5𝐴
At node a, KCL gives,

10
𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 5
+ 2𝑖𝑥 = 7 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑁

105
SOLUTION:

106

107
SOLUTION:

108

109

110
SOLUTION:

111

112

113
SOLUTION:

114

115
SOLUTION:

116

117

118
SOLUTION:

119

120
SOLUTION:

121

122

123
SOLUTION:

124

125

126
SOLUTION:

127

128

129
SOLUTION:

130

131

132

133
SOLUTION:

134

135
SOLUTION:

136

137

138
SOLUTION:

139

140
SOLUTION:
For RTh, consider the circuit shown below,
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 1 + 4 3 + 2 + 5 = 3.857 Ω
For VTh, consider the circuit shown below,
Applying KVL gives, 10 − 24 + 𝑖 3 + 4 + 5 + 2 = 0, 𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1𝐴
=> 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 4𝑖 = 4 𝑉
(b) For RTh, consider the circuit shown below,

141
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 5 2 + 3 + 4 = 3.214 Ω
To get VTh, consider the circuit shown below,
At the node, KCL gives,

24−𝑣0 𝑣0
+2 = , => 𝑣0 = 15 𝑉
9 5

142
SOLUTION:

143

144
SOLUTION:

145

146
SOLUTION:

147

148

149

150
SOLUTION:
First we note the three current sources are in parallel, and may be replaced by a single current
source having value 5 – 1 + 3 = 7 A, arrow pointing upwards. This source is in parallel with
the 10Ω resistor and the 6Ω resistor. Performing a source transformation on the current
source and 6 Ω resistor, we obtain a voltage source (7)(6) = 42 V in series with a 6 Ω resistor
and in series with the 10 Ω resistor
By voltage division, v = 42(10)/16 = 26.25 V.

151
SOLUTION:

152

153
SOLUTION:
We can ignore the 1-kΩ resistor, at least when performing a source transformation on
this circuit, as the 1-mA source will pump 1 mA through whatever value resistor we place
there. So, we need only combine the 1 and 2 mA sources (which are in parallel once we
replace the 1-kΩ resistor with a 0-Ω resistor). The current through the 5.8-kΩ resistor is then
simply given by voltage division:
4.7
i = 3 × 10−3 = 1.343mA
4.7 + 5.8
2. 3
The power dissipated by the 5.8-kΩ resistor is then i 5.8×10 = 10.46 mW.

154
SOLUTION:
(1)(47) = 47 V. (20)(10) = 200 V. Each voltage source “+” corresponds to its

corresponding current source’s arrow head
Using KVL on the simplified circuit above,

3 3
47 + 47×10 I – 4 I + 13.3×10 I + 200 = 0
1 1 1
3
Solving, we find that I = -247/ (60.3×10 – 4) = -4.096 mA.
1

155
SOLUTION:

156

157
SOLUTION:

158

159
SOLUTION:
(2 V1)(17) = 34V1
Analysing the simplified circuit above,

34 V – 0.6 + 7 I + 2 I + 17 I = 0 [1]
1
V1 = 2 I [2]
Substituting, we find that I = 0.6/ (68 + 7 + 2 + 17) = 6.383 mA. Thus
V = 2 I = 12.77 mV
1

160
SOLUTION:

161

162
SOLUTION:

163

164
SOLUTION:

165

166
SOLUTION:

167

168
SOLUTION:

169
SOLUTION:

170

171
SOLUTION:

172

173
SOLUTION:
Doing source transformation

12
= 1.333 mA
9000
9k || 7k = 3.938 kΩ
→ (1.333 mA)(3.938 kΩ) = 5.249V
3
5.249/ 473.938×10 = 11.08 μA
473.9 k || 10 k = 9.793 kΩ. (11.08 mA)(9.793 kΩ) = 0.1085 V

