SYSTEMSPECIFICA

TION
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 HARDWARESPECIFICATIONS:

Operating System:
windows
10HardDisk:4GB
RAM: 64-
bitKeyboard:
StandardMouse
:Standard
3.2 SOFTWARESPECIFICATIONS:

LanguageUsed:PHP5.6
Data base:
MYSQL5.x,
User InterfaceDesign:
HTML,AJAX,query,JavaScriptSoftware:XA
MPP
3.3.1 PHPTRIAD

PHP TriadinstallsacompleteworkingPHP/MYSQL
serverenvironmentonWindowsplatforms(9x/NT).InstallPHP,MYSQL,Apache,
and PHPMYAdmin.
3.3.1.1 PHP

PHP is a scripting language originally designed for producing dynamic

web pages. It hasevolved to include a command line interface capability and
can be used in standalone
graphicalapplications.WhilePHPwascreatedbyResumesLeadoffin1995,themaini
mplementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the
de facto standard forPHP as there is no formal specification. PHP is free
software released under the PHP License;however, it is incompatible with the
GNU General Public License (GPL), due to restrictions on theusage of the term
PHP. It is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is
especiallysuited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. It
generally runs on a web server,taking PHP code as its input and creating web
pages as output. It can be deployed on most webservers and on almost every
operating system and platform free of charge. PHP is installed on
morethan20millionwebsitesand1millionwebservers.PHPoriginallystoodforPerso
nalHomePage.It began in 1994 as a set of Common Gateway Interface binaries
written in the C programminglanguage by the Danish/Greenlandic programmer
Resumes Leadoff. Leadoff initially created thesePersonal Home Page Tools to
replace a small set of Perl scripts he had been using to maintain
hispersonalhomepage. The toolswere used toperformtaskssuch asdisplaying
hisrésuméandrecordinghow much traffic his pagewasreceiving.
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 He combined these binaries with his Form Interpreter to create PHP/FI,
which had morefunctionaliPHP/FI included a larger implementation for the C
programming language and couldcommunicate with databases, enabling the
building of simple, dynamic web applications.
LeadoffreleasedPHPpubliclyonJune8, 1995to acceleratebuglocation
andimprovethe code.Thisreleasewas named PHP version 2 and already had the
basic functionality that PHP has today. This includedPerl-like variables, form
handling, and the ability to embed HTML. The syntax was similar to Perlbut
was more limited, simpler, and less consistent .Zee Sarasin and Guttmann‘s,
two IsraelidevelopersattheTeknion IIT,
rewrotetheparserin1997andformedthebaseofPHP3,changing
thelanguage‘snametotherecursiveinitializePHP:HypertextPre-processor.
The development team officially released PHP/FI 2 in November 1997
after months of betatesting. Afterwards, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the
official launch came in June 1998.Sarasin and Guttmann‘s then started a new
rewrite of PHP‘s core, producing the Zen Engine in1999. They alsofoundedZen
TechnologiesinRamatGin,Israel.OnMay 22, 2000,PHP 4,powered by the Zen
Engine 1.0, was released. On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered bythe
new Zen Engine II. PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for
object-orientedprogramming, the PHP Data Objects extension (which defines a
lightweight and consistent
interfaceforaccessingdatabases),andnumerousperformanceenhancements.Themo
strecentupdatereleased byThePHPGroup is forthe older PHPversion 4
codebranch.
In 2008, PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late
static binding hasbeen missing from PHP and will be added in version 5.3. PHP
6 is under development alongsidePHP 5. Major changes include the removal of
register _global, magic quotes, and safe mode. Thereason for the removals was
because register _global had given way to security holes, and magicquotes had
an unpredictable nature, and was best avoided. Instead, to escape characters,
Magicquotesmaybesubstitutedwiththeaddslashes()function,ormoreappropriately
