ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS

Tran Van Quang

Associate Professor in Physics

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

VNU University of Engineering and Technology

E3 Building, 144 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Ha Noi, Vietnam

Email: tkuangv@gmail.com; tranquang@vnu.edu.vn

Tel.: +84 024 37549338

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 References

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 Chapter 1: Vector Analysis
Phép tính véc tơ

Vector cơ sở: 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴1 𝑒Ԧ1 +𝐴2 𝑒Ԧ2 +𝐴3 𝑒Ԧ3 ≡ 𝐴𝜇 𝑒Ԧ𝜇 (chỉ số lặp lại thì cộng)
Phép cộng: 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴Ԧ = (𝐴𝜇 + 𝐵𝜇 ) 𝑒Ԧ𝜇

Phép nhân với một vô hướng: 𝑎 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = 𝑎𝐴Ԧ + 𝑏𝐵

Phép nhân vô hướng:
Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ,
𝐴. Ԧ𝐵
𝛼 = 𝐴,
Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝜇 𝑒Ԧ𝜇 𝐵𝜈 𝑒Ԧ𝜈 = 𝐴𝜇 𝐵𝜈 𝛿𝜇𝜈 = 𝐴𝜇 𝐵𝜇
𝐴.

Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝜇 𝐴𝜇 = 𝐴2 → 𝐴 =
𝐴. 𝐴𝜇 𝐴𝜇

Phép nhân hữu hướng: 𝑒Ԧ1 𝑒Ԧ2 𝑒Ԧ3

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = −𝐵 × 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 . 𝑒Ԧ𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 Vector Analysis
Tính chất, hệ quả

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 + 𝐶Ԧ = 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 + 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐶Ԧ
Ԧ 𝐵 × 𝐶Ԧ = 𝐶Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐵 𝐶Ԧ × 𝐴Ԧ = thể tích (𝐴,
Tích ba vô hướng : 𝐴. Ԧ 𝐵, 𝐶)
Ԧ

𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
= 𝐵1 𝐵 𝐵3
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

Tích ba có hướng:𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 × 𝐶Ԧ = 𝐵 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐶Ԧ − 𝐶Ԧ 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵
How Vectors Transform

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 THE SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

The gradient

The Divergence

The Curl

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

Vectors: Va = r = x.ax+ y.ay+ z.az, Vb = z.az, and Vc = az. Calculate

their divergences.

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

The gradient

The Divergence

The Curl

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 The Operator ∇

Tran Van Quang Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications VNU University of Engineering and Technology
 Chapter 1: Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity

2.1 THE EXPERIMENTAL LAW OF COULOMB

unit vector in the direction of R12

 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity

2.2 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY interpreted as the vector force

V/m

The electric field of a single point charge

 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
2.3 FIELD ARISING FROM A CONTINUOUS VOLUME CHARGE DISTRIBUTION

The total charge within some finite volume

As an example of the evaluation of a

volume integral, we find the total charge
contained in a 2-cm length of the electron
beam shown in Figure 2.5.
Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
2.4 FIELD OF A LINE CHARGE

Only the Eρ component is present

 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
2.5 FIELD OF A SHEET OF CHARGE

An infinite sheet of charge in the yz plane, a

general point P on the x-axis, and the
differential-width line charge used as the
element in determining the field at P by
dE = ρS dy’aR/(2πε0R)

dE
unit vector aN: normal to the sheet
 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
Exercise
D2.6. Three infinite uniform sheets of charge are located in free
space as follows: 3 nC/m2 at z = −4, 6 nC/m2 at z = 1, and −8 nC/m2
at z = 4. Find E at the point: (a) A(2, 5, −5); (b) B(4, 2, −3); (c) C(−1,
−5, 2); (d) D(−2, 4, 5).

Ans. −56.5az; 283az; 961az; 56.5az all V/m

 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
2.6 STREAMLINES AND SKETCHES OF FIELDS

Consider the field about the line charge

STREAMLINES: continuous lines, which are

everywhere tangent to E
 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
2.6 STREAMLINES AND SKETCHES OF FIELDS

