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Parabola

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 Table of Contents
Session 01 03 Session 04 73 Session 07 136
Conic 04 Parametric Coordinates 75 Properties of Normal 137
Parabola 13 Equation of chord 78 Conormal Points 142
General equation of second 21 Properties of Co-normal 144
degree Points
General Equation of Parabola 26 Chord of Contact 150
Session 05 89
Chord Bisected at a Point 155
Position of a Line w.r.t. Parabola 90
Reflection Property of 156
Session 02 29 Equation of tangent 95 Parabola
Terminologies Parabola 32 Point form 97
Important terms of parabola 34 Parametric form 99
Standard parabola recap 41 Slope form 101

Session 06 115
Session 03 54
Properties of Tangents 116
Position of a Point w.r.t. Parabola 69
Properties of Normal 132
Property of parabola 70

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 Session 01
Introduction to parabola
and its equation

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 Key Takeaways

Conic

The intersection of a plane with a double right circular hollow cone

• creates a section (curve) called CONIC SECTION (or simply CONIC).

Axis 𝑙
𝑙
Generator
𝑚 Upper 𝛼 𝑚
Nappe

𝑉 Vertex

Lower
Nappe

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 Key Takeaways

Conic

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 Key Takeaways
Visualizing Conics

Circle: Plane is perpendicular to the axis, As we move closer to the

•
vertex the radius of circle keeps on decreasing.

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 Key Takeaways

Visualizing Conics

• Ellipse: Plane is inclined w.r.t the axis i.e.,

plane is making some angle with the
base.
Moving closer to the vertex the size of
the ellipse decreases.
Moving above towards the nap we get a
larger ellipse.

Plane must cut entirely one of the nap.

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 Key Takeaways

Visualizing Conics

• Parabola: Plane should entirely cut

one single nap at a time.

Plane is parallel to one of the edge of

the double cone.

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 Key Takeaways

Visualizing Conics

• Hyperbola: Plane is cutting both the nap.

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 Key Takeaways
Visualizing Conics (When the plane is passing through the vertex)
Point

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 Key Takeaways
Visualizing Conics (When the plane is passing through the vertex)

Line Pair of Intersecting Straight Lines

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 Key Takeaways

Visualizing Conics (When the plane is not passing through the vertex-Non-Degenerate)

Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola

Visualising Conics (When the plane is passing through the vertex-Degenerate)

Point Straight Line Pair of Straight lines

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 Key Takeaways

Parabola

• Locus of a moving point whose distance from a fixed point (focus) is equal
to its perpendicular distance from a fixed straight line (directrix).

Parabola happens when :

Fixed line(Directrix)
𝑃 Moving point
𝑖 𝑒=1
𝑆𝑃 𝑀
𝑖𝑖 = 1 ⇒ 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑀
𝑃𝑀
𝑆
⇒ Distance of point from
fixed point = Distance of Fixed point(Focus)
point from a fixed line
𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏

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 Focus and directrix

Fixed line(Directrix)
𝑃 Variable point (ℎ, 𝑘)
• Fixed line Directrix
𝑀
Variable point Locus
𝑆(𝛼, 𝛽)
Fixed point Focus
Fixed point(Focus)

𝑆𝑃
=Eccentricity=constant⇒ Locus of 𝑃 → Conic Section
𝑃𝑀

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 When focus lies on directrix 𝑃
𝑃 Line 𝐿1
𝑃
• Case I. 𝑒 > 1
𝛼, 𝛽
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀 ⋯ 𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
𝜃 Directrix
𝜃
𝑆
𝑃 Focus
𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑃 Line 𝐿2
𝑃
𝑆𝑃
= cosec 𝜃
Line 𝐿1 𝑃𝑀
Locus of 𝑃
Line 𝐿2
Distinct pair of
Straight lines

𝑒 > 1 and Focus on Directrix

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 When focus lies on directrix
𝑃
• Case II. 𝑒 = 1
𝑃
Line 𝐿1
𝑆𝑃
⇒ = 1 ⇒ 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑀 𝑀 ≡ 𝑆 𝛼, 𝛽 Focus
𝑃𝑀
𝑆𝑃 Directrix
= cosec 𝜃 = 1
𝑃𝑀

⇒ 𝜃 = 90°
𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
Line 𝐿1
Locus of 𝑃 𝑃
Line 𝐿2 𝑃
Coincident pair of Line 𝐿2
𝑃
Straight lines

𝑒 = 1 and Focus on Directrix

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 Key Takeaways

When focus lies on directrix then

Condition Nature of conic

𝑒>1 Pair of distinct straight lines

𝑒=1 Coincident lines

0<𝑒<1 Point

𝑒→∞ Parallel lines

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 Key Takeaways

When focus doesn’t lie on directrix then

Condition Nature of conic

𝑒>1 Hyperbola

𝑒=0 Circle

𝑒=1 Parabola

0<𝑒<1 Ellipse

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 Key Takeaways

Case I. ∆= 0 Degenerated conic is created when the fixed point lies on the fixed line

