IDDRISU ABDUL-LATIF

ENG 9115 – ASSIGNMENT

latifmeijida@gmail.com
202190225
Question 1.

Given parameters:
Density of liquid (𝑝) = 981𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Viscosity (µ) = 1 × 10−3 kg/m.s
Height of liquid in tank = 12m
Liquid level in tank = 6m
Pressure above liquid (P1 = 1atm)
Pressure at fracture point (P2 = 1atm)
Diameter of pipe (100mm = 0.1m)
Pipe is attached at 0.5m from bottom of tank
Length of pipe = 30m
Pipe ruptures 25m from tank
Flow rate of liquid (Qm) = ?
Given Velocity (U = 1.5m/s)

Step 1
The Mechanical Balance Equation (MBE):
∆𝑃 ∆𝑢2 𝑔 𝑤
+ + ∆𝑍 + 𝐹 = − … … … . . (1)
𝜌 2 ∝ 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐 𝑤
From the data provided in the question, some variables of the MBE will go to zero:
No shaft work ∆𝑃 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 0
𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = 𝑢
Also;
∝= 1
Force of gravity 𝑔 = 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2
Gravitational constant 𝑔𝑐 = 1𝑘𝑔/𝑠 2 𝑁
𝑔 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2
∆𝑍 = 𝑘𝑔 × (0.5𝑚 − 6𝑚) = −53.96
𝑔𝑐 12 𝑠 𝑁

𝑢2
2 ×1

Simplifying eqn(1) above:

𝑢 = √2 × (53.96 − 𝐹)

Step 2
Solving for the Frictional Losses (F), we have losses in only the pipe length:
𝑢2
𝐹 = ∑ 𝑘𝑓
2𝑔𝑐
𝐿 25
𝑘𝑓 = 4𝑓 = 4× = 1000𝑓
𝑑 0.1
𝑢2
𝐹 = 1000𝑓 × = 500𝑓𝑢2
2
Step 3
Solving for the fanning friction factor (f)
𝜀
1 𝑑 5.0452𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴
= −4log ( − )
√𝑓 3.7065 𝑅𝑒

𝜖 0.046𝑚𝑚
= = 4.6 × 10−4
𝑑 100𝑚𝑚
𝜌 ×𝑢 ×𝑑 9.81 × 1.5 × 0.1
𝑅𝑒 = = = 147150
𝜇 1 × 10−3
(4.6 × 10−4 )1.1098 5.8506
𝐴= ( + = 2.04 × 10−4 )
2.8257 1471500.8981
1 4.6 × 10−4 5.0452𝑙𝑜𝑔2.04 × 10−4
= −4log ( − )
√𝑓 3.7065 147150

𝑓 = 3.56
𝑢 = √2 × (53.96 − 3.56)
𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎𝒎/𝒔
Question 2
Given parameters from the question:
Effective stack height (H) = 5Om
Concentration of 𝑆𝑂2 Downwind = 100m @ 4× 10−2 𝑚𝑔/𝑚3
Velocity = 3.6m/s
Other conditions given:
Sunny day and Rural
At 100m downwind, y = z = 0
𝑄𝑚 1 𝐻2
(a) 〈𝐶〉(𝑥, 0,0) = × exp [− 2 × (𝜎 2 )]
𝜋×𝜎𝑦×𝜎𝑧×𝑢 𝑍

Finding σ𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑧
From the stability conditions above:
1
𝜎𝑦 = 0.16𝑥(1 + 0.0001𝑥)−2
1
= 0.16(100) × (1 + 0.0001 × 100)−2
= 15.9m
𝜎𝑧 = 0.12𝑥
= 0.12(100)
= 12m
Finding the mass release rate of 𝑆𝑂2 from the in incinerator:

𝑄𝑚 1 502
4 × 10−2 = × exp [− 2 × (122 )]
3.14×15.9×12×3.6

4 × 10−2 = 7.88 × 10−8 × 𝑄𝑚

Qm = 507,614.2mg/s
Therefore mass release rate (Qm) of the incinerator is 507,614.2mg/s

