Grade 10 E-chem

5 July, 2021_e-Chem
Excercise 23. Multiple choice
Prob. 1. Jarosite is a white mineral of formula KAl3X2(OH)6, where X is an unspecified species. Which of the
following could X be?
(a) HCO3– (b) Ca2+ (c) Ag+ (d) SO4 2– (e) PO43–
Prob. 2. What is the formula for the compound formed by barium and nitrogen?
(a) BaN (b) Ba2N (c) BaN2 (d) Ba2N3 (e) Ba3N2
Prob. 3. Which of the following species contains 21 neutrons and 19 electrons?
41 41 40 40 38
(a) 20
Ca2+ (b) 20
Ca+ (c) 19
K (d) 21
Sc2+ (e) 17
Cl−
Prob. 4. Silver oxide (Ag2O) decomposes to silver and oxygen upon heating. The molar mass of silver oxide is
approximately 232 g mol–1. What amount of oxygen gas is produced when 4.64 g of silver oxide decomposes?
(a) 0.005 mol (b) 0.01 mol (c) 0.02 mol (d) 0.04 mol (e) 0.08 mol
Prob. 5. Iron can be produced by reducing iron(III) oxide with carbon monoxide, as described by the following
balanced chemical equation: Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) What mass of carbon dioxide is produced by
the complete reduction of 16.0 g of iron(III) oxide?
(a) 1.5 g (b) 4.4 g (c) 6.6 g (d) 8.8 g (e) 13.2 g
Prob. 6. The following diagram shows the relative atomic radii of two elements, X and Y. Elements X and Y are
non-metals and are in the same group of the Periodic Table. Which of the following statements must be true?
(a) Element X has a higher first ionisation energy than element Y.
(b) Element X is more reactive than element Y.
(c) Element Y has greater electron shielding than element X.
(d) Element Y has a higher electronegativity than element X.
(e) Element X has a higher effective nuclear charge than Y.
Prob. 7. A mixture of calcium carbonate and sodium chloride contains 10% carbon by mass. What is the
percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the sample?
(a) 10% (b) 17% (c) 50% (d) 83% (e) 90%
Prob. 8. When the following unbalanced equation is balanced, how many O2(g) molecules are consumed for
every CO2(g) produced?
C3H7OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.75 (c) 1.00 (d) 1.33 (e) 1.5
Prob. 9. When aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid, aluminium chloride and hydrogen gas are produced.
The volume of one mole of hydrogen gas at 25°C and 100 kPa is 24.79 L. When 2.70 g of aluminium reacts with
50.0 mL of 5.00 mol L−1 hydrochloric acid, what volume of hydrogen gas is produced, when measured at 25°C
and 100 kPa?
(a) 2.48 L (b) 3.10 L (c) 3.72 L (d) 4.96 L (e) 6.20 L
Prob. 10. A nucleophile is a chemical species that forms a covalent bond by donating a pair of electrons to
another species. Which of the following would you expect to be the best nucleophile?
(a) Na+ (b) I– (c) Ca (d) Ca2+ (e) CH4
Excercise 24. Multiple choice
Prob. 11. A mineral has the formula Na2Ca4X(PO4)3, where X is an unspecified species. Which of the following
could X be?
A. F– B. Ba2+ C. Ag+
D. SO4 2– E. AsO4 3–
Prob. 12. Which of the following molecules contains 36.86% nitrogen by mass?
A. NO B. N2O C. N2O3 D. N2O4 E. N2O5
Prob. 13. Which of the following lists elements in order of increasing atomic radius?
A. K, Se, Cl B. K, Cl, Se C. Se, Cl, K
D. Se, K, Cl E. Cl, Se, K
Prob. 14. What is the total number of valence electrons in the S4O62˗ ion?

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A. 58 B. 60 C. 62 D. 82 E. 224
Prob. 15. Limestone (CaCO3) can be eroded by acids. What volume (in mL) of 11.5 mol L nitric acid (HNO3) is
-1

required for complete reaction with 24.7 g of limestone?

A. 10.7 mL B. 11.5 mL C. 21.5 mL
D. 42.9 mL E. 85.8 mL
Prob. 16. The complete combustion of ethanamine (C2H5NH2) produces carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water.
What amount of oxygen is required for the complete combustion of 1.00 mol of ethanamine?
A. 1.75 B. 3.50 C. 3.75 D. 5.50 E. 7.50
Prob. 17. The reaction of ilmenite (FeTiO3) with chlorine and carbon can be used in the industrial production of
titanium from ilmenite:
2FeTiO3 + 7Cl2 + 6C → 2TiCl4 + 2FeCl3 + 6CO
Prob. 18. When 500 kg of FeTiO3, 850 kg of Cl2 and 125 kg of C are mixed, which of these reactants is present in
excess? Select all that apply.
A. FeTiO3 B. Cl2 C. C
Prob. 19. What volume of 2.05 mol L-1 sodium chloride solution should be added to 1.06 L of 1.04 mol L-1
sodium chloride solution to make 2.22 L of 1.26 mol L-1 sodium chloride solution upon dilution to volume with
water?
A. 0.49 L B. 0.83 L C. 0.96 L D. 1.08 L E. 1.16 L
Prob. 20. The following graph shows how the solubility of an unidentified substance changes with the
temperature of the solution. Using the graph, what mass of precipitate will be produced when 50 mL of a
saturated solution at 40°C is cooled to 10°C?

