SCIENCE REVIEWER
Lesson 1: Weathering
WEATHERING – refers to the process of breaking
rocks into smaller pieces.
TYPES OF WEATHERING
1. Physical of Mechanical Weathering
- Rocks are weathered mechanically by
water and temperature. Rocks exposed to
the intense heat of the sun crack and
crumble when rain falls and soaks into the
ground.
2. Chemical Weathering
- Breaks down rocks by changing its
chemical composition. Example of this is
when certain elements react with oxygen
in the process called oxidation.
- The elements in rocks become oxides and
their properties change.
USES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS
1. Sand, gravel, and stone are used or
construction and building materials
2. Large amounts of metallic minerals,
particularly iron are used in the production of
cars, planes, and boats
3. Outdoor furniture are made of minerals or
rocks
4. Arts and crafts have been made using
beautiful rocks and minerals
FORMATION OF SOIL
- A layer of rock and mineral fragments
produced by weathering covers the
surface of the Earth.
- It is a mixture of weathered rock, decayed
organic matter, mineral fragments, water,
and air.
EROSION – the process of transportation of rock
particles elsewhere.
DEPOSITION – settling of the finer particles of rock or
sediment carried by wind or water.
CAUSES OF EROSION
1. Water Erosion - the removal of soil by water
and transportation of the eroded materials
away from the point of removal.
o Groundwater – water that sinks
into the ground.
2. Splash Erosion – the soil is loose and is not
protected by a covering on the surface, then a
large amount of it is lost through raindrop
erosion.
3. Sheet Erosion – A water which does not
evaporate or immediately sink into the soil is
called runoff. When water then flows in broad
sheets across a wide area.
4. Wind Erosion – the rock particles picked up
by the wind are deposited elsewhere, forming
hills of sand called sand dunes.
o Deflation – the process of wind
carrying away loose sediment.
Primarily occurs in desert regions.
o Abrasion – the wind blows rock
particles away and these wear
down exposed rock surfaces.
5. Erosion by Gravity – bits of rocks are
separated and fall down to a lower level
because of gravity.
o Mass Movement – when gravity
moves rocks and soil down a
slope.
6. Glacial Erosion – when the amount of snow is
so great that it cannot completely melt,
glaciers form.
OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING EROSION
 Deforestation – clearing of trees,
transforming a forest into cleared land
 Intensive Farming – farmers use excessive
fertilizer and irrigation damages the land
 Housing Development and Construction –
make the soil bare
WAYS OF PREVENTING AND REDUCING SOIL
EROSION
a. Agiculture Soil Conservation
o Terracing method in farming –
uses the topography of the land
to slow down the flow of water
through a series of terraces.
 o Contour Farming – similar to
terraces but on a smaller scale,
following the contour landscape
to slow down the flow of water
o Strip Cropping – plants are
arranged in strips with rows of
the main crop alternated with
rows of a cover crop.
LESSON 2: Weather Disturbances
Weather Disturbances - a general term that
describes any pulse of energy moving through the
atmosphere.
THREE MAJOR TYPES OF STORMS
a. Tropical Cyclone – a tropical cyclone is a low-
pressure area that forms in the tropics over
the seas and overseas.
o HURRICANE – if the cyclone has
sustained 74mph. Area of North
Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea,
Gulf of Mexico
o CYCLONE – if it is in the area of
Indian Ocean
o TYPHOON – if it is in the Western
Pacific.
CONDITIONS NEEDED TO FORM A HURRICANE
1. Continuous supply of rising moist air
2. Abundance of warm seawater to feed the
rising moist air
3. Heat is necessary to make the water warmer
4. Ocean water temperature should be about 80
degree Fahrenheit or 27 degrees Celsius
5. Wind speed will increase when there is a
continuous supply of energy
 Eye of Typhoon – center of a typhoon with
winds that move toward the center in a
counterclockwise direction in the northern
hemisphere
 Eyewall – surrounds the eye which is
organized band of convection that contains
the intense rainfall.
CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE
1. Depression – develops when rotating wind
has a maximum wind speed of not more than
60km/hr.
2. Storm – when the winds have a maximum
speed from 60 to 118 km/hr.
3. Typhoon – when the max. wind speed is
greater than 118 km/hr.
HOW HURRICANES OR TYPHOOONS NAMED
- The World Meteorological Organization
developed a system that gives names to
the hurricanes.
- The names are arranged alphabetically
and are used in revolving order.
b. Thunderstorm – a storm characterized by
strong winds and short-period heavy rains
that generally last for 1-2 hours with lightning
and thunder.
o LIGHTNING – the sudden flow of
negative charges to the ground,
to the top of the cloud, or to a
nearby cloud produces a blinding
flash of light.
o THUNDER – the air expands
greatly, sending a vibrating wave
outward and producing a sound.
c. Tornado – the most violent storm that occurs
in Earth. A funnel-like or rope-shaped cloud
with a diameter of less than 400 meters.
o WIND SHEAR – the wind at
different heights blows in
different directions and at
different speeds. The wind shear
will be tilted by a strong updraft
and produce rotation inside the
thunderstorm.
OTHER WEATHER DISTURBANCES IN THE
PHILIPPINES