S. no Condition Nature of conic

1 ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏 Pair of straight lines

2 ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏 Pair of coincident lines

3 ℎ2 < 𝑎𝑏 Point

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 Key Takeaways

Case II. ∆≠ 0 Non-degenerate conics

S. no Condition Nature of conic

1 ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏 Hyperbola

2 ℎ =0&𝑎 =𝑏 Circle

3 ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏 Parabola

4 ℎ2 < 𝑎𝑏 Ellipse

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 General equation of second degree
• Second degree equation : 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
This represents different conics depending upon the value of ∆.
where ∆ = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2
𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
Or ∆ = ℎ 𝑏 𝑓
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐
Point
Degenerated conics
• ∆= 0 Straight Line
Pair of Straight Lines
Circle → 𝑒 = 0
Non-Degenerated conics Ellipse → 0 < 𝑒 < 1
• ∆≠ 0
Parabola → 𝑒 = 1
Hyperbola → 𝑒 > 1

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 Find the nature of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 ?

Comparing with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

3
𝑎 = 1, ℎ = −1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑔 = , 𝑓 = 0, 𝑐 = 2
2

∆ = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2

3 2 2
=2+0−0−1⋅ − 2 ⋅ −1
2
9
= − ≠ 0 →Conic section
4

Now, ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏 = −1 2
−1×1=0
ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏 →Parabola

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 What conic does 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 1 represent?

A
Given : The equation is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 1 Parabola
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 12
B
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2 𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑦 = 1 Circle
2
2
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 1 = −2 𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑦
C
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑦 + 1 = 0 Ellipse

General 2nd degree equation

D
Hyperbola
Here, 𝐴 = 𝑎2 , 𝐵 = 𝑏 2 , 𝐻 = −𝑎𝑏

Also, 𝐻2 − 𝐴𝐵 = −𝑎𝑏 2
− 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝐻2 = 𝐴𝐵 ⇒Parabola

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 Find locus of point which moves such that ratio of its distance
from (1,2) and line 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0 is 3.

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 Find locus of point which moves such that ratio of its distance
from (1,2) and line 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0 is 3.

Check position of the point w.r.t given line

𝑃(ℎ, 𝑘)
4 1 −3 2 +2= 6−6=0
So, Focus lies on directrix⇒ Pair of straight lines
𝑆𝑃
Now, = 3 𝜃 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑃𝑀

ℎ−1 2 + 𝑘−2 2 𝑀
= 3
𝑃𝑀
𝑆(1,2)
ℎ−1 2 + 𝑘−2 2 = 3𝑃𝑀
2 2 |4ℎ−3𝑘+2|
ℎ−1 + 𝑘−2 = 3
4 2 +32

Squaring on both sides:

2 2 4ℎ−3𝑘+2 2
ℎ−1 + 𝑘−2 =3
5

2 2 3 2
𝑥−1 + 𝑦−2 = 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2
25
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 Key Takeaways
The locus of a moving point such that
ratio of its distance from a fixed point
General Equation of Parabola to a fixed line is always constant.

• Here, 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 is a variable point;

𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
𝑆𝑃 𝑀
⇒ = 𝑒 (constant) ⇒ 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑒 × 𝑃𝑀
𝑃𝑀

2 2
𝑎ℎ + 𝑏𝑘 + 𝑐
⇒ ℎ−𝛼 + 𝑘−𝛽 =1× 𝑆 𝛼, 𝛽
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥−𝛼 + 𝑦−𝛽 =1× 𝐿: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 2
⇒ 𝑥−𝛼 + 𝑦−𝛽 =
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑥−𝛼 2
+ 𝑦−𝛽 2
= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 2

2
⇒ 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑑 = 0

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 Find the value of 𝑘 for which 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 31𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0,
represents a pair of straight line.

6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 31𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0

The equation represents a pair of straight lines
Comparing with the general 2nd degree equation:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
11 1 31
⇒ 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = −10, ℎ = , 𝑔= , 𝑓= ,𝑐 = 𝑘
2 2 2

𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
⇒∆= ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐
31 1 11 31 2 1 2 11 2
⇒ 6 × (−10) × 𝑘 + 2 − 6 − −10 − 𝑘 =0
2 2 2 2 2 2

⇒ 𝑘 = −15

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 Which of the following represents a parabola ?
𝑎) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 5 = 0 𝑏) 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 8
𝑐) 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑑) 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 1 = 0

𝑎) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 5 = 0 A
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 5 = 0
This is not perfect square

𝑏) 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 8
B
Do not contain linear term 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 8

Perfect square
𝑐) 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Linear term C
2 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 +𝑥+1=0 Contain
Constant