consider the field of the

uniform line charge with ρL
= 2πε0
 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
Homework
2.11
A charge Q0 located at the origin in free space produces a field for which Ez = 1
kV/m at point P(−2, 1, −1). (a) Find Q0. Find E at M(1, 6, 5) in (b) rectangular
coordinates; (c) cylindrical coordinates; (d) spherical coordinates.
2.15 A spherical volume having a 2-µm radius contains a uniform volume charge
density of 1015 C/m3. (a) What total charge is enclosed in the spherical volume? (b)
Now assume that a large region contains one of these little spheres at every corner
of a cubical grid 3 mm on a side and that there is no charge between the spheres.
What is the average volume charge density throughout this large region?
2.18 (a) Find E in the plane z = 0 that is produced by a uniform line charge, ρL ,
extending along the z axis over the range −L < z < L in a cylindrical coordinate
system. (b) If the finite line charge is approximated by an infinite line charge (L →
∞), by what percentage is Eρ in error if ρ = 0.5L? (c) Repeat (b) with ρ = 0.1L.
2.20 A line charge of uniform charge density ρ0 C/m and of length l is oriented along
the z axis at − l/2 < z < l /2. (a) Find the electric field strength, E, in magnitude and
direction at any position along the x axis. (b) With the given line charge in position,
find the force acting on an identical line charge that is oriented along the x axis at
l/2 < x < 3l/2.
2.27 Given the electric field E = (4x − 2y)ax − (2x + 4y)ay , find (a) the equation of the
streamline that passes through the point P(2, 3, −4); (b) a unit vector specifying the
direction of E at Q(3, −2, 5).
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence
Remember bold notation
3.1 ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY
for vector quantities,
Electric flux density (C/m2): D D= 𝐷
(sometimes described as “lines per square meter,” for each line
is due to one coulomb)
Also: displacement flux density, displacement density.

In free space: D = ε0E E: electric field intensity

Remind: In free space The electric flux density at a point r meters

from the point charge

a general volume charge distribution in free space

 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

3.2 GAUSS’S LAW

 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

3.2 GAUSS’S LAW

GAUSS’S LAW: The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the
total charge enclosed by that surface.

Gauss’s law may be written in terms of the charge distribution

 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

3.3 APPLICATION OF GAUSS’S LAW: SOME SYMMETRICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS

• a point charge Q at the origin of a spherical coordinate system

 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

3.3 APPLICATION OF GAUSS’S LAW: SOME SYMMETRICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS

• uniform line charge distribution ρL lying along the z axis and extending from
−∞ to +∞
D = Dρ aρ
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

3.3 APPLICATION OF GAUSS’S LAW: SOME SYMMETRICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS

• a coaxial cable: a charge distribution of ρS on the
outer surface of the inner conductor: ρL=2𝜋𝜌𝑆 𝑎

D = 0 (ρ>b or ρ<a)
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

3.3 MAXWELL’S FIRST EQUATION

THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM

ර 𝐷𝑠 𝑑 𝑆Ԧ = න ∇𝐷𝑑𝑉 = 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 = න 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑉

𝑉 𝑉
𝑆
S là biên của V, cho 𝑉 ⇒ 0

∇𝐷 = 𝜌𝑉
∇𝐷 ≡ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐷
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

3.3 MAXWELL’S FIRST EQUATION

Ex3.4
Find div D at the origin if D = e−xsiny ax − e−x cosy ay + 2zaz
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

Excercise
3.9 A uniform volume charge density of 80 µC/m3 is present throughout the region
8 mm < r < 10 mm. Let ρν = 0 for 0 < r < 8 mm.
(a) Find the total charge inside the spherical surface r = 10 mm.
(b) Find Dr at r = 10 mm.
(c) If there is no charge for r > 10 mm, find Dr at r = 20 mm.
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

Excercise
3.10 An infinitely long cylindrical dielectric of radius b contains charge within its
volume of density ρv = aρ2, where a is a constant. Find the electric field strength, E,
both inside and outside the cylinder.
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

Excercise
3.16
An electric flux density is given by D = D0 aρ, where D0 is a given constant. (a) What
charge density generates this field? (b) For the specified field, what total charge is
contained within a cylinder of radius a and height b, where the cylinder axis is the z
axis?
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

Excercise
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

Excercise
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

Excercise
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

Exercise (home work)

29
30
31
 Chapter 3. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence

Excercise
An infinite plane carries a uniform surface charge σ. Find its electric field
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.1 ENERGY EXPENDED IN MOVING A POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD

Differential work done by an external source moving charge Q is

dW = FextdL=−QE · dL
the work required to move the charge a finite
distance
dL

4.2 THE LINE INTEGRAL

 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

Example: the work done in carrying the positive

charge Q about a circular path of radius ρb centered
at the line charge

Cylindrical coordinates, and the circular path

selected demands that dρ and dz be zero
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

Example: the work done in carrying the positive

charge Q about a circular path of radius ρb centered
at the line charge

We will now carry the charge from ρ = a to ρ =

b along a radial path

Negative: the external source that is moving the charge receives energy
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

D4.2. Calculate the work done in moving a 4-C charge from B(1, 0, 0) to A(0,
2, 0) along the path y = 2 − 2x, z = 0 in the field E = (a) 5axV/m; (b) 5xaxV/m;
(c) 5xax + 5yayV/m.
Ans. 20 J; 10 J; −30 J
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.3 DEFINITION OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE AND POTENTIAL

