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Ebook Hazzards Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology PDF Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Hazzards Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology PDF Full Chapter PDF
Hazzard’s
Geriatric Medicine and
Gerontology
Editors
Jeffrey B. Halter, MD
Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine
Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Parkway Visiting Professor in Geriatrics
Department of Medicine
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
National University of Singapore
Joseph G. Ouslander, MD
Professor and Senior Associate Dean for Geriatric Programs
Chair, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences
Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine
Professor (Courtesy), Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
Stephanie Studenski, MD, MPH
Chief, Longitudinal Studies Section
Intramural Research Program
National Institute on Aging
Baltimore, Maryland
Kevin P. High, MD, MS
Executive Vice President, Health System Affairs
Wake Forest Baptist Health
Professor of Internal Medicine–Infectious Diseases
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Sanjay Asthana, MD, FACP
Associate Dean for Gerontology
Professor and Head, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology
Director, NIA/NIH Wisconsin Alzheimer Disease Research Center (ADRC)
Director, Madison VAMC Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC)
Duncan G. and Lottie H. Ballantine Endowed Chair in Geriatrics
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison, Wisconsin
Mark A. Supiano, MD
D. Keith Barnes, MD and Dottie Barnes Presidential Endowed Chair in Medicine
Professor and Chief, Division of Geriatrics
University of Utah School of Medicine
Director, VA Salt Lake City Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center
Executive Director, University of Utah Center on Aging
Salt Lake City, Utah
Christine Ritchie, MD, MSPH
Harris Fishbon Distinguished Professor of Medicine
University of California San Francisco
Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics
The Jewish Home of San Francisco
Center for Research on Aging
San Francisco, California
New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
Hazzard’s Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Seventh Edition
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Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Part I
Principles of Gerontology
1 Biology of Aging and Longevity
David B. Lombard, Richard A. Miller, Scott D. Pletcher
2 Genetics of Age-Dependent Human Disease
Lital Sharvit, Danielle Gutman, Huda Adwan, Rotem Vered, Gil Atzmon
3 Immunology of Aging
Albert C. Shaw, Thilinie Bandaranayake
4 Chronic Inflammation
Jeremy D. Walston
5 Demography and Epidemiology
Bonnielin Swenor, Jack M. Guralnik, Luigi Ferrucci
6 International Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
Leonard C. Gray, Graziano Onder, Maysa S. Cendoroglo, AB Dey, Ana Beatriz G. Di Tommaso, Brant E. Fries, Rowan H.
Harwood, Jean Claude Henrard, John Hirdes, Naoki Ikegami, Palmi V. Jonsson, Bruce Leff, John N. Morris, Xiaomei Pei,
Naganath Narasimhan Prem, Roberto Bernabei
7 Psychosocial Aspects of Aging
Steven M. Albert, Daphna Gans
8 Sex Differences in Health and Longevity
Steven N. Austad
Part II
Principles of Geriatrics
SECTION A: Assessment
9 Evaluation, Management, and Decision Making
Daniel D. Matlock, Carmen L. Lewis
10 Principles of Geriatric Assessment
David B. Reuben, Sonja Rosen, Heather B. Schickedanz
11 Mental Status and Neurologic Examination
James E. Galvin
12 Assessment of Decisional Capacity and Competencies
Margaret A. Drickamer
13 Prevention and Screening
Sei J. Lee, Louise C. Walter
SECTION E : Nutrition
34 Nutrition and Obesity
Dennis H. Sullivan, Larry E. Johnson
35 Malnutrition and Enteral/Parenteral Alimentation
Jeffrey I. Wallace
36 Disorders of Swallowing
Nicole Rogus-Pulia, Steven Barczi, JoAnne Robbins
37 Oral Health
Joseph M. Calabrese, Judith A. Jones
Part III
Geriatric Syndromes
45 Aging and Homeostatic Regulation
George A. Kuchel
46 Frailty
Luigi Ferrucci, Elisa Fabbri, Jeremy D. Walston
47 Delirium
Sharon K. Inouye, Matthew Growdon, Tamara Fong
48 Falls
Stephen R. Lord
49 Sleep Disorders
Armand Ryden, Cathy Alessi
50 Dizziness
Aman Nanda, Richard W. Besdine
51 Syncope
R. A. Kenny, Conal Cunningham
52 Pressure Ulcers
Barbara M. Bates-Jensen, Anabel Patlan
53 Incontinence
Camille P. Vaughan, Theodore M. Johnson, II
54 Elder Mistreatment
Mark S. Lachs, Tony Rosen
Part IV
Principles of Palliative Medicine and Ethics
55 Palliative Care and Special Management Issues
Paul Tatum, Shaida Talebreza, Jeanette S. Ross, Eric Widera
56 Pain Management
Bruce A. Ferrell
57 Common Nonpain Symptoms
Christine Ritchie, Alexander K. Smith, Christine Miaskowski
58 Effective Communication Strategies for Patients With Advanced Illness
Brook Calton, Wendy Anderson
59 Palliative Medicine Across the Continuum of Care Including Hospice