 Monsoons – Southwest monsoon/Habagat

and Northeast monsoon/Amihan
 Easterly Waves – the northeast trade winds
may move over an elongated low-pressure
area
 Intertropical Convergence Zone – ITCZ where
the northeast and southwest trade winds flow
toward the equator

EFFECTS OF WEATHER DISTURBANCES

1. STORM SURGE – the strong winds in the

coastal areas form storm surges that can
reach 6 meter above normal sea level. TYPHOON PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES

PAG-ASA – Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration is the
government agency responsible not only for
forecasting weather but also for issuing warning
signals.
SIGNAL NO. 1 – winds less than 60km/hr is expected
in the next 36 hours.
SIGNAL NO. 2 – winds with a ranging velocity of
60km/hr to 120km/hr is expected to arrive within 24
hours.
SIGNAL NO. 3 – a typhoon with wind velocity of
120km/hr but below 170km/hr is coming within 18
hours.
SIGNAL NO. 4 – a typhoon with wind velocity above
170km/hr but below 220km/hr is coming within 12
hours.
 Listen to the radio or TV for information and
keep your weather radio handy
 Secure your home, close storm shutters and
secure outdoor objects or bring them indoors
 Turn off utilities if instructed to do so.
Otherwise, turn the refrigerator thermostat to
its coldest setting and keep its doors closed
 Turn off propane tanks
 Avoid using the phone, except for serious
emergencies
 Moor your boat if time permits
 Ensure a supply of water for sanitary purpose
such as cleaning and flushing toilets: fill the
bathtub and other larger containers with
water
 Find out how to keep food safe during and
after an emergency