A. 15 g B. 20 g C. 25 g D. 30 g E. 50 g

Excercise 25. Multiple choice

Prob. 21. Which of the following will produce a gas when reacted with hydrochloric acid?
(a) NaHCO3 (b) NaOH (c) NaNO3
(d) Na2SO4 (e) NaH2PO4
Prob. 22. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts completely with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide according to the following
balanced chemical equation: 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
If 2 L of NO and 1 L of O2 are reacted in a balloon, what will be the final volume of the balloon after the
reaction is complete, assuming that the temperature and pressure are unchanged?
(a) 1.0 L (b) 2.0 L (c) 2.5 L (d) 3.0 L (e) 5.0 L
Prob. 23. Element X forms compounds with two common ions: X and X . Which group is element X likely to
+ 3+

be in?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 13 (d) 15 (e) 17
Prob. 24. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is sparingly soluble in water, with a solubility of 1.73 g/L at 20 °C. If
0.400 g of calcium hydroxide is placed in 200 mL of water at 20°C, what mass of calcium hydroxide will remain
undissolved?
(a) 0.027 g (b) 0.054 g (c) 0.173 g
(d) 0.346 g (e) 0.400 g
Prob. 25. Why does a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?

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(a) Decreases activation energy of the reaction (b) Increases the temperature of the reactants
(c) Increases the concentration of the reactants (d) Decreases the pressure of the system
(e) Decreases the surface area of the reactants
Prob. 26. Phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid. What mass of Ca(OH)2 would be required to neutralise 100 mL of
a 1 mol L−1 solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4)?
(a) 3.7 g (b) 4.9 g (c) 7.4 g (d) 11.1 g (e) 22.2 g
Prob. 27. Acid number is a commonly used metric in the paint industry. It is defined as the mass (inmg) of
potassium hydroxide required to completely neutralise the acid in 1 g of paint. A paint has an acid number of
185. What volume of 0.100 M KOH is required to completely neutralise 0.5 g of that paint?
(a) 1.65 mL (b) 3.30 mL (c) 16.5 mL
(d) 18.5 mL (e) 33.0 mL
Prob. 28. Consider four elements: calcium, oxygen, potassium and sulfur. What would be the correct order if
they were arranged according to increasing electronegativity?
(a) Calcium < oxygen < potassium < sulfur (b) Calcium < potassium < sulfur < oxygen
(c) Oxygen < sulfur < potassium < calcium (d) Potassium < calcium < oxygen < sulfur
(e) Potassium < calcium < sulfur < oxygen
Prob. 29. Aqueous Fe2+ ions are readily oxidised to Fe3+ ions by oxygen gas in acidic solutions. Consider the
following relevant reduction half equations:
Fe3+(aq) + e− → Fe2+(aq)
4H+ (aq) + O2(g) + 4e− → 2H2O(l) What chemical amount (in mol) of H2O would be produced from the
reaction of 2 mol of Fe2+ with excess oxygen under acidic conditions?
(a) 1 mol (b) 2 mol (c) 4 mol
(d) 8 mol (e) 16 mol
Prob. 30. When solid zinc is added to a solution containing silver nitrate, solid silver precipitates from solution,
according to the following chemical equation: 2 AgNO3(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
Which of the following shows the relative changes in concentration of each species over time?
[Ag+ ] [NO3−]
(a) decreases no change
(b) decreases decreases
(c) no change no change
(d) increases increases
(e) increases decreases
Prob. 31. Elements W and X react to form an ionic compound. W and X have 2 and 6 valence electrons
respectively. What is the formula of this compound formed from the reaction between W and X?
(a) W2X6 (b) WX3 (c) WX (d) W3X (e) W6X2
Prob. 32. “Parts-per” notation is commonly used in chemistry to describe small values of dimensionless
quantities. For example, a mass fraction of 1 part per million (ppm) is equivalent to a 1 g of solute per million
grams of solution (i.e. solute + solvent), or 1 mg of solute per kg of solution. A solution is made by dissolving
358.4 mg of iodine in 0.2500 L of ethanol (the density of ethanol is 0.7893 kg L −1). What is the mass fraction of
iodine in this solution, expressed in ppm?
(a) 1130 ppm (b) 1132 ppm (c) 1434 ppm
(d) 1813 ppm (e) 1816 ppm
Prob. 33. Five beakers (labelled 1 to 5) each contain 0.5 moles of silver nitrate, dissolved in water. Into each of
these beakers is added a certain amount of a metal chloride, also dissolved in water, as shown in the table below.
Silver chloride precipitates from solution in all five beakers.
1 2 3 4 5
0.15 mol CaCl2 0.20 mol AlCl3 0.25 mol CaCl2 0.30 mol NaCl 0.40 mol NaCl
Which two beakers contain the maximum mass of silver chloride precipitate?
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 2 and 4
(d) 3 and 5 (e) 4 and 5

