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Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e, ISV
Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e, ISV
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
𝑉1
If 𝐼0 = 1𝐴 then 𝑉1 = (3 + 5)𝐼0 = 8 𝑉 and 𝐼1 = 4
= 2 𝐴.ApplyingKCL at node 1 gives
𝐼2 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼0 = 3 𝐴
𝑉2
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 + 2𝐼2 = 8 + 6 = 14 𝑉, 𝐼2 = =2𝐴
7
𝐼4 = 𝐼3 + 𝐼2 = 5 𝐴
Therefore,𝐼𝑠 = 5 𝐴.This shows that assuming𝐼0 = 1 𝐴 gives𝐼𝑠 = 5 𝐴.The actual source current of 15 A
will give 𝐼0 = 3 𝐴 as the actual value.
SOLUTION:
We may now find the total current flowing downward through the 7 Ω resistor as
14.21/7 = 2.03 A.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
We find the contribution of the 2-A source by shorting both voltage sources and
applying current division:
20
vx’’ = 24 10+20+18 = 8.333V
Finally, the contribution from the 45-V source is found by open-circuiting the 2-A
source and shorting the 24-V source.
Defining v across the 30-Ω resistor with the “+” reference on top:
30
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
We find the contribution of the 4-A source by shorting out the 100V source and
analysing the resulting circuit:
V1′ V ′1 −V′
4= 20
+ 10
V1′ V ′ −V ′1
4i1’ = 30 + 10
Where i1 ' = V '/ 20
1
Simplifying & collecting terms, we obtain 30 V ' – 20 V' = 800
1
-7.2 V ' + 8 V' = 0
1
Solving, we find that V' = 60 V. Proceeding to the contribution of the 60-V source, we
analyse the following circuit after defining a clockwise mesh current i flowing in the left
a
mesh and a clockwise mesh current i flowing in the right mesh.
b
30 ia – 60 + 30 ia – 30 ib = 0
ib = -0.4i1" = +0.4ia
Solving, we find that ia = 1.25 A and so V" = 30(ia – ib) = 22.5 V
Thus, V = V' + V" = 82.5 V.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2
Where 𝑣1 and𝑣2 are the contributions due to the 6-V voltage sourceand the 3-A current source,
respectively. To obtain 𝑣1 we set the currentsource to zero, as shown in the figure below.
Thus, 𝑣1 = 4𝑖1 = 2 𝑉
Hence, 𝑣2 = 4𝑖3 = 8 𝑉
And we find, 𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 10 𝑉
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
𝑖0 = 𝑖0𝑎 + 𝑖0𝑏
Where𝑖0𝑎 and 𝑖0𝑏 are due to the 4-A current source and 20-V voltagesource respectively. To obtain𝑖0𝑎
we turn off the 20-V source so that we have the circuit shown below.
𝑖1 = 4 𝐴 (i)
For loop 2,
For loop 3,
But at node 0,
To obtain 𝑖𝑜𝑏 we turn off the 4-A current source so that the circuitbecomes as that shown below.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Where, 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 and 𝑖3 are due to the 12-V, 24-V, and 3-A sources respectively. To get 𝑖1 , consider the circuit
shown below.
Combining the 4 Ω (on the right-hand side) in series with 8 Ω gives 12 Ω. The 12 Ω inparallel with 3 Ω
12
gives4Ω as shown in the figure above. Thus, 𝑖1 = =2𝐴
6
𝑣2 −𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑣1 10
4
= 4
+ 3
=> 𝑣2 = 𝑣
3 1
(iv)
Thus, 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 = 2 𝐴
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
One approach to this problem is to write a set of mesh equations, leaving the voltage source
and current source as variables which can be set to zero.
We first rename the voltage source as V . We next define three clockwise mesh currents in
x
the bottom three meshes: i , i and i . Finally, we define a clockwise mesh current i in the
1 y 4 3
top mesh, noting that it is equal to –4 A
Our general mesh equations are then:
-V + 18i – 10i = 0
x 1 y
–10i + 15i – 3i = 0
1 y 4
–3i + 16i – 5i = 0
y 4 3
Set V = 10 V, i = 0. Our mesh equations then become
x 3
18i – 10iy’ = 10
1
–10i + 15iy’ – 3i = 0
1 4
– 3iy + 16i = 0
4
SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
First
R = 10 mV/ 400 μA = 25 Ω
TH
Then
R = 110 V/ 363.6×10-3 A = 302.5 Ω
TH
Increased current leads to increased filament temperature, which results in a higher
resistance (as measured). This means the Thévenin equivalent must apply to the specific
current of a particular circuit – one model is not suitable for all operating conditions (the
light bulb is nonlinear).