Nelia Jain, Alexander K. Smith
60 Spiritual Care
Najmeh Jafari, Katalin Roth, Christina Puchalski
61 Ethics
Elizabeth Vig, Christina Bell, Caroline Vitale
Part V
Organ Systems and Diseases
SECTION D: Nephrology
86 Aging of the Kidney
Jocelyn Wiggins, Sanjeevkumar R. Patel
87 Renal Disease
Markus Bitzer
88 End-Stage Renal Disease
Mark L. Unruh, Pooja Singh
89 Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Eleanor Lederer, Vibha Nayak
SECTION E : Gastroenterology
90 Aging of the Gastrointestinal System
Karen E. Hall
91 Hepatic Disease
Sean G. Kelly, Courtney Barancin, Michael R. Lucey
92 Biliary and Pancreatic Disease
Sean G. Kelly, Justin C. Rice, Mark Benson, Michael R. Lucey
93 Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders
Alberto Pilotto, Marilisa Franceschi
94 Common Large Intestinal Disorders
David A. Greenwald
95 Constipation
Andres Acosta, Eric G. Tangalos, Danielle Harari
SECTION F : Oncology
96 Oncology and Aging: General Principles
Arati V. Rao, Harvey Jay Cohen
97 Breast Disease
Rachel A. Freedman, Hyman B. Muss
98 Prostate Cancer
Mark C. Markowski, Kenneth J. Pienta
99 Lung Cancer
Carolyn Presley, Ronald Maggiore, Ajeet Gajra
100 Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Ryan Nipp, Nadine J. McCleary
101 Intracranial Neoplasms
Clayton L. Haldeman, Robert J. Dempsey
102 Skin Cancer
Kelly L. Harms, Amy Orsini, Timothy M. Johnson,Alison B. Durham
SECTION G : Hematology
103 Aging of the Hematopoietic System
William Tse, Maxwell M. Krem, Jino Park,Nathan A. Berger, Scot C. Remick
104 White Cell Disorders
Heidi D. Klepin, Bayard L. Powell
105 Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin Lymphomas
Paul A. Hamlin, Colette Owens
106 Coagulation Disorders
Stacy A. Johnson, Matthew T. Rondina
107 Plasma Cell Disorders
Tanya M. Wildes
Index
Contributors
CHAPTER AUTHORS
Numbers in brackets refer to the chapters written or cowritten by the contributor
Cathy Alessi, MD
Director, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC)
Chief, Division of Geriatrics; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
Professor, David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California [49]
Karen P. Alexander, MD
Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine
Duke University Medical Center
Duke Clinical Research Institute
Durham, North Carolina [77]
Neil B. Alexander, MD
Professor, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan
Director, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System GRECC
Ann Arbor, Michigan [114]
Danielle L. Anderson, MD
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry
Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois [72]
Jacqueline V. Aredo, BS
Clinical Research Assistant
Rehabilitation Medicine Department
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland [124]
Courtney Barancin, MD
Gastroenterologist
Minnesota Gastroenterology
St. Paul, Minnesota [91]
Steven R. Barczi, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology
Medical Director for Division; Director of Education for GRECC
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Wm. S. Middleton VA GRECC-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin [36]
Mark Benson, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin [92]
Nathan A. Berger, MD
Distinguished University Professor
Hanna-Payne Professor of Experimental Medicine
Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry, Oncology and Genetics
Director, Center for Science, Health and Society
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio [103]
Roberto Bernabei, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine
Director of the Department on Aging,
Neurosciences, Head and Neck, Orthopaedics
Policlinico A. Gemelli, Universita’ Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Rome, Italy [6]
Cheryl D. Bernstein, MD
Associate Professor
University of Pittsburgh
Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology
Division of Pain Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [124]
Richard W. Besdine, MD
Professor of Medicine
Director, Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine (Medicine)
Greer Professor of Geriatric Medicine
Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Professor of Health Services Policy and Practice
Director, Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research
Brown University School of Public Health
Providence, Rhode Island [50]
Ellen F. Binder, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science
Fellowship Program Director
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri [119]
Markus Bitzer, MD
Associate Professor of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology
Director, Geriatric Nephrology Clinic
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan [87]
Jacob B. Blumenthal, MD
Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine
Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
Associate Director (Acting) for Education and Evaluation/Baltimore GRECC