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Prob. 34. A chemist is trying to determine the mass percentage of sulfate ions in a fertiliser. They know that the
fertiliser contains only three anions: nitrate, carbonate and sulfate.
The chemist decides to dissolve 4.000 g of fertiliser in water and add barium nitrate solution (this precipitates
BaCO3 and BaSO4). They record that exactly 40.00 mL of 1.000 M barium nitrate solution was required for
precipitation to be complete.
The chemist prepares a second aqueous solution containing 4.000 g of the fertiliser and adds hydrochloric
acid to it (this reacts with the CO32− ions to produce CO2). They record the mass of CO2 produced as 1.600 g.
What is the mass percentage of sulfate ions in the fertiliser?
(a) 8.75% (b) 23.43% (c) 45.78%
(d) 59.89% (e) 74.23%
Excercise 26. Acid & base
Every beverage and other kinds of drinks, or foods that are eaten, have a specific taste to them. There are
foods with sour tastes like buttermilk, lemon juice, orange juice, and certain candies. There is also a second taste
that is bitter leading someone to immediately want to spit it out of their mouth. These sour and bitter tastes are
caused by acids and bases.
The sour taste, like in orange juice, is tangy and is caused acids found in drinks or other foods. The word
acid itself comes from a Latin word which means sour: acere. There are natural acids in most of the liquids people
drink, like orange or lemon juice, meaning they are found in nature. Chemically, acids are molecules that split
apart in water releasing hydrogen ions, increasing the number of these ions.
On the other hand, bases have a bitter taste, like baking soda, and have a soap-like texture. It will feel soapy
if rubbed between the fingers. Both acids and bases were defined in 1887 by a chemist named Svante Arrhenius.
Chemically, bases are molecules that split when put in water and release hydroxide ions, but reducing the
number of hydrogen ions.
Determining whether a substance is an acid or base cannot be done by tasting every liquid in nature. Instead,
there is a special type of substance used to discover whether a liquid is acidic or basic in nature. The different
substances are known as indicators.
The indicators will change color depending on whether the substance is an acid or base. The indicators, such
as litmus, turmeric, and China rose are naturally occurring and are dipped into the liquid to determine its
sourness or bitterness.
Litmus is the most commonly used natural indicator. Its natural color is purple, but when an acidic solution
touches it, it will turn red. If it is dipped into a basic solution the litmus will turn blue. Litmus is made from
organisms called lichens, which come from fungus and alga, and are found in the form of a paper strip or a
solution used by chemists and other scientists.
A pH scale is used to indicate the number of hydrogen ions in a specific solution. The more hydrogen ions
in a liquid, the more acidic the solution. If a solution has more hydroxide ions in it, meaning less hydrogen ions,
the liquid would be less acidic and more basic. The pH scale uses a range from 1 to 14, with liquids having a pH
value between 0 and 7 as being acidic, with a score of 0 as being the strongest acid. Bases score between 7 and
14 with a liquid having a pH score of 14 being the strongest base. A score of 7 indicates a solution
is neutral meaning the hydrogen and hydroxide ions in the solution are equal, such as water.
Acids with a low pH and bases with a high pH are both very reactive and dangerous. They can be corrosive
and burn a person's skin. Acids and bases can be found in nature such as those located in the leaves, thorns,
seeds, or sap of plants. In bodies, the stomach has hydrochloric acid used to digest food and for killing disease-
causing germs. The pancreas of the body is basic is nature and also helps with digestion. Acids and bases work
together to help keep the body healthy. In addition, acids are used in batteries of cars, and bases are used in
household cleaning products and as fertilizers for crops.

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In summary, solutions are either acidic or basic and its strength is measured using a pH scale. Acids and
bases are used for producing a number of products in society, but are also found naturally in plants and inside
the human body. Acids and bases can be dangerous depending on their value on a pH scale.
1) All of the following are considered acidic EXCEPT:
A. Orange juice. B. Buttermilk. C. Baking soda. D. Lemon juice.
2) Which of the following best explains the difference between acids and bases?
A. Acids and bases have an equal number of hydrogen ions but varies in the number of hydroxide atoms.
B. Acids have a decreased number of hydrogen ions; bases have an increased number of hydrogen ions.
C. Acids have an increased number of hydroxide ions; bases have a decreased number of hydroxide ions.
D. Acids have an increased number of hydrogen ions; bases have a decreased number of hydrogen ions.
3) Which of the following is the most commonly used indicator?
A. Litmus. B. China rose. C. Turmeric. D. Plants.
4) If litmus comes in contact with an acidic solution, the litmus will turn which of the following color?
A. Red. B. Blue. C. Green. D. Yellow.
5) Which of the following score on a pH scale would indicate a neutral solution?
A. 1. B. 14. C. 0. D. 7.
6) Which of the following part of the body contains hydrochloric acid?
A. Pancreas B. Heart C. Stomach D. Kidney

Excercise 27. Acid Rain

When any type of fuel is burnt, lots of different chemicals are produced in the air which can result in air
pollution. The smoke that comes from a fire or the fumes of a car exhaust contain lots of invisible gases that are
harmful to the environment.
In addition, power stations and factories all burn fuels that produce gases that pollute the air. Some of the
gases, especially nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide, react with tiny droplets of water in clouds to form
sulphuric and nitric acids. When the rain from these clouds fall, it falls as a very weak acid known as acid rain.
A scale called a pH scale can be used to measure the acidity of rain, and ranges from 0 to 14 with 0 as the
most acidic and 14 as the most alkaline, or the opposite of acidic. Something with a pH value of 7 would be
neutral; it is neither acidic or alkaline.
The very strong acids would burn if they contacted the skin and can also destroy metals, but acid rain is
much weaker and could never burn the skin. However, rain is almost always slightly acidic because it mixes
with naturally occurring acids in the air. Unpolluted rain would have a pH value of about 5 or 6, but when the
air is more polluted with nitrogen oxides or sulphuric dioxide the pH value could increase to a value of 4, which
is more acidic. There have been instances of rain measuring as being a pH of 2.
Vinegar has a pH value of 2.2 and lemon juice a 2.3, and though two substances do not cause harm, acid rain
can negatively affect the environment. It can be carried long distances in the atmosphere from continent to
continent, and the acid can also take the form of snow and other precipitation. The acid rain can fall many miles
from the source of the pollution and can have a serious effect on soil, trees, buildings, and water.
It can cause trees to grow much more slowly in forests or may cause them to die prematurely. In addition, as
acid rain falls on a forest to trickles through the leaves of the trees and into the soil below. Some of it then finds
its way into streams, rivers, and lakes.
Acid rain can dissolve and wash away nutrients and minerals in the soil, cause the release of harmful
substances such as aluminum into the soil, and wear away the waxy protective coating of leaves. The process of
photosynthesis may also be affected. Trees and other plants can become weakened and become more susceptible
and attacked by diseases, insects, and bad weather.
In lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water, the effects of acid rain are much more obvious. When the acidity
of a lake increases, the water becomes clearer and the number of fish and other animals in the water decrease.
Though there are some species of plant and animals that can survive the acid rain, freshwater shrimp, snails,
and mussels are the most quickly affected, and the young of many fish are the worst affected. The acid rain can
cause deformity in young fish and can prevent eggs from hatching properly.