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
a. Shorting out the 88-V source and open-circuiting the 1-A source, we see looking
into the terminals x and x' a 50-Ω resistor in parallel with 10 Ω in parallel with (20 Ω + 40
Ω), so
R = 50 || 10 || (20 + 40) = 7.317 Ω
TH
Using superposition to determine the voltage V across the 50-Ω resistor, we find
xx'
50||(20 + 40) 40
Vxx ′ = VTH = 88 + (1)(50||10)[ ]
10 + [50||(20 + 40)] 40 + 20 + (50||10)
= 69.27V
b. Shorting out the 88-V source and open-circuiting the 1-A source, we see looking
into the terminals y and y' a 40-Ω resistor in parallel with [20 Ω + (10 Ω || 50 Ω)]:
R = 40 || [20 + (10 || 50)] = 16.59 Ω
TH
Using superposition to determine the voltage V across the 1-A source, we find
yy'
27.27 40
V𝑦𝑦 ′ = VTH = 1. R TH + 88 [ ]
10 + 27.27 20 + 40
= 59.52V
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
We inject a current of 1 A into the port (arrow pointing up), select the bottom terminal
as our reference terminal, and define the nodal voltage V across the 200-Ω resistor.
x
Then, 1 = V / 100 + (V – V )/ 50 [1]
1 1 x
-0.1 V = V / 200 + (V – V )/ 50 [2]
1 x x 1
which may be simplified to
3 V – 2 V = 100 [1]
1 x
16 V + 5 V = 0 [2]
1 x
Solving, we find that V = 10.64 V, so R = V / (1 A) = 10.64 Ω.
1 TH 1
Since there are no independent sources present in the original network, I = 0.
N
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Set the independent sources equal to zero. This leads to thecircuit shown below, from which we find
𝑅𝑁 .Thus,𝑅𝑁 = 4 Ω
We ignore the 5Ω resistor because it has been short-circuited.Applying mesh analysis, we obtain,
𝑖1 = 2 𝐴, 20𝑖2 − 4𝑖1 − 12 = 0
𝑖2 = 1𝐴 = 𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑁
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Since V = VTh= Vab = Vx, we apply KCL at the node a and obtain,
30−𝑉𝑇ℎ 𝑉 𝑇ℎ
12
= 60
+ 2𝑉𝑇ℎ => 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 1.19 𝑉
𝑉𝑋 𝑉
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = 0.4762 Ω => 𝐼𝑁 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 2.5 𝐴
1 𝑇ℎ
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
To find we set the independent voltage source equal to zero andconnect a voltage source𝑣0 of 1V to the
terminals. We obtain the circuit shown below.
We ignore the 5-Ω resistor because it is short-circuited. Also due to the short circuit,the 4-Ω resistor, the
voltage source, and the dependent current sourceare all in parallel. Hence,𝑖𝑥 = 0. At node a,
1𝑉
𝑖0 = = 0.2 𝐴
5Ω
𝑣0
𝑅𝑁 = = 5Ω
𝑖0
To find 𝐼𝑁 we short-circuit terminals aand band find the current𝑖𝑠𝑐 as indicated in figure below.