174
3
Ix = = 0.1085/ 28.793×10 = 3.768 μA

175
SOLUTION:
We obtain a 5v /4 A current source in parallel with 4 Ω, and a 3 A current source in parallel

3
with 2 Ω. We now have two dependent current sources in parallel, which may be combined
to yield a single –0.75v current source (arrow pointing upwards) in parallel with 4 Ω.
3
Selecting the bottom node as a reference terminal, and naming the top left node V and the
x
top right node V , we write the following equations:
y
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑣𝑦
−0.75𝑣3 = +
4 3
𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑣𝑥
3= +
2 3
𝑣3 = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑣𝑥
Solving we find that v3 = −2V

176
SOLUTION:

177

178
SOLUTION:

179

180
SOLUTION:

181

182
SOLUTION:

183

184
SOLUTION:

185

186
SOLUTION:

187

188
SOLUTION:
We first transform the current and voltage sources to obtain the circuit,
Combining the 2Ω and 4Ω resistors in series andtransforming the 12-V voltage source gives us,
We nowcombine the 6Ω and 8Ω resistors in parallel to get 2Ω. We alsocombine the 2-A and 4-A current
sources to get a 2-A source. Thus,by repeatedly applying source transformations, we obtain the circuit,
We use current division to get, 𝑖 = 0.4 𝐴 and 𝑣0 = 8 𝑖 = 3.2 𝑉

189
SOLUTION:
The circuit involves a voltage-controlled dependent currentsource. We transform this dependent

current source as well as the 6-Vindependent voltage source as shown,
The 18-V voltagesource is not transformed because it is not connected in series with anyresistor. The
two 2Ω resistors in parallel combine to give a 1Ω resistor, which is in parallel with the 3-A current
source. The currentsource is transformed to a voltage source as shown in the figure below. Notice that
the terminals for 𝑣𝑥 are intact.
Applying KVL around theloop gives,
−3 + 5𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 + 18 = 0 (i)
Applying KVL to the loop containing only the 3-V voltage source, the 1-Ω resistor, and𝑣𝑥 yields

190
−3 + 𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 = 0 => 𝑣𝑥 = 3 − 𝑖 (ii)
Using (i) and (ii), we get, 𝑣𝑥 = 7.5 𝑉

191
SOLUTION:

192

193
SOLUTION:

194

195

196
SOLUTION:

197

198
SOLUTION:
We need to find the Thévenin equivalent resistance of the circuit connected to R , so

L
we short the 20-V source and open-circuit the 2-A source; by inspection, then
R = 12 || 8 + 5 + 6 = 15.8 Ω
TH
Analyzing the original circuit to obtain V and V with R removed
1 2 L
V = 20 8/ 20 = 8 V; V = -2 (6) = -12 V
1 2
We define V = V – V = 8 + 12 = 20 V. Then
TH 1 2
PRL max = (Vth )2/4RL = 400/4.15.8 =6.329W

199
SOLUTION:
We need to find 𝑅𝑇ℎ and the 𝑉𝑇ℎ across the terminals 𝑎 − 𝑏. To get 𝑅𝑇ℎ , we use the circuit
shown below, and obtain 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 9 Ω
To get𝑉𝑇ℎ we consider the circuit,
Applying meshanalysis gives,
−12 + 18𝑖1 − 12𝑖2 = 0, => 𝑖2 = −2 𝐴

2
Solving for𝑖1 we get 𝑖1 = − 3 𝐴. Applying KVL around the outer loopto get𝑉𝑇ℎ across terminals a-
b, we obtain,
−12 + 6𝑖1 + 3𝑖2 + 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 0 => 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 22 𝑉
For maximum power transfer
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 9 Ω

