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Hands-On Microsoft®
Windows® Server 2016
Michael Palmer
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Hands-On Microsoft® Windows® © 2018, 2009 Cengage Learning
Server 2016
WCN: 01-100-101
Michael Palmer
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
Dedication
I dedicate this book to Maria.
Brief Contents
INTRODUCTION xv
chapter 1
Introduction to Windows Server 2016 1
chapter 2
Installing Windows Server 2016 49
chapter 3
Configuring the Windows Server 2016 Environment 101
chapter 4
Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management 145
chapter 5
Configuring, Managing, and Troubleshooting Resource Access 195
chapter 6
Configuring Windows Server 2016 Printing 243
chapter 7
Configuring and Managing Data Storage 285
chapter 8
Managing Windows Server 2016 Network Services 327
chapter 9
Configuring Remote Access Services 377
chapter 10
Securing Windows Server 2016 421
chapter 11
Server and Network Monitoring 471
chapter 12
Managing System Reliability and Availability 515
appendix A
Windows Server 2016 Virtualization and Hyper-V 555
appendix B
Sample Windows PowerShell Cmdlets 571
Glossary 575
INDEX589
v
Contents
INTRODUCTION xv
chapter 1
Introduction to Windows Server 2016 1
Windows Server 2016 Editions 2
Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition 2
Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition 4
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition 6
Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server 7
Windows Storage Server 2016 7
Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016 7
Hardware Requirements for Windows Server 2016 7
Virtual Activity 8
Using Windows Server 2016 with Client Systems 10
Windows Server 2016 Features 12
Server Manager 12
Security 13
Clustering and Clustering Tools 13
Enhanced Web Services 13
Windows Server Core and Nano Server 14
Windows PowerShell 15
Virtualization 16
Reliability 17
Multitasking and Multithreading 17
Physical and Logical Processors 19
Containers 19
Planning a Windows Server 2016 Networking Model 20
Peer-to-Peer Networking 21
Server-Based Networking 23
Protocols for the Windows Server 2016 Networking Model 24
Transmission Control Protocol 25
Internet Protocol 25
Physical Addresses and the Address Resolution Protocol 33
Implementing TCP/IP in Windows Server 2016 35
Enabling TCP/IP 35
Configuring TCP/IP 37
Automated Address Configuration 39
Chapter Summary 40
Key Terms 41
Review Questions 45
Case Projects 47
chapter 2
Installing Windows Server 2016 49
Preparing for Installation 50
Identifying Hardware Requirements and Determining Compatibility 50
Determining Disk Partitioning Options 52
Understanding NTFS and ReFS 54
Upgrading to Windows Server 2016 56
Planning User and Device Licensing 57
Determining Domain or Workgroup Membership 57
Choosing a Computer Name 58
Determining Whether to Install Nano Server, Server Core, or the Full GUI Version 58
Identifying Server Roles 60
Making Immediate Preparations 69
vii
viii Contents
Overview of Windows Server 2016 Installation Methods 69

DVD or USB Thumb Drive Installation 69
Upgrading from Windows Server 2012/R2 70
Installation for a Virtual Server Using Hyper-V 70
Windows Deployment Services 72
Performing a DVD-Based Installation 72
Using Server Manager for the Initial Setup 78
Server Activation 81
Using Windows Deployment Services 82
Installing and Configuring Windows Deployment Services 82
Elements for an Unattended Installation 88
Installing Windows Server Core 89
Installing and Managing Service Packs 91
Troubleshooting Installation Problems 92
Removing Windows Server 2016 94
Chapter Summary 94
Key Terms 95
Review Questions 96
Case Projects 99
chapter 3
Configuring the Windows Server 2016 Environment 101
Using Server Manager 102
Installing and Removing Server Roles 107
Using the Best Practices Analyzer (BPA) for Server Roles 110
Configuring Server Hardware Devices 111
Plug and Play 112
Using Control Panel and the Devices and Printers Utility 112
Using the System File Checker 117
Using Sigverif to Verify System and Critical Files 118
Configuring the Operating System 120
Configuring Performance Options 120
Configuring Environment Variables 126
Configuring Startup and Recovery 126
Configuring Power Options 128
Installing a Protocol 130
Understanding the Windows Server 2016 Registry 132
Registry Contents 133
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE 134
HKEY_CURRENT_USER 135
HKEY_USERS 135
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT 135
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG 135
Backing Up the Registry 136
Windows PowerShell 137
Chapter Summary 139
Key Terms 139
Review Questions 140
Case Projects 143
chapter 4
Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management 145
Active Directory Basics 146
Schema 151
Global Catalog 153
Namespace 154
Contents ix
Containers in Active Directory 154

Forest 154
Tree 157
Domain 158
Organizational Unit 161
Site 163
Active Directory Guidelines 165
Azure Active Directory 165
User Account Management 167
Creating Accounts When Active Directory Is Not Installed 167
Creating Accounts When Active Directory Is Installed 169
Disabling, Enabling, and Renaming Accounts 173
Moving an Account 174
Resetting a Password 175
Deleting an Account 176
Security Group Management 177
Implementing Local Groups 177
Implementing Domain Local Groups 177
Implementing Global Groups 178
Implementing Universal Groups 181
Properties of Groups 182
Implementing User Profiles 183
Important Features in Windows Server 2016 Active Directory 184
Restart Capability 184
Read-Only Domain Controller 185
Cloning Domain Controllers 186
Fine-Grained Password Policy Enhancements 186
Protected Users Global Group 187
Chapter Summary 187
Key Terms 188
Case Projects 192
chapter 5
Configuring, Managing, and Troubleshooting Resource Access 195
Managing Folder and File Security 196
Configuring Folder and File Attributes 196
Configuring Folder and File Permissions 203
Configuring Folder and File Auditing 209
Configuring Folder and File Ownership 213
Configuring Shared Folders and Shared Folder Permissions 214
Enabling Sharing 214
Configuring Folder/File Sharing Through the Folder/File Properties 216
Configuring Sharing Through Server Manager 219
Publishing a Shared Folder in Active Directory 223
Troubleshooting a Security Conflict 224
Using Work Folders 226
Implementing a Distributed File System 228
DFS Replication 228
DFS Models 229
DFS Topology 229
Installing DFS 229
Managing a Domain-Based Namespace Root System 231
Configuring Disk Quotas 234
Chapter Summary 236
Key Terms 236
Case Projects 240
x Contents
chapter 6
Configuring Windows Server 2016 Printing 243
An Overview of Windows Server 2016 Printing 244
How Network Printing Works 244
How Internet Printing Works 246
The Print and Document Services Role 248
Using the XPS Print Path 250
The Devices and Printers Utility 251
Using the Print Management Tool 252
Configuring the Print Server Properties 252
Installing Local and Shared Printers 254
Configuring Printer Properties 257
General Printer Specifications 257
Sharing Printers 258
Port Specifications 262
Printer Scheduling and Advanced Options 265
Configuring Security 268
Configuring Device Settings 271
Configuring a Nonlocal Printer or an Internet Printer 271
Managing Print Jobs 272
Controlling the Status of Printing 273
Controlling Specific Print Jobs 274
Troubleshooting Common Printing Problems 276
Chapter Summary 278
Key Terms 279
Case Projects 283
chapter 7
Configuring and Managing Data Storage 285
Windows Server 2016 Storage Options 286
Basic Disks 286
Dynamic Disks 289
Disk Management 293
Creating a Partition and Simple Volume 294
Managing Disks 299
Introduction to Fault Tolerance 303
RAID Volumes 303
Using a Striped Volume (RAID-0) 305
Using a Mirrored Volume (RAID-1) 305
Using a RAID-5 Volume 306
Software RAID vs. Hardware RAID 307
Storage Spaces 307
Storage Spaces Direct 309
Multipath Input/Output 310
Disk Backup 311
Windows Server Backup 311
Backup Options 313
Scheduling Backups 316
Configuring Backup Performance 317
Performing a Recovery 318
Chapter Summary 319
Key Terms 320
Case Projects 325
Contents xi
chapter 8
Managing Windows Server 2016 Network Services 327
Implementing Microsoft DNS 328
Installing DNS Services 329
DNS Zones 330
Using the DNS Dynamic Update Protocol 335
DNS Replication 337
Stub Zone 338
Additional DNS Server Roles 338
Using DNS to Balance Application Access 342
Creating a DNS Implementation Plan 344
DNS Enhancements in Windows Server 2016 345
Troubleshooting DNS 345
Implementing Microsoft DHCP 348
Configuring a DHCP Server 350
Lease Times 354
DHCPv6 Support 355
Troubleshooting DHCP 356
IP Address Management 357
Redundancy Through NIC Teaming 358
Implementing Microsoft Internet Information Services 360
Installing a Web Server 360
Web Server Best Practices 363
Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager 363
Creating a Virtual Directory 364
Managing and Configuring an IIS Web Server 367
Troubleshooting a Web Server 370
Chapter Summary 370
Key Terms 371
Case Projects 375
chapter 9
Configuring Remote Access Services 377
Introduction to Remote Access 378
Implementing a Virtual Private Network 378
Using Remote Access Protocols 379
Configuring a VPN Server 381
Configuring the Server’s Firewall 385
Configuring a DHCP Relay Agent 387
Configuring VPN Properties 390
Configuring VPN Security 391
Monitoring VPN Users 396
Implementing DirectAccess 397
Troubleshooting VPN and DirectAccess Installations 402
Hardware Solutions 402
Software Solutions 402
Connecting Through Remote Desktop Services 403
Installing Remote Desktop Services 405
Configuring Remote Desktop Services 409
Accessing an RDS Server from a Client 411
Publishing Applications for RemoteApp on an RDS Server 412
Chapter Summary 414
Key Terms 414
Case Projects 419
xii Contents
chapter 10
Securing Windows Server 2016 421
An Overview of Security Features in Windows Server 2016 422
Introduction to Group Policy 423
Securing Windows Server 2016 Using Security Policies 425
Establishing Account Policies 427
Establishing Audit Policies 433
Configuring User Rights 435
Configuring Security Options 438
Using IP Security Policies 439
Active Directory Rights Management Services 442
Managing Security Using the Security Templates and Security and Configuration Analysis Snap-Ins 443
Configuring Client Security Using Policies in Windows Server 2016 447
Manually Configuring Policies for Clients 447
Publishing and Assigning Software 450
Resultant Set of Policy 452
Using the cipher Command 454
Using BitLocker Drive Encryption 455
Configuring NAT 457
Windows Firewall 459
Windows Defender 462
Chapter Summary 463
Key Terms 464
Case Projects 468
chapter 11
Server and Network Monitoring 471
Introduction to Server Monitoring 472
Using Resource Monitor 472
Monitoring Server Services 475
Accessing Server Services 476
Solving a Problem with a Service 476
Using Task Manager 479
Monitoring Applications 479
Monitoring Processes 482
Setting Priorities 484
Monitoring Services 486
Monitoring Real-Time Performance 487
Monitoring Users 490
Using Performance Monitor 491
Capturing Data Using Performance Monitor 491
Monitoring System Components 494
Using Data Collector Sets 499
Using a Wizard and a Template to Create a Data Collector Set 500
Returning to a Report and the Importance of Network Data 504
Using a Predefined Data Collector Set 505
Implementing the SNMP Service 507
Chapter Summary 509
Key Terms 510
Case Projects 513
Contents xiii
chapter 12
Managing System Reliability and Availability 515
General Problem-Solving Strategies 516
Understanding How Servers and the Network Interact 516
Training Users to Help 517
Solving Problems Step-by-Step 517
Tracking Problems and Solutions 518
Resolving Boot Problems 519
Troubleshooting by Using Safe Mode 519
Troubleshooting by Using the Repair Your Computer Option or Installation DVD 522
General Tips for Fixing Boot Problems 527
Using and Configuring Event Viewer 529
Viewing Log Events 530
Using the Event Viewer Filter Option 532
Maintaining Event Logs 532
Troubleshooting Connectivity 535
Graphical Tools 539
Using the System Configuration Tool 540
Remotely Administering a Server 541
Remote Server Administration Tools 543
Chapter Summary 548
Key Terms 549
Case Projects 552
appendix A
Windows Server 2016 Virtualization and Hyper-V 555
appendix B
Sample Windows PowerShell Cmdlets 571
Glossary 575
INDEX589
Introduction
Hands-On Microsoft® Windows® Server 2016 is the perfect resource for learning
indows Server 2016 from the ground up. Designed to build a foundation in basic server admin-
W
istration, this book requires no previous server experience. It covers all of the critical Windows
Server 2016 features, including the features unique to this new server operating system. You learn
how to choose the right server edition for your needs, and you learn to install, configure, custom-
ize, manage, and troubleshoot your server. If you are new to server administration, this book gives
you the knowledge you need to manage servers on small to large networks. If you are an experi-
enced server administrator, the book provides a fast way to get up to speed on Windows Server
2016 administration.
The book offers you administrator skills to install and configure Windows Server 2016, use
Active Directory, set up server resources for clients, configure and manage printing services, man-
age data storage, manage network services, configure remote access for clients, create a virtual
server, establish strong security, monitor a server, and create a reliable server environment.
Each chapter is written for easy understanding and the book contains over 135 hands-on activ-
ities to make what you learn come alive. These activities give you the experience you need to truly
learn Windows Server 2016 and retain what you have learned.
In addition to the hands-on activities, the book is filled with many learning aids to help you
maximize what you learn. The objectives at the start of each chapter give you an overview of what
you will be able to accomplish and can be used for a fast review of the chapter contents. At the
end of each chapter, there are chapter summaries for more in-depth point-by-point review. There
also are review questions and realistic case studies to enable you to stretch your learning. The case
studies put you in the shoes of a Windows Server 2016 consultant who works in all kinds of situ-
ations fulfilling the needs of clients. Other learning tools include a list of key terms that you have
encountered in the chapter and application examples provided throughout to help you understand
different ways to use Windows Server 2016.
The goal when you complete this book is to give you the knowledge and confidence to be a capa-
ble server administrator. The book also provides a foundation for pursuing a Microsoft certification in
Windows Server 2016 server administration.
xv
xvi Introduction
Intended Audience
Hands-On Microsoft Windows Server 2016 is intended for anyone who wants to learn and
practice using Windows Server 2016. It also can be used as a starting block in preparing for the
Microsoft Server administrator certification exam track. No prior server operating system expe-
rience is required, but some basic experience with client systems, such as Windows 7, 8/8.1, or
10, is helpful.
New to this Edition