The 4-Ωresistor, the 10-V voltage source, the 5-Ω resistor, and the dependentcurrent source are all in
parallel. Hence,
10
𝑖𝑥 = 4
= 2.5𝐴
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
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=> 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 4𝑖 = 4 𝑉
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
First we note the three current sources are in parallel, and may be replaced by a single current
source having value 5 – 1 + 3 = 7 A, arrow pointing upwards. This source is in parallel with
the 10Ω resistor and the 6Ω resistor. Performing a source transformation on the current
source and 6 Ω resistor, we obtain a voltage source (7)(6) = 42 V in series with a 6 Ω resistor
and in series with the 10 Ω resistor
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
We can ignore the 1-kΩ resistor, at least when performing a source transformation on
this circuit, as the 1-mA source will pump 1 mA through whatever value resistor we place
there. So, we need only combine the 1 and 2 mA sources (which are in parallel once we
replace the 1-kΩ resistor with a 0-Ω resistor). The current through the 5.8-kΩ resistor is then
simply given by voltage division:
4.7
i = 3 × 10−3 = 1.343mA
4.7 + 5.8
2. 3
The power dissipated by the 5.8-kΩ resistor is then i 5.8×10 = 10.46 mW.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
(2 V1)(17) = 34V1
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
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SOLUTION:
3
5.249/ 473.938×10 = 11.08 μA
3
Ix = = 0.1085/ 28.793×10 = 3.768 μA
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
We first transform the current and voltage sources to obtain the circuit,
Combining the 2Ω and 4Ω resistors in series andtransforming the 12-V voltage source gives us,
We nowcombine the 6Ω and 8Ω resistors in parallel to get 2Ω. We alsocombine the 2-A and 4-A current
sources to get a 2-A source. Thus,by repeatedly applying source transformations, we obtain the circuit,
SOLUTION:
The 18-V voltagesource is not transformed because it is not connected in series with anyresistor. The
two 2Ω resistors in parallel combine to give a 1Ω resistor, which is in parallel with the 3-A current
source. The currentsource is transformed to a voltage source as shown in the figure below. Notice that
the terminals for 𝑣𝑥 are intact.
−3 + 5𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 + 18 = 0 (i)
Applying KVL to the loop containing only the 3-V voltage source, the 1-Ω resistor, and𝑣𝑥 yields
−3 + 𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥 = 0 => 𝑣𝑥 = 3 − 𝑖 (ii)
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
V = 20 8/ 20 = 8 V; V = -2 (6) = -12 V
1 2
We define V = V – V = 8 + 12 = 20 V. Then
TH 1 2
PRL max = (Vth )2/4RL = 400/4.15.8 =6.329W
SOLUTION:
We need to find 𝑅𝑇ℎ and the 𝑉𝑇ℎ across the terminals 𝑎 − 𝑏. To get 𝑅𝑇ℎ , we use the circuit
shown below, and obtain 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 9 Ω
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 9 Ω
𝑉2
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝑅𝑇ℎ = 13.44 𝑉
𝐿
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
We need RThand V at terminals a and b. To find RTh and VTh, we insert a 1-mA source at terminals
a and b as shown below,
Assume that all resistances are in k ohms, all currents are inmA, and all voltages are in volts. At
node a,
𝑣 𝑣𝑎 +120𝑣0
1 = 40𝑎 + , Or 40 = 5𝑣𝑎 + 480𝑣0 (i)
10
The loop on the left side has no voltage source. Hence,𝑣0 = 0. From (i), 𝑣𝑎 = 8 𝑉
1
To get VTh, consider the original circuit. For the left loop,𝑣0 = 4 × 8 = 2 𝑉
𝑉2 (−192)2
𝑝 = 4𝑅𝑇ℎ = 4×8×10 3 = 1.152 𝑊
𝑇ℎ
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
We need the Thevenin equivalent across the resistor R.To find RTh, consider the circuit below,
8 45×8
But, 𝑣0 = 30 𝑣1 , hence, 15 + 𝑣1 , which leads to 𝑣1 = 1.3636 𝑉
30
𝑣1
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = −1.3636 𝑘Ω
1
RThbeing negative indicates an active circuit and if you now make R equal to 1.3636 kΩ, then the
active circuit will actually try to supply infinitepower to the resistor. Thecorrect answer is
therefore:
𝑉 𝑇ℎ 2 𝑉 𝑇ℎ 2
𝑝𝑅 = 1363.6 = 1363.6 =∞
−1363 .6+1363.6 0
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
IN =2.5A
20i2 = 80
I = 2A
By current division
RN
2 = 2.5
R N + 20
Solving RN = RTH = 80Ω
Thus VTH = VOC = 2.5 X 80 = 200V
Pmax = Vth2/4Rth = 125W
RL=Rth=80Ω
SOLUTION:
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