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Ebook Vector Mechanics For Engineers Dynamics PDF Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Vector Mechanics For Engineers Dynamics PDF Full Chapter PDF
Vector Mechanics
For Engineers
Dynamics
Eleventh Edition in SI Units
Vector Mechanics
For Engineers
Dynamics
Ferdinand P. Beer
Late of Lehigh University
Phillip J. Cornwell
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Brian P. Self
California Polytechnic State University—San Luis Obispo
Sanjeev Sanghi
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Sales Territories: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka only.
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Typeset at The Composers, 260, C.A. Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Delhi 110 063, and printed at
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v
vi About the Authors
vii
Contents
Preface x
Guided Tour xiv
Digital Resources xvii
Acknowledgments xix
List of Symbols xx
12 Kinetics of Particles:
Newton’s Second Law 718
12.1 Newton’s Second Law and Linear Momentum 720
12.2 Angular Momentum and Orbital Motion 763
*12.3 Applications of Central-Force Motion 774
Review and Summary 788
Review Problems 792
General Approach
Vector algebra was introduced at the beginning of the first volume and is
used in the presentation of the basic principles of statics, as well as in the
solution of many problems, particularly three-dimensional problems. Sim-
ilarly, the concept of vector differentiation will be introduced early in this
volume, and vector analysis will be used throughout the presentation of
dynamics. This approach leads to more concise derivations of the funda-
mental principles of mechanics. It also makes it possible to analyze many
problems in kinematics and kinetics which could not be solved by scalar
methods. The emphasis in this text, however, remains on the correct under-
standing of the principles of mechanics and on their application to the
solution of engineering problems, and vector analysis is presented chiefly
as a convenient tool.‡
Practical Applications Are Introduced Early. One of the 11.4 CURVILINEAR MOTION
OF PARTICLES
characteristics of the approach used in this book is that mechanics of When a particle moves along a curve other than a straight line, we say y
that the particle is in curvilinear motion. We can use position, velocity, P'
particles is clearly separated from the mechanics of rigid bodies. This and acceleration to describe the motion, but now we must treat these
quantities as vectors because they can have directions in two or three r' ∆r ∆s
dimensions.
approach makes it possible to consider simple practical applications at an O
r
P
early stage and to postpone the introduction of the more difficult concepts. Acceleration Vectors
z
(a)
point P. The vector r is characterized by its magnitude r and its direction P'
with respect to the reference axes, so it completely defines the position of
• In Dynamics, the same division is observed. The basic concepts of the particle with respect to those axes. We refer to vector r as the position
vector of the particle at time t.
r'
P
Consider now the vector r9 defining the position P9 occupied by the
force, mass, and acceleration, of work and energy, and of impulse same particle at a later time t 1 Dt. The vector Dr joining P and P9
represents the change in the position vector during the time interval Dt
O
r
x
(b)
and momentum are introduced and first applied to problems involv- and is called the displacement vector. We can check this directly from
Fig. 11.12a, where we obtain the vector r9 by adding the vectors r and
z
y v
Dr according to the triangle rule. Note that Dr represents a change in
ing only particles. Thus, students can familiarize themselves with direction as well as a change in magnitude of the position vector r.
We define the average velocity of the particle over the time interval
Dt as the quotient of Dr and Dt. Since Dr is a vector and Dt is a scalar,
the three basic methods used in dynamics and learn their respective the quotient Dr/Dt is a vector attached at P with the same direction as Dr
and a magnitude equal to the magnitude of Dr divided by Dt (Fig. 11.12b).
r
P0
s
P
O
advantages before facing the difficulties associated with the motion of We obtain the instantaneous velocity of the particle at time t by
taking the limit as the time interval Dt approaches zero. The instantaneous
(c)
x
†
Both texts also are available in a single volume, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
and Dynamics, eleventh edition.
‡
In a parallel text, Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, fifth edition, the use of vector algebra
is limited to the addition and subtraction of vectors, and vector differentiation is omitted.
xi
xii Preface
†
Some useful definitions and properties of vector algebra have been summarized in Appendix
A at the end of this volume for the convenience of the reader. Also, Secs. 9.5 and 9.6 of the
volume on statics, which deal with the moments of inertia of masses.
Guided Tour
Chapter Introduction. Each chapter begins with a list of learning
objectives and an outline that previews chapter topics. An introductory
section describes the material to be covered in simple terms, and how it
will be applied to the solution of engineering problems.
Chapter Lessons. The body of the text is divided into sections, each
consisting of one or more sub-sections, several sample problems, and a large
number of end-of-section problems for students to solve. Each section cor-
responds to a well-defined topic and generally can be covered in one lesson.
In a number of cases, however, the instructor will find it desirable to devote
more than one lesson to a given topic.
11
Kinematics of Particles
Sample Problems. The Sample Problems are set up in much the
The motion of the paraglider can be described in terms of its
position, velocity, and acceleration. When landing, the pilot of the same form that students will use when solving assigned problems, and
paraglider needs to consider the wind velocity and the relative
motion of the glider with respect to the wind. The study of
motion is known as kinematics and is the subject of this chapter.
they employ the SMART problem-solving methodology that students are
encouraged to use in the solution of their assigned problems. They thus
serve the double purpose of reinforcing the text and demonstrating the
type of neat and orderly work that students should cultivate in their own
NEW! solutions. In addition, in-problem references and captions have been added
to the sample problem figures for contextual linkage to the step-by-step
More than 40 new sample problems have
solution.
been added to this volume.
y
the barrier before it comes to rest. lems and the problems to be assigned. The purpose of these sections is to
–a (m/s2)
v0
help students organize in their own minds the preceding theory of the text
x
and the solution methods of the sample problems so that they can more
z
STRATEGY: Since you are given the deceleration as a function of
x (m)
successfully solve the homework problems. Also included in these sec-
displacement, you should start with the basic kinematic relationship
a 5 v dv/dx.
MODELING and ANALYSIS: Model the car as a particle. First find
tions are specific suggestions and strategies that will enable the students
the initial speed in ft/s,
v0 5 a72
km
ba
1 hr
hr 3600 s
ba
1000 m
km
b 5 20
m
s
to more efficiently attack any assigned problems.
Substituting a 5 2302x into a 5 v dv/dx gives
v dv
a 5 2302x 5
dx
Separating variables and integrating gives
xiv
Guided Tour xv
Chapter Review and Summary. Each chapter ends
with a review and summary of the material covered in that
chapter. Marginal notes are used to help students organize Review and Summary
their review work, and cross-references have been included to
This chapter was devoted to presenting the method of work and energy and
help them find the portions of material requiring their special the method of impulse and momentum. In the first half of the chapter, we
studied the method of work and energy and its application to the analysis of
Work of a Force
We first considered a force F acting on a particle A and defined the work of
F corresponding to the small displacement dr [Sec. 13.2] as the quantity
Review Problems. A set of review problems is included dU 5 F?dr (13.1)
s2
A
ds
dr A2
at the end of each chapter. These problems provide students or recalling the definition of the scalar product of two vectors, as
dU 5 F ds cos α (13.19) A1
s
further opportunity to apply the most important concepts intro- where α is the angle between F and dr (Fig. 13.30). We obtained the work
of F during a finite displacement from A1 to A2, denoted by U1y2, by integrating
s1 F
O
duced in the chapter. Eq. (13.1) along the path described by the particle as
A2
Fig. 13.30
U1y2 5 #
A1
F?dr (13.2)
A
15.248 A straight rack rests on a gear of radius r and is attached to a block
B as shown. Denoting by vD the clockwise angular velocity of gear
U1y2 5 2 #
y1
W dy 5 Wy1 2 Wy2 (13.4)
D and by u the angle formed by the rack and the horizontal, derive
q expressions for the velocity of block B and the angular velocity of
B the rack in terms of r, u, and vD.