anescapemechanism specific to the database vendor itself like MYSQL _real
_escape _string () for MYSQL.PHP does not have complete native support for
Unicode or multi byte strings; Unicode support willbe included in PHP 6. Many
high profile open source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new codeas of
February 5, 2008, due to the GoPHP5 initiative, provided by a consortium of
PHP developerspromotingthetransitionfromPHP4toPHP5.Itrunsinboth32-
bitand64-bitenvironments,buton Windows the only official distribution is 32-
bit, requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode tobe enabled while using IIS
in a 64-bit Windows environment. There is a third-party distributionavailable
for 64-bit Windows. Usage PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is
especiallysuited for web development. PHP generally runs on a web server,
taking PHP code as its input andcreatingweb pagesas output.
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 It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side GUI
applications. PHP can bedeployed on most web servers, many operating
systems and platforms, and can be used with manyrelational database
management systems. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group
providesthe complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for
their own use. PHP primarilyactsasa
filter,takinginputfromafileorstreamcontainingtextand/orPHPinstructionsand
outputsanother stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. It can
automatically detect thelanguageoftheuser.FromPHP 4,thePHP
parsercompilesinputtoproducebytecodeforprocessingbytheZenEngine,givingimp
rovedperformanceoveritsinterpreterpredecessor.Originally designed to create
dynamic web pages, PHP ‘sprincipal focus is server-side scripting,and it is
similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content
from a webserver to a Perl. PHP has also attracted the development of many
frameworks that provide buildingblocks and a design structure to promote rapid
application development (RAD). Some of theseinclude Cake PHP, Sym font,
Code igniters, and Zen Framework, offering features similar to
otherwebapplication frameworks.
The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way
of deploying webapplications. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle
alongside Linux, Apache and MYSQL,although the P may also refer to Python
or Perl. As of April 2007, over 20 million Internet domainswere hosted on
servers with PHP installed, and PHP was recorded as the most popular
Apachemodule. Significant websites are written in PHP including the user
facing portion of Face book,Wikipedia (Media Wiki), Yahoo!, MY Yearbook,
Dig, Word press and Tagged. In addition to server-side scripting, PHP can be
used to create stand-alone, compiled applications and libraries, it can
beusedforshell scripting, andthe PHPbinaries canbecalled from thecommand
line.
3.3.1.1.1 SPEEDOPTIMIZATION
 As with many scripting languages, PHP scripts are normally kept as
human-readable sourcecode, even on production web servers. In this case, PHP
scripts will be compiled at runtime by thePHP engine, which increases their
execution time. PHP scripts are able to be compiled beforeruntime using PHP
compilers as with other programming languages such as C (the language
PHPand its extensions are written in). Code optimizers aim to reduce the
computational complexity ofthe compiled code by reducing its size and making
other changes that can reduce the execution timewith the overall goal of
improving performance. The nature of the PHP compiler is such that thereare
often opportunities for code optimization, and an exampleof a code optimizer is
the ZenOptimizer PHP extension. Another approach for reducing overhead for
high load PHP servers isusing PHP accelerators. These can offer
significantperformancegainsby caching thecompiledform of a PHP script in
shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the
codeeverytime the script runs. 9
3.3.1.1.2 SECURITY