• Step-by-step hands-on activities for learning nearly every phase of Windows Server 2016,
with all activities tested by a technical editor, reviewers, and validation experts
• Broad training in planning, installation, configuration, security, networking, monitoring,
and troubleshooting of Windows Server 2016
• Coverage of features critical or new to Windows Server 2016, including using the graphical user
interface, Windows Server Core, Nano Server, Windows PowerShell, Hyper-V, Server Manager,
security features, network services, role services, monitoring tools, and much more
• An appendix to cover using Windows Server 2016 with Hyper-V virtualization
• An appendix showing Windows PowerShell command examples for managing and trouble-
shooting a server
Chapter Descriptions
The chapters are balanced to provide a similar amount of coverage. There are twelve chapters
and two appendices. The beginning chapters introduce the Windows Server 2016 operating sys-
tem, and show how to plan for, install, and configure Windows Server 2016. Because it can be
vital to a server installation, you also learn about Active Directory in the early portion of the
book. The middle chapters address how to configure key services, such as file and folder services,
printing, data storage, network services, and remote access. The chapters at the end of the book
focus on configuring security, server and network monitoring, and ensuring server reliability.
The appendices provide supplementary information about using virtualization through Hyper-V
and a full range of Windows PowerShell command examples you can use in your work.
• Chapter 1, Introduction to Windows Server 2016, explains and compares each of the
Windows Server 2016 editions. The chapter discusses client systems that can be used with
Windows Server 2016, identifies important features, reviews introductory networking con-
cepts, and shows how to plan a network model to use.
• Chapter 2, Installing Windows Server 2016, discusses how to prepare for an installation,
describes different installation methods (including using virtualization), and steps through
an actual installation. The chapter additionally discusses how to implement Windows
Server Core, how to implement Windows Deployment Services, how to install service packs,
how to troubleshoot installation problems, and how to uninstall the operating system.
• Chapter 3, Configuring the Windows Server 2016 Environment, starts by familiarizing you
with the Server Manager management tool. You also learn how to install and uninstall
server roles, how to use the Best Practices Analyzer, configure hardware, and configure and
tune the operating system. Other topics include using the System File Checker, understand-
ing the Registry, and using Windows PowerShell.
• Chapter 4, Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management, presents an exten-
sive introduction to Active Directory, including how to install and configure it. You addi-
tionally learn how to create Active Directory containers, and how to create and manage
user accounts and security groups. The chapter additionally provides an introduction to
Azure Active Directory for cloud services.
• Chapter 5, Configuring, Managing, and Troubleshooting Resource Access, teaches you
how to manage folders and files, particularly in relation to setting up security. You learn
how to create shared objects, such as folders, and how to publish them in Active Directory.
Introduction xvii
You additionally learn how to troubleshoot security issues, how to use work folders, how
to implement the Distributed File System, and how to establish disk quotas.
• Chapter 6, Configuring Windows Server 2016 Printing, provides information about the
inner workings of Windows Server 2016 printing, including how to install local, network,
and Internet printers. You implement the Print and Document Services role and learn about
the XPS Print Path. You discover how to manage print jobs and how to troubleshoot print-
ing problems. You also learn to use the Print Management tool.
• Chapter 7, Configuring and Managing Data Storage, shows you how to use the Disk Man-
agement tool to configure basic and dynamic disks. You learn about RAID, Storage Spaces,
and other disk storage and fault tolerance options. You also learn to perform backups and
restores and how to troubleshoot storage problems.
• Chapter 8, Managing Windows Server 2016 Network Services, focuses on how to config-
ure the essential services needed for a smooth functioning Windows Server 2016 network,
including DNS, DHCP, and Internet Information Services (Web Server). You also learn
about network interface card teaming and about the IP Address Management tool.
• Chapter 9, Configuring Remote Access Services, enables you to learn how to set up and
troubleshoot Windows Server 2016 as a virtual private network (VPN) for remote access,
such as from the Internet. You additionally learn how to set up and use a DirectAccess
server and how to configure and manage Remote Desktop Services for running applications
directly on the server.
• Chapter 10, Securing Windows Server 2016, shows you a wealth of new and time-tested
security features. You learn how to configure security policies, set up Active Directory
rights, manage security on clients, create security templates, encrypt files and folders, use
the powerful BitLocker Drive Encryption, implement Network Address Translation, config-
ure Windows Firewall, and implement the Windows Defender virus checking software.
• Chapter 11, Server and Network Monitoring, teaches you how to monitor a server and a
network for troubleshooting and to prevent problems. You learn how to use monitoring
tools such as Resource Monitor, the Services tool, Task Manager, Performance Monitor,
Data Collector Sets, and the SNMP service. Many of these tools have been enhanced in
Windows Server 2016 to offer more functionality.
• Chapter 12, Managing System Reliability and Availability, enables you to develop problem-
solving strategies for handling server difficulties. You learn how to resolve boot problems,
use the Advanced Boot Options, use repair tools on the installation DVD, protect critical
systems, use and configure Event Viewer, troubleshoot network problems, and how to
remotely administer one or more servers.
• Appendix A, Windows Server 2016 Virtualization and Hyper-V, provides a foundation for
understanding virtualization and virtual machines. After you learn about virtualization, you
learn the ins and outs of Hyper-V, which is virtualization software included with Windows
Server 2016. You also learn about using Hyper-V with Windows 8.1 Professional and
above and Windows 10 and above.
• Appendix B, Sample Windows PowerShell Cmdlets, gives you 60 sample Windows Power-
Shell cmdlet examples to help you learn how to use this powerful tool. The cmdlets are pre-
sented by topical areas: file processing, system-related, network, and security.
Features
To help you better understand how Microsoft Windows Server 2016 and network management
concepts and techniques are applied in real-world organizations, this book includes the follow-
ing learning features:
• Chapter Objectives—Each chapter begins with a detailed list of the concepts to be mas-
tered. This list provides you with a quick reference to the chapter’s contents and is a useful
study aid.
xviii Introduction
• Hands-On Activities—Over 135 hands-on activities are incorporated throughout the text,
giving you practice in setting up, managing, and troubleshooting a server. The activities
give you a strong foundation for carrying out server administration tasks in the real world.
Many of the activities present questions for you to investigate and answer, such as by
recording your answers in a Microsoft Word file. This is intended to help retention and to
provide a study aid that you can go back to.
For the activities in this book, you can obtain the free Windows Server 2016 evaluation
installation DVD from Microsoft or make an installation DVD (or thumb drive) from an .iso
file downloaded from Microsoft’s download center website. Go to www.microsoft.com and
search for downloads or click a link for downloads. Also, on a home or lab computer run-
ning Windows 8.1 Professional or above or Windows 10 Professional or above, you can use
Hyper-V to create a Windows Server 2016 virtual machine running Windows Server 2016.
You learn how to do this in Chapter 2, Installing Windows Server 2016, and in Appendix A,
Windows Server 2016 Virtualization and Hyper-V.
• Screen Captures, Illustrations, and Tables—Numerous reproductions of screens and illus-
trations of concepts aid you in the visualization of theories, concepts, and how to use tools
and desktop features. In addition, many tables provide details and comparisons of both
practical and theoretical information and can be used for a quick review of topics. Some
screen captures are cropped to emphasize the concept you are learning.
• Chapter Summary—Each chapter’s text is followed by a summary of the concepts intro-
duced in the chapter. These summaries provide a helpful way to recap and revisit the ideas
covered in each chapter.
• Key Terms—All of the terms within the chapter that were introduced with boldfaced text
are gathered together in the Key Terms list at the end of the chapter. This provides you with
a method of checking your understanding of the terms introduced.
• Review Questions—The end-of-chapter assessment begins with a set of review questions
that reinforce the ideas introduced in each chapter. Answering these questions will ensure
that you have mastered the important concepts.
• Case Projects—Each chapter closes with a multipart case project. In this realistic case
example, as a consultant at Aspen Consulting, you implement the skills and knowledge
gained in the chapter through real-world setup and administration scenarios.
Text and Graphic Conventions

Additional information and exercises have been added to this book to help you better understand
what’s being discussed in the chapter. Icons throughout the text alert you to these additional
materials. The icons used in this book are described below:
Tips offer extra information on resources, how to attack problems, and

time-saving shortcuts.
Notes present additional helpful material related to the subject being

discussed.
The Caution icon identifies important information about potential

mistakes or hazards.
Introduction xix
Each Hands-On Activity in this book is preceded by the Activity icon.
Case project icons mark the end-of-chapter case projects, which are sce-
nario-based assignments that ask you to independently apply what you
have learned in the chapter.
Instructor Resources
Everything you need for your course in one place! This collection of book-specific lecture and
class tools is available online via www.cengage.com/login. Access and download PowerPoint
presentations, the Instructor’s Manual, and more.
• Electronic Instructor’s Manual—The Instructor’s Manual that accompanies this book
includes additional instructional material to assist in class preparation, including sugges-
tions for classroom activities, discussion topics, and additional quiz questions.
• Solutions—The instructor’s resources include solutions to all end-of-chapter material,
including review questions and case projects.
• Cengage Testing Powered by Cognero—This flexible, online system allows you to do the
following:
ŊŊ Author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage solutions.
ŊŊ Create multiple test versions in an instant.
ŊŊ Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want.
• PowerPoint presentations—This book comes with Microsoft PowerPoint slides for each
chapter. They’re included as a teaching aid for classroom presentation, to make available
to students on the network for chapter review, or to be printed for classroom distribution.
Instructors, please feel free to add your own slides for additional topics you introduce to
the class.
System Requirements
Hardware Listed in the Windows Server Catalog or has the Windows Server 2016 Certified
sticker on the hardware, including:
• 1.4 GHz CPU or faster 64-bit processor
• 512 MB RAM or more (more is better)
• 36 GB or more disk space (more is better)
• Optical drive or USB drive or both
• Super VGA or higher resolution monitor
• Mouse or pointing device
• Keyboard
• Network interface card connected to the classroom, lab, or school network for on-ground
students—or Internet access (plus a network interface card installed) for online students
• Printer (optional, but helps to practice setting up a network printer)
xx Introduction
Software Windows Server 2016 Standard or Datacenter Edition
Virtualization Windows Server 2016 can be loaded into a virtual server environment,
such as Microsoft Hyper-V orVMware. You can download from Microsoft’s download center a
free copy of Hyper-V for your Windows 8.1 Professional or above personal computer. Hyper-V
is included with Windows 10 Professional or above. Using Hyper-V, you can create a virtual
machine in which to run Windows Server 2016. See Chapter 2 and Appendix B for details.
About the Author

Michael Palmer is an industry consultant and teacher who has written numerous network-
ing and operating systems books, including best-selling books about Windows Server systems
and UNIX/Linux. He holds a Ph.D. degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder and has
worked over 30 years in higher education and in the industry as a teacher/professor, systems and
networking specialist, technical manager, and consultant. He is president of CertQuick, which
provides computer and network consulting services, technical authoring services, and computer
science curriculum development for schools. Dr. Palmer is the author of many other books in the
industry.
Acknowledgments
Cengage always puts together an outstanding team of people for its publications and I’ve been
fortunate to work with this kind of team. I am especially indebted to Deb Kaufmann, the Devel-
opment Editor for this book, who is always there to provide guidance, ideas, encouragement,
and sound advice. An author couldn’t ask for a better Development Editor and true friend on
the journey. Natalie Pashoukos has also been vital to this book as the Senior Content Developer,
who puts together all the pieces to move it to completion. I also want to thank Kristin McNary,
Product Team Manager, for her support from the beginning to make this book happen.
Serge Palladino and Danielle Shaw, the Technical Editors for this book, have also played a
key role in reviewing every chapter and appendix for technical and conceptual content. Several
Associate Program Managers for Lumina Datamatics Ltd. have also worked diligently on the
production aspects of this book. I am also grateful to the peer reviewers who have throughout
provided all kinds of essential advice, ideas, insights, and help. They have been important to
helping ensure that the book is technically accurate and that it is tailored to the needs of students
and teachers as well as general readers. Reviewers include:
Dave Braunschweig, MIS/M

Professor
Harper College
Palatine, IL
Todd Koonts, MSIT, CCE

Program Chair
CTI/Information Assurance and Digital Forensics
Central Piedmont Community College
Charlotte, NC
Dr. Zarreen Farooqi, Ph.D.