Potential difference V = the work done (by an external source) in moving

a unit positive charge from one point to another in an electric field

V=W/Q

If the potential at point A is VA and that at B is VB, then

VAB = VA − VB

VA and VB are the potentials, which have the same zero reference point
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.4 THE POTENTIAL FIELD OF A POINT CHARGE

the potential at infinite radius

being taken as the zero reference
In general

equipotential surface as a surface composed of all those points

having the same value of potential

no work is involved in moving a unit charge

around on an equipotential surface

The equipotential surfaces in the potential

field of a point charge are spheres centered at
the point charge.
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.5 THE POTENTIAL FIELD OF A SYSTEM OF CHARGES: CONSERVATIVE

PROPERTY

Continuing to add charges, we find that the

potential arising from n point charges is

a continuous volume charge distribution

the charge distribution takes the form of a line

charge or a surface charge
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.6 POTENTIAL GRADIENT

the general line-integral relationship

 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.6 POTENTIAL GRADIENT

 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.6 POTENTIAL GRADIENT

The potential at P(−4, 5, 6) is

Homework:
D4.7; D4.8
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.7 THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE

the total potential

Approximation

Using the gradient relationship in spherical

coordinates
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.7 THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE

The streamlines for the electric field

 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.7 THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE

Chapter 4. Energy and Potential
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.7 THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE

the dipole moment: p = Qd

This result may be generalized as

D4.9. An electric dipole located at the origin in free space has a moment p = 3ax −
2ay + az nC · m. (a) Find V at PA(2, 3, 4). (b) Find V at r = 2.5, θ = 30◦, φ = 40◦.

Ans. 0.23 V; 1.97 V

a) P=(3,-2,4),r=(2,3,4)
r’=0;V=pr/(4pi*ep*r^3)=
b) Chuyển tọa độ rectangular làm như a
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.7 THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE

the dipole moment: p = Qd

This result may be generalized as

D4.10. A dipole of moment p = 6az nC · m is located at the origin in free space. (a)
Find V at P(r = 4, θ = 20◦, φ = 0◦). (b) Find E at P.

Ans. 3.17 V; 1.58ar + 0.29aθ V/m

 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.8 ENERGY DENSITY IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD

Total positioning work = potential energy of field

1
𝑊𝐸 = ෍ 𝑄𝑚 𝑉𝑚
2
𝑚
Vm is the potential at the location of Qm due to the presence of others, Q1,
…, Qm-1, Qm+1, …

the energy stored in a region of continuous charge distribution

1
𝑊𝐸 = න 𝜌𝑣 𝑉𝑑𝑣
2 𝑣𝑜𝑙

∇ · (V D) ≡ V(∇ · D) + D · (∇V) =>∇ · (V D) ≡ V(∇ · D) + D · (∇V)

∇𝐃 = 𝜌𝑣 E 𝜌𝑣 𝑉= ∇ · (V D) + D E

1 1 1
Ԧ
𝑊𝐸 = න (∇ · (V D) + D E)𝑑𝑣 = ර 𝑉𝐷 𝑑 𝑆 + න D E 𝑑𝑣 1
2 𝑣𝑜𝑙 2 𝑆 2 𝑣𝑜𝑙 WE=2 ‫ 𝑙𝑜𝑣׬‬D E 𝑑𝑣
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.8 ENERGY DENSITY IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD

Total positioning work = potential energy of field

1
𝑊𝐸 = ෍ 𝑄𝑚 𝑉𝑚
2
𝑚
Vm is the potential at the location of Qm due to the presence of others, Q1,
…, Qm-1, Qm+1, …

the energy stored in a region of continuous charge distribution

1
𝑊𝐸 = න 𝜌𝑣 𝑉𝑑𝑣
2 𝑣𝑜𝑙

∇ · (V D) ≡ V(∇ · D) + D · (∇V) =>∇ · (V D) ≡ V(∇ · D) + D · (∇V)

∇𝐃 = 𝜌𝑣 -E 𝜌𝑣 𝑉= ∇ · (V D) + D E

1 1 1
Ԧ
𝑊𝐸 = න (∇ · (V D) + D E)𝑑𝑣 = ර 𝑉𝐷 𝑑 𝑆 + න D E 𝑑𝑣 1
2 𝑣𝑜𝑙 2 𝑆 2 𝑣𝑜𝑙 WE=2 ‫ 𝑙𝑜𝑣׬‬D E 𝑑𝑣
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.8 ENERGY DENSITY IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD

The energy stored in the electrostatic field of a section of a

coaxial cable or capacitor of length L

D = 0 (ρ>b or ρ<b)
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

4.8 ENERGY DENSITY IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD

D4.11. Find the energy stored in free space for the region 2 mm < r < 3 mm, 0 <θ< 90◦,
0 <φ< 90◦, given the potential field V =
(a) 200/r (V);
(b) 300 cosθ/r2 (V)
Ans. 46.4 µJ; 36.7 J
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