The National Vulnerability Database stores all vulnerabilities found in

computer software.The overall proportion of PHP-related vulnerabilities on the
database amounted to: 12% in 2003,20% in 2004, 28% in 2005, 43% in 2006,
36% in 2007, and 35% in 2008. Most of these PHP-related vulnerabilities can
be exploited remotely: they allow hackers to steal or destroy data fromdata
sources linked to the web server (such as an SQL database), send spam or
contribute to DOSattacks using malware, which itself can be installed on the
vulnerable servers. These vulnerabilitiesare caused mostly by not following best
practice programming rules: technical security flaws of thelanguage itself or of
its core libraries are not frequent. Recognizing that programmers cannot
betrusted, some languages include taint checking to detect automatically the
lack of input validationwhich induces many issues. However, such a feature is
being developed for PHP Hosting PHPApplications on a server requires a
careful and constant attention to deal with these security risks.There are
advanced protection patches such as Showing and Hardening-Patch, especially
designedfor web hosting environments. Installing PHP as a CGI binary rather
than as an Apache module isthe preferred method for added security. With
respect to securing the code itself, PHP code can beobfuscatedto makeit
difficult toread while remainingfunctional.
3.3.1.1.3 SYNTAX

1
Note:-Codein boldletters shows thePHPcodeembedded within HTML
PHP only parses code within its delimiters. Anything outside its
delimiters is sent directly tothe output and is not parsed by PHP. The most
common delimiters are , which are open and closedelimiters respectively.
Delimiters are also available. Short tags can be used to start PHP code, .These
tags are commonly used, but like ASP-style tags (), they are less portable as
they can bedisabled in the PHP configuration. For this reason, the use of short
tags and ASP-style tags isdiscouraged. The purpose of these delimiters is to
separate PHP code from non-PHP code, includingHTML. Variables are
prefixed with a dollar symbol and a type does not need to be specified
inadvance.Unlike functionand class names, variablenamesarecasesensitive.

1
Both double-quoted (―‖) and heredoc stringsallow the abilityto embed
avariable‘svalue into the string.PHPtreatsnewlines aswhitespacein
themannerofafree-formlanguage(exceptwheninsidestring quotes), and
statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has three types of
commentsyntax: /* */ serves as block comments, and // as well as # are used for
inline comments. The echostatement is one of several facilities PHP provides to
output text (e.g. to a web browser). In terms ofkeywords and language syntax,
PHP is similar to most high level languages that follow the C stylesyntax. If
conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in syntax to
languagessuchas C, C++, JavaandPerl.

3.3.1.1.4 DATATYPES

PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range. This range is

typically that of 32-bit signed integers. Unsigned integers are converted to
signed values in certain situations; thisbehavior is different from other
programming languages. Integer variables can be assigned usingdecimal
(positive and negative), octal, and hexadecimal notations. Floating point
numbers are alsostoredinaplatform-
specificrange.Theycanbespecifiedusingfloatingpointnotation,ortwoforms of
scientific notation. PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native
Booleantypes in Java and C++.Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-
zero values are interpreted astrue and zero as false, as in Perl and C++. The null
data type represents a variable that has no
value.TheonlyvalueinthenulldatatypeisNULL.Variablesofthe―resource‖typerepr
esentreferences to resources from external sources. These are typically created
by functions from a particularextension, and can only be processed by functions
from the same extension; examples include file,image, and database resources.

1
Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle,including
resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values
and
inhasheswithbothkeysandvalues,andthetwocanbeintermingled.PHPalsosupports
strings,which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, or here doc syntax.
The Standard PHP Library(SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and
implements efficient data access interfaces andclasses.

3.3.1.1.5 FUNCTIONS

PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more from extensions.
These functionsare well documented on the PHP site, but unfortunately, the
built-in library has a wide variety ofnaming conventions and inconsistencies.
PHP currently has no functions for thread programming.Version 5.2 and earlier
Functions are not first-class functions and can only be referenced by theirname
—directlyor dynamicallybya variablecontainingthe name of thefunction.

1
 User-defined functions can be created at any time without being
prototyped. Functions can bedefined inside code blocks, permitting a run-time
decision as to whether or not a function should bedefined. Function calls must
use parentheses, with the exception of zero argument class constructorfunctions
called with the PHP new operator, where parentheses are optional. PHP
supports quasi-anonymous functions through the create _function () function,
although they are not trueanonymous functions because anonymous functions
are nameless, but functions can only bereferencedbyname,
orindirectlythroughavariable $function_name();inPHP.

VERSION5.3ANDNEWER
PHPgainedsupportforfirst-
classfunctionsandclosures.TrueanonymousfunctionssupportedfunctiongetAdde
r ($x) usingthefollowingsyntax:

Here, get Adder () function creates a closure using parameter $x (keyword

―use‖forces getting variable from context), which takes additional argument $y
and returns it to the caller. Sucha function can be stored, given as the parameter
to another functions, etc. For more details seeLambdafunctions andclosures
RFC.
3.3.1.1.6 OBJECTS

Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3.