D A2
W
r 15.249 A carriage C is supported by a caster A and a cylinder B, each of
50-mm diameter. Knowing that at the instant shown the carriage has
an acceleration of 2.4 m/s2 and a velocity of 1.5 m/s, both directed
dy
to the left, determine (a) the angular accelerations of the caster and A
Fig. P15.248 of the cylinder, (b) the accelerations of the centers of the caster and y2
of the cylinder. A1
y
C y1
A B
Fig. 13.31
Fig. P15.249
B
175 mm
40 mm 80 mm
75 mm
80 mm
A
175 mm
A
B
Fig. P15.250
15.251 Knowing that inner gear A is stationary and outer gear C starts from
rest and has a constant angular acceleration of 4 rad/s2 clockwise,
determine at t 5 5 s (a) the angular velocity of arm AB,
C (b) the angular velocity of gear B, (c) the acceleration of the point
on gear B that is in contact with gear A.
Fig. P15.251
1104
78°
Problems. Drawing diagrams correctly is a critical step in solving
secured to the floor and the other leaning against a vertical partition. A
Draw the FBD and KD necessary to determine the maximum
allowable acceleration of the truck if the board is to remain in the
position shown.
kinetics problems in dynamics. A new type of problem has been added to
16.F2 A uniform circular plate of mass 3 kg is attached to two links AC
and BD of the same length. Knowing that the plate is released
Fig. P16.F1 the text to emphasize the importance of drawing these diagrams. In
from rest in the position shown, in which lines joining G to A and
B are, respectively, horizontal and vertical, draw the FBD and KD
for the plate. Chaps. 12 and 16 the Free Body Practice Problems require students to
D
draw a free-body diagram (FBD) showing the applied forces and an
C
75°
B
equivalent diagram called a “kinetic diagram” (KD) showing ma or its
75°
A G
components and Ia. These diagrams provide students with a pictorial
Fig. P16.F2 representation of Newton’s second law and are critical in helping students
16.F3 Two uniform disks and two cylinders are assembled as indicated.
Disk A weighs 20 lb and disk B weighs 12 lb. Knowing that the
system is released from rest, draw the FBD and KD for the whole
system.
to correctly solve kinetic problems. In Chaps. 13 and 17 the Impulse-
A
Momentum Diagram Practice Problems require students to draw diagrams
B
8 in. 6 in. showing the momenta of the bodies before impact, the impulses exerted
TA TB
on the body during impact, and the final momenta of the bodies. The
A B
answers to all of these questions can be accessed through Connect.
3.3 ft
G
6.6 ft
C 15 lb 18 lb D
Fig. P16.F3
16.F4 The 400-lb crate shown is lowered by means of two overhead cranes.
1.8 ft
Knowing the tension in each cable, draw the FBD and KD that can
be used to determine the angular acceleration of the crate and the 3.6 ft
acceleration of the center of gravity. Fig. P16.F4
1039
Digital Resources
Online Learning Centre
Find the following instructor resources available through
(http://www.mhhe.com/beer/vme/11e/dynamics):
• Instructor’s and Solutions Manual. The Instructor’s and Solutions
Manual that accompanies the eleventh edition features solutions to all
end of chapter problems.
• Lecture PowerPoint Slides for each chapter that can be modified.
These generally have an introductory application slide, animated
worked-out problems that you can do in class with your students,
concept questions, and “what-if?” questions at the end of the units.
• Textbook images
xvii
Acknowledgments
A special thanks to Jim Widmann of California Polytechnic State Univer-
sity, who thoroughly checked the solutions and answers of all problems
in this edition and then prepared the solutions for the accompanying
Instructor’s and Solutions Manual. The authors would also like to thank
Baheej Saoud, who helped develop and solve several of the new problems
in this edition.
We are pleased to acknowledge David Chelton, who carefully reviewed
the entire text and provided many helpful suggestions for revising this edition.
The authors thank the many companies that provided photographs
for this edition. We also wish to recognize the determined efforts and
patience of our photo researcher Danny Meldung.
The authors also thank the members of the staff at McGraw-Hill for
their support and dedication during the preparation of this new edition.
Phillip J. Cornwell
Brian P. Self
xviii
Guided Tour xix
The publishers would like to acknowledge the suggestions and
praise received from the reviewers of Dynamics, Special Indian Edition
(SIE). There names are as follows:
xxi
xxii List of Symbols
Introduction Objectives
• Describe the basic kinematic relationships between
11.1 RECTILINEAR MOTION OF
position, velocity, acceleration, and time.
PARTICLES
11.1A Position, Velocity, and • Solve problems using these basic kinematic
Acceleration relationships and calculus or graphical methods.
11.1B Determining the Motion of a • Define position, velocity, and acceleration in terms of
Particle
Cartesian, tangential and normal, and radial and
11.2 SPECIAL CASES AND transverse coordinates.
RELATIVE MOTION
11.2A Uniform Rectilinear Motion • Analyze the relative motion of multiple particles by
11.2B Uniformly Accelerated using a translating coordinate system.
Rectilinear Motion • Determine the motion of a particle that depends on
11.2C Motion of Several Particles the motion of another particle.
*11.3 GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS • Determine which coordinate system is most appropri-
11.4 CURVILINEAR MOTION OF ate for solving a curvilinear kinematics problem.
PARTICLES
• Calculate the position, velocity, and acceleration of a
11.4A Position, Velocity, and
particle undergoing curvilinear motion using Cartesian,
Acceleration Vectors
tangential and normal, and radial and transverse
11.4B Derivatives of Vector Functions
coordinates.
11.4C Rectangular Components of
Velocity and Acceleration
11.4D Motion Relative to a Frame in
Translation Introduction
11.5 NON-RECTANGULAR
COMPONENTS Chapters 1 to 10 were devoted to statics, i.e., to the analysis of bodies at
11.5A Tangential and Normal rest. We now begin the study of dynamics, which is the part of mechanics
Components that deals with the analysis of bodies in motion.
11.5B Radial and Transverse Although the study of statics goes back to the time of the Greek
Components philosophers, the first significant contribution to dynamics was made by
Galileo (1564–1642). Galileo’s experiments on uniformly accelerated bod-
ies led Newton (1642–1727) to formulate his fundamental laws of motion.
Dynamics includes two broad areas of study:
P P' When we know the position coordinate x of a particle for every value
x ∆x
of time t, we say that the motion of the particle is known. We can provide
O
a “timetable” of the motion in the form of an equation in x and t, such as
(t) (t + ∆t) x
x 5 6t2 2 t3, or in the form of a graph of x versus t, as shown in Fig. 11.6.
Fig. 11.2 A small displacement Dx from The units most often used to measure the position coordinate x are the
time t to time t 1 Dt. meter (m) in the SI system of units† and the foot (ft) in the U.S. customary
system of units. Time t is usually measured in seconds (s).