Homework
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

Homework
 Chapter 4. Energy and Potential

Homework
 CONDUCTOR PROPERTIES AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

An appropriate closed path and gaussian surface are used to

determine boundary conditions at a boundary between a
conductor and free space; Et = 0 and DN = ρS
 CONDUCTOR PROPERTIES AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Example
Given the potential, V = 100(x2 − y2 ) and a point P(2, −1, 3) that is
stipulated to lie on a conductor-to-free-space boundary,
a) Find V, E, D, and ρS at P, and also the equation of the conductor
surface.
b) Determine the equation of the streamline passing through P
 CONDUCTOR PROPERTIES AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Example
Given the potential, V = 100(x2 − y2 ) and a point P(2, −1, 3) that is
stipulated to lie on a conductor-to-free-space boundary,
a) Find V, E, D, and ρS at P, and also the equation of the conductor
surface.
b) Determine the equation of the streamline passing through P
 CONDUCTOR PROPERTIES AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Ex.
D5.5. Given the potential field in free space, V = 100 sinh 5x sin 5y
V, and a point P(0.1, 0.2, 0.3), find at P: (a) V; (b) E; (c) |E|; (d) |ρS|
if it is known that P lies on a conductor surface.

Ans. 43.8 V; −474ax − 140.8ay V/m; 495 V/m; 4.38 nC/m

 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

1 POISSON’S AND LAPLACE’S EQUATIONS

Gauss’s law: ∇ · D = ρν
the definition of D: D = εE for a homogeneous region
the gradient relationship: E = −∇V in which ε is constant:

∇2V = −ρν/ε

Poisson’s equation

If ρν = 0 (indicating zero volume charge density, but allowing point

charges, line charge, and surface charge density to exist at singular
locations as sources of the field), then
∇2V = 0 (Laplace’s equation)
 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

LAPLACE’S EQUATION
 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

2 EXAMPLES OF THE SOLUTION OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION

a) 1D problem => V = Ax + B

Ex1: Start with the potential function above, find the capacitance of a parallel-plate
capacitor of plate area S, plate separation d, and potential difference V0 between
plates.
-Q Q
Sol.

Gaussian surface
 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

2 EXAMPLES OF THE SOLUTION OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION

Ex2: Consider the potential varied with respect to ρ only in cylindrical coordinates
(independent of φ and z) in free space. Find a cylindrical capacitor of length L.
 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

2 EXAMPLES OF THE SOLUTION OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION

Ex4: Consider the potential varied with respect to φ only in cylindrical coordinates
(independent of ρ and z) in free space. Find E
 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

2 EXAMPLES OF THE SOLUTION OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION

Ex5: Consider the potential varied with respect to r only in spherical coordinates
(independent of φ and θ) in free space. Find E
 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

2 EXAMPLES OF THE SOLUTION OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION

Ex4: Consider the potential varied with respect to θ only in spherical coordinates
(independent of φ and r) in free space. Find V
 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

2 EXAMPLES OF THE SOLUTION OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION

the field strength:
 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

2 EXAMPLES OF THE SOLUTION OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION

Assigment: THE P-N JUNCTION CAPACITANCE (P. 172)

 Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations

Exercise
D6.6. Find |E| at P(3, 1, 2) in rectangular coordinates for the field of: (a) two
coaxial conducting cylinders, V = 50 V at ρ = 2 m, and V = 20 V at ρ = 3 m; (b) two Exercise
radial conducting planes, V = 50 V at φ = 10◦, and V = 20 V at φ = 30◦. D6.6. Fin
Ans. 23.4 V/m; 27.2 V/m the field
at ρ = 2
conduct
30◦.
Ans. 23.
Chapter 5. Poisson and Laplace equations
 MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD
CURRENT AND CURRENT DENSITY
Electric charges in motion constitute a current
𝑑𝑄
𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
Current density is a vector: ԦJ
Ԧ 𝑆Ԧ
𝐼 = න 𝐽𝑑
𝑆

Δ𝑄 Δ𝑥
convection current I: 𝐼 = Δ𝑡
= 𝜌𝑣 ΔS Δ𝑡

convection current density

ԦJ = 𝜌𝑣 𝑣Ԧ

CONTINUITY OF CURRENT
outward flow of positive charge must be balanced by a
decrease of positive charge
 MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD
CONTINUITY OF CURRENT
outward flow of positive charge must be balanced by a
decrease of positive charge

the divergence theorem

 MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD
Example: consider a current density that is directed radially outward and decreases
exponentially with time
 METALLIC CONDUCTOR
the conductivity
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
BIOT-SAVART LAW (Ampere’s law for the current element)
The magnetic field intensity H

the integral form of the Biot-Savart law

surface current density current density

 Từ trường do một đoạn dòng điện thẳng

Q
Cho dòng điện có cường độ I chạy qua dây dẫn
thẳng dài PQ. Xác định 𝐵𝑀 , 𝐻𝑀 với HM = r 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ
B