Object handling wascompletely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set
and enhancing performance. In previousversions of PHP, objects were handled
like primitive types. The drawback of this method was thatthe whole object was
copied when a variable was assigned or passed as a parameter to a method.
Inthe new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value. PHP 5
introduced private andprotected member variables and methods, along with
abstract classes and final classes as well asabstract methods and final methods.
It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors anddestructors,
similar to that of other object-oriented languages such as C++, and a standard
exceptionhandlingmodel.Furthermore
12,
 PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for multiple interfaces to be
implemented. There arespecial interfaces that allow objects to interactwith the
runtime system. Objects
implementingArrayAccesscanbeusedwitharraysyntaxandobjectsimplementingIt
erateorIntegratorAggregate can be used with the for each language construct.
There is no virtual table feature in theengine, so static variables are bound with
a name instead of a reference at compile time. If
thedevelopercreatesacopyofanobjectusingthereservedwordclone,theZenenginew
illcheckifa
clone () method has been defined or not.If not, it will call a defaultclone()
which will copythe object‘s properties. If aclone () method is defined, then it
will be responsible for setting thenecessary properties in the created object. For
convenience, the engine will supply a function thatimports the properties of the
source object, so that the programmer can start with a by-value replicaofthe
sourceobject andonlyoverrideproperties that needto bechanged.
3.3.1.1.7 RESOURCES

PHP includes free and open source libraries with the core build. PHP is a
fundamentallyInternet aware system with modules built in for accessing FTP
servers, many database servers,embedded SQL libraries such as embedded Post
SQL, MYSQL and SQ Light, LDAP servers, andothers. Many functions
familiar to C programmers such as those in the studio family are available inthe
standard PHP build. PHP has traditionally used features such as ―magic _quotes
_gpc and
―magic_quotes_runtime‖whichattempttoescapeapostrophes(‗)andquotes(―)instri
ngsinthe assumption that they will be used in databases, to prevent SQL
injection attacks. This leads toconfusion over which data is escaped and which
is not and to problems when data is not in fact usedas input to a database and

13
when the escaping used is not completely correct. To make code
portablebetween servers which do and do not use magic quotes, developers can
preface their code with ascript to reverse the effect of magic quotes when it is
applied. PHP allows developers to writeextensions in C to add functionality to
the PHP language. These can then be compiled into PHP orloaded dynamically
at runtime. Extensions have been written to add support for the Windows
API,process management on Unix-like operating systems, multi byte strings
(Unicode), curl, and severalpopular compression formats. Some more unusual
features include integration with Internet RelayChat, dynamic generation of
images and Adobe Flash content, and even speech synthesis. The
PHPExtension Community Library (PECL) project is a repository for
extensions to the PHP language.Zenprovidesacertificationexam forprogrammers
tobecomecertified PHPdevelopers.
3.3.1.2 MYSQL

Whatisadatabase?
Quitesimply,it‘sanorganizedcollectionofdata.Adatabasemanagement system
(DBMS) such as Access, FileMaker Pro, Oracle or SQL Server provides
youwiththesoftwaretoolsyou needto organizethatdatainaflexiblemanner.

14
 It includes facilities to add, modify or delete data from the database, ask
questions (orqueries) about the data stored in the database and produce reports
summarizing selected contents.MYSQL is a multi threaded, multi-user SQL
database management system (DBMS). The basicprogram runs as a server
providing multi-user access to a number of data bases. Originally financedin a
similar fashion to the Boss model, MYSQL was owned and sponsored by a
single for-profitfirm, the Swedish company MYSQLAB now a subsidiary of
Sun Micro system , which holds thecopyright to most of the codebase. The
project‘s source code is available under terms of the
GNUGeneralPublicLicence,aswellasunderavarietyofproprietaryagreements.MY
SQLisadatabase. The data in MYSQL is stored in database objects called tables.
A table is a
collectionofrelateddataentriesanditconsistsofcolumnsandrows.Databasesareusef
ulwhenstoringinformationcategorically.Acompanymayhaveadatabasewiththefoll
owingtables:―Employees‖,
―Products‖,―Customers‖and ―Orders‖.
3.3.1.2.1 DATABASETABLES

Adatabasemostoftencontainsoneormoretables.Eachtableisidentifiedbyaname
(e.g.
―Customers‖or ―Orders‖).Tables contain records(rows) withdata.
3.3.1.2.2 QUERIES

A query is a question or a request. With MYSQL, we can query a

database for specificinformationand havearecordset returned.
3.3.1.2.2.1 CREATEACONNECTIONTOADATABASE

Before you can access data in a database, you must create a connection to
the database. InPHP,this isdonewith theMYSQL_connect ()function.

