ECT Level 3

NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 1
For ferromagnetic materials the relative permeability is
a) >1
b) 1
c) 0
d) -1
Question: 2
Pulsed saturation techniques used by EC testing to overcome magnetic permeability superimpose an AC signal and sampling of the eddy
current is done
a) between pulses
b) at peak maximum DC pulse
c) at peak minimum DC pulse
d) continuously during DC pulses
Question: 3
What do the side drilled holes used for ultrasonic testing, and the round bottom transverse notch on the OD of a tube for eddy current
testing have in common?
a) both are artificial defects for calibration

b) neither relates their dimensions to real defects
c) both are provided to establish acceptance standards
d) all of the above
Question: 4
A conductive deposit (copper) is suspected of being on the OD of a heat exchanger tube being inspected with an absolute internal bobbin
probe. The evaluation of this signal is best made by
a) observing the amplitude and direction of signals at f90

b) retesting at between 2 to 5 times f90
c) retesting at between 0.5 and 0.1 f90
d) retesting using a differential probe
Question: 5
An electrical circuit incorporating four impedance arms is a(n)
a) bridge
b) L-C circuit
c) resonance circuit
d) short circuit
Question: 6
A standard is
a) a physical reference used for calibration

b) a concept established by authority to serve as a rule in measurement of quality
c) both a and b
d) none of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 1
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 7
Multifrequency eddy current techniques should be used whenever possible, even if the mixing capability is not needed. Why?
a) information redundancy reduces changes of missing defects

b) so spare parts are readily available
c) to save time
d) because multifrequency units are cheaper than single frequency
Question: 8
Current lags voltage in an AC circuit of pure
a) resistance
b) reactance
c) inductance
d) capacitance
Question: 9
The time constant of a circuit, Tc, is the ratio of _____ in a series circuit.
a) current to voltage
b) inductance to resistance
c) resistance to voltage
d) voltage to inductance
Question: 10
The edge effect for nonmagnetic materials is similar to what other eddy current phenomenon?
a) resonance
b) lift-off
c) skin effect
d) hysteresis
Question: 11
Although 3ë is usually accepted as the maximum depth of eddy current that can be detected. It has been noted that in some cases depths
of 5ë can be achieved. What determines the increase depth sensitivity?
(ë is standard depth of penetration)
a) the instrument's wave shape

b) the signal to noise ratio in the instrument
c) conductivity of the test piece
d) all of the above
Question: 12
Laminations or disbonding would most likely require you use a(n) ______________ probe.
a) gap
b) pencil
c) spring
d) spinning
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 2
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 13
When tube testing at operating frequencies at 2f90 and higher it is difficult to discriminate probe wobble and
a) ID defects
b) OD defects
c) dents
d) permeability changes
Question: 14
Lift-off compensating probes place a compensating coil around the sensing coil. The purpose of this is
a) to rotate the defect signal relative to the lift-off signal

b) allow shallow defects to be detected on rough surfaces
c) both a and b
Question: 15
In eddy current terminology phasors are used for
a) voltage amplitude and phase representation

b) repairing broken solder joints
c) fusing near surface defects
d) terminating technicians who make incorrect evaluations
Question: 16
For measurement of thickness of a conductive coating on a conductive substrate where the coating conductivity is higher than the
substrate, you would use a probe with
a) small diameter, high frequency

b) small diameter and low frequency
c) large diameter and high frequency
d) large diameter and low frequency
Question: 17
On the ideal impedance diagram the effect of reducing mutual coupling between probe and sample would be to have the impedance point
a) move up the curve

b) move down the curve
c) trace smaller semi-circles
d) trace larger semi-circles
Question: 18
An acceptable ratio between defect signal amplitude and non-relevant indications is usually considered to be _________________ as a
minimum.
a) 1:1
b) 3:1
c) 5:1
d) 10:1
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 3
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 19
When testing brass tubing (internal absolute probe) at f90 a signal moves off to the right on the scope (+X). If the 5% ID wall loss is set to
move -X, what is the probable source of this signal?
a) OD defect
b) dent
c) external magnetite
d) internal magnetite
Question: 20
Some E.C. inspection systems have 2 or more probes operating independently of each other but in close proximity. Why would these
probes be operated at slightly different frequencies?
a) to prevent cross-talk due to mutual coupling

b) to utilize sub-harmonic frequencies from interference
c) to utilize overtone beat frequencies
d) both b and c
Question: 21
The empty coil impedance of an eddy current probe is determined by
a) test piece temperature

b) test piece material
c) probe design
d) all of the above
Question: 22
External correction circuits are used to reduce the voltage across the Hall element to zero in the absence of a magnetic field. Why are
these circuits needed?
a) the control current causes a negative bias

b) the control current causes a positive bias
c) to provide temperature compensation
d) either a or b depending on the applied electromotive force
Question: 23
Which of the following is not a multifrequency eddy current system for defining or eliminating a given parameter?
a) the algebraic method

b) the elemental analysis method
c) the co-ordinate transformation method
d) the combination method
Question: 24
Normalizing probe impedance for impedance graph displays is accomplished by
a) dividing the inductive reactance component by the coil's inductive reactance in air (XL / Xo)
b) subtracting the coil/cable resistance in air
c) both a and b
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 4
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 25
A very shallow surface defect can be distinguished from lift-off by
a) its approach signal

b) amplitude
c) the "rougher" signal quality
d) all of the above provide evidence of flaws
Question: 26
Given a parallel L-C circuit with cable capacitance 5 x 10^-9 farads and operating at a resonance frequency of 252 kHz, what is the
inductive reactance of the probe?
a) 5 x 10^-9 henries
b) 126.5 ohms
c) 253 ohms
d) cannot be determined
Question: 27
Characteristic frequency can be given by a) 50 p/µd² or b) 1353.8/µåd². What is the difference? (p=resistivity å=conductivity)
a) the Bessel function value solved for

b) units being used
c) whether paramagnetic or ferromagnetic materials are being tested
d) whether European 50Hz current is used or North American 60Hz
Question: 28
The depth beyond which a test system can no longer detect further increase in specimen thickness is the
a) skin depth
b) effective depth of penetration
c) standard depth of penetration
d) saturation depth
Question: 29
Use of a mercury filled glass cylinder in eddy current testing is ideal for
a) noise elimination
b) signal enhancement
c) establishing the effects of defect's shape and orientation
d) operating at resonance frequencies
Question: 30
The purpose of using a radial magnetic field around the current carrying coil in a galvanometer instead of a parallel magnetic field is
a) to reduce resistance
b) to increase heat dissipation
c) to maintain a simple direct proportionality between current and coil rotation
d) for ease of construction of the instrument
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 5
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 31
Characterizing eddy current responses by patterns rather than specific signal responses is termed
a) spectrum analysis
b) signature analysis
c) waveform analysis
d) pattern recognition
Question: 32
For through transmission testing of sheet products maximum sensitivity to conductivity and thickness changes occur at what f/fg ratio?
a) 1
b) 2.7
c) 48
d) 100
Question: 33
The reference coil in a bobbin style probe can be mounted concentrically inside the test coil and the probe still be considered and absolute
probe because
a) the AC bridge doesn't know the difference

b) it is used in conjunction with an external reference coil inside a calibration tube.
c) the fill factor for the reference coil is <<1
d) all of the above
Question: 34
The product of current in amperes times time in seconds gives units of
a) abvolts
b) Coulombs
c) electro-stats
d) Hertz
Question: 35
(5.0p) µD² is the general equation to find ____ (p = resistivity)
a) f90
b) characteristic frequency for tubes
c) Locus Operating Point
d) Forster's Fixed Frequency
Question: 36
Phase angle between eddy currents on the inside and outside tube wall should lie between _________ to provide sensitivity to cracks.
a) 30° to 60°
b) 40° to 100°
c) 89° to 91°
d) 90° to 180°
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 6
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 37
A wave filter with a single transmission band and neither of the cut-off frequencies being zero or infinity is a
a) bandpass filter
b) highpass filter
c) lowpass filter
d) half wave filter
Question: 38
1/(Pifåµ)^½, 26/(Pifåµ)^½ and 1980(p/µf)^½ are equations used in eddy current testing (p is used here as resistivity å conductivity and µ
permeability), what do they calculate:
a) phase lag, effective coil diameter and standard depth of penetration

b) effective coil diameter, effective lift-off, standard depth of penetration
c) effective coil diameter, effective depth of penetration, standard depth of penetration
d) all are forms of standard depth of penetration (units vary)
Question: 39
Operating at frequencies above resonant frequency will result in
a) decreased sensitivity
b) current short circuits across the cable instead of going through the coil
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, sensitivity actually increases above fr.
Question: 40
The main disadvantage of multipancake coil probes used as internal tube inspection probes is
a) their insensitivity to external defects

b) their insensitivity to circumferential cracks
c) cost
d) all of the above
Question: 41
Circumferential stress corrosion cracking can be detected by normal bobbin style probes during in-service inspection of heat exchanger
tubing because
a) two frequencies are used in in-service inspections

b) of the branching nature of the cracks
c) tubes are inspected in two directions, once going in and once pulling out of the tube
d) none of the above, SCC cannot be detected by bobbin probes
Question: 42
When orbiting eddy current probes are used lift-off may need to be increased to ensure clearance from moving test pieces, the effects of
lift-off are reduced by
a) larger coil diameters

b) increased current to the probe coil
c) increasing the number of coil turns
d) any or all of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 7
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 43
What is a resistivity of 72 µohm-cm as a % IACS?
a) 2.4
b) 6.7
c) 7.2
d) 72
Question: 44
Hot billets are possible to inspect with eddy current methods using
a) differential probes
b) absolute probes
c) Hall detector probes
d) essentially any probe, provided it is adequately cooled
Question: 45
When inspecting spheres of very high relative permeability increasing test frequency (f/fg ratio) will result in
a) very large phase changes for small frequency changes