Now consider the position P occupied by the particle at time t and
the corresponding coordinate x (Fig. 11.2). Consider also the position P9
occupied by the particle at a later time t 1 Dt. We can obtain the position
coordinate of P9 by adding the small displacement Dx to the coordinate x
of P. This displacement is positive or negative according to whether P9 is
to the right or to the left of P. We define the average velocity of the
particle over the time interval Dt as the quotient of the displacement Dx
and the time interval Dt as
Dx
Average velocity 5
Photo 11.1 The motion of this solar car can Dt
be described by its position, velocity, and
acceleration.
If we use SI units, Dx is expressed in meters and Dt in seconds; the
average velocity is then expressed in meters per second (m/s). If we use
U.S. customary units, Dx is expressed in feet and Dt in seconds; the
average velocity is then expressed in feet per second (ft/s).
We can determine the instantaneous velocity v of a particle at the
instant t by allowing the time interval Dt to become infinitesimally small. Thus,
Dx
Instantaneous velocity 5 v 5 lim
Dt y0 Dt
The instantaneous velocity is also expressed in m/s or ft/s. Observing that
the limit of the quotient is equal, by definition, to the derivative of x with
respect to t, we have
Velocity of a particle
along a line
P
d
dx
v>0 v5 (11.1)
dt
x
(a) We represent the velocity v by an algebraic number that can be positive or
negative.‡ A positive value of v indicates that x increases, i.e., that the particle
v<0 moves in the positive direction (Fig. 11.3a). A negative value of v indicates
P that x decreases, i.e., that the particle moves in the negative direction
x (Fig. 11.3b). The magnitude of v is known as the speed of the particle.
(b)
Fig. 11.3 In rectilinear motion, velocity can Consider the velocity v of the particle at time t and also its velocity
be only (a) positive or (b) negative along the v 1 Dv at a later time t 1 Dt (Fig. 11.4). We define the average acceleration
line. of the particle over the time interval Dt as the quotient of Dv and Dt as
Dv
Average acceleration 5
P v P' v + ∆v
Dt
†
See Sec. 1.3.
‡
x As you will see in Sec. 11.4A, velocity is actually a vector quantity. However, since we are
(t) (t + ∆t) considering here the rectilinear motion of a particle where the velocity has a known and fixed
Fig. 11.4 A change in velocity from v to direction, we need only specify its sense and magnitude. We can do this conveniently by using
v 1 Dv corresponding to a change in time a scalar quantity with a plus or minus sign. This is also true of the acceleration of a particle
from t to t 1 Dt. in rectilinear motion.
11.1 Rectilinear Motion of Particles 619
If we use SI units, Dv is expressed in m/s and Dt in seconds; the average
acceleration is then expressed in m/s2. If we use U.S. customary units, Dv
is expressed in ft/s and Dt in seconds; the average acceleration is then
expressed in ft/s2.
We obtain the instantaneous acceleration a of the particle at the
instant t by again allowing the time interval Dt to approach zero. Thus,
Dv
Instantaneous acceleration 5 a 5 lim
Dt y0 Dt
The instantaneous acceleration is also expressed in m/s2 or ft/s2. The limit
of the quotient, which is by definition the derivative of v with respect to t,
measures the rate of change of the velocity. We have
Acceleration of a
particle along a line
dvv
a5 (11.2)
dt
d 2x
a5 (11.3)
dt 2
v v' v' v
P P' P' P
x x
a>0 a>0
(a) (b)
v v' v' v
P P' P' P
x x
a<0 a<0
(c) (d)
Fig. 11.5 Velocity and acceleration can be in the same or different directions.
(a, d) When a and v are in the same direction, the particle speeds up;
(b, c) when a and v are in opposite directions, the particle slows down.
620 Kinematics of Particles
dvv
a5v (11.4)
d
dx
dv 5 a dt
dv 5 f(t) dt
e dv 5 e f(t) dt
v t
#v0
dv 5 # f(t) dt
0
t
v 2 v0 5 # f(t) dt
0
We will study two important cases in greater detail in Sec. 11.2: the
case when a 5 0, corresponding to a uniform motion, and the case when
a 5 constant, corresponding to a uniformly accelerated motion.
2. a 5 f(x). The Acceleration Is a Given Function of x. Rearranging
Eq. (11.4) and substituting f(x) for a, we have
v dv 5 a dx
v dv 5 f(x) dx
Since each side contains only one variable, we can integrate the equation.
Denoting again the initial values of the velocity and of the position
coordinate by v0 and x0, respectively, we obtain
v x
# v dv 5 # f(x) dx
v0 x0
x
1 2
2v 2 12 v20 5 # f(x) dx
x0
which yields v in terms of x. We now solve Eq. (11.1) for dt, giving
dx
dt 5
v
and substitute for v the expression just obtained. We can then integrate
both sides to obtain the desired relation between x and t. However, in
most cases, this last integration cannot be performed analytically, and
we must resort to a numerical method of integration.
3. a 5 f(v). The Acceleration Is a Given Function of v. We can now
substitute f(v) for a in either Eqs. (11.2) or (11.4) to obtain either
dv dv
f(v) 5 f(v) 5 v
dt dx
dv v dv
dt 5 dx 5
f(v) f(v)
(continued)
624 Kinematics of Particles
# v0510
dv 5 2 #
0
9.81 dt
# # (10 2 9.81t) dt
=
–9 t (s)
.8
1
dy 5
m y 0520 0
/s 2
[y ] y20 5 [10t 2 4.905t 2 ] t0
–22.2 y 2 20 5 10t 2 4.905t 2
y 5 20 1 10t 2 4.905t2 (2) b
Fig. 2 Velocity of the ball as a
function of time. Graphs of these equations are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
b. Highest Elevation. The ball reaches its highest elevation when
y (m) v 5 0. Substituting into Eq. (1), you obtain
/s
m
10
10 2 9.81t 5 0 t 5 1.019 s b
=
v0
Slop
pe
Slo
25.1
y 5 20 1 10(1.019) 2 4.905(1.019)2 y 5 25.1 m b
e=
v=
20 c. Ball Hits the Ground. The ball hits the ground when y 5 0.
– 22
curve
20 1 10t 2 4.905t2 5 0 t 5 21.243 s and t 5 13.28 s b
/s
0 1.019 3.28 t (s) Only the root t 5 13.28 s corresponds to a time after the motion has
Fig. 3 Height of the ball as a begun. Carrying this value of t into Eq. (1), you find
function of time. v 5 10 2 9.81(3.28) 5 222.2 m/s v 5 22.2 m/s w b
(continued)
626 Kinematics of Particles
# #
dv dv dv
2kv 5 5 2k dt 5 2k dt
dt v v0
v 0
v
ln 5 2kt v 5 v0 e2kt b
v0
# 0
dx 5 v0 #e
0
2kt
dt
v0 2kt t v0
x52 [e ] 0 5 2 (e2kt 2 1)
k k
O t v0
x5 (1 2 e2kt ) b
k
x
v0
c. v in Terms of x. Substitute 2kv for a in a 5 v dv/dx. You have
k dv
2kv 5 v
dx
dv 5 2k dx
v x
O t
# dv 5 2k # dx
v0 0
v
v0
v 2 v0 5 2kx v 5 v0 2 kx b
(1 2 e2kt ) 5 a1 2 b
Fig. 1 Motion curves for the v0 v0 v
piston x5 v 5 v0 2 kx (checks)
k k v0
11.1 Rectilinear Motion of Particles 627
x (m)
z
STRATEGY: Since you are given the deceleration as a function of
displacement, you should start with the basic kinematic relationship
a 5 v dv/dx.
