1. Read the six questions below and highlight the keywords.

2. Find the keywords (or synonyms) in the text and read carefully.
3. Answer the questions with NO MORE than TWO WORDS from
the text.
a) What sport did Michael Russo compete in?
b) What illness required him to be admitted to hospital?
c) In the last 20 years, which group has dramatically increased
their use of medication?
d) What does polypharmacy increase the risk of?
e) What caused over 5 million Americans to seek medical care?
f) What do drug companies often portray their medication as?

In 1995, Michael Russo (not his real name) was in his mid-50s and in remarkable health, effortlessly running
half-marathons and playing competitive racquetball. But when Russo sought treatment for his moderate
Crohn’s disease, he soon became the victim of a prescribing cascade. As each new medication brought on a
new, often serious side effect, another medication was prescribed.

He was 59 when one medication prescribed for his Crohn’s disease activated latent tuberculosis, which led
to him spending 31 days in the hospital, 17 of them in Intensive Care, including 11 on a respirator. From 2001
until his death in 2014, Russo was in and out of the hospital, taking many medications and suffering multiple
side effects. At the end of his life, he was taking more than 31 pills a day, but not one of his 15 physicians
saw this as a problem worth addressing. Ultimately, it wasn’t the Crohn’s disease that killed him—it was the
drugs and their devastating side effects.

Unfortunately, Russo’s story of harm caused by too many medications is not unusual. Over the past two
decades, the number of older Americans taking five or more prescription medications—a red flag for
potential harm—has tripled, rising to more than 42 percent, according to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.

Taking many medications has become the new normal, a trend most striking in older adults, but growing
across all age groups. As this trend progresses, so has polypharmacy-related harm, an epidemic that experts
call “medication overload.” In light of this growing crisis, the Lown Institute reviewed what is known about
polypharmacy and the harm it can cause. This past April, the Institute released Medication Overload:
America’s Other Drug Problem.

The report found the following: Harm from multiple medication use is frequent and increasing. While many
patients benefit from taking multiple medications, polypharmacy also increases a person’s risk of suffering
serious, sometimes life-threatening side effects. At the same time that medication use among older adults
has increased, the rate at which side effects send older adults to the hospital or to the emergency room has
risen dramatically. Last year, an estimated 5 million older people in the United States—about one in ten—
sought medical care for adverse drug events.

There is no single driver of medication overload. Many aspects of our healthcare system make it easy to
prescribe medications, but it is far more difficult to review or stop them, even if a medication is likely to be
causing harm to a patient. One powerful push factor is our culture of prescribing—the belief that there is a
“pill for every ill.” Doctors want to show their patients that they care, and often the easiest way to do that is
by pulling out the prescription pad. Meanwhile, drug company marketing—to doctors and directly to
consumers—often presents medications as quick fixes, while downplaying the risks. In Russo’s case, no one
on his medical team thought to question whether his medications might be the cause of his worsening
symptoms.

Full article: https://www.asaging.org/blog/stopping-scourge-overmedication

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