b) increased signal amplitude
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, virtually no apparent impedance change occurs
Question: 46
A material with a permeability less than that of a vacuum is a ___________ material.
a) diamagnetic
b) paramagnetic
c) ferromagnetic
d) nonmagnetic
Question: 47
A change in signal voltage resulting from EMF produced by the relative motion between test piece and coil is a result of the
a) edge effect
b) speed effect
c) harmonic distortion
d) fill factor
Question: 48
If two or more coils are electrically connected in series such that there is no mutual inductance between them and no electric or magnetic
condition (or both) that is not common to the test standard and test specimen, will produce an unbalance and yield an output, this
arrangement is called
a) bucking coils
b) differential coils
c) comparator coils
d) circumferential coils
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 8
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 49
In the reflection type send-receive coil, the receive coils are
a) smaller than the driver coils

b) wound in opposition to each other
c) arranged to provide a zero net voltage in air
d) all of the above
Question: 50
A single magnetic line of flux is given the unit
a) dyne
b) oersted
c) maxwell
d) tesla
Question: 51
Which of the following methods is used to determine coating thickness?
a) x-ray and radioactive

b) optical and magnetic
c) ultrasonic and electromagnetic
d) all of the above
Question: 52
In order to respond to steady-state magnetic flux conditions eddy current probes should use
a) differential coils
b) magnetodiodes
c) Hall detectors
d) both b and c could be used
Question: 53
Insensitivity to gradual changes in dimensions or properties is both an advantage and disadvantage, depending on the situation. This
feature is exhibited by
a) gap probes
b) absolute probes
c) differential probes
d) bobbin style internal probes
Question: 54
The magnetic flux moving along the tube outer wall, in remote eddy current testing, is __________ the amplitude of the inner wall flux at
the same distance from the primary exciter.
a) about 1/2
b) 0.1
c) 0.01
d) 10 times
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 9
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 55
Nonlinear distortion characterized by the appearance of harmonics of the fundamental output when the input wave was sinusoidal is called
a) harmonic distortion
b) amplitude distortion
c) RF noise
d) both a and b
Question: 56
When using eddy current encircling coils for sorting, low frequency ratios would be used for which conditions?
a) to determine bulk properties in highly conductive materials

b) when both diameter and conductivity must both be determined accurately
c) to determine variations in permeability and diameter
d) both a and b
Question: 57
Most eddy current instruments can tolerate an impedance mismatch in the AC bridge on the order of
a) 0%
b) 5%
c) 50%
d) any amount
Question: 58
In tubing inspections a tube used to establish acceptance levels with artificial discontinuities as specified in applicable product standards is
a(n)
a) test piece
b) acceptance standard
c) comparator tube
d) short tube
Question: 59
What is the difference between limit frequency and characteristic frequency?
a) 2Pi
b) 0.5Pi
c) fc=2fg
d) units used
Question: 60
In eddy current instruments, bridge circuits are used for
a) detecting impedance changes between coils

b) detecting impedance changes between a single coil and a reference impedance
c) both a and b
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 10
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 61
For the purpose of determining electrical characteristics of a coil/sample combination, capacitance can be an important factor in
a) the sample
b) the probe cables
c) the probe coil
d) all of the above
Question: 62
The quantity actually monitored by an eddy current probe is
a) resistance
b) resistivity
c) probe electrical impedance
d) specimen thickness
Question: 63
What is the effect of a paramagnetic material on the inductance of an eddy current test coil?
a) a minute increase
b) a significant increase
c) a decrease
d) no change
Question: 64
Symmetry of a differential signal as the probe is moved over a defect will depend on
a) shape of the defect

b) length of the defect
c) coil configuration of the probe
d) all of the above
Question: 65
The decrease in "semicircle" radius of the impedance curve display when lift-off increases indicates
a) a smaller change in coil impedance

b) quantum effects
c) increased resistivity
d) an approximate short circuit
Question: 66
Which of the following is the most conductive?
a) magnesium 37% IACS

b) iron 1.03 X 10^7 siemens per metre
c) zinc 5.9 µohm-cm
d) lead 0.49 X 10^7 mhos/m
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 11
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 67
What is the purpose of multiple layer windings in an inductive coil?
a) to increase inductance for a given coil length

b) to increase resistance for a given coil length
c) to increase capacitance for a given coil length
d) all of the above
Question: 68
When access for inspection of a pipe is from the inside in the remote field eddy current technique, the receiver coil is
a) an internal axial probe

b) an array of surface coil probes
c) both a and b
d) the same coil as used for excitation
Question: 69
When a digital output is available on an eddy current instrument, why should the digitizing rate be at a reasonably high rate?
a) to ensure proper depth of penetration

b) to match the AC oscillator
c) to allow variation in scanning speed without degrading the signal
d) this is only needed for applications where determining metallic coating thickness on metallic substrates
Question: 70
As the diameter of the eddy current probe increases, the operating point on the normalized impedance curve moves ________ (for a
surface probe ie. not for tube testing)
a) up
b) down
c) in
d) out
Question: 71
What effect does annealing have on eddy current tests of nonmagnetic alloys?
a) it introduces ferromagnetic properties

b) increases conductivity
c) increases resistivity
d) it has no effect on the results of eddy current tests
Question: 72
The left hand rule for determining the magnetic field around a current carrying conductor assumes
a) conventional current flow

b) modern theory current flow
c) the conductor is in the shape of a helix
d) an antiparallel universe
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 12
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 73
In a resonance circuit setup to suppress effects of conductivity and maximize sensitivity to lift-off, an increase in resistivity would result in a
signal amplitude decrease but this is compensated by
a) reactance being increased

b) reactance being decreased
c) a sudden change in frequency
d) an effective probe short-circuit
Question: 74
Given a material with resistivity of 65µohm-cm a relative magnetic permeability of 50 and testing at 100 kHz, what is the standard depth of
penetration?
a) 1mm
b) 0.8mm
c) 0.18mm
d) 0.05mm
Question: 75
The time dependent component of the skin depth equation indicates
a) flux density decreases with depth

b) current density decreases with depth
c) phase lag of the signal with depth
d) all of the above
Question: 76
In a multifrequency setup, simple subtraction of the mix signal, which is at four times the primary frequency, will not result in zero output of
the undesirable variable. Why not?
a) phase of the variable changes

b) amplitude of the variable changes
c) the ratio of desired signals and undersized signals changes
d) all of the above
Question: 77
If an absolute probe is used, defect depth is estimated from
a) Y amplitude
b) X amplitude
c) "fly-back" angle
d) tangent angel from balance to defect signal tip
Question: 78
To measure foil conductivity independent of thickness effects for sheets in the range of 1 to 2 mm thick, the åf product should be about
_______ (conductivity å in m/ohm-mm² and f in kHz).
a) 10 to 20
b) 100 to 200
c) 1000 to 2000
d) 10,000 to 20,000
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 13
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 79
The product of the magnetic flux density in a loop of a current carrying coil times the area of that coil gives
a) eddy current intensity

b) a dimensionless value equal to infinity
c) total magnetic flux outside the coil
d) total magnetic flux inside the coil
Question: 80
Varying frequency for a probe on a given specimen will move the operating point down the impedance graph with increasing frequency. If
the specimen is not thick, a reversal swirl occurs forming a "knee". This is a result of
a) skin depth and phase lag effects

b) instruments instability
c) capacitive effect
Question: 81
When manufacturing a test standard for parts that are allowed a tolerance in parameter such as size, what size should the standards be
a) minimum allowed
b) maximum allowed
c) an average or nominal size
d) standards must be made for all possible variations
Question: 82
Modulation analysis is a specialized ECT method that requires
a) FM shielding
b) AM shielding
c) relative motion between the coil and sample
d) two send and two receive coils
Question: 83
Inside diameter pitting on heat exchanger tubing can be a result of
a) loose fits at tube supports

b) poor water chemistry
c) operating at too low a temperature
d) improper pre-inspection cleaning
Question: 84
Multifrequency techniques using absolute coils are
a) best for detecting large volume defects

b) best for detecting pits
c) best for detecting small cracks
d) not possible (only differential coils can be used)
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 14
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 85
Fill factor, affects the secondary coil voltage. If n is not too small, the correction term 1-n can be ignored for what conditions?
a) high permeability test pieces

b) inspection of wire
c) low conductivity test pieces
d) all of the above
Question: 86
Given a coil with 2 ohms resistances and 20µH inductance and operated at 20 kHz, what is the impedance phase angel (in degrees)?
a) -14.2°
b) 38.6°
c) 44.4°
d) 51.4°
Question: 87
The characteristic frequency, fg, is the frequency for which the Bessel function solution to Maxwell's magnetic field equation is equal to
a) a local maximum
b) a local minimum
c) 1
d) 0
Question: 88
An eddy current signal that changes in amplitude only is similar to what other common technology?
a) AM radio
b) ultrasonic testing
c) electro-cardiograms
d) star wars
Question: 89
The phase angle (as measured from the lift-off signal) of a shallow surface or sub-surface defect is related to the eddy current phase lag
á=x/ë (radius), where x = flaw depth and ë = skin depth. The phase angle seen on the storage monitor is approximately
a) 1/2 á
b) á
c) 2á
d) 3á
Question: 90
Magnetic flux density is expressed in
a) Wb/m²
b) gauss
c) maxwell's /cm²
d) all of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 15
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 91
An alternating voltage in a coil brought near a sample that has a finite impedance will result in
a) a counter EMF
b) induced eddy current flow
c) both a and b
Question: 92
Which of the following is not true of remote field eddy current testing?
a) relatively low frequencies must be used