University of Maryland, Baltimore VAMC
Baltimore, Maryland [111]
Kenneth Brummel-Smith, MD
Charlotte Edwards Maguire Professor
Department of Geriatrics
Florida State University
College of Medicine
Tallahassee, Florida [22]
Chandler Caufield, BA
Research Technician
Dorothy P. & Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases Division of Pulmonary Medicine,
Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [83]
Jessica L. Colburn, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland [21]
A. B. Dey, MD
Professor and Head
Department of Geriatric Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi, India [6]
Margaret A. Drickamer, MD
Clinical Professor
Division of Geriatrics
University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Professor Emeritus
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut [12]
Catherine E. DuBeau, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Geriatric Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, Massachusetts [44]
Alison B. Durham, MD
Assistant Professor of Dermatology
Division of Cutaneous Surgery and Oncology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan [102]
Elisa Fabbri, MD
PhD Fellow and Resident in Geriatrics
University of Bologna
Bologna, Italy
Special Volunteer, National Institute on Aging (NIH)
Baltimore, Maryland [46]
Bruce A. Ferrell, MD
Professor of Clinical Medicine
Division of Geriatrics
David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California [56]
Joseph H. Flaherty, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine
Division of Geriatric Medicine
Associate Chair for Clinical Affairs
Saint Louis University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri [25]
Scott A. Flanders, MD
Professor of Medicine
Director, Hospital Medicine Program
Associate Chief, Division of General Medicine
Associate Chair, Quality and Innovation
Department of Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan [16]
Daniel E. Forman, MD
Professor of Medicine
Chair, Geriatric Cardiology Section, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (Divisions of Geriatrics and Cardiology)
Physician Scientist, Pittsburgh Geriatric, Research, Education, and Clinical Center
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [76]
Kaitlyn Fruin, BS
Research Specialist
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois [41]
Andrew P. Goldberg, MD
Professor Emeritus
Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland [111]
Paul J. Grant, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Director, Perioperative and Consultative Medicine
Division of General Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan Health System
Ann Arbor, Michigan [31]
David A. Greenwald, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Director of Clinical Gastroenterology and Endoscopy
Mount Sinai Hospital
New York, New York [94]
Ryan Greytak, MD
Board-Certified Geriatric Psychiatrist
Private Practice
San Diego, California [73]
David A. Gruenewald, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
University of Washington School of Medicine
VA Puget Sound Health Care System
Seattle, Washington [108]
Jerry H. Gurwitz, MD
The Dr. John Meyers Professor of Primary Care Medicine
Professor of Medicine, Family Medicine and Community Health, and Quantitative Health Sciences
Chief, Division of Geriatric Medicine
Executive Director, Meyers Primary Care Institute
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, Massachusetts [24]
Jeffrey B. Halter, MD
Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine
Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Parkway Visiting Professor in Geriatrics
Department of Medicine
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
National University of Singapore [110]
Paul A. Hamlin, MD
Associate Member, Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service
Division of Hematologic Oncology
Chief, Basking Ridge Medical Oncology Service
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,Associate Professor in Medicine
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York Presbyterian Hospital
Department of Medicine
New York, New York [105]
Danielle Harari, MD
Consultant Physician and Senior Lecturer
Kings College London
Department of Ageing and Health
Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
London, England [95]
Rowan H. Harwood, MD
Consultant Geriatrician and Professor of Geriatric Medicine
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
Queen’s Medical Centre
Nottingham, United Kingdom [6]
Jennifer L. Hayashi, MD
MedStar Total Elder Care
Baltimore, Maryland [21]
Jean-Claude Henrard MD
Emeritus Professor of Public Health Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines University
Versailles, France [6]
Kerry L. Hildreth, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Geriatric Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Aurora, Colorado [115]
Najmeh Jafari, MD
Post-Doctoral Scientist
The George Washington University’s Institute for Spirituality and Health (GWish)