MODELING and ANALYSIS: Model the car as a particle. First find
the initial speed in ft/s,
v0 5 a72 ba ba b 5 20
km 1 hr 1000 m m
hr 3600 s km s
Substituting a 5 2302x into a 5 v dv/dx gives
v dv
a 5 2302x 5
dx
Separating variables and integrating gives
0 x
v dv 5 2302x dx y #
v0
v dv 5 2 # 302x dx
0
2/3
v 2 v0 5 220x3/2 y x 5 a (v20 2 v2 )b
1 2 1 2 1
(1)
2 2 40
Substituting v 5 0, v0 5 20 m/s gives
d 5 4.64 m b
REFLECT and THINK: A distance of 4.64 m seems reasonable for a
barrier of this type. If you substitute d into the equation for a, you find a
maximum deceleration of about 7 g’s. Note that this problem would have
been much harder to solve if you had been asked to find the time for the
automobile to stop. In this case, you would need to determine v(t) from
Eq. (1). This gives v 5 2v20 2 40x3/2. Using the basic kinematic relation-
ship v 5 dx/dt, you can easily show that
t x
# #
dx
dt 5
0 2v0 2 40x
2 3/2
0
Unfortunately, there is no closed-form solution to this integral, so you
would need to solve it numerically.
SOLVING PROBLEMS
ON YOUR OWN
I n the problems for this section, you will be asked to determine the position,
velocity, and/or acceleration of a particle in rectilinear motion. As you read each
problem, it is important to identify both the independent variable (typically t or x)
and what is required (for example, the need to express v as a function of x). You may
find it helpful to start each problem by writing down both the given information and
a simple statement of what is to be determined.
1. Determining v(t) and a(t) for a given x(t). As explained in Sec. 11.1A, the first
and second derivatives of x with respect to t are equal to the velocity and the accel-
eration, respectively, of the particle [Eqs. (11.1) and (11.2)]. If the velocity and accel-
eration have opposite signs, the particle can come to rest and then move in the opposite
direction [Sample Prob. 11.1]. Thus, when computing the total distance traveled by a
particle, you should first determine if the particle comes to rest during the specified
interval of time. Constructing a diagram similar to that of Sample Prob. 11.1, which
shows the position and the velocity of the particle at each critical instant (v 5 vmax,
v 5 0, etc.), will help you to visualize the motion.
2. Determining v(t) and x(t) for a given a(t). We discussed the solution of problems
of this type in the first part of Sec. 11.1B. We used the initial conditions, t 5 0 and
v 5 v0, for the lower limits of the integrals in t and v, but any other known state (for
example, t 5 t1 and v 5 v1) could be used instead. Also, if the given function a(t)
contains an unknown constant (for example, the constant k if a 5 kt), you will first
have to determine that constant by substituting a set of known values of t and a in
the equation defining a(t).
3. Determining v(x) and x(t) for a given a(x). This is the second case considered
in Sec. 11.1B. We again note that the lower limits of integration can be any known
state (for example, x 5 x1 and v 5 v1). In addition, since v 5 vmax when a 5 0, you
can determine the positions where the maximum or minimum values of the velocity
occur by setting a(x) 5 0 and solving for x.
4. Determining v(x), v(t), and x(t) for a given a(v). This is the last case treated in
Sec. 11.1B; the appropriate solution techniques for problems of this type are illustrated
in Sample Probs. 11.3 and 11.4. All of the general comments for the preceding cases
once again apply. Note that Sample Prob. 11.3 provides a summary of how and when
to use the equations v 5 dx/dt, a 5 dv/dt, and a 5 v dv/dx.
628
We can summarize these relationships in Table 11.1.
Table 11.1
If.... Kinematic relationship Integrate
v t
# dv 5 # a(t)dt
dv
a 5 a(t) 5 a(t)
dt v0 0
v x
# v dv 5 # a(x)dx
dv
a 5 a(x) v 5 a(x)
dx v0 x0
v t
# # dt
dv dv
5 a(v) 5
dt v0
a(v) 0
a 5 a(v)
x v
# # a(v)
dv v dv
v 5 a(v) dx 5
dx x0 v0
629 629
Problems†
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
B 11.CQ1 A bus travels the 100 km between A and B at 50 km/h and then
another 100 km between B and C at 70 km/h. The average speed
of the bus for the entire 200 km trip is:
a. More than 60 km/h.
b. Equal to 60 km/h.
c. Less than 60 km/h.
A
C
11.CQ2 Two cars A and B race each other down a straight road. The posi-
Fig. P11.CQ1 tion of each car as a function of time is shown. Which of the fol-
lowing statements are true (more than one answer can be correct)?
a. At time t2 both cars have traveled the same distance.
b. At time t1 both cars have the same speed.
c. Both cars have the same speed at some time t , t1.
d. Both cars have the same acceleration at some time t , t1.
e. Both cars have the same acceleration at some time t1 , t , t2.
Position B
A
t1 t2 time
Fig. P11.CQ2
END-OF-SECTION PROBLEMS
11.1 A snowboarder starts from rest at the top of a double black diamond
hill. As she rides down the slope, GPS coordinates are used to deter-
mine her displacement as a function of time: x 5 0.5t3 1 t2 1 2t,
where x and t are expressed in meters and seconds, respectively.
Determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of the boarder
when t 5 5 seconds.
†
Answers to all problems set in straight type (such as 11.1) are given at the end of the book.
Answers to problems with a number set in italic type (such as 11.6) are not given.
630
11.4 A loaded railroad car is rolling at a constant velocity when it couples
with a spring and dashpot bumper system. After the coupling, the
motion of the car is defined by the relation x 5 60e24.8t sin 16t, where
x and t are expressed in millimeters and seconds, respectively. Deter-
mine the position, the velocity, and the acceleration of the railroad
car when (a) t 5 0, (b) t 5 0.3 s.
v0
Fig. P11.4
11.5 The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x 5 6t4 2 2t3 2 12t2 1
3t 1 3, where x and t are expressed in meters and seconds,
respectively. Determine the time, the position, and the velocity when
a 5 0.
y (m)
x (m)
0 2
Fig. P11.7
631
v0 11.9 The brakes of a car are applied, causing it to slow down at a rate of
A
v=0 3 m/s2. Knowing that the car stops in 100 m, determine (a) how fast
the car was traveling immediately before the brakes were applied,
(b) the time required for the car to stop.
100 m
x 11.10 The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a 5 3e20.2t,
where a and t are expressed in m/s2 and seconds, respectively.
Fig. P11.9
Knowing that x 5 0 and v 5 0 at t 5 0, determine the velocity and
position of the particle when t 5 0.5 s.
x
11.13 A Scotch yoke is a mechanism that transforms the circular motion
of a crank into the reciprocating motion of a shaft (or vice versa).
A
It has been used in a number of different internal combustion engines
and in control valves. In the Scotch yoke shown, the acceleration of
C
point A is defined by the relation a 5 21.8 sin kt, where a and t
are expressed in m/s2 and seconds, respectively, and k 5 3 rad/s.