b) dirt, scale and probe lift-off limit effectiveness
c) records do not indicate if flaws are internal or external
d) inspection speeds are limited by low test frequencies
Question: 93
Given that a probe operated at 300 kHz has an inductive reactance of 475 ohms, what is the cable's capacitive reactance if this frequency
results in resonance?
a) 21.8 ohms
b) 237.5 ohms
c) 475 ohms
d) 21.8 ohms
Question: 94
Conversion of the AC unbalance voltage signal to a DC signal retaining amplitude and phase characteristics is done for what reason?
a) the AC signal is too difficult to analyse

b) DC is more energy efficient
c) to allow phase rotation
d) so both electronic and mechanical balancing can be used
Question: 95
The off-null balance technique is used only on meter type phase analysis instruments. It cannot be used on CRT type instruments
because
a) the flying dot would usually be off screen

b) CRT instruments cannot be adjusted to off-null balance
c) the principle works in the 3rd plane, ie. out of the screen
d) it is not a time based function
Question: 96
External magnetic forces causing an increase in the normal number of electrons with the same spin, thereby increasing the number of
uncompensated spins results in what property?
a) magnetism
b) paramagnetism
c) ferromagnetism
d) antimagnetism
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 16
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 97
What is the maximum temperature difference that could be tolerated between standard and specimen when making resistivity
measurements?
a) 1°C.
b) 5°C.
c) 10°C.
d) 20°C.
Question: 98
How was the 100% IACS value for annealed pure copper determined?
a) it was arbitrarily assigned

b) by conversion from SI resistivity
c) by conversion from SI conductivity
d) from imperial units of resistivity
Question: 99
Which of the following metals, when alloyed with pure aluminium will result in the alloy having resistivity less than the aluminium?
a) manganese
b) magnesium
c) copper
Question: 100
Coil cores used for eddy current probes are
a) iron
b) air
c) solid dielectrics
d) all of the above
Question: 101
Response to temperature effects is minimized in Hall detectors by
a) probe orientation with respect to the magnetic field

b) using two detectors at right angles to each other
c) using three detectors at right angles to each other
d) selecting the semiconductor materials used in the probe to be least sensitive to temperature changes
Question: 102
An output signal that is proportional to the rate of change of the input signal is a(n)
a) absolute signal
b) differentiated signal
c) harmonic signal
d) modulation signal
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 17
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 103
Multifrequency techniques using differential coils are
a) best for detecting large volume defects

b) best for detecting small cracks and pits
c) used to size dents
d) never successful
Question: 104
The distance in a test specimen that eddy current intensity has decreased to 37% of their surface value is the
a) depth of penetration
b) critical distance
c) exponential distance
d) coating thickness
Question: 105
Fill factor for spherical objects tested in spherical test coils is found by _________ where Ds = diameter of sphere tested and Dc =
diameter of the test coil.
a) Ds/Dc
b) (Ds/Dc)²
c) (Ds/Dc)^3
d) Ds²/Dc²
Question: 106
At what temperature are resistivities of most metals stated?
a) 10°C.
b) 15°C.
c) 20°C.
d) 25°C.
Question: 107
The primary cause of increased permeability in initially "nonmagnetic" stainless steels with increased cold working is
a) release of bond energy

b) formations of a martensite phase
c) reduction of chromium content
d) the Fourier transformation process
Question: 108
Which of the following would have a similar result on conductivity of an aluminium alloy as does annealing?
a) quench hardening
b) cooling the test specimen
c) cold working
d) aging treatment
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 18
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 109
7073-T73 aluminium alloy is specially tempered to resist intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. What would be used as a
process control method for ensuring the adequacy of its aging?
a) lift-off measurement of the oxide layer

b) resistivity measurement
c) acoustic velocity determination
d) remote field eddy current technique
Question: 110
FM tape recorders have often been used to store eddy current signals for subsequent retrieval. Frequency response for these instruments
is
a) lower than general purpose ECT instruments

b) proportional to recording speed (length of tape past the record head per unit time)
c) inversely proportional to recording speed
d) based on tape thickness
Question: 111
What is the effect of increased lift-off on the frequency ratio (f/fg)?
a) no effect
b) f/fg increases
c) f/fg decreases
d) f/fg is reversed and becomes fg/f for any lift-off greater than zero
Question: 112
Given a sample of cold worked stainless steel (71 µohm-cm, µrel =10) tested at 10kHz, what is the effective penetration?
a) 1.3mm
b) 3.9mm
c) 5.2mm
d) 6.5mm
Question: 113
The force between point magnetic poles is
a) proportional to pole strength

b) inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them
c) both a and b
d) the opposite of a and b
Question: 114
The effect that produces signal variations due to variation in coil spacing due to lateral motion of test specimen when passing through an
encircling coil is
a) lift-off
b) wobulation
c) coil clearance
d) shimmy
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 19
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 115
When selecting an eddy current instrument for a particular project you need to know
a) test frequency and type of lift-off compensation

b) type of output signals (eg. meter or scope)
c) instrument type (impedance, send-receive, crack detector, etc.)
d) all of the above
Question: 116
Why do holes of different diameter and the same through wall depths have different calibration phase angles (eg. flyback angle for a
differential coil)?
a) defect depth is not indicated by phase

b) flaw geometry affects phase angle
c) depth is indicated by amplitude of signal only
d) it just cannot be explained
Question: 117
What is the main advantage of an orthogonal winding transducer?
a) elimination of lift-off
b) locates longitudinal and transverse cracks
c) no requirement for a balancing bridge
d) allows easier display on isometric plots of amplitude
Question: 118
Given a sample with 5µohm-cm resistivity, and a relative magnetic permeability of 4.1, what is the standard depth of penetration if it is
tested at magnetic saturation at a test frequency of 250 kHz?
a) 0.11mm
b) 0.22mm
c) 0.33mm
d) 0.4mm
Question: 119
The effect on the operating point on the impedance diagram of decreasing coil length for a bobbin type internal probe would be
a) the same as increasing frequency

b) similar to decreasing fill factor
c) the same as increasing resistivity
d) no effect at all
Question: 120
When gap between two plates is to be determined the probe should be placed on
a) the thinner of the two plates

b) the plate with higher resistivity
c) the plate with higher conductivity
d) both a and b must be considered
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 20
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 121
What is the main difference between eddy current and flux leakage testing?
a) the size of coils used

b) the shape of coils used
c) the parameter being measured
d) there is no difference, it is a different name for the same test
Question: 122
At the resonant frequency of an L-C circuit, output voltage for a given measurement is
a) zero
b) minimum
c) maximum
d) not useful
Question: 123
Every part of an electric circuit is acted upon by a force that tends to move it in such a direction as to enclose the maximum amount of
magnetic flux. This statement is known as
a) Maxwell's Law
b) Len's Law
c) Newton's Fifth Law of Electric Action
d) Planck's Law
Question: 124
In order that a specimen increase its resistivity as its temperature decreases what must hold true?
a) the probe must be thermally insultaed from the part

b) the temperature coefficient must be negative
c) the temperature coefficient must be positive
d) the part must be paramagnetic
Question: 125
When the induced magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material increases linearly with increasing applied magnetizing force the material is
a) paramagnetized
b) diamagnetized
c) saturated
d) unretentive
Question: 126
In the remote field zone of a remote field eddy current test, the relationship between phase lag and depth is approximately
a) linear
b) exponential
c) logarithmic
d) inverse square related
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 21
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 127
Which condition of aluminium heat treatment will provide the maximum resistivity?
a) as quenched
b) artificially aged
c) naturally aged
d) annealed
Question: 128
When placed on the normalized impedance plane, the operating point for the coil impedance (empty coil) has the imaginary component
equal to
a) 0
b) 1
c) a minimum value
d) a value not possible to determine
Question: 129
Faraday's Law states that the magnitude of the induced voltage in a circuit is
a) equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through it

b) inversely proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through it
c) opposite in sign to the inducing field
d) of the same sign as the inducing field
Question: 130
When the gap between two sheets of aluminium increases to a point past where no further change is seen on the eddy current instrument,
what is being measured?
a) maximum lift-off
b) maximum gap
c) metal thickness of upper plate
d) nothing is being indicated
Question: 131
Solution heat treating of an alloy results in
a) increasing conductivity
b) decreasing internal stresses
c) increasing metal strength
d) both a and c
Question: 132
The phase lag, in units of degrees, for an eddy current signal displayed on a typical impedance plane scope for a void originating 1
standard depth of penetration below the surface would be
a) 57°
b) 90°
c) 114°
d) 180°
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 22
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 133
In the early 1960's what limited the use of eddy current testing to detect subsurface cracks in aircraft structures?
a) the lack of flying dot phase analysis instruments

b) the inability of instruments to operate at low frequencies (100 Hz to 10 kHz)
c) the absence of small diameter probes
d) all of the above
Question: 134
If a defect is longer than the spacing between the coils on a differential coil, the defect can only be recognized as such if
a) sufficient wall loss has occurred at the point of maximum deterioration

b) the leading and trailing edges are abrupt
c) a sufficiently low frequency is used
d) a fill factor of greater that 0.9 is used
Question: 135
What assumption must be made when using eddy currents to determine thickness of a nonconductive coating on a conductive
(non-magnetic) substrate?
a) coating thickness is constant

b) effective lift-off is zero
c) conductivity of the substrate is constant
d) all of the above
Question: 136
Alignment of the magnetic domains in iron by an external field result in
a) hysteresis
b) eddy currents
c) magnetization
d) permeability
Question: 137
Instruments used for conductivity testing must be checked to ensure they are free from drift. Drift can be a result of
a) power supply fluctuations