SIGNAL NO. 5 – a typhoon with wind velocity above

220km/hr is coming within 12 hours.
LESSON 3: The Moon

MOVEMENTS OF THE MOON

- Both the Earth and moon rotate on their

axis and revolve around the sun.
- The moon completes one rotation in one
complete revolution. The time it takes to
fully rotate is the same time it takes to
revolve.
 Rotation and Revolution
- "Rotation" refers to an object's spinning
motion about its own axis.
- "Revolution" refers the object's orbital
motion around another object.
MOON
 Orbits Earth once every 27.32 days and
revolves around the sun in about 29.53 days
 A day on the moon is equivalent to two Earth
weeks. After two weeks, the moons starts to
be in darkness that lasts for another 2 weeks.
Phases – different shapes and appearances of the
moon as it orbits the Earth
a. New Moon – occurs when the moon is
between Earth and the Sun.
b. Waxing Phases – About 24 hours after the
new moon, you can see only a small
portion of the lit side of the moon and a
lot of dark side, it is called waxing
crescent.
c. Waning Phases – after a full moon, the
amount of moon’s lighted part that can
be seen becomes smaller. Waning
Gibbous begins just after a full moon.
- The complete cycle of the moon’s phases
takes about 29 ½ days.
WHAT IS AN ECLIPSE?
- An eclipse happens when a planet or a
moon gets in the way of the Sun’s light.
Here on Earth, we can experience two
kinds of eclipses: solar eclipses and lunar
eclipses.
Lunar Eclipse
During a lunar eclipse, Earth gets in the
way of the Sun’s light hitting the Moon.
That means that during the night, a full
moon fades away as Earth’s shadow
covers it up.
SOLAR ECLIPSE
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon “eclipses”
the sun. This means that the moon, as it orbits the
Earth, comes in between the sun and the Earth,
thereby blocking the sun and preventing any
sunlight from reaching us.
TIDES
Tides are very long-period waves that move
through the ocean in response to the forces
exerted by the moon and sun. Tides originate in
the ocean and progress toward the coastlines
where they appear as the regular rise and fall of
the sea surface.
SPRING TIDES
Spring tides happen just after every full and new
moon, when the sun, moon and earth are in line.
NEAP TIDES
A neap tide—seven days after a spring tide—
refers to a period of moderate tides when the sun
and moon are at right angles to each other.
EXPLORATION OF THE MOON
In 1966, Luna 9 achieved the first soft landing and
in 1969, the U.S.'s Apollo 11 achieved the first
human landing. In the decades since, many
nations have contributed to lunar orbiters and
landers. The first person who explore the moon is
Neil Armstrong.
MOON AND SUPERSTITIONS
1. One of the most common moon-
eating monsters is the Bakunawa.
2. People used to believe that the
phases of the moon were
somehow linked to the menstrual
cycle.
3. The full moon makes you crazy.
The ancient Roman goddess,
Luna, was the divine
representative for the moon. She
also became the root word for
"lunacy".
4. The full moon will keep you from
sleeping. In various studies and
reports, trial sleep patients
actually were recorded as
sleeping less during the full moon.
5. The full moon will make you go
into labor. There's no significant
proof that shows that pregnant,
full-term women are any more
likely to go into labor during a full
moon.
STARS
A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held
together by self-gravity.[citation
needed] The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many
other stars are visible to the naked eye at night;
their immense distances from Earth make them
appear as fixed points of light.
- A star is born in a low-density cloud of
dust and gas called a nebula.
- Hydrogen atoms fuse together in the
process called thermonuclear reaction.
STARS DIFFER IN SIZE
Supergiants- The largest supergiant stars can
be more than 1500 times larger than our Sun. This
makes them over 2,000 million km across.
However, supergiants actually don't contain
thousands times more mass than the Sun.
GIANTS- giant stars have radii between 10 and
100 solar radii and luminosities between 10 and
1,000 times that of the Sun. Stars still more
luminous than giants are referred to as supergiants
and hypergiants. A hot, luminous main sequence
star may also be referred to as a giant.
MEDIUM SIZED STAR- Mid-sized stars are red
giants during two different phases of their post-
main-sequence evolution: red-giant-branch stars,
with inert cores made of helium and hydrogen-
burning shells, and asymptotic-giant-branch stars,
with inert cores made of carbon and helium-
burning shells inside the hydrogen-burning shells.
WHITE DWARF- A white dwarf is a stellar core
remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate
matter. A white dwarf is very dense: its mass is
comparable to the Sun's, while its volume is
comparable to Earth's. A white dwarf's low
luminosity comes from the emission of residual
thermal energy; no fusion takes place in a white
dwarf.
NEUTRON STAR- neutron star, any of a class of
extremely dense, compact stars thought to be
composed primarily of neutrons. Neutron stars are
typically about 20 km (12 miles) in diameter.
Their masses range between 1.18 and 1.97 times
that of the Sun, but most are 1.35 times that of the
Sun.
CONSTELLATION
is an area on the celestial sphere in which a
group of visible stars forms a perceived
pattern or outline, typically representing an
animal, mythological subject, or inanimate
object.[1]
The origins of the earliest constellations likely
go back to prehistory. People used them to
relate stories of their beliefs,
experiences, creation, or mythology. Different
cultures and countries invented their own
constellations, some of which lasted into the
early 20th century before today's
constellations were internationally
recognized.

12 constellations

ARIES

TAURUS

GEMINI

CANCER

LEO

VIRGO

LIBRA

SCORPIUS

SAGITTARIUS

CAPRICORNUS

AQUARIUS

PISCES

URSA MAJOR- Ursa Major is a constellation in

the northern sky, whose associated mythology
likely dates back into prehistory. Its Latin name
means "greater bear", referring to and contrasting
it with nearby Ursa Minor, the lesser bear.

POLARIS- Polaris is a star in the northern

circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is
designated α Ursae Minoris and is commonly
called the North Star or Pole Star. With an
apparent magnitude that fluctuates around 1.98, it
is the brightest star in the constellation and is
readily visible to the naked eye at night.

Cassiopeia-in astronomy, a constellation of

the northern sky easily recognized by a group of
five bright stars forming a slightly irregular W. It
lies at 1 hour right ascension and 60° north
declination. Its brightest star, Shedar (Arabic for
“breast”), has a magnitude of 2.2