Professor, Computer Information Systems
University of Akron
Akron, OH
chapter 1
Introduction to Windows
Server 2016
After reading this chapter and completing

the exercises, you will be able to:
• Identify the key features of each Windows Server 2016 edition
• Understand the hardware requirements for Windows Server 2016
• Identify client systems that can be used with Windows Server 2016
• Understand important general features of Windows Server 2016
• Plan a Windows Server 2016 networking model
• Explore introductory concepts for the networking protocols, IPv4 and
IPv6, used by Windows Server 2016
• Configure and enable TCP/IP in Windows Server 2016
1
2 Chapter 1 Introduction to Windows Server 2016
Microsoft Windows Server systems are at the core of information access,

productivity, and entertainment all over the world. Chances are that you access a Windows
server when you store and access data in the cloud, purchase music on the Internet, stream
a movie, open a spreadsheet at work, watch a movie on a plane, or send an email. Windows
Server 2016 is Microsoft’s newest server platform that offers even more roles for servers, bet-
ter security, easier server management, new desktop features, and more reliable computing
than its predecessors.
This book is intended to give you a solid grounding in how to install, administer, and use
Windows Server 2016 for all types of computing situations. In this chapter, you begin your jour-
ney by learning about the different Windows Server 2016 editions, from the industrial-strength
Datacenter Edition to the more basic Essentials Edition. You also learn how Windows Server
2016 works in tandem with client desktop systems such as Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows
8.1, and Windows 10.
Windows Server 2016 incorporates many new features, which you learn about in this
chapter and go on to master in later chapters. After exploring the features, you review the
networking models used by Windows Server 2016, from peer-to-peer to server-based network-
ing. Finally, you learn basic networking protocol concepts and configuration techniques for
effective Windows Server 2016 networking.
Windows Server 2016 Editions

Servers have a wide variety of uses designed to match the needs of users from small busi-
nesses to international corporations. They are also finding their way into homes and home
offices. Because one size does not fit all needs, it is important to offer different types of server
operating systems. Windows Server 2016 comes in several versions. All versions are built on
the same foundation but offer unique capabilities to suit a home office or a business with
branches all over the world.
The main Windows Server 2016 platforms are as follows:
• Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition
• Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition
• Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition
Additional Windows Server 2016 platforms that are targeted for specific-purpose niches at
this writing include:
• Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server
• Windows Storage Server 2016
• Windows Hyper-V Server 2016
These platforms are discussed in the next sections.
Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition

For a business or organization with up to 25 users, Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition
is a good option. Another reason to consider Essentials Edition is when your business is rela-
tively small now, but you expect it to grow up to 25 users and you want a system that can
grow in the future.
At this writing, Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition supports a maximum of:
• 25 users
• 16.8 million connections for file sharing through Server Message Block (SMB) services
• 2 central processor sockets
• 50 Remote Desktop connections
• 50 Routing and Remote Access connections
Maximum capabilities are provided at this point to help you understand

the differences between editions and how to select the right edition for a 1
specific use.
Besides the limitations of 25 users and 50 devices, Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition
cannot join a domain, other than to migrate files and data from one server to another. A domain
is used to centrally manage a large number of users, server applications, and multiple servers
(you learn more about domains later in this chapter as well as in Chapter 4, Introduction to
Active Directory and Account Management).
Further, Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition provides most but not all server roles. For
example, it does not provide a role for hosting virtual machines, which is the Hyper-V role
(you learn about virtual machines in the Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition section of this
chapter). This also means that the Essentials Edition cannot provide cloud services to an orga-
nization. Even though Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition cannot host virtual machines, it
can be installed in Hyper-V as one of many virtual machines.
Microsoft has implemented features to Server 2016 Essentials Edition (also available on
higher editions) to make it particularly attractive to small businesses and organizations. These
features include:
• User groups can be created to manage clients and client access to Microsoft Office 365.
• Backups and restores can use file history information for each user instead of only for each
device.
• Size and growth of a server folder can be managed through a space quota.
• Installation can be on a standalone physical server or as a virtual machine (guest server)
on a virtual server, which means it can be a guest operating system on another server that
houses multiple guest operating systems.
• Server Health Reports are automatically installed to be available at the time Essentials
Edition is installed.
• Mobile devices can be managed using Dashboard, which is a tool within Server Manager
for simplified management of the server.
• BranchCache is available so that data can be accessed quickly on a server running Essen-
tials Edition at an offsite location.
See Table 1-1 to compare Essentials Edition to the other main Windows Server 2016 editions.
Table 1-1 Maximums for the main Windows Server 2016 editions
Limitations Essentials Edition Standard Edition Datacenter Edition
Maximum users 25 Limited only by the number Limited only by the number
of user licenses and processor of user licenses and processor
cores cores
Maximum server RAM 64 GB 4 TB 4 TB
Maximum CPU sockets 2 64 64
Can join a domain Only to enable migration Yes Yes
Maximum SMB connections 16.8 million 16.8 million 16.8 million
Maximum Routing and Remote 50 No limit No limit
Access connections
Support for Hyper-V No support Yes Yes
Windows Server containers No support No limit No limit
Hyper-V containers No support Up to 2 No limit
Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition

Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition is designed to meet the everyday needs of small to large
businesses and organizations. Standard Edition provides file and print services, secure Internet
connectivity, centralized management of users, and centralized management of applications and
network resources. This platform is built on technology from previous Windows Server systems,
such as Windows Server 2003 through Windows Server 2012 R2—but includes many new fea-
tures. Also, the program coding of old features is constantly enhanced for security and efficiency.
A small company or a department in a larger company might use Windows Server 2016
Standard Edition to manage its accounting and payroll software, for example. A medium-sized
or large company might use it to manage email or network resources. Small to large companies
might use Standard Edition to manage users’ access to application software, such as Office 365.
New features in Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition include:
These new features also apply to the Essentials Edition that is derived
from the Standard Edition. Some of these features were introduced with
Windows Server 2012 R2 but merit listing here as well.
• The Start button and Start menu are back in the desktop interface after being removed in
Windows Server 2012 (the Start button returned in Windows Server 2012 R2 and the Start
menu in Server 2016).
• Active Directory, which is the cornerstone database for managing users, applications, and
networking, is easier to set up and has improved file security.
• A domain controller, which houses Active Directory, can be cloned to quickly create addi-
tional domain controllers.
• Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunneling to enable virtual private networks to go
over external networks, including wide area networks (a private communications tunnel
over a cable- or public telephone-based network, for example)
• Desired State Configuration is used to monitor specific server states and roles so that
desired states don’t change as other elements are changed on one or many servers in the
same server pool.
• Windows Defender is automatically included as an antivirus and antimalware program.
• Storage tiering allows selected blocks of data to be moved to different storage locations,
such as moving data from hard drive storage to solid state storage.
• Storage pinning works with storage tiering to enable you to move (and ensure they stay)
specific files to a desired type of storage, such as ensuring that customer service files that
require fast access are always kept in solid state storage.
• A new network controller role that provides information about the network structure, such
as about protocol services, virtual private networks, and the physical structure of a network.
• Parallel rebuild that enables a failed disk in RAID (a set of disks for redundant storage) to
be rebuilt significantly faster.
• Virtual desktops—which is a capability that is also a part of Windows 10—enables you to
run different desktops side-by-side, such as having one desktop working with programming
tools and another desktop using server administration tools.
Included with Standard Edition is Hyper-V. Hyper-V enables Windows Server 2016 to offer
a virtualization environment, which is a way to run more than one operating system on a single
computer at the same time. Historically, organizations have used multiple servers for different
operating systems, such as one server for Windows Server 2016 and one for Linux. The disad-
vantage of this approach is the cost of multiple computers. In organizations that require tens or
hundreds of servers, the hardware costs rise fast. Also, additional costs are associated with hous-
ing the computers in temperature-controlled computer rooms, including the cost of security and
cooling the machines. Virtualization offers a way to cut costs by using fewer computers.
As you learn about virtualization, it is useful to make a distinction between virtual server
and virtual machine. A computer running virtual server software, such as Hyper-V, is typically 1
referred to as a virtual server, while each instance of an operating system running within the
software is a virtual machine. A virtual server is considered the host and each virtual machine
is a guest. For example, a host computer running Hyper-V might be home to two operating
systems, Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition and Linux, both running as guests in a virtual
server host. Each operating system is running in its own virtual machine, for a total of two vir-
tual machines.
In Windows Server 2016, Hyper-V is improved on many fronts including faster cloning and
migration of individual virtual machines. Also, Hyper-V virtual machine information is stored in
a new file format that protects virtual machine information from being directly edited (such as
by an attacker or inexperienced administrator).
New to Windows Server 2016 is the option to use containers. Containers enable applications
to run in an isolated fashion with the ability to execute multiple applications on one computer
system. There are two types of containers: Windows Server containers and Hyper-V containers.
Windows Server containers use isolation through domain namespace capabilities and by isolat-
ing running processes. In Hyper-V, isolation is achieved because each container runs within a
“lightweight” virtual machine. Standard Edition supports unlimited Windows Server containers
and up to two Hyper-V containers. You learn more about containers later in the chapter.
In addition to containers, Standard Edition provides basic server elements that enable file
and printer sharing, essential network services, application sharing, user authentication, and
many other server services. Historically, Standard Edition has paved the way for Windows Server
operating systems to use symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) computers, which are computers that
use more than one processor.
For companies that develop their own software, all editions of Windows Server 2016 are
compatible with the common language runtime used in Microsoft .NET Framework and Micro-
soft Visual Studio .NET, and Windows Server 2016 enables computer programmers to develop
and use program code in several programming languages.
Another feature of Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition is clustering. Clustering is the
ability to increase the access to server resources and provide fail-safe services by linking two or
more discrete computer systems so they appear to function as one (see Figure 1-1). An immediate
advantage of server clustering is the increase in computer speed or capacity to complete server
tasks faster. Also, server clustering provides more computing power for handling resource-hungry
applications. With clustering, as an organization adds more users and requires more demanding
applications, one or more computers can be added to the cluster to handle the growth. This is a
faster, less-expensive approach than having to purchase a larger computer and transfer users and
applications to a new system because the old one is overwhelmed. Standard Edition supports
clusters of up to 16 computers.
Windows Server 2016 clustering enhancements include Cloud Witness,

which enables more integration with Microsoft Azure for cloud com-
puting and the ability to migrate Windows Server 2012 R2 to Windows
Server 2016 without having to take servers offline. There is also the ability
to create workgroup clusters, clusters all in the same domain, or clusters
in different domains. You learn about workgroups and domains later in
this chapter.
Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition maximums include (see Table 1-1):
• Number of users limited only by the number of user licenses purchased and number of
server cores
• Up to 16.8 million connections for file sharing through SMB services
• Up to 64 central processor sockets
• Number of Remote Desktop connections limited only by the number of user licenses
purchased
Clustered
servers acting
as one
Windows Server 2016

Windows Server 2016 Desktop computer
Connecting switch
Windows Server 2016 Desktop computer
Desktop computer Laptop computer Desktop computer
Figure 1-1 Three servers acting as one in a cluster
• Number of Routing and Remote Access connections limited only by the number of user
licenses purchased
• No limit to the number of Windows Server containers and up to two Hyper-V containers
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition

Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition is designed for environments with mission-critical
applications, very large databases, very large virtualization requirements, cloud computing
needs, and information access requiring high availability. This platform offers support for clus-
tering with up to 64 computers. As with Standard Edition, Datacenter Edition uses SMP com-
puters supporting up to 64 processor sockets.
The RAM capabilities for the Datacenter Edition are identical to Standard Edition, support-
ing up to 4 TB. The maximums for Datacenter Edition are (see Table 1-1):
• Number of users limited only by the number of user licenses purchased and number of
server cores
• Up to 16.8 million connections for file sharing through SMB services
• Up to 64 central processor sockets
• Number of Remote Desktop connections limited only by the number of user licenses purchased
• Number of Routing and Remote Access connections limited only by the number of user
licenses purchased
• No limit to the number of Windows Server containers and Hyper-V containers
The new features in Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition also apply to Datacenter Edi-
tion. The differences between the two editions focus on Datacenter Edition’s industrial strength
capabilities in the areas of virtualization, cloud computing, and database handling—which can
all be interlinked on a massive scale. For example, Standard Edition supports only two virtual
machines, whereas Datacenter Edition’s support for virtual machines is limited only by the hard-
ware resources and operating system licenses that you own—thus it is practically unlimited.
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition does not come with database software, such as
Microsoft SQL Server, but it is designed to provide the operating system resources to accommo- 1
date large database applications in any organization. A university alumni association might use
it to house a database that tracks information on thousands of alumni all over the world. A large
company, such as an automobile manufacturer, might use it for an integrated accounting system
that stores information in a complex database. A national investment firm might use it to track
and manage the investment holdings of its customers. Furthermore, with Datacenter Edition,
such large databases can be tied into massive virtualization and cloud environments.
Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server

Multipoint services enable many users to share the same physical computer through each person
connecting a keyboard, monitor, and mouse to a USB hub that is connected to a server. This
approach, for example, might be used to connect users in a computer lab at a school.
Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server is offered to educational customers as a
way to provide volume licensing for multipoint services. The Multipoint Services role is included
as a regular server role in Windows Server 2016 Standard and Datacenter Editions. However,
some educational institutions require volume licensing to run multiple computer labs, for exam-
ple, and Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server fulfills this need.
Windows Storage Server 2016

Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) that focus on storage solutions for organizations
can offer Windows Storage Server 2016 on the server-based products they sell. Windows Stor-
age Server 2016 turns a server into a central storage center for data in an organization and takes
advantage of the storage utilities offered in Windows Server 2016. To learn more about the stor-
age services, see Chapter 7, Configuring and Managing Data Storage.
Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016

At this writing, Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016 is a free download of a basic server system that
enables you to use Hyper-V. You might use this if you want to learn more about how Hyper-V
works or to set up a basic Hyper-V system, such as to load Windows Server Standard Edition
into a virtual machine that is dedicated as a simple file and print server or as a DNS server.
Hardware Requirements for Windows Server 2016

Before you install any Windows Server 2016 edition, carefully consider the hardware needs for
your installation. Table 1-2 lists the minimum hardware requirements, which is only a starting
place. Your server installation should be planned on the basis of what you need to do with the
server. Here are some general questions to consider:
• What role or roles will the server have in your organization? For example, is this a small
business limited to file and printer sharing? Are you implementing a web server or an email
server? Will your server offer remote access or will it be a source of applications for users?
• Do you need to deploy virtual machines, and if so how many? (Hyper-V will need a CPU
that supports hardware virtualization, see Appendix A, Windows Server 2016 Virtualiza-
tion and Hyper-V.)
• What databases will be used and how large are they?
• Will the server offer image libraries or multimedia to users?
• How many local and remote users are to be supported?
• What kind of support is needed from the hardware vendor?
• What redundancy features are needed to ensure the server continues running in the event of
a hardware failure, such as a failed disk drive, power supply, or network interface card?
• What growth in server use and resources is expected in the next 3 to 5 years?
Table 1-2 Minimum hardware requirements for Windows Server 2016