b) internal temperature variations
c) tidal effects
d) both a and b
Question: 138
The use of 2 calibration foils, one on top the other, to calibrate for checking coating thickness should be avoided except for what
condition?
a) the proper thickness is not available

b) flexibility is needed on curved surfaces
c) the substrate is multiple layered
d) the substrate is ferromagnetic
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 23
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 139
Amperes traversing a cross-sectional area is a useful concept used in eddy current studies. the term used for this measure is
a) flux modulus
b) current density
c) am-meters
d) all of the above
Question: 140
Having calibrated a flat eddy current probe on a flat conductivity standard you now move to a radiused surface. What will the effect be on
conductivity reading if we already know the standard and test specimen have identical conductivities?
a) conductivity will appear greater if the surface is concave

b) conductivity will appear less if the surface is concave
c) conductivity will appear greater if the surface is convex
d) both a and c
Question: 141
The impedance phase angle of a probe operating next to a copper test sample is 40°. What is the induc tive reactance of the probe in this
situation if the total impedance measured is 30 ohms?
a) 19.3 ohms
b) 22.9 ohms
c) 25.2 ohms
d) not possible to determine with information given
Question: 142
The more sharply curved impedance locus traced by a given probe set-up as foil thickness increases is best explained by what aspect of
eddy current theory?
a) geometrical decrease in field intensity

b) increased effective coil distance
c) decreased effective conductivity
d) all of the above
Question: 143
Comparing two identically shaped samples of the same grade of carbon steel, one annealed the other quench hardened, which statement
would not be correct concerning hysteresis loop tests?
a) maximum flux density for the annealed sample is higher

b) residual magnetism for the hardened sample is higher
c) coercive force for the annealed sample is less
d) retentivity for the hardened sample is greater
Question: 144
What effect does natural aging of aluminium alloys have on the conductivity of specimen?
a) a significant increase
b) a significant decrease
c) an unpredictable result
d) no effect or a slight decrease
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 24
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 145
To increase sensitivity to non conductive coating thicknesses you would
a) increase coil to part spacing

b) increase f/fg ratio to 200
c) decrease the coil diameter
d) decrease the coil to part spacing
Question: 146
The "curl" in the impedance locus that results when increasing test frequencies for inspecting tubing is a result of
a) phase lag across the tube wall

b) resonance effects
c) fill-factor changes (field coupling)
d) increased capacitive reactance components
Question: 147
The impedance method of eddy current testing uses
a) two coils
b) changes in voltage across the primary coil
c) changes in voltage across the secondary coil
d) spring loaded probes only
Question: 148
In systems employing automatic feed of test pieces through the test coil, end effects are limited by
a) spacing pieces on the conveyor

b) signal suppression circuits
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, nothing can be done about this effect
Question: 149
The induced magnetic flux (B) divided by the applied magnetizing force (H) gives what quantity?
a) relative permeability
b) magnetic permeability
c) recoil permeability
d) all of the above (ie. different name for same value)
Question: 150
To reduce the effective sensing diameter of surface probes operating at relatively low frequencies, the use of __________ is
recommended.
a) band pass filters

b) ferrite cups
c) annular arrays
d) lift-off compensating coils
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 25
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 151
High test frequencies are preferred for bar diameter measurements when using encircling coils, why?
a) conductivity variations are well separated from diameter changes

b) skin effect reduces the influence of internal properties
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, low test frequencies are preferred
Question: 152
Given a coil with 50 ohm resistance and 50 microhenries inductance and operated at 50 kHz; what is the impedance phase angle?
a) 0°
b) 5.6°
c) 17.4°
d) 90°
Question: 153
Given resistivity of pure annealed copper is 1.72µohm-cm and pure aluminium is 2.78µohm-cm (both at 20°C.), what is the conductivity %
IACS of the aluminium at 55°C. if the thermal coeff icient of aluminium is 0.0039?
a) 49
b) 52
c) 55
d) 61
Question: 154
In selecting a mixing frequency to suppress external variables the mix frequency should be ______________ the primary frequency.
a) no greater than twice

b) no greater than half
c) no less than four times
d) no less than twice
Question: 155
The characteristic frequency ratio, f/fg, is not used for determining a frequency for phase discrimination in tube testing because the ratio is
a) not a function of phase lag

b) a function of tube diameter
c) both a and b
d) only used for plate testing
Question: 156
Adding increasing thicknesses of copper to a thick zinc base (Cu=1.7 µohm-cm Zn=5.9µohm-cm) will cause the operating point on the
normalized impedance plane to move
a) clockwise towards pure copper

b) counterclockwise towards pure copper
c) clockwise towards pure zinc
d) counterclockwise towards pure zinc
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 26
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 157
Which of the following, when added as an alloy of only 0.1% to copper will provide the greatest decrease in conductivity?
a) zinc
b) phosphorous
c) iron
d) aluminium
Question: 158
What is the effect of a steel fastener when inspecting multilayer aluminium in the region of the fasteners?
a) they increase the effective depth of penetration

b) they act as a core and concentrate the electromagnetic field
c) they cause the eddy currents to bend upwards and move along as surface waves
d) they disperse the eddy currents and make such inspections impossible
Question: 159
Phase lag in the test sample for a void at 1 standard depth of penetration is
a) 1 radian
b) 90°
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, it cannot be determined from the given information
Question: 160
Ferrite cups can be used to obtain _________ without affecting depth of penetration.
a) a concentrated field
b) right angel current changes
c) reduced lift-off noise
d) higher frequencies
Question: 161
The advantage of inline eddy current inspection of continuous butt welded pipe is
a) transverse cracking can be detected

b) process control is made feasible
c) sensitivity is improved at the elevated temperatures involved
d) weld tracking is simplified at higher temperatures
Question: 162
If an acceptable f90 is achieved with a probe on a slightly magnetic (µr=4) plate when operating at 50 kHz, what frequency must be used
to maintain that same f90 if relative permeability was to drop to 2?
a) 12.5 kHz
b) 25 kHz
c) 100 kHz
d) 250 kHz
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 27
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 163
Test frequency ratios of less than 0.1 or greater than 10 would be inappropriate for thin wall tube testing. This is because
a) depth of penetration would be too great

b) depth of penetration would be too little
c) sensitivity would be greatly reduced
d) both a and b
Question: 164
What is the disadvantage of zig-zag coil probes compared to axial bobbin type probes used for internal tube inspections?
a) nonuniformity of sensitivity
b) decreased far surface sensitivity
c) unpredictable phase differences with increasing flaw depth
d) insensitivity to circumferential cracks
Question: 165
The "phase" of the impedance in an AC circuit is found from
a) Arcsin (R/x)
b) Arccos (R/x)
c) Arctan (R/x)
d) Arctan (x/R)
Question: 166
Which of the following filter types would most likely be used to enhance (eliminate noise) from demodulated D.C. signals on an eddy
current instrument?
a) bandpass
b) low pass
c) high pass
d) low cut
Question: 167
An advantage of multifrequency ECT for eliminating undesirable signals over monofrequency filtering is
a) cost of training
b) independence from probe speed
c) amplitude range of application
d) freedom from non-linearity effects
Question: 168
Calibration standards are used in eddy current test to
a) set the instrument to produce indications similar to the depth of expected flaws
b) check the instrument for drift
c) check the probe coil for damage
d) all of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 28
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 169
When performing an eddy current test on finned copper tubing (as in air conditioning units) single frequency instruments in conjunction
with differential coil probes are used. A 1.3mm fin pitch requires you use a coil space of 5mm. Why?
a) to reduce pilger noise

b) to ensure coils are simultaneously at a finned and unfinned area
c) to ensure any tight bends in the tube can be passed through
d) both a and b
Question: 170
The primary cause for the increase in resistivity with increase in cold working is
a) the increase of lattice defects

b) re-crystallization
c) the change from metallic to ionic bonding
d) the change from metallic to covalent bonding
Question: 171
Which permeability is described as a hypothetical quantity describing magnetic permeability experienced under a given set of physical
conditions eg. a cylinder in an encircling coil at a specific test frequency?
a) effective
b) relative
c) absolute
d) initial
Question: 172
Given the resistive load of a probe/sample circuit as 5.1 ohms and the resistance of the probe when operated in air as 15 ohms, what
would the impedance phase angle be if total impedance of this circuit was 24.5 ohms?
a) 22°
b) 35°
c) 55°
d) 68°
Question: 173
Given a brass tube to be tested with an internal bobbin probe, resistivity of the brass is 7.0 µohm-cm. If an operating frequency of 2.3 kHz
gives 90° phase separation between ID and OD defect s, what is nominal wall thickness of the tubing?
a) 12.mm
b) 3mm
c) 4.8mm
d) 7mm
Question: 174
Using the analogy of the coil/sample as a transformer circuit, when the coil is held far from the sample we can approximate a(n)
a) short circuit
b) open circuit
c) resonance circuit
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 29
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 175
How are "real" cracks placed in standards used for calibration of bolt hole inspection by spinning eddy current probes?
a) fatigue cracks are grown off EDM notches which are later machined away
b) pre-drilled holes are made in plates that are clamped and dipped in corrosive liquids to make SCC's
c) a bolt is placed through a hole and a nut tightened on the bolt creates a compression crack
d) all of the above
Question: 176
Which of the following will have an effect on the electrical resistance of a wire?
a) inherent resistivity
b) length and cross-sectional area
c) temperature
d) all of the above
Question: 177
When placed on the normalized impedance plane, the operating point for the coil impedance (empty coil) has a real component equal to
a) 0
b) 1
c) a maximum value
d) a value not possible to determine
Question: 178
At the very high inspection speeds (100 m/s) during the production of steel rod, the rod often has a significant vertical vibration as it moves
horizontally along and through the eddy current encircling coil. How are defects detected through the resulting "shaking" noise?
a) filtering
b) shock absorbers
c) spinning probes
d) gyroscopic mounted probes
Question: 179
The pulsed eddy current technique has the advantage of producing high magnetic peak power but still maintaining low average power.
This has what effect on the test piece?
a) keeps heating of the sample to a low level