-Xét phần tử dđ 𝐼𝑑 𝑙Ԧ , gây ra cảm ứng từ 𝑑𝐵𝑀 𝑟Ԧ𝜃

1 𝐼 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ ×𝑟Ԧ𝜃 1 𝐼 𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 H 𝝆   𝑑𝐻
𝑑𝐻𝑀 = ⇒ 𝑑𝐻𝑀 = (1)
4𝜋 𝑟𝜃3 4𝜋 𝑟𝜃2 I

- Áp dụng NLCC từ trường: 𝐻𝑀 = න 𝑑𝐻𝑀 Ԧ

𝐼𝑑 𝑙′
𝐴𝐵
P
Các 𝑑𝐻𝑀 cùng hướng
1 𝐼 𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐻𝑀 = ‫= 𝑀𝐻𝑑 ׬‬ ‫׬‬ (2)
Trên hình vẽ: 4𝜋 𝑟𝜃2

𝝆 = 𝑟𝜃 cos𝛼
𝝆𝑑𝛼 𝝆𝑑𝜃
𝑙 = 𝝆tan𝛼 → 𝑑𝑙 = =
cos2 𝛼 cos 2 𝛼
1. Từ trường do một đoạn dđ thẳng gây ra

BM(T): Cảm ứng từ; HM(A/m): cường độ từ trường tại M

𝐵𝑀 Có:
- Phương: vuông góc mặt phẳng (PQM) 2
- Chiều: Qui tắc nắm BTP Q
𝐵𝑀
- Độ lớn: 𝝆 M
𝑰 
𝑯𝑴 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟐 I BM=?
𝟒𝝅𝝆
𝝁𝝁 𝑰 1
𝑩𝑴 = 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟐
𝟒𝝅𝝆
P
✓ o = 4 . 10-7 (H/m): hằng số từ
✓  là độ từ thẩm của môi trường hay độ từ thẩm
tỉ đối
Qui tắc nắm BTP (Qui tắc nắm bàn
tay phải): nắm bàn tay phải theo
trục của dòng điện sao cho ngón
cái chỉ chiều dòng điện, các ngón
tay còn lại chỉ chiều của 𝐵
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
AMPER` E’S CIRCUITAL LAW

the line integral of H about any closed path is

exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by that
path

It can be proved by using BIOT-SAVART LAW

and
𝐻𝑑𝐿 = 𝐻 𝑎Ԧ 𝜙 . (𝑑𝑧𝑎Ԧ 𝑧 + 𝑑𝜌𝑎Ԧ𝜌 + 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑎Ԧ 𝜙 )

Ex1: an infinitely
long filament
carrying a current I
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Symmetry inspection comes first, showing that there is no variation with z or φ
H = H(ρ) aφ
𝐻𝑑𝐿 = 𝐻 𝑎Ԧ 𝜙 . (𝑑𝑧𝑎Ԧ 𝑧 + 𝑑𝜌𝑎Ԧ𝜌 + 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑎Ԧ 𝜙 )

𝐼
𝑯 = 𝒂
2𝜋𝜌 𝜑

Ex2: infinitely long coaxial transmission line carrying a uniformly distributed

total current I in the center conductor and −I in the outer conductor
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Ex2: infinitely long coaxial transmission line carrying a uniformly distributed
total current I in the center conductor and −I in the outer conductor
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
A circular path of radius ρ

ρ<a

a <ρ<b

b <ρ< c

ρ>c
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Ex3. a sheet of current flowing in the positive y
direction and located in the z = 0 plane (surface
charge density K)
no filament can produce an Hy component
Hz is zero also due to a symmetrically located pair of filaments cancel
only an Hx component is present

ර 𝐻𝑑𝐿 = 2𝐿𝐻𝑥 = 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝐾. 𝐿

𝐾
𝐻= 𝑎Ԧ
2 𝑥

𝐾 × 𝑎Ԧ 𝑛
𝐻=
2
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field

an infinitely long solenoid of radius a and uniform current density

Kaaφ, as shown in Figure 7.11a

solenoid has a finite length d and

consists of N closely wound turns of a
filament that carries a current I
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
the toroids shown in Figure 7.12