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All building materials usually become eroded too, but acid rain causes the natural process of erosion to
increase. Statues, buildings, vehicles, cables, and pipes can all be negatively affected by acid rain. There are some
things made from limestone or sandstone that are particularly susceptible to the effects of acid rain.
At one time, acid rain was thought to only affect the area where the pollution was occurring. Later, though,
after some study, pollution in one area was found to be causing acid rain far away from the source of the
pollution. The wind carries the pollution many hundreds of miles away where it eventually falls as acid rain.
Preventing acid rain is not impossible, and one thing that can be done is to reduce emissions from the burning
of fossil fuels, find alternative sources for energy, conserve resources, and then restore damage done by acid
rain. A process called liming may be used to neutralize the water in lakes and rivers by adding powdered
limestone to the water. However, it is very expensive.
1) Which of the following gases react with tiny droplets of water in clouds to form acids?
A. Nitrogen oxides B. Sulphur dioxide C. Both A and B D. Neither A or B
2) Which of the following measurement on a pH scale is the most acidic?
A. 0 B. 7 C. 10 D. 14
3) Which of the following pH measurements is often associated with unpolluted rain?
A. 5 or 6 B. 0 or 1 C. 13 or 14 D. 7
4) All the following statements are true EXCEPT:
A. Acid rain can negatively affect the environment.
B. Acid rain can cause trees to grow much more slowly in forests.
C. Acid rain can dissolve and wash away nutrients and minerals in the soil.
D. Acid rain in lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water is not obvious.
5) Which of the following measurements on a pH scale is an alkaline substance?
A. 7 B. 8 – 14 C. 0 – 6 D. None of the above
6) Which of the following is the process used to neutralize the water in lakes and rivers?
A. Neutralization B. Acidic reduction C. Both A and B D. Liming
Excercise 28. Air Pollution
When the air is dirty it has become polluted. Air pollution is made up of gases, dust, odors, particles, smoke,
fumes, and other substances which can be harmful to humans, animals, plants, and all living organisms. The air
is contaminated and unclean.
Air pollution affects the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere of the Earth is like a blanket of air which
protects all life. Without the atmosphere, life would not exist. The atmosphere protects living organisms from
the heat of the Sun during the day, and at night it prevents the warm air from escaping. Basically, the atmosphere
helps keep the living things on Earth from burning up or freezing.
The pollution in the air, though, may affect this 'blanket' and becomes harmful to life on Earth. The substances
in the air causing the dirty air are called pollutants. Some examples of pollutants may include gases called
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons, and others. There may also be sand, dust particles, and other
substances that evaporate and become pollutants.
A primary pollutant is one that is directly released into the air causing pollution. An example is carbon
monoxide, which comes from cars and trucks on the road. A second primary pollutant is sulfur dioxide, which
comes from the burning of coal.
A secondary pollutant is a substance or substances mix together in the air due to a chemical reaction. When
these substances mix together, the air pollution is much more dangerous and harmful to organisms. An example
is photochemical smog.
It is difficult to avoid the pollution in the air since it is the place where people get the oxygen to breathe and
live. Pollution can travel with the wind from one place to another and spread over a large number of miles.
Pollution can be caused by humans or it can also occur naturally. For example, natural pollution may come
from volcanoes, forest fires, wind storms, pollen in the air, and other sources in nature.
The three main causes of pollution by humans includes the release of smoke and fumes from manufacturing
plants and various industries. Power plants release carbon monoxide and furnaces that burn waste are two
examples of manmade pollution. Gasoline refineries also release dangerous chemicals in the air called