b) aligns the magnetic domains
c) ionizes the outer layers making it more conductive
d) converts metallic bonds to covalent bonds
Question: 180
Magnetic induction or the force per unit pole in a magnetic field is the magnetic analog of
a) electric intensity
b) electric impedance
c) electric resistance
d) electromotive force
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 30
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 181
Which of the following is not a reason for using a ferrite core on the sensing coil of a pencil probe?
a) provides greater inductance from a given coil size

b) provides increased field coupling for small surface area in contact with test material
c) temperature compensation
d) to increase distance from coil to test surface to allow wear protection
Question: 182
All other factors constant, increasing lift-off will move the operating point on the impedance curve
a) up
b) down
c) inside the original curve
d) outside the original curve
Question: 183
Eddy currents are an undesirable feature in
a) AC power transformers
b) carbon composite materials
c) eddy current testing
d) ultrasonic testing
Question: 184
Signal analysis of eddy current signals is an important aspect of testing. Of particular concern is its use in establishing depth of cracks or
corrosion. What is the result of oversizing defect depths in boiler tube inspections?
a) forced shutdowns
b) slow (low volume) leaks
c) reduced power generating ability from plugging
d) all of the above
Question: 185
An electromagnetic sorting based on a signal response from the material under test above or below two levels established by three or
more calibration standards is
a) a two way sort

b) a three way sort
c) threshold sorting
d) standard deviation testing
Question: 186
A probe is made using 4 in-line copper contacts. The contacts are placed on a sample and current passed through the outer pair of
contacts while voltage is monitored by the inner pair. What application does this have to eddy current tests?
a) this is used to calibrate the eddy current impedance meter

b) this provides an absolute measurement of resistivity and can be used for establishing standards
c) the eddy currents that result are used to test thin foils
d) this is the potential drop method and has no eddy current applications or relevance
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 31
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 187
ACPD (alternating current potential drop) and ECT (eddy current testing) both use alternating currents to size surface breaking cracks.
ECT uses induction to generate currents in the piece. What does ACPD use?
a) capacitive discharge
b) mutual induction
c) physical contact (electrodes)
d) microwaves
Question: 188
Which of the following would be a form of an alloy?
a) interstitial solid solutions

b) substitutional solid solutions
c) sintered composites
d) both a and b
Question: 189
Relative magnetic permeability for a magnetic material is
a) a function of flux density (not constant)

b) a constant for a given material
c) greater for small parts than for larger parts of the same material
d) not possible to determine
Question: 190
What is the effect of too high a current to the eddy current probe
a) increased coil temperature

b) increased coil inductance
c) magnetic hysteresis
d) all of the above
Question: 191
What type of crack would cause an absolute surface probe to give a figure-eight display on the storage monitor?
a) a fatigue crack
b) a bent crack (major facets in opposite direction)
c) a stress corrosion crack
d) no crack can provide such an indication with an absolute probe
Question: 192
As an operating eddy current probe (a coil) is brought near a conductive sample the induction of eddy currents in the sample causes the
probe to
a) decrease its impedance

b) wobble
c) resonate
d) increase its operating frequency
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 32
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 193
A dual frequency probe coil system has been developed to determine sheet thickness. If the lower frequency is used to measure the
product of conductivity and thickness, what is the higher frequency used for
a) conductivity determination
b) absolute thickness
c) lift-off
d) effective coil distance
Question: 194
In selecting a mixing frequency to suppress internal variables the mix frequency should be ___________ the primary frequency.
a) no less than twice

b) no more than twice
c) no less than four times
d) no more than four times
Question: 195
Mounting a disc of metal, having similar properties to the test material, next to the reference coil in an absolute probe has the advantage of
a) lift-off compensation
b) temperature compensation
c) test frequency not affecting relative impedance of the coils
d) both a and b
Question: 196
When using an eddy current technique to determine the thicknesses on a large nonconductive plastic sheet you would require a
a) ferrite cup
b) conductive non-magnetic backing sheet
c) differential array probe
d) saturating magnet
Question: 197
Oxygen diffusion from the surface of titanium and its alloys at elevated temperatures is of concern in aircraft industry because
a) it prevents inspection by eddy current methods

b) it causes embrittlement
c) it accelerates corrosive attack
d) lift characteristics at high speeds is reduced
Question: 198
Resonance frequency can be determined for a parallel L-C circuit by
a) fr=1/2(pi)(LC)^½
b) fr=(2(pi)LC)^½
c) fr=L/C
d) fr=2(pi)L/C
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 33
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 199
Geometrically similar defects will result in the same eddy current effects and in the same variations in effective permeabilities, coil
impedance or voltage if the f/fg ratio is the same for each test. This principle is explained by
a) Snell's Law
b) the similarity law for eddy current testing
c) the Bessel function
d) bridge circuitry
Question: 200
When testing a ferromagnetic tube with an encircling coil at a frequency ratio of 1, what is the ratio of magnetic field strengths inside to
outside (ie. Hi/Ho)?
a) 0
b) 1
c) <<1
d) not possible to know
Question: 201
Which is not a source of ferromagnetic indications?
a) work hardened 7075-T6 (AL alloy)

b) Fe3O4 deposits on heat exchanger tubing
c) EDM notches in 304 stainless steel
d) segregation in Austenitic stainless steel
Question: 202
Drilled holes are often used when making calibration standards for eddy current tube testing. What is the most significant potential
problem with production of this artificial defect?
a) conductivity changes
b) machining burrs
c) tube distortion
d) permeability changes
Question: 203
If lift-off is arranged on the eddy current storage monitor so the signal moves from right to left as the probe is moved away from the
sample, an increase in sample thickness would conventionally move
a) down
b) up
c) right
d) left
Question: 204
The imaginary component on the complex plane is plotted
a) as the abscissa value

b) as the ordinate value
c) as a vector sum representing resultant amplitude
d) in the imaginary plane projecting out of the paper
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 34
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 205
The effective permeabilities, as well as the geometrical distributions of the magnetic field strength, and the eddy current densities, are the
same for two different test objects if the frequency ratio f/fg is the same for each test object.
a) this applies to nonmagnetic material only

b) this applies to ferromagnetic material only
c) the statement is the similarity law for eddy current testing
d) the premise of the statement is incorrect
Question: 206
Which of the following is not a magnetic field vector measured by a magnetic reaction analyzer?
a) 'Ho' the magnetizing coil field

b) 'Hh' the magnetizing field made by the Hall detector material
c) 'Hn' the net magnetic field from primary coil and test material
d) 'Hr' the reaction field in the test material
Question: 207
The demagnetization factor
a) is caused by free magnetic poles

b) increases as length-to-diameter ratio decreases towards 1
c) accounts for apparent magnetic permeability decrease
d) all of the above
Question: 208
Internal filtering to decrease instrument or system noise results in
a) decreasing frequency response of the instrument

b) decreasing maximum inspection speed
c) increased S/N ratio
d) all of the above
Question: 209
Alternating field excitation inspection of steel wire ropes is used to detect
a) generalized corrosion and wear

b) internal corrosion
c) broken wires
d) both b and c
Question: 210
W = Q (V2-V1) describes the work done moving a charge within an electric field. If W is positive then
a) energy must be used to move the charge

b) energy is released by the move
c) the charge moved is a negative charge
d) both b and c
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 35
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 211
Given the requirement to test tubing, OD 10mm and wall thickness 1mm, using an encircling coil, what is the average coil diameter if you
need to maintain a 90% fill factor?
a) 10.25
b) 10.50
c) 10.7
d) 11.0
Question: 212
A severe form of intergranular corrosion, whereby thin layers of aluminium delaminate parallel to the plate surface is
a) peeling
b) exfoliation
c) fretting
d) pitting
Question: 213
Given a probe operating at 0.5 MHz next to a brass sample, total probe impedance is measured at 47.2 ohms, if the impedance phase
angel is 45° what is the resistive load of the samp le?
a) same as the inductive reactance in the probe

b) 33.3 ohms
c) 47.2 ohms
d) not possible to determine from information given
Question: 214
For the calculation for eddy current density to apply, a sample should be relatively thick. The minimum thickness to allow the simple
equation to apply is about __________ ë (where ë is the standard depth of penetration).
a) 0.5
b) 2
c) 5
d) 25
Question: 215
On most eddy current instruments using the impedance method, the AC bridge circuits can usually balance coils having impedances in a
range of
a) 5-10 ohms
b) 40-60 ohms
c) 100-200 ohms
d) 10-200 ohms
Question: 216
Computer analysis of test results and signals are now common. Which process would most likely be used to separate periodic defect
signals from noise to determine periodicity of repetitive signals?
a) initializing
b) fast fourier transform
c) averaging
d) standard deviation
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 36
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 217
When using multifrequency techniques for tube inspection with an internal probe, the most effective results are had for
a) internal erosion
b) internal pitting
c) external fretting
d) circumferential cracking
Question: 218
To prevent error in resistivity determinations caused by temperature, you should
a) ensure test sample and standards are at a uniform temperature

b) perform all such tests in liquid nitrogen
c) ensure the probe used has large inductive reactance compared to coil resistance ( XL / Rc > 50 )
d) both a and c
Question: 219
The time variations of current, voltage and magnetic fields in AC circuits can be best described by which trigonometric function(s)?
a) tangent
b) sine
c) cosine
d) both b and c
Question: 220
An eddy current test system can be considered a form of "transformer". As such, the secondary side would be the
a) probe
b) probe and AC generator combination
c) test sample
d) none of the above, an eddy current test system is an autotransformer with no secondary circuit
Question: 221
The degree of suppression of undesired eddy current test signals depends on
a) amplitude of the undesired signal