H = 0 (outside)
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
CURL

ර 𝐻𝑑𝐿 = 𝐼

Stokes' theorem: ‫׬ = 𝐿𝑑𝐻 𝑙ׯ‬Δ𝑆 ∇ × 𝐻 𝑑𝑆Ԧ 𝐼 = න 𝐽Ԧ 𝑑 𝑆Ԧ

Δ𝑆
Let Δ𝑆 ⇒ 0 we obtain the point form of Ampere’s circuital law :
∇ × 𝐻 = 𝐽Ԧ

∇×𝐻 =
 EXAMPLE 7.2
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field

And find current density at (0,0,z1)

 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
MAGNETIC FLUX AND MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

In free space, we define the magnetic flux density B as

B = µ0H Where µ0 = 4π × 10−7 H/m

µ0 is the permeability of free space

magnetic flux by Φ and define as the flux passing through any

designated area

No magnetic source has ever been discovered for the lines of magnetic flux
=> Gauss’s law for the magnetic field

the divergence theorem

 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Maxwell’s four equations for static electric fields and steady magnetic fields
Integral form
differential form

in free space

electrostatic potential V:
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field

Find the flux between the conductors of the

coaxial line of Figure 7.8a

Sol.

The magnetic flux contained between the

conductors in a length d is the flux crossing any
radial plane extending from ρ = a to ρ = b and
from, say, z = 0 to z = d

inductance of the coaxial

transmission line
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
THE SCALAR AND VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIALS

electrostatic potential V =>

magnetic potential??

Vector magnetic potential is one which is extremely useful in studying radiation from
antennas as well as radiation leakage from transmission lines, waveguides, and
microwave ovens.

∇·B=0

Remember a vector identity that: ∇ · ∇× A = 0, A is an any vector field.

So we select
B=∇× A
A signifies a vector magnetic potential

∇×∇× A ≡ ∇(∇ · A) − ∇2A

 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
We can add to the magnetic potential any function whose curl vanishes (which is
to say, the gradient of any scalar), with no effect on B. We can exploit this
freedom to eliminate the divergence of A, therefore

Remind that Poisson’s equation: ∇2V = −ρν/ε

Solutions:
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
We can add to the magnetic potential any function whose curl vanishes (which is
to say, the gradient of any scalar), with no effect on B. We can exploit this
freedom to eliminate the divergence of A, therefore

∇2Ax = −μ0Jx

Remind that Poisson’s equation: ∇2V = −ρν/ε

Solutions: 𝜇0𝐽𝑥 𝑟Ԧ ′
𝐴𝑥 = න ′ 𝑑𝑣′
𝑣𝑜𝑙 4𝜋 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑟Ԧ

𝜇0𝐽Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ ′
𝐴Ԧ = න ′ 𝑑𝑣′
𝑣𝑜𝑙 4𝜋 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑟
Ԧ

𝜇0𝐾 𝑟Ԧ ′
𝐴Ԧ = න ′
𝑑𝑎′
𝑣𝑜𝑙 4𝜋 𝑟
Ԧ − 𝑟Ԧ
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Ex: Find the magnetic potential vector of the field between conductors of a
coaxial cable, with radii of a and b as usual, and current I in the az direction in
the inner conductor.
Between the conductors, J = 0, and therefore, ∇2A = 0

Because the current is entirely in the z direction in this problem, A

has only a z component. Therefore

Due to symmetry, Az is a function only of ρ

we choose a zero reference at ρ = b

Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field

Solution:
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE

Lorentz force equation (SI)

F = Q(E + v × B)

MAGNETIC FORCE ON A DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT ELEMENT

dF = dQ v × B
dQ = ρνdν ( J = ρν v )
dF = dν ρν v × B dF = J × B dν
J dν = K dS = I dL
surface current density
a differential current filament dF = IdL× B dF = K × B dS

a straight conductor in a
uniform magnetic field,

F=IL×B
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field

As a numerical example of these equations, consider Figure 8.2. We have a

square loop of wire in the z = 0 plane carrying 2 mA in the field of an infinite
filament on the y axis, as shown. We desire the total force on the loop.

𝐼
𝑯 = 𝒂 ⇒
2𝜋𝜌 𝜑
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= 𝒂
2𝜋𝑥 𝑧
2.10−7 15
= 𝒂𝑧
𝜌
3.10−6
= 𝒂𝑧
𝜌
Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
 Chapter 7: The Steady Magnetic Field
FORCE BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT ELEMENTS

Ampère's force law

The magnetic field at point 2 due to a current element at point 1

dF = I dL × B

The differential force on element 2: d(dF2) = I2dL2 × dB2

The total force between two filamentary circuits

Chapter 9. TIME-VARYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
9.1 FARADAY’S LAW
Faraday’s law is customarily stated as
𝑑Φ Lenz’s law
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = − 𝑉
𝑑𝑡
electromotive force