Knowing that x 5 0 and v 5 0.6 m/s when t 5 0, determine the
velocity and position of point A when t 5 0.5 s.
B
11.14 For the Scotch yoke mechanism shown, the acceleration of point A
is defined by the relation a 521.08 sin kt 2 1.44 cos kt, where a
and t are expressed in m/s2 and seconds, respectively, and
D k 5 3 rad/s. Knowing that x 5 0.16 m and v 5 0.36 m/s when
t 5 0, determine the velocity and position of point A when t 5 0.5 s.
Fig. P11.13 and P11.14
11.15 A piece of electronic equipment that is surrounded by packing material
is dropped so that it hits the ground with a speed of 4 m/s. After
contact the equipment experiences an acceleration of a 5 2kx, where
k is a constant and x is the compression of the packing material. If the
packing material experiences a maximum compression of 20 mm,
determine the maximum acceleration of the equipment.
x
Fig. P11.15
v
11.16 A projectile enters a resisting medium at x 5 0 with an initial velocity
v0 5 270 m/s and travels 100 mm. before coming to rest.
Assuming that the velocity of the projectile is defined by the relation
v 5 v0 2 kx, where v is expressed in m/s and x is in meters, determine
(a) the initial acceleration of the projectile, (b) the time required for
Fig. P11.16 the projectile to penetrate 97.5 mm into the resisting medium.
632
11.17 The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a 5 2k/x.
It has been experimentally determined that v 5 5 m/s when
A
x 5 0.2 m and that v 5 3 m/s when x 5 0.4 m. Determine
(a) the velocity of the particle when x 5 0.5 m, (b) the position of
the particle at which its velocity is zero.
B
11.18 A brass (nonmagnetic) block A and a steel magnet B are in equilib-
rium in a brass tube under the magnetic repelling force of another
steel magnet C located at a distance x 5 0.004 m from B. The force x
is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between B and
C. If block A is suddenly removed, the acceleration of block B is C
a 5 29.81 1 k/x2, where a and x are expressed in m/s2 and meters,
respectively, and k 5 4 3 1024 m3/s2. Determine the maximum
velocity and acceleration of B.
Fig. P11.18
11.19 Based on experimental observations, the acceleration of a particle is
defined by the relation a 5 2(0.1 1 sin x/b), where a and x are
expressed in m/s2 and meters, respectively. Knowing that b 5 0.8 m
and that v 5 1 m/s when x 5 0, determine (a) the velocity of the A
particle when x 5 21 m, (b) the position where the velocity is
maximum, (c) the maximum velocity. l
C B
11.20 A spring AB is attached to a support at A and to a collar. The
unstretched length of the spring is l. Knowing that the collar is
released from rest at x 5 x0 and has an acceleration defined by the x0
relation a 5 2100(x 2 lx/ 2l2 1 x2 ), determine the velocity of the
collar as it passes through point C. Fig. P11.20
11.23 A bowling ball is dropped from a boat so that it strikes the surface of
a lake with a speed of 8 m/s. Assuming the ball experiences a down-
ward acceleration of a 5 3 2 0.1v2 (where a and v are expressed in
10 m
m/s2 and m/s, respectively) when in the water, determine the velocity
of the ball when it strikes the bottom of the lake.
633
11.26 A human-powered vehicle (HPV) team wants to model the accelera-
tion during the 260-m sprint race (the first 60 m is called a flying
start) using a 5 A 2 Cv2, where a is acceleration in m/s2 and v is
the velocity in m/s. From wind tunnel testing, they found that
C 5 0.0012 m21. Knowing that the cyclist is going 100 km/h at the
260-meter mark, what is the value of A?
11.27 Experimental data indicate that in a region downstream of a given
louvered supply vent the velocity of the emitted air is defined by
v 5 0.18v0 /x, where v and x are expressed in m/s and meters,
respectively, and v0 is the initial discharge velocity of the air. For
v0 5 3.6 m/s, determine (a) the acceleration of the air at x 5 2 m,
(b) the time required for the air to flow from x 5 1 to x 5 3 m.
Fig. P11.26 11.28 Based on observations, the speed of a jogger can be approximated by
the relation v 5 12(1 2 0.06x)0.3, where v and x are expressed in
km/h and km, respectively. Knowing that x 5 0 at t 5 0, determine
(a) the distance the jogger has run when t 5 1 h, (b) the jogger’s
acceleration in m/s2 at t 5 0, (c) the time required for the jogger to
run 9 Km.
11.29 The acceleration due to gravity at an altitude y above the surface of
the earth can be expressed as
29.81
a5
v
11
x
r A
Fig. P11.29 Fig. P11.30 O θ
Fig. P11.32
634
11.2 Special Cases and Relative Motion 635
# dx 5 v # dt
x0 0
x 2 x0 5 vt
x 5 x0 1 vt (11.5)
This equation can be used only if the velocity of the particle is known to
be constant. For example, this would be true for an airplane in steady
flight or a car cruising along a highway at a constant speed.
#v0
dv 5 a # dt
0
v 2 v0 5 at
v 5 v0 1 at (11.6)
#x0
dx 5 # (v
0
0
1 at)dt
x 2 x0 5 v0 t 1 12 at 2
x 5 x0 1 v0 t 1 12 at 2 (11.7)
We can also use Eq. (11.4) and write
dv
v 5 a 5 constant
dx
v dv 5 a dx
Integrating both sides, we obtain
v x
# v0
v dv 5 a # dx
x0
1 2
2 (v 2 v20 ) 5 a(x 2 x0 )
Relative velocity
of two particles vB/A 5 vB 2 vA or vB 5 vA 1 vB/A (11.10)
A positive sign for vB/A means that B is observed from A to move in the
positive direction; a negative sign means that it is observed to move in
the negative direction.
The rate of change of vB/A is known as the relative acceleration of B
with respect to A and is denoted by aB/A. Differentiating Eq. (11.10), we obtain†
Relative acceleration
of two particles aB/A 5 aB 2 aA or aB 5 aA 1 aB/
B/A
B /A
/A (11.11)
A TALE.
“An’ ye winna believe i’ the bogle?” said a pretty young lassie to her
sweetheart, as they sat in the door of her father’s cottage one fine autumn
evening. “Do you hear that, mither? Andrew ’ll no believe i’ the bogle.”
“Gude be wi’ us, Effie!” exclaimed Andrew, a slender and delicate youth
of about two-and-twenty, “a bonny time I wad hae o’t, gin I were to heed
every auld wife’s clatter.”
The words “auld wife” had a manifest effect on Effie, and she bit her lips
in silence. Her mother immediately opened a battery upon the young man’s
prejudices, narrating how that on Anneslie Heath, at ten o’clock at night, a
certain apparition was wont to appear, in the form of a maiden above the
usual size, with a wide three-cornered hat. Sundry other particulars were
mentioned, but Andrew was still incredulous. “He’ll rue that, dearly will he
rue’t!” said Effie, as he departed.
Many days, however, passed away, and Effie was evidently much
disappointed to find that the scepticism of her lover gathered strength. Nay,
he had the audacity to insult, by gibes and jests, the true believers, and to
call upon them for the reasons of their faith. Effie was in a terrible passion.
At last, however, her prophecy was fulfilled. Andrew was passing over
the moor, while the clock struck ten; for it was his usual practice to walk at
that hour, in order to mock the fears of his future bride. He was just winding
round the thicket which opened to him a view of the cottage where Effie
dwelt, when he heard a light step behind him, and, in an instant, his feet
were tripped up, and he was laid prostrate on the turf. Upon looking up he
beheld a tall muscular man standing over him, who, in no courteous
manner, desired to see the contents of his pocket. “De’il be on ye!”
exclaimed the young forester, “I hae but ae coin i’ the warld.” “That coin
maun I hae,” said his assailant. “Faith! I’se show ye play for’t then,” said
Andrew, and sprang upon his feet.
Andrew was esteemed the best cudgel-player for twenty miles round, so
that in brief space he cooled the ardour of his antagonist, and dealt such
visitations upon his skull as might have made a much firmer head ache for a
fortnight. The man stepped back, and, pausing in his assault, raised his hand
to his forehead, and buried it among his dark locks. It returned covered with
blood. “Thou hast cracked my crown,” he said, “but yet ye sha’ na gang
scatheless;” and, flinging down his cudgel, he flew on his young foe, and,
grasping his body before he was aware of the attack, whirled him to the
earth with an appalling impetus. “The Lord hae mercy on me!” said
Andrew, “I’m a dead man.”
He was not far from it, for his rude foe was preparing to put the finishing
stroke to his victory. Suddenly something stirred in the bushes, and the
conqueror, turning away from his victim, cried out, “The bogle! the bogle!”
and fled precipitately. Andrew ventured to look up. He saw the figure which
had been described to him approaching; it came nearer and nearer; its face
was very pale, and its step was not heard on the grass. At last it stood by his
side, and looked down upon him. Andrew buried his face in his cloak:
presently the apparition spoke—indistinctly indeed, for its teeth seemed to
chatter with cold:
“This is a cauld an’ an eerie night to be sae late on Anneslie Muir!” and
immediately it glided away. Andrew lay a few minutes in a trance; and then,
arising from his cold bed, ran hastily towards the cottage of his mistress.
His hair stood on end, and the vapours of the night sunk chill upon his brow
as he lifted up the latch and flung himself upon an oaken seat.
“Preserve us!” cried the old woman. “Why, ye are mair than aneugh to
frighten a body out o’ her wits! To come in wi’ sic a flaunt and a fling, bare-
sconced, and the red bluid spatter’d a’ o’er your new leather jerkin! Shame
on you, Andrew! in what mishanter hast thou broken that fule’s head o’
thine?”
“Peace, mither!” said the young man, taking breath, “I hae seen the
bogle!”
The old lady had a long line of reproaches, drawn up in order of march,
between her lips; but the mention of the bogle was the signal for disbanding
them. A thousand questions poured in, in rapid succession. “How old was
she? How was she dressed? Who was she like? What did she say?”
“She was a tall thin woman, about seven feet high!”
“Oh Andrew!” cried Effie.
“As ugly as sin!”
“Other people tell a different story,” said Effie.
“True, on my Bible oath! And then her beard——”
“A beard, Andrew!” shrieked Effie: “a woman with a beard! For shame,
Andrew!”
“Nay, I’ll swear it upon my soul’s salvation! She had seen saxty winters
and mair, afore e’er she died to trouble us!”
“I’ll wager my best new goun,” said the maiden, “that saxteen would be
nearer the mark.”
“But wha was she like, Andrew?” said the old woman. “Was she like
auld Janet that was drowned in the burn forenaint? or that auld witch that
your maister hanged for stealing his pet lamb? or was she like——”
“Are you sure she was na like me, Andrew?” said Effie, looking archly
in his face.
“You—pshaw! Faith, guid mither, she was like to naebody that I ken,
unless it be auld Elspeth, the cobbler’s wife, that was blamed for a’ the
mischief or misfortunes o’ the kintra roun’, and was drowned at last for
having ‘sense aboon the lave.’”
“And how was she dressed, Andrew?”
“In that horrible three-cornered hat, which may I be blinded if ever I
seek to look upon again!—an’ in a lang blue apron——”
“Green, Andrew!” cried Effie, twirling her own green apron round her
thumb.
“How you like to tease ane!” said the lover. Poor Andrew did not at all
enter into his mistress’s pleasantry, for he laboured under a great depression
of spirits, and never lifted his eyes from the ground.
“But ye hae na tauld us what she said, lad!” said the old woman,
assuming an air of deeper mystery as each question was put and answered
in its turn.
“Lord! what signifies it whether she said this or that! Haud your tongue,
and get me some comfort; for, to speak truth, I’m vera cauld.”
“Weel mayest thou be sae,” said Effie, “for indeed,” she continued, in a
feigned voice, “it was a cauld an’ an eerie night to be sae late on Anneslie
Muir.”
Andrew started, and a doubt seemed to pass over his mind. He looked up
at the damsel, and perceived, for the first time, that her large blue eyes were
laughing at him from under the shade of a huge three-cornered hat. The
next moment he hung over her in an ecstasy of gratitude, and smothered
with his kisses the ridicule which she forced upon him as the penalty of his
preservation.
“Seven feet high, Andrew?”
“My dear Effie!”
“As ugly as sin?”
“My darling lassie!”
“And a beard?”
“Na! na! now you carry the jest o’er far!”
“And saxty winters?”
“Saxteen springs, Effie! Dear, delightfu’, smiling springs!”
“And Elspeth, the cobbler’s wife! Oh, Andrew, Andrew! I never can
forgie you for the cobbler’s wife! And what say you now, Andrew—is there
nae bogle on the muir?”
“My dear Effie, for your sake I’ll believe in a’ the bogles in
Christendie!”
“That is,” said Effie, at the conclusion of a long and vehement fit of
risibility, “that is, in a’ that wear ‘three-cornered hats.’”
ON THE PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT OF A
PUBLIC LIBRARY AT ETON.
We are very glad to be able to announce that, after the Easter holidays, a
public library for the use of the school will be established by subscription,
at Mr. Williams’s. We are very glad of it, not for our own sake, for before it
shall rise to any degree of importance we shall be inhabitants of this spot no
longer; our very names will be forgotten among its more recent inmates.
But we hail with joy this institution, for the sake of the school we love and
reverence, to which we hope it will prove, at some future period, a valuable
addition.
The plan admits of one hundred subscribers—viz., the one hundred
senior members of the school. If any of these decline to become members,
the option will descend to the next in gradation. The subscription for the
first year will be 10s. 6d. after the Easter, Election, and Christmas holidays;
in future 10s. 6d. will be paid after the two latter vacations only. The library
will consist of the classics, history, &c.; and subscribers will be allowed,
under certain regulations, to take books from the room. Of course a thing of
this kind has not been set on foot without the concurrence of the higher
powers; and the head-master has assisted the promoters of it by his
approbation, as well as by liberality of another description. We trust that
Eton will not long continue to experience the want of an advantage which
many other public schools enjoy.
We had intended to send the foregoing loose remarks to press, in order to
request as many of our schoolfellows in the upper division as are willing to
become subscribers to leave their names with Mr. Williams, at whose house
the library will be established. But as we were preparing to send off the
manuscript, an old gentleman, for whom we have a great respect, called in,
and looked over our shoulder. He then took a chair, and observed to us:
“This will never do!” He took off his spectacles, wiped them, put them on
again, and repeated: “This will never do!