b) shape of the signal path in the impedance plane
c) frequency of the demodulated signal
d) both a and b
Question: 222
Now obsolete, the ellipse and slit methods of eddy current testing
a) used the AC signal, without conversion to DC, for analysis

b) were mainly for sorting materials
c) were used to measure large (>5%) coil impedance variations
d) all of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 37
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 223
In testing of ferromagnetic bars with an encircling coil selection of the appropriate frequency ratio can permit detection of changes in
conductivity independent of
a) diameter
b) permeability
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, conductivity cannot be determined in ferromagnetic materials
Question: 224
The voltage changes used to determine various parameters in eddy current testing consist of changes in
a) phase relative to current in the coil

b) amplitude
c) both a and b
Question: 225
Fill factor, n, is a useful parameter that can be used in determining which quantity?
a) secondary coil voltage for a smaller diameter bar in an encircling coil

b) defect depth
c) the ratio of relative to effective permeability
d) primary coil turns ratio
Question: 226
To eliminate probe wobble using a two frequency multifrequency set up, what function listed below would be incorrect?
a) adjust signal amplitudes at the two frequencies to be equal

b) adjust phase at the two frequencies to be 90ø apart
c) add the two signals together
d) both a and c are incorrect
Question: 227
Given a parallel L-C circuit with a probe inductance of 80 x 10^-6 Henries and operated at resonance frequency, 252 kHz, what is the
cable capacitance?
a) 126.5 ohms
b) 80 x 10^-6 farads
c) 5 x 10^-9 farads
d) cannot be determined
Question: 228
The reflection probe
a) uses one primary and two secondary coils

b) has two coils wound in opposition
c) is used for determining metal thicknesses and detecting subsurface defects
d) all of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 38
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 229
The ratio of thickness to skin depth (t/ë) that provides a 90ø separation between lift-off and thickness change is empirically derived. It is
found to be about ___________ for plate testing.
a) 0.1
b) 0.8
c) 1.6
d) 4
Question: 230
As a test probe is moved towards the edge of a ferromagnetic test piece the locus traced on the impedance plane is an arc unlike the
straighter lift-off trace. What accounts for the arc shape?
a) the change in inductive reactance in the test piece

b) the change in inductive reactance in the test coil
c) magnetic field distortions within the test piece
d) both a and b
Question: 231
Response of an inductive pickup coil is not uniform for what waveform?
a) square waves
b) pulsed waves
c) sinusoidal waves
d) both a and b
Question: 232
Which is not a method used to generate and measure eddy currents at greater depths using Hall detectors.
a) increase coil diameter

b) increase Hall detector size
c) decrease test frequency
d) increase ampere-turns of the coil
Question: 233
The best way to distinguish between localized resistivity changes and a real defect is
a) retest the area with a smaller probe at the same frequency

b) retest the area at 1.3 of the test frequency
c) retest the area at 3 times the test frequency
d) all of the above
Question: 234
When testing ferro magnetic materials, coil inductance and inductive reactance are __________ when lift-off is minimum
a) minimum
b) maximum
c) zero
d) unaffected
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 39
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 235
Current leads voltage in an AC circuit of pure
a) resistance
b) reactance
c) inductance
d) capacitance
Question: 236
The voltage induced in the secondary winding of an encircling probe (send-receive)
a) opposes the externally applied voltage

b) influences the inductive reactance of the primary winding
c) is considered the test signal
d) all of the above
Question: 237
Nonconductive coatings that are less than or slightly more than 0.08mm will result in less than variation of 0.5% IACS in conductivity using
a standard conductivity meter. How is this accomplished?
a) internal lift-off compensation

b) multi-frequency operation
c) ferrite core probes are used
d) ferrite cup probes are used
Question: 238
Current through an eddy current probe coil should be
a) as low as possible
b) at as low a frequency as possible (DC)
c) grounded to the external protective shell
d) all of the above
Question: 239
When a probe/sample combination is modelled as an "equivalent circuit," the secondary circuit load equivalent would be considered a(n)
a) resistive load in parallel with the coil's inductive reactance

b) inductive load in parallel with the coil's inductive reactance
c) capacitive load in series with the coil's inductive reactance
d) short circuit
Question: 240
Which of the following systems has the advantage of being unaffected by temperature variations?
a) general purpose instruments

b) send-receive instruments
c) resonant circuit instruments
d) none of the above can eliminate temperature drift
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 40
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 241
An eddy current transducer whose impedance or induced voltage is measured directly is considered a(n)
a) absolute probe
b) differential probe
c) array transducer
d) forked transducer
Question: 242
In an absolute probe configuration, a second coil, apart from the sensing coil, is required for
a) bridge nulling
b) lift-off compensation
c) temperature compensation
d) all of the above
Question: 243
The effective probe diameter extends to about _______ beyond the coil diameter.
a) 1mm
b) 1 coil radius
c) 1 coil diameter
d) 4 skin depths
Question: 244
Quadrature components of the bridge AC output are generated by sampling the sinusoidal signal at two positions _____apart on the
waveform.
a) 45°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°
Question: 245
A negative thermal coefficient of resistivity would be characteristic of
a) all pure metals

b) some semi conductors
c) insulators
d) materials conductivity > 100% IACS
Question: 246
Encircling or bobbin style probes used for tube testing require careful design of coil size to optimize sensitivity and coupling. Coil length
and coil depth should be about
a) equal to wall thickness

b) equal to the shortest allowable defect
c) a 3 to 1 ratio
d) equal to 1 skin depth at the f90 frequency
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 41
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 247
Maximum frequency you would use for determining thickness of a non-conductive coating on a conductor would be
a) 1 MHz
b) 500 kHz
c) 1000 Hz
d) limited by probe to instrument impedance matching, cable resonance and cable noise
Question: 248
Given a sample of titanium (54.8 µohm-cm) what test frequency must be used to obtain a 1mm standard depth of penetration?
a) 35kHz
b) 70kHz
c) 140kHz
d) 280kHz
Question: 249
The temperature coefficient of resistance of a pure metallic conductor is always
a) negative
b) positive
c) zero
d) unity
Question: 250
Electromagnetic induction, on which ECT has its foundations, was first discovered by
a) Ampere
b) Faraday
c) Förster
d) Linqvist
Question: 251
In through transmission testing of nonmagnetic metallic sheet products, the empty coil value of the transmission coefficient is
a) only real (no imaginary component)

b) a maximum
c) 1
d) all of the above
Question: 252
When using differential probes, defect depth can be estimated from the
a) X-amplitude
b) Y amplitude
c) "fly-back" angle
d) angle difference between f90 and ¬f90
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 42
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 253
Which of the following is not a probe parameter affecting impedance results?
a) frequency
b) coil diameter and core materials
c) number of turns
d) length of coil
Question: 254
When using low frequency eddy currents to inspect multiple layers of aluminium corrosion or cracking, what is the maximum thickness of
outer layer that can be tested?
a) 6mm
b) 10mm
c) 15mm
d) 25mm
Question: 255
Defects at non magnetic support plates are detected by using
a) special probes
b) multi frequency units
c) vectorial addition
d) both b and c
Question: 256
An increase in probe diameter will move the operating point on the impedance curve
a) up
b) down
c) to a point inside the original curve
d) to a point outside the original curve
Question: 257
Which of the following methods used for machining longitudinal notches as reference standards would be used for making transverse
notches?
a) EDM
b) jet abrasives
c) planing/milling
d) all of the above
Question: 258
The influence of plating metal on the apparent impedance of the test coil is reduced as
a) plating thickness increases

b) base metal thickness increases
c) resistivity of plating metal approaches that of the base metal
d) all of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 43
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 259
Changes in permeability with applied stress below the elastic yield strength of iron are due to
a) formation of martensite
b) formation of pearlite
c) magnetostriction
d) geomagnetic reversals
Question: 260
The transmission coefficient used in describing phasors in eddy current tests of sheets and foils is analogous to which quantity in cylinder
testing?
a) lift-off
b) fill factor
c) effective permeability
d) frequency ratio
Question: 261
Given a wire made of copper with resistivity 1.724µohm-cm, that is 1 cm in length, and has a cross-sectional area of 1cm², what is the
resistance of this section of wire?
a) 1 ohm
b) 1 micro-ohm
c) 1.724 ohms
d) 2.972 ohms
Question: 262
Direct field excitation inspection of steel wire ropes is used to detect
a) stretched wires
b) broken wires
c) internal wire corrosion
d) both b and c
Question: 263
The point where increasing operating frequency does not increase ohmic losses in the test material is the
a) reluctance point
b) limit frequency
c) terminal point
d) fmax
Question: 264
Resonant circuit crack detectors have a meter output and 3 controls;
a) gain, lift-off, balance

b) gain, lift-off, frequency
c) gain, lift-off, filter
d) lift-off, balance, frequency
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 44
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 265
Above the curie point