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hydrocarbons. The second cause is the burning of fossil fuels such as from cars, trucks, trains, airplanes. This
type of pollution occurs often because people rely on transportation every day. Another main cause of pollution
is from household and farming chemicals. On farms crop dusting may pollute the air, homes may be sprayed
with chemical to kill bugs or to help the grass grow.
There are several effects of air pollution including acid rain, which is when rain is mixed with the pollution
in the air. This acid rain can cause harm to trees, animals, fish, and other living organisms. It can cause problems
with breathing and irritation to the eyes, nose, or throat. Sometimes people can also get headaches or have
allergic reactions. Long-term effects can include lung cancer, heart disease and other health problems.
In summary, air pollution is basically dirty air caused by chemical pollutants. There are primary and
secondary pollutants and both can cause short-term or long-term problems for living things.
1) Which of the following is like a blanket of air that protects the Earth?
A. Pollution B. Pollutants C. Atmosphere D. Smog
2) All of the following are examples of pollutants EXCEPT:
A. Carbon monoxide B. Acid rain C. Nitrogen oxide D. Hydrocarbons
3) Which of the following is carbon monoxide?
A. Primary pollutant B. Secondary pollutant C. General pollutant D. Natural pollutant
4) Which of the following describes pollution from volcanoes, forest fires, and pollen?
A. Manmade pollution B. Natural pollution C. Primary pollution D. Secondary pollution
5) Gasoline refineries release which of the following pollutants into the air?
A. Carbon monoxide B. Acid rain C. Nitrogen oxide D. Hydrocarbons
6) Which of the following may be a long-term effect of air pollution?
A. Allergies B. Headaches C. Lung cancer D. Eye irritation
Excercise 29. The Ozone Layer
Often in the news, there is information given about the ozone layer of the Earth and how it needs to be
protected and carefully monitored. What exactly is the ozone layer, though? The ozone layer is high up in the
Earth's atmosphere, called the stratosphere.
Ozone itself, is a gas made up of three types of oxygen molecules. The ozone is formed when sunlight hits
certain oxygen molecules and breaks them up into its smaller parts of individual atoms. These individual atoms
then join with another type of oxygen molecule to make ozone.
The ozone layer is where there is a high concentration of ozone molecules located high above in the Earth's
atmosphere that form when the Sun hits the oxygen molecules.
The ozone layer provides protection for the Earth. It protects the Earth from the direct rays of the Sun. Instead
of those direct rays reaching the Earth's surface, the molecules in the ozone layer soak up or absorb certain
dangerous ultraviolet rays that are the causes of sunburns and skin cancers.
The ozone, and as a result, the ozone layer, can be damaged in a number of ways. First, it must be understood
that certain molecules react differently when they come in contact with other molecules. For example, a molecule
of sugar mixed with a molecule of water simply makes water taste sweet. This is not dangerous and drinking
too much of it may cause cavities, but it is not considered harmful.
However, there are certain molecules when mixed with ozone molecules, problems begin to occur. There is
a chemical reaction that takes place causing the ozone to break apart. When this happens the ozone can no longer
soak up or absorb the ultraviolet light from the rays of the Sun.
The molecules destroying the ozone are produced on Earth. These are called chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs.
They consist of a group of chemicals made up of chlorine, fluorine, carbon, and hydrogen. They were originally
used to help keep things cold and were found in air conditioners, refrigerators, and other similar products, as
well as in spray cans and fire extinguishers. Many people and scientists assumed they were safe and were great
for keeping things cold.
Unfortunately, though, it was discovered the CFCs were harmful to the environment. The chemicals from
the CFCs eventually find their way into the Earth's atmosphere, and of course, end up in the ozone layer as well.
Once there, they begin to destroy and break apart the ozone molecules, which in turn the layer becomes thinner
and weaker. The ozone can no longer soak up or absorb the ultraviolet light from the sun's rays.

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Fortunately, CFCs were banned in the year 2000 after much debate and study by experts and leaders around
the world. CFCs are no longer used and have been completely eliminated by most countries. The CFCs that
were originally released into the air take a long time to disappear so it will take some time for the ozone layer
to be built back up again too. In the meantime, it is important for people to take precautions and use sunscreen
and wear sunglasses when spending time in the sunlight.
In summary, the ozone layer is a protective covering which helps keep some of the Sun's dangerous
ultraviolet rays from reaching the Earth's surface. Years ago CFCs, a chemical, was responsible for destroying
some of the ozone, but it is now banned throughout the world.
1) How many types of oxygen molecules makes up ozone?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2) What is the purpose of the ozone layer for the Earth?
A. It protects the Earth from the direct rays of the Sun.
B. It helps the sunlight reach the Earth's surface.
C. It brings needed oxygen to the Earth from the ozone.
D. It causes sunburn and skin cancer.
3) Ultraviolet rays from the Sun can cause which of the following?
A. Sunburn B. Skin cancer C. Both A and B D. Neither A or B
4) Which of the following is the term CFCs an abbreviation for?
A. Center for Control B. Chlorofluorocancers
C. Cancerous Fluoride Chlorines D. Chlorofluorocarbons
5) All of the following are chemicals that make up CFCs EXCEPT:
A. Chlorine B. Fluorine C. Carbon D. Oxygen
6) What happens to the ozone layer when CFCs are introduced into the atmosphere?
A. The ozone molecules increase their protection.
B. The ozone molecules begin to break down and may be destroyed.
C. The ozone molecules are not affected by the CFCs.
D. None of the above
Excercise 30. The water cycle
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water between the surface of the Earth and the air. The water
cycle involves several steps involving evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation. It is a
continuous cycle where water evaporates into the air and becomes part of a cloud, falls down to earth as
precipitation, and then evaporates again. This repeats again and again in a cycle that lasts forever.
Evaporation is when the sun heats up the waters in oceans, lakes, and other bodies of water. The water then
changes into a gas. The water or moisture, now a gas, then evaporates into the air. This continuously takes place
all over the world.
Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water in the form of water vapor. Transpiration is similar
to evaporation by getting the water vapor from plants back up into the air. It is also a part of the Earth's water
cycle. It takes place continuously as plants grow using the water that passes through the roots of the plants and
is then released into the air.
Condensation occurs when the water vapor in the air becomes cold and changes back into a liquid. During
the water cycle, clouds are formed due to condensation. It is also condensation when water droplets from the
air form on the outside of a cold drink. Condensation also occurs following a hot shower. The water from the
shower changes to a water vapor and the droplets cover the mirror and other objects in the room.
Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground. Precipitation occurs during the water cycle
when the air can no longer hold water that had been evaporated. The clouds get heavy and the evaporated water
falls back to the earth as precipitation.
Rain forms in clouds when the clouds are large enough to have water droplets. The water droplets collide
and form raindrops. Snow is formed when water vapor changes directly to a solid at a temperature of less than
32°F. Sleet is basically rain drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground. Hail is cooled water