(b) At location of 295m downwind: y= z = 0

𝑄𝑚 1 𝐻2
〈𝐶 〉(𝑥, 0,0) = × exp [− × ( 2 )]
𝜋×𝜎𝑦×𝜎𝑧×𝑢 2 𝜎 𝑍
1
𝜎𝑦 = 0.16(295) × (1 + 0.0001 × 295)−2
= 47.2m
𝜎𝑧 = 0.12(295)
= 35.4m
 507614.2 1 502
〈𝐶〉(𝑥, 0,0) = × exp [− × ( )]
3.14 × 15.9 × 12 × 3.6 2 35.42

〈𝑪〉(𝒙, 𝟎, 𝟎) = 𝟗. 𝟗𝒎𝒈/𝒎𝟑
Therefore, concentration of 𝑆𝑂2 at 295m downwind is 9.9mg/𝒎𝟑 which indicates maximum
concentration as 𝑆𝑂2 moves further downwind to 295m before dispersing away to a minimum
point of concentration.

(c) Given concentration of 𝑆𝑂2 at 100m downwind and 50m perpendicular to the direction
of wind; Z = 0.

2
𝑄𝑚 1 𝑦 1 𝐻 2
〈𝐶 〉(𝑥, 𝑦, 0) = × exp [− ( ) − ( ) ]
𝜋×𝜎𝑦×𝜎𝑧×𝑢 2 𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎𝑧

507614.2 1 50 2 1 50 2
= × exp [− ( ) − ( ) ]
3.14×15.9×12×3.6 2 15.9 2 12

= 235.35 × exp(-13.6)

〈𝐶 〉(𝑥, 𝑦, 0) = 2.92mg/𝒎𝟑
Therefore at 100m downwind and 50m perpendicular concentration is 2.92mg/𝒎𝟑

Question 3.
Given parameters form question:
Capacity of tank(m) = 20kgprop
Distance of tank from house = 10m
Estimate explosion efficiency = 2%
Energy of explosion (∆𝐻𝐶 ) for the fuel = 2110.3kj/mol
Solving for the equivalent mass of TNT
𝑛 × 𝑚 × ∆𝐻𝐶
𝑚 𝑇𝑁𝑇 =
𝐸𝑇𝑁𝑇

Unit conversion needed as shown below in calculation:

 𝑘𝑗 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝
0.02 × 20𝑘𝑔𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 × 2110.3 ×
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 44 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝
=
4686 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝒎𝑻𝑵𝑻 = 4.09kgTNT
Determining scaled distance (𝑍𝑒 )
𝑟
𝑍𝑒 = 1
𝑚 𝑇𝑁𝑇 3

10
𝑍𝑒 = 1 1
4.093 𝑘𝑔3
𝟏
= 6.25𝒌𝒈𝟑
Determining over pressure:
𝑃𝑂 = 𝑃𝑆 × 𝑃𝑎
Where 𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑠 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 , But 𝑃𝑆 is read from table using the value of 𝑍𝑒
𝑃𝑠 = 0.33 × 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂
From the table given, a 𝑃𝑠 value of 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂 is Nearly complete destruction of
houses. Therefore, there will be complete destruction of my house.
Now using the probit model to double check, the values
Using Table 2 -5 for probit values; Structural damage has values of 𝑘1 = −23.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘2 =
2.92
Y = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑙𝑛𝑉
= -23.8 + 2.92ln(35.46 × 103 )
= 6.79
From the probit table, 6.79 correspond to 97%. Therefore there’s a an extremely high chance
that there would complete destruction of the house. This confirms the initial assertion.

Question 4
Drawing the Flammability diagram of Benzene (𝐶6 𝐻6 )
For combustion to occur, we would have the following equation:
𝐶6 𝐻6 + 7.5𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 --------- (1)
Finding the Stoichiometric line value using then balanced equation (1)
 𝑍 7.5
𝐶𝑠𝑡 = (𝑍+1) × 100 = (7.5+1)

= 88.2%

The limiting Oxygen concentration (LOC) from table 6 – 3 is 11.4%, whilst the Upper
flammability limit(UFL) and Lower flammability limit(LFL) of Benzene in air from appendix
B is 7.1% and 1.4% respectively. Airline value is also 79% of Nitrogen.

Representing the information above on a flammability diagram: