PRINCIPAL PARTS OF GREEK VERBS in CORE VOCABULARY STEMS ENDING in PALATALS Paradigm for principal parts of Greek verbs: Present Future Aorist, Perfect Active Perfect Middle Aorist Passive ‘Meaning augment —_reduplication reduplication augment stem+o stem+o0 + stem+oa + stem + Ka + stem + wat + stem + @nv No iow ®uoa déAuKa AEduut eNvonv loosen ‘Verbs whose stems end in palatals have present stems which end in y, k, X, or 06 (= TT in Attic). ‘The stems of these verbs go through a fairly predictable set of changes: +0 €, therefore -E- in future and aorist + DX, therefore -y¢ in perfect active + wD Yu, therefore -yp- in perfect middle + 8D x0, therefore -x6- in aorist passive Example: &pxeo, &p§eo, Hip§a, Hexa, fipyuen, Hpx8nv Vowels: ‘augmented, lengthened or reduplicated: aore Dn (except after, 1, p, where a > a) ode Consonants: reduplicated: p> Te- xD KeX- OD 18 oD to Regular verbs. Not all verbs are attested in all tenses, moods, and voices, but the following verbs normally form their stems regularly: amahAdooes (release, escape), &pXeo (rule), BEX (welcome), Biahéyeo (discuss), Bicdkeo (pursue), elpyco (confine), tAeyxea (refute), Eedtyxeo (refute), fikeo (have come, be present), Aéyeo (say, speak), MPooBéXouat (accept), MPooTiKe> (have arrived), mpootdaow (place at), cuvTéooe (arrange), TaGOU (arrange), TEU XC (build), ITapXeo (begin, exist), quAdooes (guard).‘Verbs with stems which violate the above rules are listed below, with the irregular part(s) underlined. While many verbs lack one or more principal parts, or are simply not attested in some forms, lack of a particular part does not in itself constitute a violation. A verb ‘must display an irregular formation to be listed here. Most irregularities involve changes in the vowels in the stem. Present Future aye Ko avolywu evi Befkouut Beifo Bibdoxm —«-BBafw enelyeo éme(foua Zpxouan (ace mixed stem verbs) eo (see mixed stem verbs) iwéoum out uéxout (sce vowel stem verbs) aixoucn ‘lygicoual 9009 Gee dental stem verbs! éoxe9 (see mixed stem verbs) Tfjoow TAT Eo nodes pd site éfouat Tpé xed (sce mixed stem verbs) Repei Telfaut pay Aorist Syaver aga Bibaga fimege ixcuny Baxov emanga empata Exuxov Eguyov Perfect Active Perfect Middle xa avtexa Bébaxer Bebibaxa mémpaxa afnpaya senixnea migevya fiyua Bébaryue BeBiBayuar Hmeryyau Tyuan siAnyuau srémAnyuat Témpayuat Aorist Passive Bbeixor BBBaxdnw emelyonv Anan emAyny Enpéxény Meaning lead, bring open show teach press hard (mid: hurry) obtain by a lottery bbe gone strike do givebirth happen (+ prt) hit, meet, have (+ gem) ice, run away Verbs with the suffix -ok- drop it after the present tense and then form the remaining stems from the preceding vowel: Present Future Aorist GNioxoua —Aedoouan ACY GroBvToKce (see mixed stem verbs) aoixa ——— aptows fipeoa yiywdoxes —-yv@oouat Even nipiows = ipfiow> = pov MIMAWTOKGO uvijoco Euvnoa Perfect Active Perfect Middle yvwouas uéuwnc Aorist Passive ‘hpéoBny eyveotny supitny snl Meaning be ten please come to know, learn find remember