(ë is standard depth of penetration, å is conductivity, µ is permeability)
a) ë increases due to a decrease in å

b) ë increases due to a decrease in µ
c) ë decreases due to a decrease in µ
d) both a and b
Question: 266
What advantage does the digital bar graph display have over analogue meter display EC instruments?
a) ease of interpretation
b) defect discrimination
c) signal response time (allows faster scanning speeds)
d) expense
Question: 267
When a Hall detector is used it is usually within the magnetic field of the excitation coil. How is this signal used?
a) it is not used, it is electronically subtracted

b) it is used as the lift-off reference for phase adjustment
c) it is part one of a two part multifrequency technique
d) it is used to compensate for permeability changes within the test specimen
Question: 268
The right hand rule for determining magnetic field direction around a current carrying conductor assumes
a) conventional current flow

b) modern theory current flow
c) only alternating current flow
d) non-geomagnetic reversal conditions
Question: 269
The most significant difficulty in determining thicknesses of conductive coatings on conductors is that
a) variations in base material as well as coating material will affect the signal
b) probes must be specially designed
c) the test cannot be done if an air gap exists between the two conductive materials
d) both b and c
Question: 270
The most significant instrument component required to detect the small variations in probe impedance or voltage caused by detecting
defects in eddy current testing is the ________.
a) balance button
b) video filter
c) AC to DC converter
d) amplifier
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 45
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 271
The typical figure 8 pattern that occurs with a differential probe moving over a defect is a result of
a) phase change in the bridge circuit

b) an impedance change in the bridge circuit
c) current flow in the previously balanced bridge circuit
d) all of the above
Question: 272
Which method produces the narrowest slot simulating a crack in a test standard?
a) EDM
b) planer fabrication
c) jet abrasives
d) diamond saw blade
Question: 273
What are the charge carriers used by Hall effect devices?
a) electrons
b) positrons
c) holes
d) both a and c
Question: 274
In resonant circuit crack detectors, the "lift-off" control actually varies
a) amplifier gain
b) operating frequency (by less than 25%)
c) bridge resistance
Question: 275
What is the advantage of using 3 Hall effect detectors mounted at mutual right angles to each other?
a) insensitivity to lift-off
b) insensitivity to permeability changes
c) field magnitude and direction determination independent of probe orientation
d) increased sensitivity to long gradual property changes
Question: 276
Ferromagnetic materials can affect probe impedance. These ferromagnetic materials
a) need not form closed paths for eddy currents

b) need not be electrical conductors
c) most only be within the coil's magnetic field
d) all of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 46
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 277
Shielding effects used in shielded eddy current probes is provided by which method?
a) magnetic
b) active
c) eddy current
d) all of the above
Question: 278
Eddy current flow in a cylinder, using an encircling probe, changes with radial distance r from the centre of the cylinder. Eddy current flow
is proportional to _______ for cylinder testing.
a) r²
b) r
c) 1/r
d) 1/r²
Question: 279
How is the magnitude of the Hall voltage related to the angle the element normal makes to the magnetic field?
a) V is proportional to cos é
b) V is proportional to tan é
c) V is proportional to sin é
d) V is proportional to cot é
Question: 280
Remote field eddy current testing when used on tubular products with an internal probe set-up utilizes a secondary exciter effect from
currents occurring
a) on the outer surface of the tube

b) in the direct coupling zone
c) in the remote field zone
d) in phase with the primary exciter
Question: 281
What is the difference between 2024-T3 and 2024-T6 aluminium alloy?
a) tempering process
b) hardness
c) conductivity
d) all of the above
Question: 282
When making resistivity measurements on unknown samples, the frequency used is selected such that the operating point on the
impedance graph is
a) at the top of the curve

b) at the bottom of the curve
c) near the "knee" of the curve
d) anywhere on the curve provides equal discrimination for resistivity measurements
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 47
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 283
In the eddy current probe circuit the capacitive component of its impedance is __________degrees out of phase with its inductive
component.
a) 0
b) 90
c) 180
d) 270
Question: 284
On the old sigmaflux instruments which indicated defective parts by displaying ellipses, how were phase and amplitude indicated?
a) vertical displacement of the minor axis

b) horizontal displacement of the major axis
c) orientation of the major axis and the axis ratio
d) the vector sum of the major and minor axes
Question: 285
Test results found using the mercury model to establish effects of various shapes and orientations of defects can be applied to bar, rod or
wire of any metal because of what principle?
a) the similarity law

b) Ohm's Law
c) the Hering-Breuer Reflex
d) Maxwell's principle
Question: 286
In a nonmagnetic material the back EMF produced by the induced eddy currents has what effect on the probe?
a) reduced coil impedance

b) reduced coil voltage
c) increased coil current
d) both a and b
Question: 287
What best describes probe inductance as a function of probe diameter? (à indicates "proportional to").
a) L à D²
b) LàD
c) L à 1/D
d) L à 1/D²
Question: 288
When calculations are made for f/fg for a single coil testing of sheet products where the probe is held away from the sheet by probe
configuration or nonconductive coating, what must be done with this lift-off component?
a) it is added to the effective coil distance

b) it is subtracted from the effective coil distance
c) it is subtracted from the test piece thickness
d) it is added to the test piece thickness
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 48
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 289
Separation of defect signals from insignificant parameters is the function provided by multi frequency ECT units. What condition could not
be "separated" by multifrequency technology?
a) fretting under nonmagnetic support plates

b) pitting under magnetic support plates
c) SCC in finned copper tubing
d) magnetite deposits causing denting
Question: 290
If a sample's permeability changes up by a factor of 2, the standard depth of penetration will
a) increase by 2
b) increase by 1.414
c) decrease by 2
d) decrease by 1.414
Question: 291
Indirect conductivity meters provide readings in µA (microAmperes). How do you convert this to % IACS readings?
a) divide the readings by the conductivity of pure copper

b) from a conversion chart you make using standards
c) by frequency adjustment so the product of frequency and current provides the desired conductivity reading
d) the inverse value of current will give conductivity
Question: 292
When is a gate output indication generated?
a) whenever a gate threshold is set

b) when a signal enters a gated region
c) when signals have sufficient negative voltage
d) when signals have sufficient change in inductive reactance without altering resistive component
Question: 293
What two phenomena occur when a semiconductor is placed in a magnetic field?
a) eddy current generation and increased temperature

b) eddy current generation and decreased temperature
c) the Hall effect and magnetoresistive effect
d) the pyro-electric and magnetostrictive effects
Question: 294
Which of the following is not considered to be magnetizable?
a) ferromagnetic material
b) paramagnetic material
c) diamagnetic material
d) both b and c
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 49
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 295
In the L-C bridge circuit used by simple meter crack detectors, the capacitor is connected in parallel with the ____ in the bridge circuit.
a) probe coil
b) resistor in the arm adjacent to the probe coil
c) resistor in the arm opposite the probe coil
d) oscillator generator
Question: 296
When a sheet of metal is inserted between a transmitting coil and a receiving coil the voltage in the secondary coil (receiving coil) changes
from its "empty coil" value. The ratio of the new voltage to the empty coil voltage is
a) always greater than 1

b) the transmission coefficient
c) independent of the thickness of the sheet
d) independent of the conductivity of the sheet
Question: 297
What is the effective diameter of a surface probe with a 5mm diameter coil used on a sample with p = 72 µohm-cm and operated at 2
MHz. (p is resistivity)
a) 5.5mm
b) 6.2mm
c) 7.5mm
d) 10mm
Question: 298
The active shielding technique used to shield eddy current probes uses which of the following principles?
a) other coils
b) ferrite cups
c) ferrite cores
d) highly conductive metal housings
Question: 299
An inductive and a resistive impedance change in the test coil resulting when an operating eddy current probe is moved near a conductive
test sample is represented on a(n)
a) standard penetration chart

b) phase correction graph
c) 'E' meter
d) impedance graph display
Question: 300
At intermediate depths, multifrequency EC methods take advantage of the fact that phase angle
a) is constant for all frequencies

b) varies linearly with depth at a given frequency
c) varies logarithmically with depth at a given frequency
d) varies exponentially with depth at a given frequency
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 50
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 301
Probe operational impedance between 20 and 200 ohms is usually accommodated by most ECT instruments unless
a) test frequency is too close to probe-cable resonance

b) coil material is aluminium instead of copper
c) operated at the characteristic frequency
d) the instrument is operated in the send-receive mode
Question: 302
The problem with overcoming probe-cable resonance by operating above 1.2fr (fr=resonance frequency) is
a) phase discrimination
b) greatly reduced sensitivity
c) arcing from probe to test piece
d) none of the above, operating at 1.2 times the resonance frequency is the preferred option
Question: 303
What is the fill factor of the test using a 1.1mm diameter encircling coil to test wire with a diameter of 1.02mm?
a) 0.90
b) 0.86
c) 0.84
d) 0.81
Question: 304
Lift-off is used as a reference signal in many eddy current test applications. Why?
a) it is easy to produce
b) it does not modify phase of signals
c) it is always 90ø from OD defects
d) both a and b
Question: 305
Given a sample of 50% cold worked 304 stainless steel (68.96µohm-cm, µrel = 2) what test frequency would provide a 2mm standard
depth of penetration?
a) 900 Hz
b) 15 kHz
c) 22 kHz
d) 31 kHz
Question: 306
Austenitic stainless steel is not considered ferromagnetic, however permeability changes often plague inspections of austenitic tubing with
welded seams. Why?
a) eddy currents give austenite its ferromagnetic state

b) heating and cooling during welding can change magnetic state
c) stresses from the magnetic fields of the eddy currents cause the magnetostrictive effect which causes magnetic permeability changes
d) all of the above
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 51
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 307
How does the use of increasing current increase coil inductance?
a) increasing temperature causes coil expansion

b) core permeability changes
c) resistivity increase causes coil inductance to increase
d) by the Hall effect
Question: 308
The main factor limiting sensitivity to subsurface defects is
a) localized heating caused by eddy currents

b) skin depth effect
c) decrease in magnetic flux
d) permeability of the test piece
Question: 309
The intensity of a magnetic field that a unit magnetic pole experiences a force of one dyne is one
a) oersted
b) Tesla
c) ohm-cm
d) gauss
Question: 310
Electromechanical energy conversion is possible due to
a) electric fields
b) magnetic fields
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, energy conversion by electromechanics is not possible
Question: 311
The most difficult aspect of material sorting as compared to discontinuity detection by eddy current testing arises from what problem?
a) selecting the appropriate test frequency