200
And the maximum power is
𝑉2
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝑅𝑇ℎ = 13.44 𝑉
𝐿

201
SOLUTION:

202

203
SOLUTION:
We need RThand V at terminals a and b. To find RTh and VTh, we insert a 1-mA source at terminals
a and b as shown below,
Assume that all resistances are in k ohms, all currents are inmA, and all voltages are in volts. At
node a,
𝑣 𝑣𝑎 +120𝑣0
1 = 40𝑎 + , Or 40 = 5𝑣𝑎 + 480𝑣0 (i)
10
The loop on the left side has no voltage source. Hence,𝑣0 = 0. From (i), 𝑣𝑎 = 8 𝑉
1
To get VTh, consider the original circuit. For the left loop,𝑣0 = 4 × 8 = 2 𝑉
For the right loop,𝑣𝑅 = 𝑉𝑇ℎ = −192 𝑉
The resistance at the required resistor is𝑅 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 8 𝑘Ω
𝑉2 −192 2
𝑝 = 4𝑅𝑇ℎ = 4×8×10 3 = 1.152 𝑊
𝑇ℎ

204
SOLUTION:

205

206
SOLUTION:
We need the Thevenin equivalent across the resistor R.To find RTh, consider the circuit below,
=> 10 kΩ 40 kΩ = 8 kΩ And 8 kΩ + 22 kΩ = 30 kΩ
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
1 + 3𝑣0 = 301 + 301 = 151 => 15 + 45𝑣0 = 𝑣1
8 45×8
But, 𝑣0 = 30 𝑣1 , hence, 15 + 𝑣1 , which leads to 𝑣1 = 1.3636 𝑉
30
𝑣1
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = −1.3636 𝑘Ω
1
RThbeing negative indicates an active circuit and if you now make R equal to 1.3636 kΩ, then the
active circuit will actually try to supply infinitepower to the resistor. Thecorrect answer is
therefore:
𝑉 𝑇ℎ 2 𝑉 𝑇ℎ 2
𝑝𝑅 = 1363.6 = 1363.6 =∞
−1363 .6+1363.6 0

207
SOLUTION:

208

209

210
SOLUTION:
IN =2.5A
20i2 = 80
I = 2A
By current division
RN
2 = 2.5
R N + 20
Solving RN = RTH = 80Ω
Thus VTH = VOC = 2.5 X 80 = 200V
Pmax = Vth2/4Rth = 125W
RL=Rth=80Ω

211
SOLUTION:

212

213

214
SOLUTION:

215

216
SOLUTION:

217

218

219
SOLUTION:

220
SOLUTION:

221
SOLUTION:

222

223
SOLUTION:

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1

Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e, ISV

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Applying KCL at node 2 gives

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Open circuit the 4 A source. Then,

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Short-circuit the 10 V source

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Taking one source at a time:

v30 v30 v30 − 45

solving, v = 11.25 V and hence v ”’ = -11.25(20)/(10 + 20) = -7.5 V

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Since there are two sources, let

Applying KVL to the loop, we get,

12𝑖1 − 6 = 0 => 𝑖1 = 0.5 𝐴

To get 𝑣2 we set the voltage source to zero, as shown.

Using current division,

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

The circuit involves a dependent source, which must be leftintact. We let,

We apply mesh analysis in order toobtain 𝑖0𝑎 . For loop 1,

−3𝑖1 + 6𝑖2 − 𝑖3 − 5𝑖0𝑎 = 0 (ii)

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

−5𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 10𝑖3 + 5𝑖𝑜𝑎 = 0 (iii)

𝑖3 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖0𝑎 = 4 − 𝑖0𝑎 (iv)

For loop 4, KVL gives,

6𝑖4 − 𝑖5 − 5𝑖0𝑏 = 0 (v)

And for loop 5,

−𝑖4 + 10𝑖5 − 20 + 5𝑖0𝑏 = 0 (vi)

Hence, 𝑖0 = 𝑖𝑜𝑎 + 𝑖0𝑏 = −0.4706 𝐴

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

In this case, we have three sources. Let 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3

To get 𝑖2 , consider the circuit shown below,

Chapter 5: Additional Analysis Techniques

Applying mesh analysisgives,

16𝑖𝑎 − 4𝑖𝑏 + 24 = 0 => 4𝑖𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = −6 (i)

From (i) and (ii), we get, 𝑖2 = 𝑖𝑏 = −1 𝐴

To get𝑖3 , consider the circuit shown below.

Using nodal analysis gives,

Substituting (iv) into (iii) leads to 𝑣1 = 3 and