15
3.1.2.2.2 CLOSINGACONNECTION
Theconnectionwillbeclosedautomaticallywhen
thescriptends.Toclosetheconnectionbefore,usethe MYSQL_close ()function
3.3.1.2.2.3 CREATEADATABASE

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 The CREATE DATABASE statement isused to create a database in
MYSQL.
SyntaxCREATEDATABASEdatabase_nameTogetPHPtoexecutethestatementab
ovewemustusetheMYSQL _query () function. This function is used to send a
query or command to a MYSQLconnection.
3.3.1.2.2.4 CREATEATABLE

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in MYSQL

Syntax CREATETABLEname(column_name1datatype, column_name2data
type, column_name3datatype...)

3.3.1.2.3 MYSQLFUNCTION
MYSQL_affected_rows— Get numberofaffected rows in previous
MYSQLoperationMYSQL_change_user— Changelogged in
useroftheactiveconnection
MYSQL_client_encoding— Returns the nameofthe
character setMYSQL_close —
CloseMYSQLconnection
MYSQL_connect —Open a connectionto
aMYSQLServerMYSQL_create _db —Create
aMYSQLdatabase
MYSQL_data_seek —Move
internalresult pointerMYSQL_db _name
—Get result data
MYSQL_db_query—SendaMYSQLquery
MYSQL_drop_db —Drop (delete) aMYSQLdatabase
MYSQL _error — Returns the numerical value of the error message
from previousMYSQLoperation MYSQL_error— Returns thetextof

17
theerrormessagefrom previous
MYSQL operation MYSQL _escape _string — Escapes a string for use in a
MYSQL _queryMYSQL_fetch_array—
Fetcharesultrowasanassociativearray,anumericarray,orbothMYSQL_fetch_assoc
— Fetcharesult rowas an associativearray
MYSQL_fetch_field—
Getcolumninformationfromaresultandreturnasan
objectMYSQL_fetch _lengths— getthe length ofeachoutput in
aresult
MYSQL_fetch_object— Fetch aresult row
asanobjectMYSQL_query— Senda
MYSQLquery
MYSQL_result—Get result data
MYSQL _select _db — Select a MYSQL
databaseMYSQL_set_charset—
setstheclientcharactersetMYSQL_stat —
Get currentsystem status
MYSQL _table name — Get table name
of fieldMYSQL_thread _id —Return the
current threadID

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MYSQL_unbuffered_query—
SendanSQLquerytoMYSQL,withoutfetchingandbufferingtheresult
3.3.1.3.1 DREAMWEAVERANDACCESSIBILITY
Accessibility refers to making websites and web products usable for
people with visual,auditory, motor, and other disabilities. Examples of
accessibility features for software products andwebsites include screen reader
support, text equivalents for graphics, keyboard shortcuts, change ofdisplay
colours to high contrast, and so on. Dreamweaver provides tools that make the
productaccessible and tools that help you author accessible content: Using
Dreamweaver accessibilityfeatures For Dreamweaver web designers who need
to use accessibility features, Dreamweaveroffers screen reader support,
keyboard navigation, and operating system accessibility support .Formore
information, see Using Dreamweaver accessibility features. Authoring for
accessibility ForDreamweaver web designers who need to create accessible
content, Dreamweaver assists you
increatingaccessiblepagesthatcontainusefulcontentforscreenreadersandcomplyw
ithgovernmentguidelines.
Dreamweaver provides dialog boxes that prompt you to enter accessibility
attributes whenyou insert page elements (see Optimizing the workspace for
accessible page design).For example,the accessibility dialog box for images
remindsyou to add text equivalents forgraphics. Then,when the image appears
on a page for a user with visual disabilities, the screen reader reads
thedescription.
3.3.1.3.2 LAYINGOUTPAGESWITHCSS