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that freezes on contact with ice crystals in clouds normally occurring in the summer months, and usually during
thunderstorms.
When precipitation ends up on the land it soaks into Earth and becomes ground water. The ground water is
then used by plants and animals for drinking. Groundwater may be stored in aquifers. Aquifers are
underground layers of rock that are saturated with water. This can be brought to the surface through natural
springs or by pumping.
If precipitation runs over the soil and collects in the oceans, lakes or rivers it is called runoff. Runoff is the
flow of water that occurs when excess storm water, meltwater, or other sources flows over the earth's surface.
Once this precipitation ends up in or on the Earth's surface, the water cycle begins all over again.
In summary the Earth's water cycle continuously occurs throughout the world. The four processes include
evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation. Precipitation is water that falls to the Earth through
rain, snow, sleet, or hail. As the water reached the Earth's surface it may become ground water stored in aquifers,
or if the Earth can no longer hold the water it becomes runoff. The water then flows back into the Earth's different
bodies of water.
1) Which of the following takes place when the sun heats up the waters in oceans, lakes, and other bodies of
water and then changes into a gas?
A. Condensation B. Transpiration C. Evaporation D. Precipitation
2) Which of the following is the process by which plants lose water in the form of water vapor?
A. Condensation B. Transpiration C. Evaporation D. Precipitation
3) Which of the following occurs when the water vapor in the air becomes cold and changes back into a liquid?
A. Condensation B. Transpiration C. Evaporation D. Precipitation
4) Which of the following is rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground and occurs when air can no longer
hold water?
A. Condensation B. Transpiration C. Evaporation D. Precipitation
5) Which of the following is formed when water vapor changes directly to a solid at a temperature of less than
32°F?
A. Rain B. Snow C. Sleet D. Hail
6) Which of the following are underground layers of rock that are saturated with precipitation that falls to the
Earth?
A. Runoff B. Ground water C. Hail D. Aquifers
Excercise 31. Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Matter is basically a substance that takes up space. All matter is a solid, liquid, or gas, and they are called the
states of matter.
Everywhere a person looks, there are examples of solids: desks, chairs, windows, rocks, tissues, and much
more. Examples of liquids: water, milk, juice, chocolate syrup, soda, and others. Examples of gases are harder
to see, because they are invisible: the oxygen in the air, propane gas used for a grill, helium inside a balloon, and
more.
Everything, all matter, can be identified as a solid, liquid, or gas.
Besides what they look like, there are many differences between solids, liquids, and gases. These differences
are called characteristics. The characteristics of each state of matter are different. These characteristics determine
if a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas.
A solid has a definite shape. It can be hard or soft, smooth or rough. Solids can come in all sizes. A solid can
be large like the Statue of Liberty, or small like a marble. It can be very tiny like a bread crumb, or as big as a
mountain, and everything in between. If small enough, solids can be held in a person's hand, and they are
difficult to compress or push, or change shape.
The molecules of a solid are compact and close together, and nearly impossible to move through.
A liquid takes the shape of the container it is held in, and will fill the bottom of a container. Liquids usually
have a smooth surface, but does not have a specific size. A person may be able to hold a small amount of liquid
in their hand, but a liquid cannot be held like a solid. Liquids are less difficult to compress or push. It is much
easier to move through a liquid than a solid.

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The molecules of a liquid are spread out more than a solid, but less than a gas.
Finally, a gas has no shape, but can fill a container or any size or shape. It will fill an entire container as the
molecules move. A gas cannot be felt in the hands like a solid or liquid. It has no surface or no particular size. It
cannot be held in a person's hands, and it is easy to push or compress. A gas is the easiest to move through
versus a liquid or solid.
The molecules in a gas are more spread out and move all the time. They are full of energy.
Water is the best example of a substance that can be a solid, liquid, or gas. Water by itself is a liquid. When
water freezes it becomes a solid. If a container of water is heated it turns into a gas called water vapor.
There are many other substances that can be more than one type of matter, too. Ice cream is a solid until it
melts, then it's a liquid. A moth ball is a solid, but it releases a gas that a person can smell across the room.
In summary, the different states of matter are called solids, liquids, and gases. The states of matter have
different characteristics and examples of each can be found throughout the universe.
1) Matter is basically a solid, liquid, or gas that takes up:
A. Time B. Space C. Energy D. Heat
2) Oxygen, helium, and propane are examples of a
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Mineral
3) Which of the following states of matter has a definite shape?
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. None of the above
4) Which of the following states of matter takes on the shape of the container?
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. All of the above
5) Which of the following states of matter has no surface or particular size?
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Bothe b and c
6) Which of the following describes the molecules in a solid?
A. The molecules are spread out and have lots of energy.
B. The molecules are spread out some, but less than a gas.
C. The molecules can easily be moved through.
D. The molecules are compact and close together.
Excercise 32. Atoms and Electricity
Atoms are the basis for everything in the universe. All matter is composed of atoms. Solids are made of
densely packed atoms while gases have atoms that are spread out. Protons, electrons, and neutrons are the basic
parts of atoms. The parts of the atom include positive and negative charges and are responsible for the electrical
charges known as electricity.
Electrons are the smallest of the three particles that make up atoms. They are located in an area that
surrounds the nucleus of an atom. Electrons have negative charges. Protons, electrons, and neutrons are all
related to electric charges.
Protons have positive charges. Protons are large and are found in the nucleus. Along with neutrons, they are
grouped together in the center of the atom.
Neutrons are neutral and do not have a charge. They are large and are found in the nucleus grouped together
with the protons.
Atoms start out with the same number of electrons and protons. Under certain conditions, electrons can be
removed from an atom or added to an atom. Removing electrons would leave the atom with more positive than
negative charges.
Electricity is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Electrons have a negative charge, they
sometimes are attracted to atoms that have a positive charge. Electrons orbit in an area that surrounds the
nucleus of an atom. Electrons then sometimes jump to the shells of nearby atoms as they orbit. This jumping or
movement of electrons creates electric current. Current is what flows through electrical wires and powers
electronics items, from light bulbs to televisions.
Electrical charges are created in power plants that goes through power lines to bring electricity into homes
or businesses.