b) unpredictable appearance of unwanted metallurgical factors
c) encircling probes cannot be used for sorting
d) conductive materials coated with nonconductive layers cannot be sorted
Question: 312
When using a bobbin type differential probe, sensitivity to near surface defects can be improved by
a) wrapping coils in opposition

b) decreasing coil spacing
c) increasing coil spacing
d) turning up the gain
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 52
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 313
Coil impedance variations for inspection of sheet products would be most similar to encircling coil inspections of
a) thin-wall tubing
b) wire
c) rod
d) heavy bar stock
Question: 314
Frequency response of an instrument is based on the fact that the output signal of an instrument will be less than the input signal as
inspection speed increases. Instrument frequency response is defined as the frequency where output signal is -3dB from the input. This
would relate to a _____ volt signal out for a 1 volt signal input.
a) 0.9
b) 0.866
c) .707
d) 0.5
Question: 315
If 20 coulombs of charge passes a point in 5 seconds, the electric current value would be
a) 4 amperes
b) 100 amperes
c) 0.8 amperes
d) 20 amperes
Question: 316
Adding increasing thicknesses of zinc (5.9µohm-cm) to a thick copper base (1.7µohm-cm) will cause the operating point on the normalized
impedance plane to move
a) clockwise towards pure zinc

b) counterclockwise towards pure zinc
c) clockwise towards pure copper
d) counterclockwise towards pure copper
Question: 317
What is the most significant advantage of dot matrix displays of EC signals over CRT displays?
a) resolution
b) contrast
c) size and power consumption
d) viewing angle
Question: 318
The inductive reactance component of an eddy current probe coil's impedance will ___________ with increasing AC frequency.
a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain unchanged
d) react unpredictably
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 53
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 319
Why is a fatigue crack a poor simulation for a quench crack?
a) depths cannot be duplicated

b) lengths cannot be duplicated
c) fatigue cracks are more conductive
d) both a and b
Question: 320
The decrease in eddy current density with increasing depth from the surface is
a) linear
b) exponential
c) logarithmic
d) sinusoidal
Question: 321
All other parameters constant, an increase of permeability in the test piece causes the operating point on a normalized impedance curve to
move
a) up the curve
b) down the curve
c) horizontally left
d) horizontally right
Question: 322
For a thick specimen, test frequency should be selected to provide good separation from lift-off variations. This is facilitated by setting
frequency so the greatest expected defect depth is at
a) 1/2 the standard depth of penetration

b) the skin depth (ë)
c) twice the skin depth
d) the effective depth of penetration
Question: 323
Sequential actuation of multiple box gates is used for what purpose in eddy current instruments with computer controlled gating with
complex impedance plane displays?
a) instrument internal calibration checks

b) bar graph displays
c) to detect direction of signal motion
d) allow colour display of signals
Question: 324
To ensure planar shaped magnetic field _________ probes are needed.
a) large diameter
b) long
c) zig-zag
d) either a or b depending on whether plate or tube testing is being done
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 54
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 325
Test frequencies for crack detectors operating at or close to resonant frequency are
a) not selectable
b) infinitely variable
c) limited to the kHz range
d) limited to the MHz range
Question: 326
Wire rope testing by electromagnetic methods utilizes
a) alternating field excitation

b) direct field excitation
c) microwaves
d) both a and b can be used
Question: 327
Variations in the flow of eddy currents caused by flaws in the test piece are monitored as voltage fluctuations in the secondary coil in the
a) send-receive method of ECT

b) impedance method of ECT
c) resonance method of ECT
d) potential drop method
Question: 328
At some point, the improved signal separation from lift-off for a given crack is lost or overshadowed by what drawback when increasing
test frequency?
a) loss of lift-off sensitivity

b) signal amplitude decrease
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, no quality of signal deteriorates with increased frequency
Question: 329
Resistance of a piece of wire is a function of
a) wire length
b) cross sectional area of the wire
c) resistivity of the material the wire is made of
d) all of the above
Question: 330
The characteristic parameter, Pc, used by Deeds and Dodd is primarily a modelling tool. Test conditions with the same characteristic
parameter have the same
a) probe parameters
b) material parameters
c) operating point on the normalized impedance graph
d) probe and instrument parameters
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 55
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question: 331
If too large a drill size is used when making a drilled hole standard for eddy current testing, what happens to the response signal?
a) amplitude is unpredictable
b) it resembles the response from edge effect
c) phase must be rotated 45ø clockwise
d) it is confused with lift-off
Question: 332
The degree of magnetization produced in a ferromagnetic material for which incremental permeability has decreased to unity is
a) threshold magnetization
b) saturation magnetization
c) initial magnetization
d) critical magnetization
Question: 333
Eddy current information is often digitized for transmission and processing. What is the best resolution possible using 8 bit conversion?
a) 0.5%
b) 1.0%
c) 5.0%
d) 8.0%
Question: 334
In send-receive ECT systems, probes with 2 receive coils have those coils wound in opposition. The purpose for this is to
a) eliminate thermal drift

b) permit phase discrimination
c) allow no net voltage in the receive coils when both sense the same material
d) both and b
ID: 874803
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 56
Correct Answers
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
ID: 874803
ANS REFERENCE PAGE
Question 1: A ECM 168
Question 2: B ECM 180
Question 3: D Blitz 148
Question 4: C ECM 155
Question 6: C ASME 518
Question 7: A Gardner 76
Question 8: C Handbook 44
Question 9: B Handbook 35
Question 11: B Blitz 141
Question 16: A Handbook 59
Question 28: B Techniques 524
Question 30: C Burns 437
Question
ID: 31:
874803 B Handbook 313
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 56
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question 34: B Jacobowitz 35
Question 37: A ASME 515
Question 38: D Handbook 381
Question 39: D ECM 112
Question 45: D Handbook a92
Question 46: A Techniques 525
Question 48: C ASME 515
Question 50: C Jacobowitz 34
Question 55: D Techniques 524
Question 58: B ASME 515
Question
ID: 65:
874803 A ECM 31
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 57
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question 67: A Blitz 131
Question 68: C Blitz 159
Question 69: C Gardner 76
Question 90: D Jacobowitz 34
Question 96: C Techniques 508
Question
ID: 99:
874803 D ECM 165
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 58
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question 104: A Techniques 524
Question 116: B Gardner 71
Question 121: C Mix 176
Question 123: A Mix 183
Question 129: A Burns 447
Question
ID: 133:
874803 D Handbook 415
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 59
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question
ID: 167:
874803 B Handbook 595
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 60
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question 168: D Mix 213
Question 171: A ASME 516
Question 180: A Burns 432
Question 187: C Gardner 48
Question
ID: 201:
874803 A ECM 98
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 61
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question
ID: 235:
874803 D Handbook 44
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 62
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question 263: B Mix 182
Question
ID: 269:
874803 A ECM 84
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 63
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question 294: D Techniques 526
Question
ID: 303:
874803 B ECM 113
Type: ECT Level: 3
P. 64
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM
Question 304: D Gardner 61
Question 309: A Jacobowitz 31
Question 310: C Ramshaw 7
Question 315: A Jacobowitz 55

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NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Mar 31, 2012 - 07:55 AM

For ferromagnetic materials the relative permeability is

a) both are artificial defects for calibration

a) observing the amplitude and direction of signals at f90

An electrical circuit incorporating four impedance arms is a(n)

a) a physical reference used for calibration

a) information redundancy reduces changes of missing defects

Current lags voltage in an AC circuit of pure

a) the instrument's wave shape

a) to rotate the defect signal relative to the lift-off signal

In eddy current terminology phasors are used for

a) voltage amplitude and phase representation

a) small diameter, high frequency

a) move up the curve

a) to prevent cross-talk due to mutual coupling

The empty coil impedance of an eddy current probe is determined by

a) test piece temperature

a) the control current causes a negative bias

a) the algebraic method

Normalizing probe impedance for impedance graph displays is accomplished by

A very shallow surface defect can be distinguished from lift-off by

a) its approach signal

a) the Bessel function value solved for

a) the AC bridge doesn't know the difference

The product of current in amperes times time in seconds gives units of

(5.0p) µD² is the general equation to find ____ (p = resistivity)

a) phase lag, effective coil diameter and standard depth of penetration

Operating at frequencies above resonant frequency will result in

a) their insensitivity to external defects

a) two frequencies are used in in-service inspections

a) larger coil diameters

What is a resistivity of 72 µohm-cm as a % IACS?

a) very large phase changes for small frequency changes

A material with a permeability less than that of a vacuum is a ___________ material.

In the reflection type send-receive coil, the receive coils are

a) smaller than the driver coils

A single magnetic line of flux is given the unit

Which of the following methods is used to determine coating thickness?

a) x-ray and radioactive

a) to determine bulk properties in highly conductive materials

What is the difference between limit frequency and characteristic frequency?

In eddy current instruments, bridge circuits are used for

a) detecting impedance changes between coils

The quantity actually monitored by an eddy current probe is

a) shape of the defect

a) a smaller change in coil impedance

Which of the following is the most conductive?

a) magnesium 37% IACS

What is the purpose of multiple layer windings in an inductive coil?

a) to increase inductance for a given coil length

a) an internal axial probe

a) to ensure proper depth of penetration

a) it introduces ferromagnetic properties

a) conventional current flow

a) reactance being increased

The time dependent component of the skin depth equation indicates

a) flux density decreases with depth

a) phase of the variable changes

If an absolute probe is used, defect depth is estimated from

a) eddy current intensity

a) skin depth and phase lag effects

Modulation analysis is a specialized ECT method that requires

Inside diameter pitting on heat exchanger tubing can be a result of