Hardware Minimums Additional considerations
CPU 1.4 GHz 64-bit processor Processor clock speed, amount of proces-
(includes support for NX, DEP, sor cache, number of processor cores (more
CMPXCHG16b, LAHF/SAHF, EPT, or than one is needed for virtualization), and a
NPT) processor that supports hardware virtualiza-
tion for Hyper-V implementations
RAM 512 MB (2 GB for a server with the GUI Each virtual machine requires 800 MB for
desktop) setup (although this can be scaled back
after setup is complete)
Hard disk 32 GB 32 GB is enough for using Server Core
(command line installation) with web
services, 36 GB is the minimum for installing
the GUI mode
Network interface card 1 gigabit Ethernet adapter (such as Additional adapters are recommended for
10/100/1000baseT) that is compatible multiple virtual machines
with PCI Express architecture and
Pre-boot Execution Environment (PXE)
Optical drive DVD drive DVD drive is needed (for installations from
DVD media) or a USB drive can be used for
installation from a thumb drive
Display Super VGA at 1024 × 768 or higher Multiple servers can share one display via
resolution the use of a switch box
Interactive devices Keyboard and pointing device Multiple servers can share a keyboard and
pointing device via the use of a switch box
These questions only provide a starting point for your planning. In a small business, much of
the planning can be done with the help of the business owner. In medium and large businesses,
the planning will likely require input from management, user departments, technical people,
software providers, and hardware vendors.
You can do the hands-on activities in this book from a Windows Server
2016 server with or without virtualization. If you are not working from
a virtual machine, just follow the steps as written. If you are using a vir-
tual machine, such as in Hyper-V, you first need to access the server from
within the virtual environment or over a network. The following steps
show how to start and access a Hyper-V virtual server that is already
installed on the local server and how to sign in to a virtual machine within
the virtual server. You learn how to install a virtual server in Microsoft
Hyper-V in Chapter 2, Installing Windows Server 2016.
Virtual Activity
To access a virtual server in Microsoft Hyper-V, follow these general steps:
1. Click Start, click Windows Administrative Tools, and click Hyper-V Manager.
2. In the Hyper-V Manager window under Virtual Machines, click the virtual machine (server),
such as Windows Server 2016.
3. If the server is not already started (State is Off), click the Action menu and click Start as
shown in Figure 1-2 (otherwise skip to Step 5). Note that some figures, such as this one, are
cropped at the bottom or top for emphasis.
4. Wait for the server to start up.
Figure 1-2 Starting a virtual machine in Hyper-V Manager
5. Right-click the name of the server and click Connect to open its working window, which is
the Virtual Machine Connection window.
6. If you see the screen that says Press CTRL+ALT+DELETE to sign in (don’t press
CTRL+ALT+DELETE yet), click the Action menu under the title bar and click
CTRL+ALT+DELETE.
7. Sign in using your account and password.
8. Click the Maximize square in the upper-right corner of the window to go into the full screen
mode or use the View menu and select Full Screen Mode.
9. Whenever you are finished (and signed out of your account) and want to leave the full
screen mode, click the Restore Down icon (two tiled squares) in the title bar at the top of the
screen (as you would to go back to windowed mode in any application).
10. Close the Virtual Machine Connection window.
11. In the Hyper-V Manager window, if you want to shut down the server, select the server, click
the Action menu, and click Shut Down to properly shut down the server. If you see the Shut
Down Machine box asking if you are sure you want to shut down, click Shut Down.
12. Close Hyper-V Manager.
Some steps in the activities in this book include bulleted questions for you
to answer. Plan to record your answers in a Microsoft Word document, in a
course journal, in your class notes, or in the book margins for later personal
reference or for your instructor to see. Additionally, for all of the activities in
this chapter, you’ll need an account with Administrator privileges. These activ-
ities can be completed on a virtual machine or computer, such as in Hyper-V.
Activity 1-1: Determining the Windows Server 2016 Edition

Time Required: Approximately 5 minutes
Objective: Determine the Windows Server 2016 edition installed on a computer.
Description: A computer room might have only a few or hundreds of servers. Sometimes it is
important for a server administrator to verify which edition of Windows Server 2016 is running
on a particular server. In this activity, you learn how to make a quick determination. You will
need a server account provided by your instructor or server administrator.
1. Sign in to Windows Server 2016 using your account.
2. If Server Manager is not already open, click Start and click the Server Manager tile (or click
Start and click Server Manager under S in the listing of selections).
3. Click Local Server in the left pane of Server Manager (see Figure 1-3).
Figure 1-3 Selecting Local Server in Server Manager
4. Locate Operating system version under Properties in the right pane. Here you’ll see the edition
of Windows Server 2016, such as Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Datacenter or Microsoft
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Evaluation (if you are using an evaluation version).
• Which version of Windows Server 2016 is installed on your computer?
5. Notice the other information available in this window.
• Is the Windows Firewall turned on?
6. Leave Server Manager open for Activity 1-2.
Using Windows Server 2016 with Client Systems

The client workstation operating systems most compatible with Windows Server 2016 are
Windows versions 7, 8, 8.1, and 10, with Windows 10 the most compatible in terms of client
management. A client is a computer that accesses resources on another computer via a network
or direct cable connection; a workstation is a computer that has its own central processing unit
(CPU) and can be used as a stand-alone or network computer (often used for a combination of
word-processing, spreadsheet, scientific, and other individual applications).
The overall goal of Microsoft is to use the Windows Server 2016 platforms and Windows
versions 7 through 10 on the same network to achieve a lower TCO. The total cost of owner-
ship (TCO) is the full cost of owning a network, including hardware, software, training, main-
tenance, and user support costs. Windows versions 7 through 10 are designed as reliable and
secure workstation operating systems to be used in a business environment in a peer-to-peer
network or as a member of a domain. A domain is a grouping of network objects, such as com-
puters, servers, and user accounts, that provides for centralized management. Computers and
users in a domain can be managed to determine what resources they can access, such as printers
and shared folders. A domain is given a name, such as Microsoft.com for Microsoft. In addi-
tion, computers within a domain are given a unique name, which often parallels the name of a
user, such as Brown, or is a favorite name or word, such as antelope or popcorn. You learn more
about domains in Chapter 4, Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management.
Using Windows Server 2016 with Client Systems 11
Recognizing that professionals are highly mobile, Windows versions 7 through 10 are
designed to work equally well on a desktop computer or on a laptop computer. 1
Windows 8 introduced touch screen computing to Windows desktop and
laptop computers.
In terms of networking advancements, some of the advantages of using Windows Server

2016 and Windows versions 7 through 10 include the following:
• Enhanced capabilities to recover from many types of network communications problems
• Computer code for more efficient network communications
• More network diagnostic capabilities
• Computer code for better use of the network communications protocols, IPv4 and IPv6,
with special emphasis on IPv6
• Continuing upgrades for Windows PowerShell commands and scripts in Windows Server
2016 as well as in Windows 7 through 10 (you learn more about Windows PowerShell later
in this chapter)
Windows Server 2016 is intended to play a key management role on a network by hosting
Active Directory—a database of computers, users, groups of users, shared printers, shared fold-
ers, and other domain resources—and by offering a multitude of network services. Windows
versions 7 through 10 offer the best compatibility with the newest version of Active Directory
in Windows Server 2016. By combining Windows versions 7 through 10, client workstations
and Windows Server 2016 under the management of Active Directory, it is possible to centralize
security, applications, application updates, desktop customizations, and automated client con-
figuration via a server, thus reducing the TCO.
Another Microsoft long-term objective is to encourage users to convert all workstation
operating systems on a network to the latest Windows client operating system, because the
TCO for using the latest client operating system is less than for older workstation operating
systems, such as Windows XP or Vista. The TCO is less because the latest Windows client
operating system is able to use automated installation, configuration, desktop, and manage-
ment policy features controlled through Windows Server 2016. Also, although older Windows
client operating systems support Active Directory, they don’t support some newer elements.
Many desktop configuration settings (including software deployment) can be automated from
Windows Server 2016 to Windows clients, so that the user can set up a client workstation with
less technical knowledge or assistance.
In addition to Windows clients, Windows Server 2016 supports Linux computing options,
through Linux Integration Services (LIS), which enable Linux clients to access a Linux vir-
tual machine in Hyper-V. These servers also provide greater functionality for Linux virtual
machines. Some Linux distributions, such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux, already have certified
drivers for Hyper-V.
The new capabilities in LIS that are included with Windows Server 2016 are:
• New software for enhanced desktop graphics performance on Linux clients
• Improved backup support functions
• Creation of kernel dumps for Linux virtual machines
• Better control of available RAM in Linux virtual machines
Most Linux distributions (distros) can run software called Samba, which
enables a Linux computer to connect to a Windows Server system to
access files and resources.
Windows Server 2016 Features

Windows Server 2016 offers many features that make it a solid server and network operating sys-
tem. The following list is a sampling of features in Windows Server 2016 that deserve special focus:
• Server Manager
• Security
• Clustering
• Enhanced web services
• Windows Server Core and Nano Server
• Windows PowerShell
• Virtualization
• Reliability
• Multitasking and multithreading
• Physical and logical processors
• Containers
Each of these features is introduced in the sections that follow. You will learn more about
these features as you continue through this book.
Server Manager
Windows Server 2008 introduced the Server Manager tool, and Windows Server 2016 adds even
more enhancements to the tool. Server Manager enables the server administrator to manage
critical configuration and management features with one tool. In earlier versions of Windows
Server, you might have to look in several places to do different tasks. Server Manager puts the
management tasks together in one place. When you first sign in with administrator privileges,
Server Manager automatically starts. You can use this tool to do the initial setup of your server,
as you learn in Chapter 2. After your server is configured, you use this tool to modify settings
and manage one or more servers. Server Manager is used to:
• Configure a server from the beginning.
• View computer configuration information.
• Change server roles and system properties.
• Configure networking.
• Configure Remote Desktop.
• Configure security, including the firewall.
• Configure a multitude of server roles, from a basic file server to advanced network services.
• Add and remove features.
• Run diagnostics.
• Manage storage and backups.
• Manage multiple servers from one place.
In many cases, when the administrator selects a management function, Server Manager starts
an automated process or wizard for step-by-step guidance through the task. Wizards are helpful
for learning tasks and for reducing configuration errors. Server Manager is particularly useful
for beginning and intermediate administrators but also centralizes common tasks for advanced
administrators.
In Windows Server 2016, the new features of Server Manager include the following
advantages:
• The Local Server option makes all of the local server properties available to manage.
• Multiple servers are easier to manage from one place.
• Servers can be grouped so that all the servers in a specific group receive one or more com-
mands simultaneously. 1
• The Dashboard offers even more quick-start guidance for setting up one or more servers
and establishing groupings used to manage specific kinds of servers.
• The Server Manager GUI has a new look different from Windows Server 2012 with added
features, such as greater ability to add and manage remote servers.
Security
Windows Server 2016 is built to be even more secure than previous Windows Server systems.
One important approach built in to Windows Server 2016 is implementing security by default.
When you install Windows Server 2016, add a feature, or install a Windows component, an
essential level of security is automatically implemented. This helps to ensure that no backdoors
are left open for an attacker.
Windows Server 2016 additionally includes many basic security features, such as:
• File and folder permissions
• Security policies
• Encryption of data
• Event auditing
• Various authentication methods
• Server management and monitoring tools
Clustering and Clustering Tools

Clustering is an important feature of Windows Server 2016 because it not only makes a server
system more powerful, but it also provides failover capabilities, so that if one server in a cluster
fails, its work is automatically taken over by other servers in the cluster. Clustering also enables a
large amount of disk storage to be made available to users, with failover for disk storage as well.
The power of clustering is only as good as the tools used to configure it. Windows Server
2016 offers tools to:
• Test a cluster to ensure it is set up to accomplish the tasks for which it is intended.
• Migrate configuration settings from one cluster to another.
• Quickly configure a cluster and troubleshoot problems.
• Set up storage used in a cluster.
• Create better cluster storage performance and reliability.
• Secure a cluster and enable it to use new network capabilities.
Enhanced Web Services

Windows Server 2016 comes with Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) to transform
the server into a versatile web server. Consistent with Microsoft’s emphasis on security, IIS is
implemented in multiple modules. This design is intended to enable IIS to have a lower attack
surface (vulnerable openings exposed to network attackers and malicious software). In addition
to reducing the attack surface, individual modules handle specific security issues.
Another security feature is easy application of IIS patches. Microsoft often issues patches for
its software as new attack techniques against its operating systems and applications are discov-
ered. Easy patching means that system administrators are more likely to apply security patches
in a timely way.
IIS is also redesigned to make it easy for network programmers to write network applica-
tions and configure applications for the web. Also, complementing the applications develop-
ment enhancements, IIS has better management tools that are incorporated into the IIS Manager.
Administrators also can manage IIS remotely for greater convenience and access.
Windows Server Core and Nano Server

Windows Server 2016 gives you the option to install a minimal server environment using Server
Core or Nano Server. These two options are explained in the following sections.
Windows Server Core Windows Server Core is best understood not by what it has, but
by what it does not have. Windows Server Core is a minimum server configuration, designed
to function in a fashion similar to traditional UNIX and Linux servers. One of the advantages
of UNIX and Linux systems is that they can be installed with a simple command-line interface
and only the minimum services needed to get the job done. This offers three distinct advantages.
First, there is reduced overhead by omitting the graphical interface, which means the CPU can
be devoted to accomplishing the essential work of the computer. A second advantage is that less
disk space and memory are needed for everyday tasks. The third advantage is that the computer
has a much smaller attack surface. Some UNIX and Linux server administrators appreciate the
flexibility, simplicity, and power of working at a command line. With Server Core, Windows
server administrators can install the same type of system.
When you install Windows Server Core, you don’t have the following:
• A graphical interface, just a command line
• Graphical tools to configure the server, such as Server Manager
• Extra services that you do not need
• A mouse pointer on the screen
• Windows Mail, Microsoft Word, search windows (in fact no windows), and other software
There are exceptions because there is some window and mouse function-
ality for certain applications, such as window-based Control Panel applets,
the Registry editor, and Notepad for editing text files.
What you do have are the essential or core services needed to run a server. You can still cre-
ate server accounts through commands at a command line. You can configure security measures
and get operating system and software updates. You can install and configure hardware. You can
configure a combination of roles for the server, such as file serving, print serving, or handling dis-
tributed shared files across multiple computers. You can open the Notepad screen editor to cre-
ate and edit files. Windows Server Core is an installation mode available at the time you install
your Windows Server 2016 edition.
You can remotely manage a server installed with Server Core using GUI
tools.
Windows Nano Server Windows Nano Server is introduced as a new installation option
in Windows Server 2016. Windows Nano Server is based on the same small footprint idea as
Windows Server Core, but it is smaller still. Having a base image of only 400 MB, Nano Server is
many times smaller than even Server Core. However, Nano Server still has fundamental elements,
such as the .Net Framework, used to develop and execute applications. It can also host server
roles as explained in Chapter 2. Windows Server 2016 developers at Microsoft describe Nano
Server as a “remotely administered server operating system optimized for cloud and datacenters.”
The idea behind Nano Server is to provide a basic foundation for server computing,
particularly in the cloud, that can be used for the next 20 years. Nano Server is designed to run
only 64-bit applications. It is intended to be faster and to need less maintenance than graphical
Windows Server or Server Core, such as updates, because it is such a bare-bones operating sys-
tem. Because you cannot sign in to Nano Server locally, it is not suitable to be housed in a single
standalone computer box. Rather, it is designed to be installed on a modular server card (called a
blade server) in an enclosed cabinet (called a blade enclosure) containing many such cards.
Microsoft views Nano Server as a platform on which to run a (an):