“I, sir, was an Etonian in the year 17—, and, being a bit of a speculator
in those days, had a mind to do what you are now dreaming of doing. I
addressed myself forthwith to various friends, all of them distinguished for
rank, or talent, or influence, among their companions. I began with Sir
Roger Gandy, expatiated on the sad want of books which many
experienced, and asked whether he did not think a public library would be a
very fine thing? ‘A circulating one,’ he said; ‘oh yes, very!’—and he
yawned. There was taste!
“The next to whom I made application was Tom Luny, the fat son of a
fat merchant on Ludgate Hill. Poor Tom! He died last week, by-the-by, of a
surfeit. Well, sir, I harangued him for some time upon the advantages of my
scheme, to which he gave his cordial assent. Finally I observed that, of
course, it would not be very expensive. ‘Expensive!’ he said; ‘oh yes,
very!’—and he walked off. There was liberality!
“Next I besieged Will Wingham. I made my approaches as before, with
great caution, and at last summoned the garrison to surrender. ‘Books!’ he
exclaimed, ‘I haven’t one but a Greek Grammar, with all syntax out.’ ‘And
do you think,’ I resumed, ‘that an Etonian can do well without them?’ ‘Do
well!’ he said; ‘oh yes, very!’—and he laughed. There was a wish for
improvement!
“Now, my good Peregrine,” continued the old gentleman, putting his feet
up upon the hobs of my fire, and looking very argumentative, “what do you
say to all this?”
The old gentleman is
Laudator temporis acti
Se puero.
It is a point which has often been advanced and contested by the learned,
that the world grows worse as it grows older; arguments have been
advanced, and treatises written, in support of Horace’s opinion—
Ætas parentum pejor avis tulit
Nos nequiores, mox daturos
Progeniem vitiosiorem.
The supporters of this idea rest their sentence upon various grounds: they
mention the frequency of crim. con. cases, the increase of the poor-rate, the
licentiousness of the press, the celebrity of rouge et noir.
There is, however, one circumstance corroborative of their judgment, to
which we think the public opinion has not yet been sufficiently called. We
mean the indisputable fact that persons of all descriptions are growing
ashamed of their own names. We remember that when we were dragged in
our childhood to walk with our nurse, we were accustomed to beguile our
sense of weariness and disgust by studying the names, which, in their neat
brass plates, decorated the doors by which we passed. Now the case is
altered. We have observed elsewhere that the tradesmen have removed their
signs; it is equally true that the gentlemen have removed their names. The
simple numerical distinction, which is now alone emblazoned upon the
doors of our dwellings, but ill replaces that more gratifying custom, which,
in a literal sense, held up great names for our emulation, and made the
streets of the metropolis a muster-roll of examples for our conduct.
But a very serious inconvenience is also occasioned by this departure
from ancient observances. How is the visitor from the country to discover
the patron of his fortunes, the friend of his bosom, or the mistress of his
heart, if, in lieu of the above-mentioned edifying brass plates, his eye
glances upon the unsatisfactory information contained in 1, 2, or 3? In some
cases even this assistance is denied to him, and he wanders upon his dark
and comfortless voyage, like an ancient mariner deprived of the assistance
of the stars.
Our poor friend, Mr. Nichol Loaming, has treated us with a long and
eloquent dissertation upon this symptom of degeneracy; and certainly, if the
advice experto crede be of any weight, Mr. Nichol’s testimony ought to
induce all persons to hang out upon the exterior of their residences some
more convincing enunciation of their name and calling than it is at present
the fashion to produce.
Nichol came up to town with letters of introduction to several friends of
his family, whom it was his first duty and wish to discover. But his first
adventure so dispirited him, that, after having spent two mornings at an
hotel, he set out upon his homeward voyage, and left the metropolis an
unexplored region.
He purposed to make his first visit to Sir William Knowell, and, having
with some difficulty discovered the street to which he had been directed, he
proceeded to investigate the doors, in order to find out the object of his
search. The doors presented nothing but a blank! He made inquiries, was
directed to a house, heard that Sir William was at home, was shown into an
empty room, and waited for some time with patience.
The furniture of the house rather surprised him. It was handsomer than
he had expected to find it; and on the table were the Morning Chronicle and
the Edinburgh Review, although Sir William was a violent Tory. At length
the door opened, and a gentleman made his appearance. Nichol asked, in a
studied speech, whether he had the honour to address Sir William Knowell?
The gentleman replied that he believed there had been a little mistake, but
that he was an intimate friend of Sir W. Knowell’s, and expected him in the
course of a few minutes. Nichol resumed his seat, although he did not quite
perceive what mistake had taken place. He was unfortunately urged by his
evil genius to attempt conversation.
He observed that Sir W. Knowell had a delightful house, and inquired
whether the neighbourhood was pleasant. “His next neighbour,” said the
stranger, with a most incomprehensible smile, “is Sir William Morley.”
Nichol shook his head; was surprised to hear Sir William kept such
company—had heard strange stories of Sir W. Morley—hoped there was no
foundation—indeed had received no good report of the family! “The
mother rather weak in the head—to say the truth under confinement; the
sister a professed coquette—went off to Gretna last week with a Scotch
officer; Sir William himself a gambler by habit, a drunkard by inclination—
at present in the King’s Bench, without the possibility of an adjustment
——”
Here he was stopped by the entrance of an elderly lady leaning on the
arm of an interesting girl of sixteen or seventeen. Upon looking up, Nichol
perceived the gentleman he had been addressing rather embarrassed; and
“hoped that he had not said anything which could give offence.” “Not in the
least,” replied the stranger; “I am more amused by an account of the foibles
of Sir W. Morley than any one else can be; and of this I will immediately
convince you. Sir William Knowell resides at No. Six—you have stepped
by mistake into No. Seven. Before you leave it, allow me to introduce you
to Lady Morley—who is rather weak in the head, and, to say the truth,
under confinement; to Miss Ellen Morley, a professed coquette, who went
off to Gretna last week with a half-pay officer; finally”—(with a very low
bow)—“to Sir William Morley himself, a gambler by habit, and a drunkard
by inclination—who is at present in the King’s Bench, without the
possibility of an adjustment!”
SENSE AND SENSIBILITY.
In a visit which we paid some time ago to our worthy contributor, Morris
Gowan, we became acquainted with two characters; upon whom, as they
afford a perfect counterpart to Messrs. “Rhyme and Reason,” recorded in a
former paper, we have bestowed the names of Sense and Sensibility.
The Misses Lowrie, of whom we are about to give our readers an
account, are both young, both handsome, both amiable: Nature made the
outline of their characters the same, but Education has varied the colouring.
Their mother died almost before they were able to profit by her example or
instruction. Emily, the eldest of the sisters, was brought up under the
immediate care of her father. He was a man of strong and temperate
judgment, obliging to his neighbours, and affectionate to his children; but
certainly rather calculated to educate a son than a daughter. Emily profited
abundantly by his assistance, as far as moral duties or literary
accomplishments were concerned; but for all the lesser agrémens of society,
she had nothing to depend upon but the suggestions of a kind heart and a
quiet temper. Matilda, on the contrary, spent her childhood in England, at
the house of a relation, who, having imbibed her notions of propriety at a
fashionable boarding-school, and made a love-match very early in life, was
but ill-prepared to regulate a warm disposition and check a natural tendency
to romance. The consequence has been such as might have been expected.