Stokes’ theorem to the closed line integral

We get one of Maxwell’s four equations

Chapter 9. TIME-VARYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Example 7.7
Chapter 9. TIME-VARYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Example 7.8
Chapter 9. TIME-VARYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Example: let us assume a simple magnetic field which increases exponentially
with time within the cylindrical region ρ < b, B0 = constant

Choosing the circular path ρ = a, a < b, in the z = 0 plane, along which

Eφ must be constant by symmetry, we then have

replace a with ρ, ρ < b, the electric field intensity at any point is

Let us now attempt to obtain the same answer

9.2 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

Ampere’s circuital law for

divergence of the curl is identically zero
steady magnetic fields

taking the divergence of each side

But this is not, due to the

equation of continuity

=> must be amended before we can accept it

for time-varying fields
true only if:
we add an unknown term G

taking the divergence

Replacing ρν with ∇ · D

second one of Maxwell’s

equations
9.2 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

displacement
current density

applying Stokes’ theorem

9.3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN POINT FORM
two of Maxwell’s equations for time-varying fields

remaining two equations are unchanged from their non-time-varying form

The auxiliary equations: relating D and E; B and H

defining conduction current density
convection current density

The Lorentz force equation,

9.4 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM
POYNTING’S THEOREM AND WAVE POWER
POYNTING’S THEOREM AND WAVE POWER
9.3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN POINT FORM

total power ohmic power dissipated stored energy

flowing out of within the volume the total
energy stored in the magnetic
the volume field
in the electric
Poynting’s theorem field

E × H is known as the Poynting vector

energy per unit time, per unit area,
transported by the fields is called the Poynting
vector:

energy flux density

 Electromagnetic Potentials

static case

rules of vector calculus (electrostatics)

the dynamic case??? Faraday’s law is

 The Uniform Plane Wave

11.1 WAVE PROPAGATION IN FREE SPACE

electromagnetic waves in free space: sourceless (ρν = J = 0)
Maxwell’s equations

each Cartesian component of E and

B satisfies the three-dimensional
wave equation,
Wave Equation

most general solution to the wave equation is the sum of a wave to the right and a
wave to the left
f(z, t) = g(z - vt) +h(z +vt)
Sinusoidal Waves
f(z, t) = A cos[k(z - vt) + δ]

complex wave function

 The Uniform Plane Wave

11.1 WAVE PROPAGATION IN FREE SPACE

wavenumber

Ex (z, t) = f1(t − z/ν) + f2(t + z/ν)

sinusoidal functions

Ex (z, t)

phasor electric field

The Uniform Plane Wave
The Uniform Plane Wave
uniform plane wave, in which both fields, E and H, lie in the transverse plane
electric field is polarized in the x direction: E = Exax
wave travel is in the z direction, we allow spatial variation of E only with z
the directions of E and H and
the direction of travel are
mutually orthogonal

Time-harmonic Wave Equations

Maxwell’s equations in phasor form.

The Uniform Plane Wave

the vector Helmholtz equation in free space

Exs does not vary with x or y

Time-harmonic Wave Equations

E × H is known as the Poynting vector

 11.2 WAVE PROPAGATION IN DIELECTRICS

k : complex k
 11.2 WAVE PROPAGATION IN DIELECTRICS
complex permittivity
result in wave losses
complex permeability: ε=ε’-jε”=ε0(ε’r-jε”r) μ=μ’-jμ”=μ0(μ’r-jμ”r)
ferrimagnetic materials, or ferrites
11.2 WAVE PROPAGATION IN DIELECTRICS
 Because we have a uniform plane wave, the
magnetic field is

the intrinsic impedance

a lossless medium, or perfect dielectric

The Uniform Plane Wave
The Uniform Plane Wave
9.3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN POINT FORM
9.3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN POINT FORM
9.3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN POINT FORM
 11.5 WAVE POLARIZATION
wave propagating along the z axis,
E =Ex ax H =Hy ay linearly polarized
field could be oriented in any fixed direction
in the xy plane and be linearly polarized

∇ × 𝐸s

the power density in the wave

11.5 WAVE POLARIZATION
Ex0 and Ey0 are real

effect of a phase difference

real instantaneous form;

t = 0,
11.5 WAVE POLARIZATION
Ex0 and Ey0 are real

effect of a phase difference

real instantaneous form;