• DNS or DHCP server 1
• Applications server, such as from the cloud
• Web server
• Database or file server
Windows PowerShell
Server administrators who want command-line capability, but also want to install the full-
fledged Windows Server 2016 operating system with the graphical user interface (GUI), can use
Windows PowerShell. Windows PowerShell is a command-line interface that offers a shell, a
customized environment for executing commands and scripts. Scripts are files that contain com-
mands to be run by a computer operating system. Scripts save time because commands don’t
have to be typed individually by the user each time a particular set of activities needs to be
accomplished, such as adding new data to a file.
Using scripts can save a computer user or administrator a lot of time

because an involved sequence of commands is stored in a file to use time
and time again—so you don’t have to memorize the sequence. It’s not
unusual to hear a computer user (including this author) comment that he
spent considerable time trying to figure out how to accomplish a task and
a month later does not remember what the specific steps were. Recording
the commands in a script solves this problem.
By using the commands available in Windows PowerShell, you can do the following types
of tasks:
• Work with files and folders
• Manage disk storage
• Manage network tasks
• Set up local and network printing options
• Install, list, and remove software applications
• View information about the local computer, including user accounts
• Manage services and processes
• Lock a computer or sign out
• Manage IIS web services
Windows PowerShell is automatically integrated with Windows Server 2016 and offers
several hundred command-line tools, also called cmdlets. A scripting language is also imple-
mented in Windows PowerShell. Windows PowerShell is additionally integrated with Windows
8.1 and Windows 10—and is available for earlier Windows server and desktop versions through
Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP with Service Pack 2. For people who manage an enter-
prise of different Windows computers, Windows PowerShell can be important for automating
all kinds of tasks. For example, scripting is often used to create and set up user accounts or to
import hundreds of users from an older server. Figure 1-4 shows Windows PowerShell using
the Get-Childitem cmdlet to list the files in the current directory, which is the directory of the
Administrator account.
PowerShell is also used in Server Core. Nano Server uses a smaller set of
commands and cmdlets through PowerShell Core. The time you take to
learn PowerShell commands and cmdlets can be very productive, because
it applies to both the GUI and Server Core environments, and to Nano
Server on a more limited basis.
Virtualization
The Hyper-V in Windows Server 2016 provides the ability to run two or more operating systems
on a single computer. Virtualization has become important to organizations because it offers a
way to save expenses and to provide more uptime for computing. Consider a scenario in which an
organization has 30 servers and they want to reduce this number to 5 so they can put the servers
in a smaller central computer room and use the space of the old room for other purposes. They
can do this by using Hyper-V to install six operating systems on each server (using Datacenter Edi-
tion). Besides gaining space, virtualization simplifies server management by reducing the number
of computers to manage. This offers cost savings because five computers use less energy than 30.
Figure 1-4 Using Windows PowerShell for a directory listing
Another situation that is common to organizations is the need to have a test platform for
the development of new applications. Consider a small company that provides a nationwide
database service to agricultural colleges. This company has four servers, one for applications and
three containing databases. Two programmers develop specialized software for the database ser-
vice. This type of software development must be done in a test environment before it is brought
live for production. The company can use Hyper-V on the single applications server to create
one system for production and one for testing.
Or, consider a retail business that takes product orders through web services, over the tele-
phone, and through surface mail. The company is concerned about redundancy in case of fire or
another disaster scenario. One way to have redundancy is to use Hyper-V on one or two servers
that are in a different location and to perform regular backups to that location. This provides
disaster recovery, so that operations could be continued from the remote location.
Hyper-V capabilities include the following:
• Compatible with clustering
• Can be used with Windows and Linux operating systems, which are commonly implement-
ed for servers
• Compatible with different types of disk storage methods
• Enables fast migration from one computer to another
• Can host 64-bit and 32-bit operating systems
Reliability
Several features make Windows Server 2016 reliable and powerful. The operating system kernel 1
runs in privileged mode, which protects it from problems created by a malfunctioning program
or process. The kernel consists of the core programs and the computer code of the operating sys-
tem. Privileged mode gives the operating system kernel an extra level of security from intruders
and prevents system crashes due to poorly written applications.
In addition to privileged mode, Microsoft has implemented typical and protected processes
in both Windows Server 2016 and Windows 7 through 10. A process is a computer program or
portion of a program that is currently running. One large program might start several smaller
programs or processes. A typical process is like one on previous Windows systems in which the
process can be influenced by a user or other processes. A protected process is one for which
outside influences are restricted. The concept of a protected process is important because some
activities shouldn’t be interrupted prematurely, such as updating a database.
Another feature that contributes to reliability is the implementation of powerful manage-
ment tools, including Server Manager and a host of wizards that provide step-by-step guidance.
These tools help ensure that the server administrator does not introduce errors or problems
when configuring and managing a server. Server administrators can also use the Performance
Monitor to identify trouble spots so they can be addressed.
Activity 1-2: Viewing Running Processes

Objective: View the processes running in Windows Server 2016 using Resource Monitor.
Description: Windows Server 2016 runs many processes at any one time. Some of the processes
are used by a program you are using, such as Windows Explorer. Other processes are running
in the background, such as a process for your desktop background. In this activity, you view the
running processes using a tool in Windows Server 2016 called Resource Monitor.
1. Ensure your computer is signed in and make certain that Server Manager is already running.
If Server Manager is not open, click Start and click the Server Manager tile; or click Start
and click Server Manager under the S in the listing.
2. Click Local Server in the left pane of Server Manager.
3. In the menu bar at the top of the Server Manager window, click Tools to see a drop-down
menu of administrative tools.
4. Click Resource Monitor (see Figure 1-5).
5. Ensure that the Overview tab is selected.
6. Move the cursor so that it is on top of the line just above the Disk section in Resource M
onitor
and you see an up and down arrow. With the up and down arrow displayed, drag the Disk
section down to view more of the processes shown in the CPU section (see Figure 1-6).
7. Scroll through the CPU section and notice that ServerManager.exe is one of the running pro-
cesses.
8. Using the scroll bar, examine all of the processes that are running.
• Record the names of two processes other than ServerManager.exe.
9. Close Resource Monitor, but leave Server Manager open.
Multitasking and Multithreading

Windows Server 2016 and other recent Windows systems take full advantage of the multitask-
ing and multithreading capabilities of modern computers. Multitasking is the ability to run two
or more programs at the same time. For example, Microsoft Word can print a document at the
same time that a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet can calculate the sum of a column of numbers.
Multithreading is the capability of programs written to run several program code blocks, or
Figure 1-5 Selecting Resource Monitor on the Tools menu
Figure 1-6 Viewing processes in Resource Monitor

“threads,” at the same time. For instance, a Microsoft Access database query runs a thread to
pull data out of the database, while another thread generates a subtotal of data already obtained. 1
The multitasking in Windows Server 2016 is called preemptive multitasking. This means
each program runs in an area of memory separate from areas used by other programs. Early
versions of Windows used cooperative multitasking, in which programs shared the same mem-
ory area. The advantage of preemptive multitasking is that it reduces the risk of one program
interfering with the smooth running of another program, which increases reliability.
Physical and Logical Processors

One of the reasons why Windows Server has become such a versatile and powerful operating
system is that it can be scaled upward in processor capacity. As more capacity is needed, more
processors can be added.
A physical processor is plugged into a processor socket on the motherboard of the com-
puter. As shown previously in Table 1-1, Windows Server 2016 can support up to 64 sockets for
individual physical processors (SMP computers). Further, one physical processor can actually
house several logical processors. Each logical processor is a core that can run its own executable
threads. A physical processor might consist of four cores, for example, that enable it to function
as four processors in one.
When a computer is functioning as a virtual server, each virtual machine can be set up to use
logical processors and their cores as virtual processors. In this case, a virtual processor is a logi-
cal processor or one or more of its cores that function for the use of a specific virtual machine.
Without Hyper-V in use (no virtual processors), Windows Server 2016 can have up to
640 logical processors—using up to 64 sockets—which is a lot of processing capacity. With
Hyper-V in use, Windows Server 2016 supports up to 320 logical processors—again with up to
64 sockets.
Containers
New to Windows Server 2016, containers enable you to isolate a specific application to run in its
own environment. While running inside a container, it is as if that application has its own unique
access to Windows Server 2016 operating system files— including running processes, using the
file system, using the registry, and even a unique access to network communication addresses.
The Windows Server 2016 implementation of containers is modeled after the same concept that
is already successfully used in Linux distributions. Container technology is considered the next
significant step in virtualization.
Using a container establishes a separate layer or engine for each application. You might think
of it as having a special engine (the container) that runs within a main engine (the operating sys-
tem). The idea is to increase the efficiency of the application operating environment, while keep-
ing the total system footprint to a minimum. Using container technology enables an application
to run more securely and with less contention from other applications than in operating systems
without container technology. Reducing the overall footprint of a server system not only uses
system resources more efficiently, it also makes operations less visible to attackers.
Windows Server 2016 offers two types of containers:
• Windows server containers, which run through process and user-mode isolation. This form
of isolation still involves a base-level sharing of the operating system kernel. A drawback
is that an application in one container that has become rogue due to malware might still
attack other containers. Another drawback is that if there is an operating system patch
installed that causes problems with applications, it can affect the applications running in
multiple containers.
• Hyper-V containers, which involve a separate container for each virtual machine running
in Hyper-V. There is only one container per virtual machine, which means there is a one-to-
one relationship between the operating system kernel and virtual machine. This approach
eliminates the chance that a rogue application in one container might attack other contain-
ers. Also, if an operating system patch adversely affects applications, only one application is
affected, because the virtual machine has only one container.
• Figure 1-7 illustrates the architecture of Windows server containers versus Hyper-V
containers.
Windows server containers
Container Container Container Container Container

App A App B App C App D App E
Application libraries
User mode
Operating system kernel
Hyper-V containers
Container Container
App A App B
Application libraries Application libraries
User mode User mode
Operating system kernel Operating system kernel
Virtual machine 1 Virtual machine 2
Figure 1-7 Windows Server versus Hyper-V containers
Planning a Windows Server 2016 Networking Model

In its simplest form, a network is two or more computers linked together. This provides users
with the ability to share devices and applications, exchange files, and communicate via email or
videoconferencing. The following sections introduce you to the two basic networking models
used with Windows Server 2016 and its workstation clients (such as Windows 10): the peer-
to-peer model and the server-based model.
As a network operating system, Windows Server 2016 is used to coordinate the ways com-
puters access resources available to them on the network. A network is a communications sys-
tem enabling computer users to share computer equipment, application software, data, voice,
and video transmissions. Physically, a network contains computers joined by communications
cabling or wireless communications. Networks can link users who are in the same office or
building, in a different state, or anywhere in the world (see Figure 1-8).
A workstation or client network operating system is one that enables individual comput-
ers to access a network, and in some cases to share resources on a limited basis. As you learned
earlier, a workstation is a computer that has its own central processing unit (CPU) and can
Network in the
United States
Network in
Australia
Figure 1-8 Networking across continents
be used as a stand-alone or network computer for word processing, spreadsheet creation, or

other software applications. A client is a computer that accesses resources on another computer
through a network or by a direct connection.
Windows Server 2016 can be implemented using either peer-to-peer networking, server-
based networking, or a combination of both. Peer-to-peer networking focuses on spreading net-
work resource administration among server and non-server members of a network, whereas
server-based networking centralizes the network administration on one or more servers. Often
small organizations use the peer-to-peer networking model, whereas medium-sized and large
networks use the server-based model.
Peer-to-Peer Networking
A peer-to-peer network is one of the simplest ways to configure a network and is often used for
home offices and small businesses. On a peer-to-peer network, workstations are used to share
resources such as files and printers and to connect to resources on other computers. Windows
Server 2016 and Windows 10 are examples of operating systems that can be used for p eer-to-peer
network communication. Files, folders, printers, applications, and devices on one computer can
be shared and made available for others to access. No special computer is needed to enable
workstations to communicate and share resources, although in some cases a computer with a
server operating s ystem (but no installed domain services) can be used as a powerful workstation
(see Figure 1-9).
Workstation Workstation Workstation
Workstation Workstation
Figure 1-9 A simple peer-to-peer network without a server

Peer-to-peer networking can be effective for very small networks, but it does present some
disadvantages. With this model, management of network resources is decentralized. As the net-
work increases in size and the number of shared network resources increases, administration
becomes more difficult.
Security of the resources is another important issue. Each of the users is responsible for the
security of their own resources and must know how to set the proper permissions and security.
Also, a client operating system is not designed to handle a growing load of clients in the same
way as a server operating system.
Peer-to-peer networks are generally designed for about 10 workstations or less. As the number
of workstations surpass this number, this model becomes less effective for the following reasons:
• Peer-to-peer networking offers only moderate network security because user account infor-
mation must be managed on each workstation.
• This model provides no centralized storage of information for account management. As the
number of network users grows, so does the need to have a central place to store and man-
age user account information and account security.
• Network management becomes more difficult because there is no point of centralized
administrative control from which to manage users and critical files, including backing up
important files.
• Workstation-based peer-to-peer networks can often experience slow response times because
this model is not optimized for larger numbers of multiple users accessing one computer. If
many workgroup members decide to access one shared drive on a non-server system or some
other shared resource at the same time, all members are likely to experience slow response.
• On Microsoft networks, a workgroup is a number of users who share drive and printer
resources, and it represents an alternative (generally for small networks) to organizing
resources in a domain.
Activity 1-3: Determining if a Computer Is in a Domain

or a Workgroup
Objective: Discover if a particular computer is in a domain or a workgroup.
Description: Some networks combine the use of domains and workgroups. Often workgroups
are less secure and less tightly managed than a domain, leaving workgroup resources more sus-
ceptible to intruders and more likely to have problems with reliable access to shared resources,
such as files. In this activity, you learn how to determine if a Windows Server 2016 computer is a
member of a domain or workgroup.
1. Ensure Server Manager is started and that its window is open.
2. If necessary, click Local Server in the left pane of Server Manager.
3. Under Properties in the right pane, look to see if your computer is designated as in a domain
or workgroup.
• Is your computer identified as being in a workgroup or a domain? What name is used?
Also, what is the computer name?
4. Leave Server Manager open.
5. Alternatively, you can determine if your computer is in a domain or workgroup from the
System window. Right-click Start and click System. Look under the heading Computer
name, domain, and workgroup settings (see Figure 1-10).
6. Close the System window.
Figure 1-10 System window showing the Workgroup or Domain membership and computer name
You can use the System window in Windows 7 through 10 to determine

if a computer is in a workgroup or a domain. For example, in Windows 7,
click Start, right-click Computer, and click Properties. In Windows 8 and
8.1, click Start, right-click This PC, and click Properties. In Windows 10,
right-click Start and click System.
Server-Based Networking
Windows Server 2016 is a more scalable network operating system than a workstation o perating
system, such as Windows 10, and unlike Windows 10, Windows Server 2016 has features that
make it a true server operating system. A server is a single computer that provides extensive
multiuser access to network resources. For example, a single server can act as a file and print
server, a web server, a network administration server, a database server, an email server, a stream-
ing media server, or a combination of any of these. Depending on the hardware capabilities,
the server can handle hundreds of users at once, providing fast response when delivering the
shared resource, and less network congestion when multiple workstations access that resource.
Figure 1-11 illustrates a Windows Server 2016 server-based network.
The server-based model offers a wide array of options for networking. For instance, imple-
menting this model can provide the following advantages:
• Users only need to sign in once to gain access to network resources.
• Security is stronger because access to shared resources and to the network itself can be
intentionally managed from one place—the server—rather than randomly managed on
many independent peer-to-peer computers.
• All members can share computer files.
• Printers and other resources can be shared; they can also be located in a central place for
convenience.
• All members can have email and send messages to other office members through an email
server such as Microsoft Exchange Server.
Windows 8.1
Windows Server
2016 Windows 10
Windows 8.1 Connecting switch Macintosh
Linux Windows 8.1