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
George Washington University
Washington, DC [60]
Dilip V. Jeste, MD
Associate Dean for Healthy Aging and Senior Care
Estelle and Edgar Levi Chair in Aging
Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Neurosciences
Director, Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging
University of California, San Diego
San Diego, California [73]
Stacy A. Johnson, MD
Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine
Division of General Medicine
Medical Director, Thrombosis Service
George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah [106]
Timothy M. Johnson, MD
Professor of Dermatology
Division of Cutaneous Surgery and Oncology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan [102]
Seema Joshi, MD
CLC Medical Director
Department of Geriatrics and Extended Care
Dwight D. Eisenhower VAMC
Leavenworth, Kansas [25]
Jennifer A. Kaplan, MD
General Surgery Resident
Department of Surgery
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California [33]
Jennifer M. Kapo, MD
Associate Professor, Division of Geriatrics
Department of Medicine
Yale University School of Medicine
Chief, Palliative Care Program
Yale-New Haven Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut [84]
Alexandros N. Karavas, MD
Attending Surgeon
Albany Cardiothoracic Surgeons
St. Peter’s Health Partners
Albany, New York [78]
Sean G. Kelly, MD
Transplant Hepatology Fellow
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics
Madison, Wisconsin [91] [92]
Eitan Z. Kimchi, MD
Instructor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry
John Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland [74]
C. Kent Kwoh, MD
Professor of Medicine and Medical Imaging
The Charles A.L. and Suzanne M. Stephens Chair of Rheumatology
Chief, Division of Rheumatology
Director, University of Arizona Arthritis Center
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona [117]
Patty J. Lee, MD
Associate Professor of Internal Medicine
Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
Director of Research, PCCSM
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut [84]
Bruce Leff, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Department of Community and Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
Baltimore, Maryland [6] [21]
Michael R. Lucey, MD
Professor of Medicine
Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison, Wisconsin [91] [92]
Kenneth W. Lyles, MD
Professor of Medicine
Duke University and VA Medical Centers
Durham, North Carolina
Medical Director
The Carolinas Center for Medical Excellence
Cary, North Carolina [112]
Ronald J. Maggiore, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Hematology/Oncology
Department of Medicine
Oregon Health & Science University
Staff Medical Oncologist
VA Portland Health Care System
Portland, Oregon [99]
Michael Malone, MD
Medical Director, Aurora Senior Services and Aurora at Home
Geriatric Medicine Fellowship Director
Aurora Health Care
Clinical Adjunct Professor of Medicine
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Milwaukee, Wisconsin [14]
Alvin M. Matsumoto, MD
Professor, Department of Medicine
Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
University of Washington School of Medicine
Associate Director, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center
Director, Clinical Research Unit
VA Puget Sound Health Care System
Seattle, Washington [108]
Bruce L. Miller, MD
A.W. and Mary Margaret Clausen Distinguished Professor of Neurology
Director, Memory and Aging Center
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California [68]
Karen L. Miller, MD
Adjunct Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Adjunct Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine
University of Utah School of Medicine
Salt Lake City, Utah [42]
Hyman B. Muss, MD
Mary Jones Hudson Distinguished Professor of Geriatric Oncology
Professor of Medicine
Director of Geriatric Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina [97]
Aman Nanda, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Program Director
Geriatric Medicine Fellowship Program
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island [50]
Vibha Nayak, MD
Nephrology Training Program Director
Assistant Professor of Medicine
University of Louisville School of Medicine
Louisville, Kentucky [89]
Satyen S. Nichani, MD
Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine
Hospital Medicine Program
Division of General Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan [31]
Ryan D. Nipp, MD
Oncology Fellow
Massachusetts General Hospital
Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center
Boston, Massachusetts [100]
Kenneth S. O’Rourke, MD
Professor of Medicine
Section on Rheumatology and Immunology
Program Director, Rheumatology Fellowship Program
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, North Carolina [120]
Amy Orsini, MD
Cutaneous Surgery and Oncology
Department of Dermatology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan [102]