t = 0,
Phân cực: 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑥 𝑎Ԧ𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 𝑎Ԧ 𝑦
𝐸
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0𝑥 cos 𝜔𝑡 ;𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0𝑦 cos 𝜔𝑡 + Δ𝜙 = 𝐸0𝑦 cos Δ𝜙 𝐸 𝑥 − 𝐸0𝑦 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜔𝑡
0𝑥
2
𝐸𝑥 2 𝐸𝑦 2𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦
Suy ra: + −𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠Δ𝜙 = sin2 Δ𝜙
𝐸0𝑥 𝐸0𝑦 0𝑥 𝐸0𝑦
Đây là phương trình sự biết đổi của vector Ex, Ey mà đầu của nó vạch ra một đường
Ellipse => phân cực Ellipse
Xét: 𝛼 = (𝐸, 𝐸𝑥 𝑎Ԧ 𝑥 )
𝐸𝑦 1 𝑑𝛼 sin Δ𝜙 𝜔
Ta có: 𝑡𝑔𝛼 = 𝐸 = cos Δ𝜙 − sin Δ𝜙 tan 𝜔𝑡 ⇒ = − cos2 𝜔𝑡
𝑥 cos2 𝛼 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝛼
Nếu: sin(Δ𝜙)>0 => 𝑑𝑡 < 0 , quay cùng chiều kim đồng hồ hay quay trái (The wave
exhibitsleft circular polarization (l.c.p.) if, when orienting the left hand with the
thumb in the direction of propagation, the fingers curl in the rotation direction of the
field with time)
𝑑𝛼
Nếu: sin(Δ𝜙)<0 => 𝑑𝑡 > 0 , quay ngược chiều kim đồng hồ hay quay phải (The
wave exhibits right circular polarization (r.c.p.) if, with the right-hand thumb in the
propagation direction, the fingers curl in the field rotation direction
)
𝐸 𝐸𝑦 𝐸
Đặc biệt:+ Δ𝜙 =0, 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝐸 , 𝑡𝑔𝜃 = 𝐸𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 => Phân cực thẳng
0𝑥 0𝑦 𝑦
𝜋
+Δ𝜙 = ± 2 , 𝐸0𝑥 = 𝐸0𝑦 Phân cực tròn (+ quay phải, - quay trái)
 Representation of a right circularly polarized wave

sinΔ𝜙 = 0 sinΔ𝜙 > 0; 𝑡𝑟á𝑖 sinΔ𝜙 > 0; 𝑡𝑟á𝑖 sinΔ𝜙 > 0; 𝑡𝑟á𝑖

sinΔ𝜙 = 0 sinΔ𝜙 = 0

sinΔ𝜙 < 0;phải sinΔ𝜙 < 0;phải sinΔ𝜙 < 0;phải

Representation of a right circularly polarized
wave
Representation of a right circularly polarized
wave

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0qrU4nprB0
The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

elliptically polarized
Circular polarized

PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION IN GENERAL

DIRECTIONS
The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION IN GENERAL DIRECTIONS
uniform plane wave with wavevector k at angle
θ to the x axis
EXAMPLE 12.6
Consider a 50-MHz uniform plane wave having electric field amplitude 10 V/m. The
medium is lossless, having εr = ε’r = 9.0 and µr = 1.0. The wave propagates in the x, y plane
at a 30◦ angle to the x axis and is linearly polarized along z. Write down the phasor
expression for the electric field.
 ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS

I
6.1. Introduction; 6.2. Antenna’s Structure
II
6.3. Antenna Categories and Types
II
6.4. Antenna Parameters
IV
6.5. Smart antennas
9.3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN POINT FORM
9.3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN POINT FORM
9.3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN POINT FORM
 THE RETARDED POTENTIALS

The time-varying potentials, usually called retarded potentials for a reason that
we will see shortly, find their greatest application in radiation problems.

the scalar electric potential Having found V and A, the fundamental fields
are then simply obtained by using the gradient,

vector magnetic potential

direct currents

Only for static

 THE RETARDED POTENTIALS

The time-varying potentials, usually called retarded potentials for a reason that
we will see shortly, find their greatest application in radiation problems.

the scalar electric potential Having found V and A, the fundamental fields
are then simply obtained by using the gradient,

vector magnetic potential

direct currents

Only for static

using the point form of Faraday’s law,

THE RETARDED POTENTIALS
THE RETARDED POTENTIALS
Problems for OF THE SOLUTION OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION

Ex4: Consider the potential varied with respect to θ only in spherical coordinates
(independent of φ and r) in free space. Find V
Laplace’s equation becomes

exclude r = 0 and θ = 0 or π
The capacitance of the configuration

equipotential surfaces of are cones

Let V = 0 at θ = π/2 and V = V0 at θ = α, α < π/2

the field strength:

Now: capacitance between a conducting cone with its vertex separated from a conducting
plane by an infinitesimal insulating gap and its axis normal to the plane
𝜖𝑉0
𝜎𝑆 = 𝜖𝐸𝑛 = − 𝛼
𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ln tan 2
ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
 Dipole Radiation

Electric Dipole Radiation

p(t) = p0 cos(wt) az

Find V(r,t), A(r,t), with d<<c/w<< r

Find E, B, S