Windows 10
Figure 1-11 A server-based network
• Software applications, such as an accounting or a statistics package, can be stored and

shared in a central location.
• Important databases can be managed and secured from one computer.
• All computers can be backed up more easily. With a network and server, the backups can be
performed from one location and regularly scheduled to run from the server.
• Computer resource sharing can be arranged to reflect the work patterns of groups within
an organization. For example, managing partners in a legal firm can be one group for the
purpose of sharing management and financial information on the server.
• The server administrator can save time when installing software upgrades. For example, to
implement the latest version of a statistics package, the administrator upgrades the software
installation files on the server. Then statistics users on the network can upgrade their ver-
sions from the server.
The following information about network protocols and configuration in

Windows Server 2016 is included so that you know how to get the lat-
est operating system updates and to use network communications right
away. If you have already learned these networking concepts and con-
figuration information, you can move on to the Chapter Summary.
Protocols for the Windows Server 2016 Networking Model

Servers and clients on a Windows Server 2016 network communicate through a set of guidelines
or rules called protocols. A protocol consists of guidelines for the following:
• How data is formatted into discrete units called packets and frames
• How packets and frames are transmitted across one or more networks
• How packets and frames are interpreted at the receiving end
Packets and frames are units of data transmitted from a sending computer to a receiving
computer. These units might be compared with words in a language. In a language, people com-
municate by using words to compose sentences and paragraphs to convey a thought. The words
Protocols for the Windows Server 2016 Networking Model 25
by themselves do not convey the full thought until they are placed in the context of a sentence
or paragraph. Like words, packets and frames usually do not convey full meaning until the com- 1
plete stream of information is received; and just as words must be properly placed in sentences
and paragraphs, packets and frames must be received in the proper order to be understood.
Sometimes the terms packet and frame are used as if they have the same
meaning. However, a packet operates at a higher level of communication
than a frame. A packet’s higher level of communication enables it to con-
tain routing information so that it can be forwarded from one network to
another.
Windows Server 2016 and its clients primarily use the Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is actually a suite of protocols and utilities that support com-
munication across LANs and the Internet. A local area network (LAN) is a network of comput-
ers in relatively close proximity, such as on the same floor or in the same building. TCP/IP has
become the worldwide protocol of choice. One reason for this is that TCP/IP is the protocol
used for Internet communication. As companies continue to utilize the Internet as an essential
component of their businesses, it makes sense to use TCP/IP as the internal protocol, rather than
dedicating additional network resources to use another one. TCP/IP is also popular because it
is designed as an open standard, that is, no one owns TCP/IP. It can also be used to connect
computers running almost any operating system. In addition, many people around the world are
working on improving the standards on which TCP/IP is based.
Transmission Control Protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) portion of TCP/IP provides for reliable end-to-end
delivery of data by controlling data flow. Computers or network stations agree upon a “window”
for data transmission that includes the number of bytes to be sent. The transmission window is
constantly adjusted to account for existing network traffic. TCP/IP monitors for requests to start
a communications session, establishes sessions with other TCP stations, handles transmitting
and receiving data, and closes transmission sessions when they are finished. TCP is also consid-
ered a connection-oriented communication because it ensures that packets are delivered, that
they are delivered in the right sequence, and that their contents are accurate.
Some applications use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) with IP

instead of using TCP. These are typically applications in which the reliabil-
ity of the communication is not a major concern, such as for information
used to boot diskless workstations over a network. UDP is a connection-
less communication because it does not provide checking to make sure
that a connection is reliable and that data is sent accurately. The advan-
tage of UDP is that it is formatted as a smaller frame with less header
information than TCP and so can be processed faster through network
communications.
Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) portion of the TCP/IP protocol provides network addressing to ensure
data packets quickly reach the correct destination. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) and Inter-
net Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) are the two versions of IP in use. In this section, you learn about
IPv4; IPv6 is described in the section Internet Protocol Version 6.
IPv4 is used by default on most networks because it has been in existence for years and is
well understood. It uses a system of addressing that consists of four numbers separated by a
period, such as 129.77.15.182. IP also provides for routing data over different networks, so
that data sent from one network only goes to the appropriate destination network instead of to
all networks that are linked together. Routing is accomplished through a device called a router
(or a network device with router capabilities), which connects networks, is able to read IP
addresses (see the next section), and can route or forward packets of data to designated net-
works, as shown in Figure 1-12. IP also handles fragmenting packets because the packet sizes
might vary from one network to another. IP is a connectionless communication because it relies
on TCP to provide connection-oriented communications.
The combined TCP/IP protocol is particularly well suited for medium-sized and large net-
works, but it becomes important on any enterprise network or on a local area network that con-
nects to a wide area network.
IP Addressing The IP address format is called the dotted decimal notation. It is 32 bits long
and contains four fields of decimal values representing eight-bit binary octets. An IP address in
binary octet format looks like this: 11000110.00110011.01100100.00000000, which converts
to 198.51.100.0 in decimal format. Part of the address is the network identifier (NET_ID), and
another part is the host identifier (HOST_ID), depending on the size of the LAN, how the LAN
is divided into smaller networks, and if the packet is unicast or multicast. A unicast is a transmis-
sion in which one packet is sent from a server to each client that requests a file or application,
such as a video presentation. Thus, if five clients request the video presentation, the server sends
five packets per each transmission to the five clients. In the same example, a multicast means
that the server is able to treat all five clients as a group and send one packet per transmission
that reaches all five clients (see Figure 1-13). Multicasts can be used to significantly reduce net-
work traffic when transmitting multimedia applications. A third type of communication is called
a broadcast, which sends a communication to all points on a specific network (routers are often
configured so that they do not forward broadcasts to other networks).
In a unicast on a typical medium-sized LAN, the first two octets are normally the network
ID and the last two are the host ID. In a multicast transmission on the same network, the four
Ethernet Ethernet
Transmitted Packet
packet forwarded
to the right
TCP/IP-based network by
intranet server Router the router
Ethernet Ethernet
Packet
reaches the
designated
workstation Ethernet
Figure 1-12 A router forwarding packets to a designated network

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conviction, painted a new and another Jacob. She was aware that the whole
world set sternly against him and, misreading the attempted murder,
suspected that, perhaps, even Adam Winter might not have forgiven him.
Surely it must have been some fiery word from Adam that prompted
Samuel to his attempt. Yet there she hesitated and, on second thoughts,
remembered Adam better. Doubtless he had pardoned long ago; but mad
Samuel none the less echoed the people, and she knew, from what her father
had told her, that the country side was more interested in Jacob's disaster
than regretful of it. Their sole regret went out for the brother and the aunt of
the man responsible.
Now, despondent and bewildered, Margery found some comfort in

talking openly to her brother and his wife.
She took tea with them on a Sunday and was unguarded and indifferent
as to what they might say, or think, of her opinion. They perceived the
change in her and set it down to Jacob's situation; but though that had
largely served to stimulate Margery and offer a point for argument with her
parents, it did not account for the radical and growing operations of her
soul. The inevitable had happened, and with all its sorrows and trials, she
yet wanted back her life as it was, sanctified to her by custom. She yearned
for the home that she had made and her spirit could rise to no other. She
was changed, weakened a little mentally, as well as much physically, by her
experiences, more frightened of life and less desirous to face it. Now she
longed only for quiet—to be secluded and hidden away, forgotten and left
alone. She did not dread solitude, silence, peace any more. She desired
them before all things and wearied inexpressibly of the noise of the street,
the bustle of business and the din of activity round about her. Among the
many facts learned with increasing certainty, was the assurance that she
would soon sicken and die, cooped here under the eyes of her parents—an
object of pity for her father, of triumph for Judith.
These convictions she voiced to Jane, and whimsically lamented that

situation which all just persons supposed she was most thankful to have
escaped for ever.
"Time blots out the bad and leaves the good still to remind you," she
said. "You may not believe it, but it is so. I always remember the happy
things and slip the unhappy. It's not only things that happen, but people that
made them happen. Get far enough away from people, and you find the
parts in them you hate grow dimmer and the parts you like grow brighter.
That's why the natural feeling is to speak kindly of the dead. We generally
feel kindly to them. At least I do."
"It's true," declared Jane. "When anybody's dead, part of 'em always
rises up again on people's tongues, and we don't speak well of them who are
dead only because they are dead and can't defend themselves, but because
time, as you say, Margery, keeps the good and lets the bad go. I can say it to
you and Jeremy, though I wouldn't to anybody else. Take your own mother.
I always feel ever so much kinder to her when I escape from hearing her, or
seeing her for a week or so."
"You oughtn't to say that, Jane," declared her husband. "It's a very
doubtful speech."
"Not it," she answered. "No use pretending. You don't see your mother
like the rest of the world, because she don't see you like the rest of the
world. And Margery's right. If she don't know, who should?"
"Ask yourself, Jane. You're married and have got plenty of sense to see
things. Suppose Jeremy and you was parted for some great, terrible deed
done by him: a bee in Jeremy's bonnet, for which he was sorry enough. And
suppose, with time, you hadn't only forgiven him, as a Christian, but really
and truly, as a wife and a woman. And suppose everything—everything that
had made your life, and that you'd made of your life, was taken away, and
you were left stranded. What would it be to you?"
"Hell," said Jane frankly. "There's no other word for it."
"And what would you do, Jeremy, if that had happened to you?"
continued his sister. "Would you feel that, for her soul's sake, Jane must
never come back to you?"
"I'm glad to say no such thing could happen to me, and it's idle worrying
to think what you'd do if a thing happened that can't happen," answered the
man. "And now you're here, it will be good for you to get away from your
own vexations for a bit and lend a hand with mine. And first I may tell you
that I've seen your husband that was."
"Seen him? Oh, Jeremy!"
"Keep it dark. I didn't seek him. He cornered me and would talk. Don't
think I yielded about it. Not at all. I was firm as a rock with him, because,
of course, mother's dead right in that matter; but there it is. Jacob Bullstone
was very wishful indeed to get into touch with you, and seemed to think he
had a right. But I hit out from the shoulder fearlessly, and he heard my
honest opinion of him and so on. However, I'm a man of the world
notwithstanding, and nobody knows how difficult the world is better than I
do. So up to a certain point and, well within my conscience, I may do as I'm
done by in the matter."
Margery regarded him with parted lips.
"He wants to see me?"
"I was the last to have speech with him before he was smashed, and
there's no doubt he had a near squeak of his life. I remember Amelia Winter
telling me years ago, when I was a huckster, that in the case of Samuel
Winter, as a young child, it was a great question whether he'd turn out
amazingly clever, or weak in his head. Unfortunately he proved one of the
Lord's own, and now, since this business, Adam feels it a difficult question
whether Sammy didn't ought to be put away. Why I tell you this is because
I'm coming to the point, and that is our mother's fine rule of life that nothing
happens by chance."
"Go on," said Margery.
"Well, granted nothing happens by chance, then we've got the

satisfaction of knowing we are doing Heaven's will from morning till night.
Therefore, if you help me in a vital matter and I help you in a vital matter,
we're both doing Heaven's will; and whatever came of it, mother would be
the first to confess it was so."
"Lord, Jeremy!" cried Jane. "D'you mean to say——"

"I mustn't come into it," explained Jeremy. "I don't say I'll lift a hand;
but I do say that, if it was established that Jane and I go to the post-office
when the old people retire, I should feel a great deal clearer in my mind and
kinder to the world at large. It is high time I had a bit of light on that
subject, and I'm a good deal puzzled the light hasn't shone. I've been hoping
a long time to hear we was to go in, and so I feel that you might find good
and useful work ready to your hand in that matter, Margery. And—and one
good turn deserves another. That's well within a clear conscience."
"A 'good' turn—yes," declared Jane doubtfully.
"It would be a good turn if I decide to help Margery, because we must

all do as the Lord intends, and therefore it couldn't be a bad one," explained
the casuist. "In a word, if Margery impressed upon mother that the right and
proper thing was to trust the business and the post-office to us, that might
determine the point. As a matter of fact I'm uneasy. Father's been into
Plymouth more than once of late and, of course, they're looking ahead.
They always do."
"They are," answered Margery, "and I'll tell you something. Mother
wants you and Jane to take over the business—under father. And father,
seeing you've never stuck to nothing in your life, feels very doubtful if
you're the man. They differ."
"Just as I thought," murmured Jeremy, "and some people might be

vexed with their fathers; but that's only to waste time. So there it is. You're
all powerful with father—eh, Margery?—and surely to God you know Jane
and me well enough to know mother is right."
Margery perceived the nature of the bargain. She believed with Jeremy
that their father was to be won. Indeed he sometimes came near yielding to
Judith's steadfast conviction. She might very possibly settle the point in her
brother's favour; but what could he do for her? Nothing with her parents.
The problems that had looked vague and, indeed, had never been
considered in her mind before, now rose and began to take a definite shape,
Until now nothing but a dim, undefined desire for something that must not
be—for something her parents held unthinkable—had stolen through her
mind and settled over it, like a sad fog. She had accepted the situation and
supposed that the craving for some return to vanished conditions was at best
weakness, at worst evil. Yet now she had moved beyond that point to an
acute nostalgia. Jacob's tribulation was augmented by the startling news that
he desired to see her. She found comfort in Jeremy's sophistries, but knew,
even while he uttered them in his mother's words, that they echoed anything
but his mother's spirit. Jeremy was a humbug, as charming people are so apt
to be; but the fact still remained: nothing happened but what Providence
planned.
She began to think of details and they made her giddy. To move from
secret wishes to open words was enough for one day. She had never dared
to be so explicit, and her confession in the ear of sympathetic Jane
comforted her. But her constitutional timidity, developed much of late, now
drew her in.
What could Jeremy do? Deeds were not in Jeremy's line. Time must
pass. Jacob must get well again—then, perhaps—she would see how she
felt then. He might change his mind. Possibly he only wanted to mention
some trifle. Margery doubted whether her present emotions were healthy or
dangerous; then she fell back on her brother's affairs.
"You've given me something to think about; and I will think of it," she
said.
"And Jeremy shall think of what you've told us," promised Jane, "for I'll
remind him to do so."
"The thing is the greatest good to the greatest number," declared Jeremy.
"That's always been my rule and always will be. And clearly the greatest
good to me and my wife and children lies at the post-office. Others see it
beside us. As for your greatest good, Margery—that's a very difficult
question."
"I know it. I hope I haven't said too much; but you'll forgive me if I
have. I feel—I feel, somehow, that I ought to see my husband, if he still
wishes it."
"You would," answered Jane, "and so would any nice woman feel the
same."
"That's the point," argued Jeremy. "You may be right, or you may be
wrong. But the general opinion is that you show what a fine creature you
are by keeping away from him. Why don't you put it to mother?"
"Put it to a man," advised Jane. "Ax parson. It's a free country and
though we're all Chosen Fews, that don't prevent parson from being a very
sensible chap. Or, if you don't like the thought of him, try somebody else."
But Margery gave no promise. She went home vaguely heartened and
determined at least to work for Jeremy. She felt, indeed, that what he
desired would be sure to happen presently without any word from her; still
to work for him was good. She had nobody to work for now.
Next morning she went to chapel with Mrs. Huxam and, finding herself
brave afterwards, actually followed Jeremy's suggestion and gave Judith a
shock of unexpected pain.
"Mother," she said. "I've got great thoughts and you should hear them.
We can't think anything we're not meant to think, and now my thoughts
have taken a turn. You know how it was with me. After our trouble I didn't
want to live; I'd have been glad to shut my eyes and sleep and never wake
up. Then I got better and braver. And then I grew to miss the life of my
home terribly, because, whatever the cause, to be wrenched out of the little
holding of your days must hurt. And so I got worse again—body and mind.
And now I've looked on and asked myself about it."
"Better you looked still farther on and put away all that joins you to the
past. That I've told you more than once, Margery."
"You have; but I can't do it. You can't forget your whole married life and
your motherhood and the father of your children. If you do, there's nothing
left for a woman. And I've come to see this very clearly. I'm Jacob's wife."
"No longer in the Lord's sight."

"Let me speak. I'm Jacob's wife; and what I'm sure now is that Jacob is
a very different man from what he was. God Almighty has changed Jacob,
and the poison that did these dreadful things is poured out, and he's left, like
the man from whom the devil was drawn by Jesus Christ. Mother, when
first I even thought about Red House, I felt shame and dursn't tell you, for I
feared the longing to see it again came from the devil. Now I don't feel
shame, and I know the longing don't come from the devil. There's duty to be
done there yet."
"Thank God you've told me this," answered Judith, "for we've got to do
some fierce fighting, I fear. Not the devil? Why, I see his claws, Margery!
"'Tis his last and deadliest stroke, to make his temptation look like duty
and come before you clothed like an angel of light. An old trick that's
snapped many a soul. Never, never do you hide your thoughts from me,
Margery, after this."
"But wait. Suppose, by forgiving in act as well as heart, I went back

presently. Then I might save Jacob himself."
"Oh, the cunning of the Enemy—the craft—the sleepless cleverness!

No, you can't save Jacob Bullstone; but you can lose yourself. There's
always the chance of losing yourself while breath is in your body, and
Lucifer knows it, and he'll often win at the last gasp on a man's deathbed.
He's proud, remember, and his pride leads him to try the difficult things.
Can't you see? How is it so few can see the net he weaves, while the lotion
of the Gospel's at everybody's hand to wash their eyes clear if they would?
He's vain as a peacock and likes to do the difficult things and catch the
souls in sight of Heaven's gates. I know; I read him; not many women have
conned over his ways like I have. And now he's saying 'Jacob Bullstone is
mine—a gift from his youth up—and there's no cleverness in keeping your
own; but the woman he's cast down is not mine.' And your soul would be
worth the winning. And what's cleverer than to make you think you can
save your doomed husband's soul when, to try, would be to lose your own?
You'd best to pray on your knees about this and call loudly on your Saviour.
I'm a lot put about to hear of such dreadful thoughts. They've crept in
through the chinks in the armour of salvation, Margery, and you must look
to it this instant moment."
"There's a human side, mother. The man has been called to face death.
He lies there in hospital and——"
"And where did he fling you to lie? Where was hospital for the ills you
have suffered and the death you have died? There is a human side, and to
return good for evil is our duty; but there's a higher duty than that. Don't
argue. I know all about the human side; but humanity was never yet called
upon to risk its immortality and hope of salvation. I'll hear no more
touching this at all, Margery. I'm suffering for you a good bit. I've failed to
make the truth clear seemingly."
"No, no, you haven't failed. I know how you view it."
"Set your trust where only trust can be set," said Mrs. Huxam, "and trust
your God, like a little child, to show you, in His good time, how your future
life's got to go. And first He wills for you to get up your health of mind and
body. Your mind before everything. Your body's nought; but your mind's
sick—far, far sicker than I thought—and we must see to it. There's fighting
to be done and we'll fight. I thought all that was over; but the devil smells a
sick soul, like a cat smells fish, and I might have known there was danger
lurking."
They returned home, to find that somebody had called upon Margery's
mother. Old William Marydrew awaited them in his Sunday black.
Margery he welcomed kindly, though she responded in doubt; but Mrs.

Huxam, who knew the ancient man for her son-in-law's friend, showed
open suspicion and seemed little inclined to grant the speech he begged.
"I've no quarrel with you," she said, "and I very well remember your
godly daughter, for Mercy Marydrew had the light; but——"
"The better the day the better the deed," ventured Billy. "Don't stand
against me till you've heard me. I don't come from Mr. Bullstone. I'm here
on my own—for a friendly tell—and I hope you'll respect my age and give
ear to what I'd like to say."
Mr. Huxam, who had been talking to William until his wife's return,
supported the proposition.
"Hear him, Judy," he said. "Nobody's ever heard nothing from William
that he shouldn't hear, but on the contrary, much that was well worth
hearing. Wisdom like his, when it's mellow and not turned sour, as wisdom
will with some old folk, be all to the good. We'll go into the kitchen and see
after dinner and leave you to it."
He departed with Margery, and Mrs. Huxam took off her black thread
gloves and blew her nose.
"Speak then," she said, "and take the easy-chair. I'm not one to deny
respect and attention to any religious-minded man; but I warn you that there
are some things don't admit of dragging up. You understand."
William plunged at once into the great matter of his visit.
"Single-handed I come," he said, "and I wish I was cleverer and better

skilled to bend speech to my purpose; but you must allow for that. In a
word, there's a general feeling in a good few minds that Jacob Bullstone is
indecent and blameworthy to want his wife to go back to him; while,
against that, in a good few other, well-meaning minds—women as well as
men—there's a feeling it might be a very decent thing to happen, and
wouldn't hasten the end of the world anyway. And I, for one, incline to
think the same."
"The end of the world's not our business," said Judith, "but the souls of
ourselves and our children and grand-children are our business. You strike
in on ground where I've just been treading, and I'm very sorry to hear you
can say what you have said. Whether it's indecent and blameworthy for
Jacob Bullstone to want his wife don't matter at all. What those doomed to
eternal death want, or don't want, is nought. But we've got to think of the
living, and we've got to save the souls that are still open to be saved."
"Certainly; and who, under God, has the right to damn woman, or child,
or man, or mouse, my dear? I saw Bullstone in hospital yesterday, and
seeing and hearing him, it came over me like a flame of fire to have a word
with you, because well I know you are the turning point—the angel of life,
or death I might say—to these two. Everything depends upon you
seemingly—or so he reckons. You hold their future lives in your hand.
That's a lot to say, but not too much. And I should much like to hear your
point of view on this high subject. Bullstone, I must tell you, have suffered
a very great deal, and his eyes are opened to his lunatic act. He was just as
mad every bit as Sammy Winter, who set the bull on him to mangle him.
Just as mad, my dear; but with a far worse sort of madness; and yet a
madness that can be cured, which Sammy's can't in this world. And afore
the God we both obey, I tell you that Jacob is cured. His sufferings have
been all you could wish, and his broken thigh, and so on, was nothing in
comparison. He's gone through tortures that make his broken bones no
worse than a cut finger; and I want you to understand that he's long ways
different from what he was, Mrs. Huxam, and an object for good Christian
forgiveness all round. And now you tell me what you think about it?"
Judith looked, almost with pity, at the ancient prattler. It seemed to her
that such people as Mr. Marydrew could hardly have more souls to save, or
lose, than a bird on a bough. They were apparently innocent and went
through the world, like unconscious creatures, doing neither harm nor good.
But Billy suddenly appeared in harmful guise. It was as though an amiable,
domestic animal had showed its teeth, threatened attack and became a
danger.
"You're touching subjects a thought too deep for your intellects, Mr.
Marydrew, if you'll excuse me for saying so," she began.
"Don't say that. I venture to think——"
"You think, but I know. I know that no man or woman can interfere
between Jacob Bullstone and his Maker, or undo what's done. For once
even the doubtful sense of the world at large sees it. A child could see it.
My daughter has come to the gate of salvation by a bitter road, like many
do. She's faced great sufferings and escaped awful perils; but she's through
the gate; it's fast home behind her, and she ain't going to open it again to her
death—be sure of that. He dares to want to see her, and you say he's
changed. But, after you've done some things, it's too late to change. He's
lost. Why? Because, like a lot of this generation, he's listened to false
teachers and thought the Powers of Evil were growing weak. To hear some
people, you'd think the devil was no more than a scarecrow set up to
frighten the world into the paths of goodness."
"True," admitted Billy. "It was so with me. Looking back I can plainly
see, as a lad, the fear of Old Nick had a lot more to do with my keeping
straight than love of God. God was above my highest imaginings. I only
knew He was wishful to get me into Heaven some day, if I gave Him half a
chance. But the devil seemed much nearer and much more of a live person.
Somehow you find that bad folk always are nearer and more alive than
good ones—don't you?"
"Because we all know bad people and have every chance to see them
misbehaving," said Mrs. Huxam, "but good people are rare, and always will
be."
"I wouldn't say that. I'm so hopeful that I rather share the growing
opinion against hell. I believe the next generation will knock the bottom out
of hell, my dear, because they'll find something better. There's a lot of
things far better than in my youth, and new love be better than ancient fear.
Grant that and you can't say Jacob's down and out. He's a very penitent
man, and he's turned to God most steadfast of late, and it would be a great
triumph for the mercy of God, his Maker, if he came through, and a great
sign of the Almighty's power in human hearts."
She regarded Billy with mild interest, but hardly concealed her
contempt.
"And you in sight of your grave and your judgment, and so wrong in
opinions," she said. "'A sign?' Yes. This generation seeks after a sign no
doubt; and that's an impious thing to do at any time. And I dare say the day
is not very far off when it will get the sign it deserves. D'you know what
you're doing, you perilous old man? You're trying to hold back the mills of
God—you, that know so little of the truth, that you can say the bottom's
going to be knocked out of hell! I didn't ought to listen, I reckon, for from
your own mouth you've told me you are with the fallen ones, and I never
thought the father of Mercy Marydrew had missed salvation. But 'tis a very
true thing that most of us are judged out of our mouths. No devil! Poor
soul! Poor, lost soul! But, such is the will of God, that I see clearer and
clearer how only them that have escaped Satan know him for what he is.
The world lies in his keeping, and the people don't know no more what has
caught them than the fish in a net. But I know. I see his ways and his awful
art. I see him as he is—black—black—and you can smell the smeech of
him when some people are talking. And not the swearers and lewd ones
only, but many, as think, like you, they are doing God's work. That's the last
and awfulest trick of him, William Marydrew—to make his work look like
God's."
Billy was amused and distracted from the object of his visit.
"My!" he said. "Blessed if I thought there was anybody in Brent knew

such a lot about Old Nick as you do, Mrs. Huxam. A proper witch doctor
you be! But even the saved make mistakes. 'Tis on the cards you may be
wrong, and I hope you are. You'm terrible high-minded, but them that want
to be high-minded must be single-minded, and the clever ones often come
to grief. You know a lot too much about the Black Man, and I'd like to hear
who told you. But be that as it may, there's a very fine thing called mercy—
come now."
"There is," said Mrs. Huxam, "or the bolt would fall a lot oftener than it
does. Mercy belongs to God, else heaven would be empty when the Trump
sounds; but there's also such a thing as justice, and justice is man's business.
He can leave mercy where it belongs and not dare to think of such a thing
when a sinner falls. For that's to know better than Him that made the sinner.
Justice is what we understand, because our Maker willed that we should.
Our first parents had their taste of justice, and justice is within our reach. To
talk of showing mercy to the wicked as you do, is to say a vain thing and
range yourself against justice. Only through justice can come hope for any
of us, William Marydrew. Our business is to do justly and not pander with
evil, or try to touch the thing with merciful hands."
"And that's what life have taught you," murmured Billy. "And you
thrive and keep pretty well on it. I've always heard you was a wonder, my
dear, but how wonderful I never did guess. Now tell me, is Adam Winter,
who be of the Chosen Few, in the right to forgive the man that did him so
much harm, or in the wrong?"
They talked for an hour, then, weary and conscious that Mrs. Huxam
was not made of material familiar to him, William rose and went his way.
"No offence given where none is taken, I hope. I'm sorry you can't see it
might be a vitty thing for husband and wife to come together in fulness of
time; because if you can't see it, it won't happen perhaps. But turn over the
thought, like the good woman you are, and if the Lord should say that
mercy ain't beyond human power, after all—well, listen."
"You needn't tell me to listen, Mr. Marydrew. I'm sorry for your
blindness and I'm sorry for your deafness, but I see clear and I hear clear
still."
"Good day then. No doubt it takes all sorts to make a world."
"Yes," answered she, "but only one sort to make a heaven."
He laughed genially.
"Then I hope they won't knock the bottom out of hell, after all, else
where should us of the common staple go? Must spend eternity
somewhere."
"Scratch a sinner and the devil always peeps out," thought Mrs. Huxam
as William departed.
CHAPTER VII
AT JACOB'S BEDSIDE
A week later William visited Jacob in hospital. He was nearing

recovery, but now knew that he might be lame for the rest of his life. The
sufferer felt indifferent; but he cherished minor grievances and grumbled to
his friend.
"Only Auna ever comes to see me. Would you believe that? Not once
has John Henry visited me, and only once, Avis—and her marriage, that I've
agreed to, and the farm that I've given her and all!" he said.
"Young lovers be selfish toads," explained William; "think nothing of it.