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Static electricity is the imbalance of positive and negative charges in an object. Static electricity is created
when electrons move from one place to another. Electrons can move more easily in some objects than in others.
The rubbing of certain materials against one another can transfer negative charges, or electrons.
An example of static electricity is when a balloon is charged by rubbing it on the hair. It picks up extra
electrons and has a negative charge. Holding it near a neutral object will make the charges in that object move.
This is an example of static electricity. Another example involves clothing is in a dryer. The fabrics rub together
and there is an exchange of electrons from the surfaces of the clothing. They are then attracted to each other and
cling together. The crackling sound heard comes from the electrons being pulled away from each other when
the clothes are separated.
In summary, without atoms and the interaction between electrons, protons, and neutrons, it would not be
possible to have electricity. The main parts of an atom included protons with positive charges, electrons with
negative charges, and neutrons with no charge. Electrical current is produced in power plants and is then
transferred to homes and businesses through power lines. Finally, a common form of electricity is static
electricity which often occurs when electrons rub off and on various objects and interact with each other.
1) Which of the following parts of an atom have no charge?
A. Proton B. Electron C. Neutron D. Nucleus
2) Which of the following parts of an atom have a positive charge?
A. Proton B. Electron C. Neutron D. Nucleus
3) Which of the following parts of an atom have a negative charge?
A. Proton B. Electron C. Neutron D. Nucleus
4) Which of the following is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
A. Electricity B. Static electricity C. Both a and b D. Neither a nor b
5) Which of the following flows through electrical wires and powers electronics items, from light bulbs to
televisions?
A. Static electricity B. Neutron current C. Nucleus charges D. Electric current
6) Which of the following causes the crackling sound heard from the electrons being pulled away from each
other when the clothes from a dryer are separated?
A. Static electricity B. Neutron current C. Nucleus charges D. Electric current
Excercise 33. Atmosphere and Air Temperature
The Earth's atmosphere is the area between the Earth's surface and the edge of space. It acts as a thin blanket
between the sun and the Earth. The heat from the sun has an effect on the temperature of the air. The heat from
the sun is transmitted through the atmosphere and the Earth's surface becomes heated. The sun warms the Earth
throughout the year but at different temperatures due to several variables.
The air temperature of an area, whether cold or hot depends upon the angle at which the Earth is tilted, and
will affect the amount of heat an area of the Earth receives. Air temperature is the measure of how hot or cold
the air is and can be measured by using a thermometer.
The hottest area of the Earth is near the equator. The equator is an imaginary line forming a great circle
around the Earth's surface separating the Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The equator is the
hottest area because the sun's path is directly above the Earth in that location.
Unlike the equator, the north and south poles are the coldest places on the Earth because the sun is at a low
angle in that area. Even though the sun is closer to Earth's surface in that area, the sun's rays are much weaker.
There is not a direct path like at the equator.
Another variable affecting the temperature of the air is called insolation. The angle of insolation is the angle
at which sunlight strikes the Earth's surface. Isolation is short for incoming solar radiation, which is the amount
of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth at a given place and time.
Sunlight warms the Earth in summer and winter. The amount of heat depends on the angle of insolation. The
greater the angle, the warmer it gets. Since the angle is always less at the poles, it is colder in those areas. Because
of the tilt of the Earth, if it is freezing in one part of the world, it is hot in another part.
The time of day also has an effect on the temperature of the air. In the morning the sun is close to the horizon,
and at mid-day the sun is higher up in the sky. After mid-day the sun is again lower in the sky. These changes,

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due to the tilt of the Earth, is the reason it is warmer during the mid-day and cooler in the mornings and
evenings.
The next variable affecting the temperature of the air in an area is the texture of the Earth's surface in that
area. The texture of the Earth is how smooth or rough the surface is. Rough textures cause light to bounce around
at many angles and more of the sun's heat is absorbed the surface. This cause the areas to become hotter.
Finally, dark colors get hotter than light colors in the same light. Dark soils and rocks can also get very hot.
On the other hand, plants help keep an area cooler in the sunlight.
In summary, the Earth's atmosphere is like a very thin blanket in which the sun's rays pass through at
different angles. The angles are called angles of insolation and is the amount of energy reaching Earth at a given
place and time. The hottest area of the Earth is at the equator. There are many variables affecting how hot or
cold the air is, which is also called the air temperature. Other variables include the texture of the Earth and the
colors of objects that are absorbing the sun's rays.
1) Which of the following is the amount of the sun's energy that reaches the Earth at a given place and time?
A. Atmosphere B. Insolation C. Thermometer D. Texture
2) Which of the following is the area between the Earth's surface and the edge of space?
A. Insolation B. Radiation C. Hemisphere D. Atmosphere
3) Which of the following is a measure of how hot or cold the Earth is?
A. Temperature B. Thermometer C. Atmosphere D. Radiation
4) A thermometer is used to measure which of the following?
A. Rainfall B. Humidity C. Temperature D. Wind speed
5) Which of the following means incoming radiation?
A. Insulation B. Insolation C. Atmosphere D. Equation
6) All of the following has an effect on the air temperature of the Earth EXCEPT:
A. Tilt of the Earth B. Texture C. Colors D. All of the above
Excercise 34. Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by combining carbon
disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today because of its effectiveness as a solvent
as well as its use in the production of propellants.
Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use. In the past,
carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used throughout the home,
but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it changes into a poisonous gas that can cause severe illness and
even death if it is inhaled. Because of this dangerous characteristic, the United States revoked permission for the
home use of carbon tetrachloride in 1970. The United States has taken similar action with various other chemical
compounds.
1. The main point of this passage is that
(A) carbon tetrachloride can be very dangerous when it is heated
(B) the government banned carbon tetrachloride in 1970
(C) although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home products
(D) carbon tetrachloride used to be a regular part of cleaning compounds
2. The word "widely" in line 2 could most easily be replaced by
(A) grandly (B) extensively (C) largely (D) hugely
3. The word "banned" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) forbidden (B) allowed (C) suggested (D) instituted
4. According to the passage, before 1970 carbon tetrachloride was
(A) used by itself as a cleanser
(B) banned in industrial use
(C) often used as a component of cleaning products
(D) not allowed in home cleaning products
5. It is stated in the passage that when carbon tetrachloride is heated, it becomes
(A) harmful (B) colorless
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(C) a cleaning compound (D) inflammable