Eric S. Orwoll, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon [112]
Joseph G. Ouslander, MD
Professor and Senior Associate Dean for Geriatric Programs
Chair, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences
Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine
Professor (Courtesy), Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida [20] [23]
Colette N. Owens, MD
Hematology-Oncology Fellow
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, New York [105]
Robert M. Palmer, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine
Director, Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
Eastern Virginia Medical School
Norfolk, Virginia [14]
Sanjeevkumar R. Patel, MD
Associate Professor
Director Renal Stone Prevention Clinic
Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan [86]
Anabel Patlan, BS
Research Associate
School of Nursing
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California [52]
Kenneth J. Pienta, MD
Donald S. Coffey Professor of Urology
Professor of Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
Baltimore, Maryland [98]
Alberto Pilotto, MD
Director Department of Geriatric Care, Orthogeriatrics and Rehabilitation
Frailty Area
E.O. Galliera Hospital
National Relevance and High Specialization Hospital
Genoa, Italy [93]
Jennifer D. Possick, MD
Assistant Professor, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
Medical Director, Winchester Chest Clinic
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut [84]
Bayard L. Powell, MD
Professor and Vice Chair of Internal Medicine
Chief, Section on Hematology and Oncology
Associate Director for Clinical Research
Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center
Winston-Salem, North Carolina [104]
Naganath Narasimhan Prem, MD
Senior Resident
Department of Geriatric Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi, India [6]
Carolyn J. Presley, MD
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program
Medical Oncology and Geriatric Medicine
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut [99]
Arati V. Rao, MD
Medical Director-Clinical Research
Hematology Oncology
Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Foster City, California [96]
David B. Reuben, MD
Director, Multicampus Program in Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology
Chief, Division of Geriatrics
Archstone Professor of Medicine
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles, California [10]
Justin C. Rice, MD
Gastroenterology Partner
Department of Gastroenterology
The Iowa Clinic
Director of Endoscopy, Iowa Methodist Medical Center
Des Moines, Iowa [92]
Michael W. Rich, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
Washington University School of Medicine
Director, Cardiac Rapid Evaluation Unit
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri [79]
Carolyn L. Rochester, MD
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hänet makuulle. Itse hän istui vuoteen ääressä vielä pari tuntia.
Sairas nukkui sikeästi, liikahtamatta, hiljaa ja tasaisesti hengittäen.
Aljoša otti tyynyn ja kävi sohvalle makaamaan riisuutumatta. Ennen
nukkumistaan hän rukoili Mitjan ja Ivanin puolesta. Ivanin sairaus
kävi hänelle ymmärrettäväksi: »Ylpeän päätöksen tuskat, syvä
omatunto!» Jumala, johon hän ei uskonut, ja Hänen totuutensa olivat
valtaamassa sydämen, joka yhä vieläkään ei tahtonut alistua. »Niin»,
liikkui Aljošan mielessä hänen jo maatessaan pää tyynyllä, »niin, kun
kerran Smerdjakov on kuollut, niin Ivanin todistusta ei kukaan usko;
mutta hän menee ja todistaa!» Aljoša hymyili hiljaa: »Jumala
voittaa!» ajatteli hän. »Joko hän nousee ylös totuuden valossa, tai…
hän sortuu vihaan, kostaen itselleen ja kaikille siitä, että on palvellut
sitä, mihin ei usko», lisäsi Aljoša katkerasti ja rukoili taas Ivanin
puolesta.
Kahdestoista kirja
Tuomiovirhe
1.
Vaarallisia todistajia
— Saanko nyt tehdä teille kysymyksen, jollei teillä ole mitään sitä
vastaan, — kysyi Fetjukovitš yhtäkkiä ja aivan odottamatta, — mistä
aineista oli tehty se palsami eli niin sanoakseni se ryytiviina, jolla te
sinä iltana ennen maatamenoa, kuten tiedetään alustavasta
kuulustelusta, hieroitte kivistäviä lanteitanne toivoen siitä
parannusta?
— Oli pippuriakin.
— Ja niin edespäin. Ja kaikki tämä viinan seassa?
— Väkiviinassa.
— Join.
Grigori oli yhä vaiti. Yli salin kävi taas naurahdus. Puheenjohtaja
liikahti.
— Seisoin jaloillani.
— Se ei vielä todista, ettette nukkunut (taas kuului naurahduksia
salissa). Olisitteko esimerkiksi voinut vastata sillä hetkellä, jos joku
olisi kysynyt teiltä jotakin, — no, esimerkiksi sitä, mikä vuosi meillä
nyt on?
— Sitä en tiedä.
— Kaikki hänen puheensa ovat tosia, paitsi se, mitä hän sanoo
ovesta, — huudahti Mitja kovalla äänellä. — Siitä, että hän on
kammannut päästäni täit, minä kiitän, siitä, että hän on antanut
minulle anteeksi lyöntini, minä häntä kiitän; ukko on ollut rehellinen
koko elämänsä ajan ja niin uskollinen isälleni kuin seitsemänsataa
villakoiraa.