I believe Avis will prove a better daughter after marriage than before. She's
the sort will get sweeter with ripeness. For John Henry there's no excuse. I'll
talk to him some day and open his eyes. But the great truth is that their
amazing grandmother be more to your children than their own parents. A
mystery, Jacob; but the ways of blood are always a mystery. The dead will
come to live in their havage[1] and pass on the good and bad qualities alike.
'Tis a pity Providence don't look to it that only the good be handed down;
because then the breed of men and women would be a lot better by now
than they are; but all qualities are part and parcel, and even goodness often
takes narrowness and coldness of heart along with it."
[1] Havage—offspring.
"Margery's heart was never cold."
"But her mother's—her mother's, Jacob! I may tell you now that I
carried out a little plot in that quarter and went to see Mrs. Huxam on a
Sabbath. I had in my mind that at my great age and with my well-known
good character, I might influence her; because in a few other directions I've
talked round high-minded people and showed 'em that, as things are, nought
could be hopefuller than for you and your wife to come together again."
"You meant well as you always do, Billy."
"An Old Testament fashion of woman is your mother-in-law. The faith

that would move mountains. It's a good thing that she hasn't got much
power, for she'd use it in a very uncomfortable fashion if she had. A great,
mournful wonder in the land. She's like a sloe-bush, Jacob: the older she
grows, the sharper her thorns and the poorer her fruit. I came away with my
tail between my legs, I assure you. I was dust in the wind afore her."
"She'll never change."
"Never. Wild horses wouldn't make her change. Hell comforts her, same
as heaven comforts us, and there's no fear the fires would go out if she had
the stoking."
"The littleness of her—the littleness of her!" cried Jacob. "Can't she see
that all this talk is nothing to tortured flesh and blood? Her power lies in the
weakness and ignorance of other people. Hear this, William: my wife would
see me and listen to me, if her mother allowed it. And when I know that—to
Auna she whispered it—in a weak moment—still Auna heard—and when I
know that, what's hell or heaven to me? They must be nothing, anyway, to a
man who has done what I've done—to a man who has brought such sorrow
on the earth as I have. What is eternity to one who's wasted all his time?
The things I might have done—the happiness I might have given—the good
I might have wrought! Instead, I break the heart of the best, truest woman
ever a man had for wife. What can alter that? Can eternity alter it? Can
heaven make it better, or hell make it worse? Nothing can change it but
what happens here—here—before it's too late. And Judith Huxam is going
to confound all—just that one, old woman, poisoned by religion, as much as
I was poisoned by jealousy."
"A very great thought, Jacob," admitted Mr. Marydrew. "We be in the
hand of principalities and powers, and mystery hides our way, look where
we will. But we must trust. Everything is on the move, and the Lord can
touch the hardest heart."
"Hearts are nothing, William. The head governs the world, and great,
blind forces govern the head. Blind forces, driving on, driving over us, like
the wheel over the mole by night; and despite our wits and our power of
planning and looking ahead and counting the cost, we can't withstand them.
They run over us all."
"We can't withstand 'em; but the God who made 'em can," answered
William. "Be patient still and trust the turn of the lane. You be paying the
wages of your sin, Jacob; you be paying 'em very steady and regular; and I
hope that a time will come when you'll be held to have paid in full. We
never know how much, or how little our Maker calls us to pay for our
mistakes. You may have very near rubbed off the score by God's mercy; for
He's well known for a very generous creditor and never axes any man to
pay beyond his powers."
He chattered on and, from time to time, patted Jacob's big hand, that lay
on the counterpane of his bed.
The sick man thanked him presently and then there came Peter, to see
his father on business. He asked after Jacob's health and expressed
satisfaction to know that he was making progress. Having received
necessary instructions, he went his way and William praised him.
"There's more humanity in Peter than there is in my eldest," admitted

Peter's father.
He grew calmer before Billy left him and promised to keep his soul in
patience.
"First thing you've got to do is to get well and up on your legs again
against the wedding," urged William.
"I hope much from it," answered Jacob. "I'm planning to beg Barlow
Huxam to see me on the subject. That's reasonable—eh?"
"Very reasonable indeed. He's one with a good deal of sense to him. In
fact the man as have lived all his life with your mother-in-law must have
qualities out of the common," declared William. "But he haven't
neighboured with that amazing character all these years for nothing. How
much of his soul he calls his own, you may know better than me. 'Tis a case
of Aaron's rod swallowing the lesser, and he won't gainsay Mrs. Huxam in
anything, I'm afraid."
When he was gone, one thought of a comforting character remained
with the sick man. He had been much daunted with the tremendous moral
significance of the opinion of the world and its crushing censure. It had
weakened resolution and increased his self-condemnation. Now his friend
was able to assert that public emotion grew quieter against him; that even,
in some quarters, he had won an admission it might be reasonable for
husband and wife to come together again. This fact soothed Bullstone, for
like many, who do not court their fellow-creatures, he had been, none the
less, sensitive of their opinions and jealous of their approval. Herein,
therefore, appeared hope. He felt grateful to his old companion, who,
among so many words that to Jacob meant no comfort, was yet able to drop
this salutary consolation. He much desired to tell Auna, who had long been
the recipient of all his confidences and made older than her years by them.
CHAPTER VIII
JEREMY EVASIVE
After Margery knew her husband's desires, she was animated fitfully to
make an effort and return. But she lacked strength to do any such thing
single-handed. She had been losing vitality, yet so gradually, that none
about her appeared conscious of the fact. Even Auna saw her too often to
appreciate it. The girl came every week, but won no further opportunity to
see her mother alone. She opposed a sulky obstinacy to her grandmother
and Judith began to fear for her.
Then Margery saw her brother again and, with even less reticence than
on a former occasion, appealed to him. She had kept her original contract
and succeeded in winning her father. It was understood that Jeremy and
Jane would take over the post-office and the draper's shop, when the
Huxams went to their private house; and Jeremy, now accustomed to the
idea, argued that his sister had really not influenced the decision and that
she might not, therefore, fairly ask him to assist her present project. In fact
he much desired to be off the bargain, and but for Jane, would have evaded
it. She showed him, however, that this might not honourably be done and,
with very ill grace, Margery's brother listened to her purpose.
"I must go back when he does," explained Jacob's wife. "He's made a
good recovery, and can walk on crutches, and will soon be able to travel
with a stick. And the next thing will be the wedding, I suppose; and I ought
to be at my home for that. Because such a thing will break the ice and help
all round—at least so I feel and hope. I must go back, Jeremy. I'm called
stronger and stronger to it, and mother's awful ideas don't trouble me no
more. I've gone much farther than to forgive Jacob now. He's been very near
death and I ask myself what I'd have felt. But all that's my business. What I
beg from you, Jeremy, is just practical help—to meet me by night with your
trap, unbeknownst to any living thing but ourselves, and drive me back."
"I don't like it—I hate it," he answered. "It's not a religious action and
I'm very doubtful indeed if it's a wise one even from a worldly point of
view. The excitement will certainly be terrible bad for you, because you're
in no state at all to stand it."
"It may be kill or cure; but I'd far rather face it than go on like this—
seeing my bones come through my skin and my hair fail me. It'll soon be
now or never; but I do think, if I get back quietly and quickly, I'll build up
again and be some good to my family. I'm only sorry for mother."
Jeremy exploited the ethical objections.
"You see, Margery, it's quite as difficult for me as for you. As a matter
of fact you're putting a great charge on my conscience, because I've got to
go contrary to mother and behind her back—a thing I've never yet done—
and feeling as I do that she is right——"
"You've promised," interrupted Jane. "You promised to lend Margery a

hand if she helped you; and she did help you. And it's humbug to say you
never hid anything behind your mother's back, my dear man. What about it
when you married me?"
"I'm talking to Margery, not you," he replied, "and I was going to say
that somebody else might help her in the details much better than I could.
You see some think she's right, and such as them would do this with a much
better appetite than I shall. How if I was to drop a hint and get another man
to do it, Margery? It would be just the same to you and a good bit pleasanter
for me."
"There's nobody but you," she answered, "and it's properly unkind if
you're going back on your promise."
"He isn't," declared Jane with diplomacy. "He's a lot too fearless and a
lot too good a brother for that."
"I wouldn't say I promised; but of course if you feel I did——"

continued Jeremy. "However I've got rather a bright idea, and since you're
firm about this, and nobody will thank God better than your husband if you
do go back, then why not let him do it? That would be a natural seemly
arrangement since you both think alike. I'm perfectly willing to go to him
and tell him."
"No," said Margery. "That would upset everything I've planned. My

return must be a surprise for a thousand reasons. I want to go back as I
came out. In plain words, I've got to escape mother to go at all. Set like steel
as she is against any truck with Jacob, I have no choice but to deceive her.
I'm too weak to carry it off with a high hand, and she'd stop me if she
guessed I was thinking of it. Only I can't, of course, walk to Red House, and
so I must be drove; and you must drive me."
"If you're a man, you will, Jeremy," added Jane. "You promised."
"I bargain, then, that my part never comes out," said Jeremy, much
perturbed. "I consider this is something of a trap I'm in, and I don't think
much the better of you for it, Margery. And I believe you're courting a pack
of trouble, not to speak of Everlasting punishment if you go back to such a
man. But since you won't let me out, I'll do as you wish on the one
understanding, that my name's never whispered."
Neither Margery nor Jane, however, felt any sorrow for Jeremy.
"Thank you, then," said his sister. "It's only a question of waiting now
till my husband's well enough to go home. Then you can fix up a night, and
I'll husband my strength and come and meet you at Lydia Bridge, or
somewhere out of the way. We might do better to go round under Brent
Tor."
"We must leave the details for the present," said Jeremy, "and it will be
needful to wait till the nights are longer and darker."
Jane changed the subject.
"What about Avis and Bob?" she asked. "Jacob counts on their wedding
taking place from Red House—so Mr. Marydrew told me."
"It's going to be a difficult subject," answered Margery; "everything

must be difficult till we begin again; and mother won't do anything to make
it less difficult."
"Jacob naturally expects his daughter to be married from her home—

and why not?" asked Jane.
"Because it isn't her home," explained Jeremy. "You can't talk of Red
House being a home no longer, and mother's right there. Red House ceased
to be a home when Margery left it."
"But if I was back that would be altered," declared Margery. "It all
points to my going back. And mother will live to see it was right, if only for
our children's sakes."
Jeremy, however, would not allow this.
"Don't fox yourself to think so. Your children haven't any use for their
father and never will have. He's done for himself with them—all but Auna
—and when she's old enough to see the sense of it, no doubt she will."
"Jeremy's right," said Jane. "You mustn't think that, Margery. The boys
and Avis always did care a lot more for you than their father. They never hit
it, and you knew it, if Jacob did not."

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Hands-on Microsoft Windows Server

2016 - eBook PDF

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Overview of Windows Server 2016 Installation Methods 69

Containers in Active Directory 154

New to this Edition

Text and Graphic Conventions

Tips offer extra information on resources, how to attack problems, and

Notes present additional helpful material related to the subject being

The Caution icon identifies important information about potential

Each Hands-On Activity in this book is preceded by the Activity icon.

Software Windows Server 2016 Standard or Datacenter Edition

About the Author

Dave Braunschweig, MIS/M

Todd Koonts, MSIT, CCE

Dr. Zarreen Farooqi, Ph.D.

After reading this chapter and completing

Microsoft Windows Server systems are at the core of information access,

Windows Server 2016 Editions

Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition

Maximum capabilities are provided at this point to help you understand

Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition

Windows Server 2016 clustering enhancements include Cloud Witness,

Windows Server 2016

Desktop computer Laptop computer Desktop computer

Figure 1-1 Three servers acting as one in a cluster

Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition

Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server

Windows Storage Server 2016

Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016

Hardware Requirements for Windows Server 2016

Table 1-2 Minimum hardware requirements for Windows Server 2016

Figure 1-2 Starting a virtual machine in Hyper-V Manager

Activity 1-1: Determining the Windows Server 2016 Edition

Figure 1-3 Selecting Local Server in Server Manager

Using Windows Server 2016 with Client Systems

In terms of networking advancements, some of the advantages of using Windows Server

Windows Server 2016 Features

Clustering and Clustering Tools

Enhanced Web Services

Windows Server Core and Nano Server

Microsoft views Nano Server as a platform on which to run a (an):

Using scripts can save a computer user or administrator a lot of time

Figure 1-4 Using Windows PowerShell for a directory listing

Activity 1-2: Viewing Running Processes

Multitasking and Multithreading

Figure 1-5 Selecting Resource Monitor on the Tools menu

Figure 1-6 Viewing processes in Resource Monitor

Physical and Logical Processors

Windows server containers

Container Container Container Container Container

Operating system kernel

Application libraries Application libraries

User mode User mode