6. The word "inhaled" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) warmed (B) breathed in (C) carelessly used (D) blown
7. The word "revoked" in line 8 could most easily be replaced by
(A) gave (B) granted (C) instituted (D) took away
8. It can be inferred from the passage that one role of the U.S. government is to
(A) regulate product safety
(B) prohibit any use of carbon tetrachloride
(C) instruct industry on cleaning methodologies
(D) ban the use of any chemicals
9. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
(A) additional uses for carbon tetrachloride
(B) the banning of various chemical compounds by the U.S. government
(C) further dangerous effects of carbon tetrachloride
(D) the major characteristics of carbon tetrachloride
Excercise 35. The Carbon Cycle
There are certain things needed for survival such as food, water, clothing, shelter, oxygen, and other basic
needs. However, all living organisms need an element called carbon. Carbon is the basic building block of all
living things. On the Periodic Table of Elements, it is described as a nonmetal that has two main forms, diamond
and graphite. It is a very abundant element. It is the base of all organic compounds and are the essential parts
of cells of living things. In fact, 18% of the weight of a human body includes carbon.
Carbon is necessary for providing energy: for your body, in industry, for combustion in automobiles, for
generating energy and much more. The energy that is necessary for all living things comes from the Sun.
However, humans and other animals cannot get the energy directly from the Sun, but plants, algae, and a few
types of bacteria use sunlight as a direct source of energy. The plants take in carbon and oxygen (CO2) and
combined with the energy from the Sun, plants can make their own food. The process is called photosynthesis.
In addition, carbon, like water and other substances, moves around the Earth and is exchanged between
living things, dead things, and the air through the carbon cycle. The cycle includes sources, sinks, and reservoirs,
which are the places carbon can be found and stored.
Carbon sources are those that release carbon into the atmosphere, and they include volcanic eruptions,
respiration of animals (breathing), decaying dead matter, burning of fossil fuels, warm bodies of water, and
other natural processes. Carbon sinks are those that absorb carbon from the atmosphere such as plants, algae,
cold bodies of water, and landfills. Carbon reservoirs include the storage of carbon from the atmosphere
including the earth's atmosphere, oceans, organic elements like rocks, and volcanoes and geothermal areas.
The carbon cycle includes the exchange of carbon between various organic and inorganic elements between
and within the atmosphere and the biosphere (Earth). And just like all of Earth's cycles, there is not a specific
starting or ending point. Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants used for photosynthesis, and then from
plants to animals, where the carbon is transferred into the bodies, and when plants and animals die, the remains
decay and decompose, and the carbon is absorbed into the soil. The carbon remaining in the ground for
thousands of years converts to fossil fuels like oil and gas.
The cycle continues as living things breathe and carbon is sent back into the atmosphere, and the burning of
fossil fuels, wood, or other objects result in carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere. From the
atmosphere, the cool water in oceans and other large bodies of water absorb some of the carbon from the
atmosphere. The warmer water, as stated earlier, releases the carbon into the air, and the cycle can begin again
as the plants absorb it for photosynthesis.
The cycle is continuous and there is no specific order of the steps involved in the carbon cycle. In addition,
carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas and traps heat in the atmosphere, and without it and other greenhouse
gases, the Earth would be too cold to live.
There is an imbalance between the sources and sinks of carbon with too much being released and not enough
being absorbed. This has led to the Earth becoming warmer, leading to global warming. The carbon cycle and

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all the Earth cycles are necessary for the survival of plants, animals, and the planet itself. Carbon is the basic
building block of all living things.
1) Which of the following is the basic building block of all life?
A. Carbon B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D: Energy
2) Volcanic eruptions, breathing, decaying dead matter, burning fossil fuels, and warm bodies of water are all
carbon examples of which of the following?
A. Sources B. Sinks C. Reservoirs D. All the above
3) Plants, algae, cold bodies of water and landfills are all carbon examples of which of the following?
A. Sources B. Sinks C. Reservoirs D. All the above
4) The earth's atmosphere, oceans, organic elements like rocks, and volcanoes and geothermal areas are all
carbon examples of which of the following?
A. Sources B. Sinks C. Reservoirs D. All the above
5) Which of the following is released into the air due to the burning of fossil fuels?
A. Oxygen B. Carbon C. Carbon dioxide D. Energy
6) Which of the following is an example of a greenhouse gas?
A. Energy B. Nitrogen C. Oxygen D. Carbon dioxide

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