Matilda pities the distressed, and Emily relieves them; Matilda has more of
the love of the neighbourhood, although Emily is more entitled to its
gratitude; Matilda is very agreeable, while Emily is very useful; and two or
three old ladies, who talk scandal over their tea, and murder grammar and
reputations together, consider Matilda a practised heroine, and laugh at
Emily as an inveterate Blue.
The incident which first introduced us to them afforded us a tolerable
specimen of their different qualities. While on a long pedestrian excursion
with Morris, we met the two ladies returning from their walk; and, as our
companion had already the privileges of an intimate acquaintance, we
became their companions. An accurate observer of human manners knows
well how decisively character is marked by trifles, and how wide is the
distinction which is frequently made by circumstances apparently the most
insignificant.
In spite, therefore, of the similarity of age and person which existed
between the two sisters, the first glance at their dress and manner, the first
tones of their voice, were sufficient to distinguish the one from the other. It
was whimsical enough to observe how every object which attracted our
attention exhibited their respective peculiarities in a new and entertaining
light. Sense entered into a learned discussion on the nature of a plant, while
Sensibility talked enchantingly of the fading of its flower. From Matilda we
had a rapturous eulogium upon the surrounding scenery; from Emily we
derived much information relative to the state of its cultivation. When we
listened to the one, we seemed to be reading a novel, but a clever and an
interesting novel; when we turned to the other, we found only real life, but
real life in its most pleasant and engaging form.
Suddenly one of those rapid storms, which so frequently disturb for a
time the tranquillity of the finest weather, appeared to be gathering over our
heads. Dark clouds were driven impetuously over the clear sky, and the
refreshing coolness of the atmosphere was changed to a close and
overpowering heat. Matilda looked up in admiration—Emily in alarm;
Sensibility was thinking of a landscape—Sense of a wet pelisse. “This
would make a fine sketch,” said the first. “We had better make haste,” said
the second. The tempest continued to grow gloomier above us: we passed a
ruined hut, which had been long deserted by its inhabitants. “Suppose we
take refuge here for the evening,” said Morris. “It would be very romantic,”
said Sensibility. “It would be very disagreeable,” said Sense. “How it would
astonish my father!” said the heroine. “How it would alarm him!” said her
sister.
As yet we had only observed distant prognostics of the tumult of the
elements which was about to take place. Now, however, the collected fury
of the storm burst at once upon us. A long and bright flash of lightning,
together with a continued roll of thunder, accompanied one of the heaviest
rains that we have ever experienced. “We shall have an adventure!” cried
Matilda. “We shall be very late,” observed Emily. “I wish we were a
hundred miles off,” said the one hyperbolically. “I wish we were at home,”
replied the other soberly. “Alas! we shall never get home to-night,” sighed
Sensibility pathetically. “Possibly,” returned Sense dryly. The fact was that
the eldest of the sisters was quite calm, although she was aware of all the
inconveniences of their situation; and the youngest was terribly frightened,
although she began quoting poetry. There was another and a brighter flash,
another and a louder peal: Sense quickened her steps—Sensibility fainted.
With some difficulty, and not without the aid of a conveyance from a
neighbouring farmer, we brought our companions in safety to their father’s
door. We were of course received with an invitation to remain under shelter
till the weather should clear up; and of course we felt no reluctance to
accept the offer. The house was very neatly furnished, principally by the
care of the two young ladies; but here again the diversity of their manners
showed itself very plainly. The useful was produced by the labour of Emily;
the ornamental was the fruit of the leisure hours of Matilda. The skill of the
former was visible in the sofa-covers and the curtains, but the latter had
decorated the card-racks and painted the roses on the hand-screens. The
neat little bookcases, too, which contained their respective libraries,
suggested a similar remark. In that of the eldest we observed our native
English worthies—Milton, Shakespeare, Dryden, and Pope; on the shelves
of her sister reclined the more effeminate Italians—Tasso, Ariosto,
Metastasio, and Petrarch. It was a delightful thing to see two amiable beings
with tastes so widely different, yet with hearts so closely united.
It is not to be wondered at that we paid a longer visit than we had
originally intended. The conversation turned, at one time, upon the late
revolutions. Matilda was a terrible Radical, and spoke most enthusiastically
of tyranny and patriotism, the righteous cause, and the Holy Alliance:
Emily, however, declined to join in commiseration or invective, and pleaded
ignorance in excuse for her indifference. We fancy she was apprehensive of
blundering against a stranger’s political prejudices. However that may be,
Matilda sighed and talked, and Emily smiled and held her tongue. We
believe the silence was the most judicious; but we are sure the loquacity
was the most interesting.
We took up the newspaper. There was an account of a young man who
had gone out alone to the rescue of a vessel in distress. The design had been
utterly hopeless, and he had lost his life in the attempt. His fate struck our
fair friends in very different lights. “He ought to have had a better fortune,”
murmured Matilda. “Or more prudence,” added Emily. “He must have been
a hero,” said the first. “Or a madman,” rejoined the second.
The storm now died away in the distance, and a tranquil evening
approached. We set out on our return. The old gentleman, with his
daughters, accompanied us a small part of the way. The scene around us
was beautiful; the birds and the cattle seemed to be rejoicing in the return of
the sunshine, and every herb and leaf had derived a brighter tint from the
rain-drops with which it was spangled. As we lingered for a few moments
by the side of a beautiful piece of water, the mellowed sound of a flute was
conveyed to us over its clear surface. The instrument was delightfully
played: at such an hour, on such a spot, and with such companions, we
could have listened to it for ever. “That is George Mervyn,” said Morris to
us. “How very clever he is!” exclaimed Matilda. “How very imprudent,”
replied Emily. “He will catch all the hearts in the place!” said Sensibility,
with a sigh. “He will catch nothing but a cold!” said Sense, with a shiver.
We were reminded that our companions were running the same risk, and we
parted from them reluctantly.
After this introduction we had many opportunities of seeing them; we
became every day more pleased with the acquaintance, and looked forward
with regret to the day on which we were finally to leave so enchanting a
neighbourhood. The preceding night it was discovered that the cottage of
Mr. Lowrie was on fire. The destructive element was soon checked, and the
alarm quieted; but it produced a circumstance which illustrated, in a very
affecting manner, the observations we have been making. As the family
were greatly beloved by all who knew them, every one used the most
affectionate exertions in their behalf. When the father had been brought
safely from the house, several hastened to the relief of the daughters. They
were dressed, and were descending the stairs. The eldest, who had behaved
with great presence of mind, was supporting her sister, who trembled with
agitation. “Take care of this box,” said Emily: it contained her father’s title-
deeds. “For Heaven’s sake preserve this locket!” sobbed Matilda; it was a
miniature of her mother!
We have left, but not forgotten you, beautiful creatures! Often, when we
are sitting in solitude, with a pen behind our ear and a proof before our
eyes, you come, hand in hand, to our imagination! Some, indeed, enjoin us
to prefer esteem to fascination—to write sonnets to Sensibility, and to look
for a wife in Sense. These are the suggestions of age; perhaps of prudence.
We are young, and may be allowed to shake our heads as we listen!
MR. LOZELL’S
ESSAY ON WEATHERCOCKS.
“Round he spun.”—Byron.