In Macromedia Dreamweaver 8, you can use CSS styles to lay out your
page. You can bothinsert div tags manually and apply CSS positioning styles to
them, or you can use Dreamweaverlayers to create your layout. A layer in

19
Dreamweaver is an HTML page element—specifically, a divtag, or any other
tag—that has an absolute position assigned to it. Whether you use CSS, tables,
orframes to lay out your pages, Dreamweaver has rulers and grids for visual
guidance in your layout.Dreamweaver alsohasa tracing image feature,whichyou
can use tore-create a page design thatwas created in a graphics application.
Client-side role of forms support the client side of the client-server relationship.
When a visitor enters information into a form displayed in a web browser
(theclient) and clicks the submit button, the information is sent to the server
where aserver-side scriptor application processes it. Common server-side
technologies used for processing form data includeMacromedia ColdFusion,
Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP), and PHP. The server responds bysending
requested information back to the user (or client), or performing so action based
on theform‘s contents. ( Note : - See Appendix 1 for more about Macromedia
Dreamweaver 8 and PHPMYAdmin)

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3.3.1.4 PHPMYADMIN

PHP MY Admin is an open source tool written in PHP intended to handle

the administrationof MYSQL over the World Wide Web. PHP MY Admin
supports a wide range of operations withMYSQL. Currently it can create and
drop databases, create/drop/alter tables, and
delete/edit/addfields,executeanySQLstatement,manageusersandpermissions,and
managekeysonfields.While you still have the ability to directly execute any
SQL statement. PHP MY Admin can managea whole MYSQL server (needs a
super-u ser)as well as a single database.To accomplish the latteryou‘ll need a
properly set up MYSQL user who can read/write only the desired database. It‘s
up toyouto look up the appropriatepart in theMYSQLmanual.
3.3.1.5 APACHEWEBSERVER

Often referred to as simply Apache,A public-domain open source Web

server developed bya loosely knit group of programmers. The first version of
Apache, based on the NCSA http Webserver, was developed in 1995. Core
development of the Apache Web server is performed by agroup of about 20
volunteer programmers, called the Apache Group. However, because the
sourcecode is freely available, anyone can adapt the server for specific needs,
and there is a large publiclibrary of Apache add-ons. In many respects,
development of Apache is similar to development
oftheLinuxoperatingsystem.TheoriginalversionofApachewaswrittenforUNIX,bu
ttherearenow versions that run under OS/ 2, Windows and other platforms. The
name is a tribute to theNative American Apache Indian tribe, a tribe well
known for its endurance and skill in warfare. Acommon misunderstanding is
that it was called Apache because it was developed from existingNCSA code
plus various patches, hence the name a patchy server, or Apache server.
Apacheconsistently rates as the world‘s most popular Web server according to

21
analyst surveys. Apache hasattracted so much interest because it is full-
featured, reliable, and free. Originally developed
forUNIX™operatingsystems,ApachehasbeenupdatedtorunonWindows,OS/2,an
dotherplatforms.One aspect of Apache that some site administrators find
confusing — especially thoseunfamiliar it UNIX-style software — is its
configuration scheme. Instead of using a point-and-clickgraphic user interface
(GUI) or Windows Registry keys as most other modern software
packages,Apache generallyrelies on simpletext files foritsconfiguration settings
CONFIGURATIONFILES
Apache uses a system of three text files for managing its configuration
data. All three ofthese files (almost always) appear in Apache‘s. /conf directory
and are designed to be edited bysystem administrators: 1. http conf for general
settings 2. Srm conf for resource setting3. Accessconf for security settings
When Apache first starts, these files are processed in the order shownabove.

22
 Originally, the initial installation of Apache included default entries
within each of the threefiles.
InthemostrecentversionsofApache,however,the defaultinstallationhas
changed.Nowhttp
.confistreatedasthe―master‖configurationfileanditcontainsallofthesettings.
Bothsrmconf and access conf still exist in the installation, but they
contain no settings and are empty except forsome comments. We use this
technology to keep the data more secure and easy to handle which
isuserfriendlyand also makes goodresponsiveness.

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