𝑑) 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 1 = 0 D
4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 1 = 0
Perfect Linear Constant
square term
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 Session 02
Terminologies of parabola,
shifting of vertex

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 𝑎>0
Key Takeaways
𝑌
• For standard equation of parabola we take 𝑀
𝑃(ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑁
Focus 𝑆 = 𝑎, 0 & Directrix → 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0

• Locus of 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 will give parabola if 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑀 𝑂 𝑆(𝑎, 0)

𝑋

ℎ−𝑎 2 + 𝑘−0 2 = ℎ+𝑎

ℎ−𝑎 2
+ 𝑘2 = ℎ + 𝑎 2 𝑥 = −𝑎

𝑘2 = ℎ + 𝑎 2
− ℎ−𝑎 2
= 4𝑎ℎ

𝑘 2 = 4𝑎ℎ

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is standard equation of parabola

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 Standard equation ; 𝑎 > 0

𝑋
𝑂 0,0 𝑆 (𝑎, 0)

Vertex focus

Directrix : 𝑥 = −𝑎

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 𝑌
Key Takeaways

Terminologies vertex
focus
• Straight line passing through focus and
perpendicular to directrix is called axis 𝑂 0,0 𝑆
• Vertex: A point at which parabola and axis intersect.

• Directrix: → 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑥 = −𝑎
• Foot at Directrix: 𝐹𝐷 = −𝑎, 0 point where axis
and directrix intersect. Directrix
• Focal cord: any chord passing through focus 𝑎, 0

• Latus Rectum: LR = Focal chord perpendicular to Axis

• Double Ordinate: Any chord perpendicular to axis.

• Tangent at Vertex: A line passing through vertex

and parallel to Directrix
• Vertex =
𝐹𝐷+𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠
2

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 Key Takeaways 𝑌

Important terms
vertex
I. Axis Of Symmetry :
Line passing through the focus and ⊥𝑎𝑟 𝑋
𝑂 0,0 𝑆 (𝑎, 0)
to the directrix.
focus
II. Vertex :

Point(s) of intersection of the conic and the axis.

Directrix : 𝑥 = −𝑎
III. Double Ordinate :

Chord ⊥𝑎𝑟 to axis.

IV. Focal Chord :

Any chord passing through the focus.

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 Key Takeaways 𝑌
𝑃 𝑎, 2𝑎
Important terms

V. Latus Rectum (L.R.): vertex

Double ordinate passing through 𝑋

the focus. 𝑂 0,0 𝑆(𝑎, 0)
Here 𝑃, 𝑄 are end points of L.R. focus

As 𝑃𝑄 ⊥ to 𝑋 − axis ⇒ 𝑋 − coordinate of 𝑃 & 𝑄 = 𝑎

𝑄 𝑎, −2𝑎
Also, 𝑃, 𝑄 lie on the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
2
Directrix : 𝑥 = −𝑎
⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎(𝑎) ⇒ 𝑦 = ± 2𝑎

∴ 𝑃 ≡ (𝑎, 2𝑎) & 𝑄 ≡ (𝑎, −2𝑎) , 𝑃𝑄 = 4𝑎

𝐿𝐿𝑅 = 𝑃𝑄 = 4𝑎

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 𝑌
𝑇
𝐴 𝑥, 𝑦
Important terms

VI. Focal Distance : vertex

Distance between any point on the

𝑂 0,0 𝑆 (𝑎, 0)
curve and the focus
focus
Let 𝐴 𝑥, 𝑦 be a point on the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
2

⇒ 𝐴𝑆 = focal distance = 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑥 + 𝑎
Directrix : 𝑥 = −𝑎

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌
𝑃 𝑎, 2𝑎
Important terms
𝑇
𝐴 𝑥, 𝑦
VERTEX : 0,0

FOCUS : 𝑎, 0 vertex

DIRECTRIX : 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑂 0,0 𝑆(𝑎, 0) 𝑋

AXIS : 𝑦=0 focus

LENGTH OF L.R. : 4𝑎
𝑎, −2𝑎
FOCAL DISTANCE 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑥+𝑎 𝑄
Directrix : 𝑥 = −𝑎
Note:
Vertex is the mid-point of the ⊥𝑎𝑟 line segment
joining the focus and the directrix.

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 Key Takeaways

4 Kinds of Parabola

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥

𝑆(𝑎, 0) 𝑆(−𝑎, 0)

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 Key Takeaways

4 Kinds of Parabola

𝑆(0, 𝑎) 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦

𝑆(0, −𝑎)

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 Standard parabola recap

𝑌
𝑌

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥
𝑋 𝑋
𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑂(0,0) 𝑂(0,0) 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑆 = 𝑎, 0 𝑆 = −𝑎, 0

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 Standard parabola recap

𝑌 𝑌
𝑦=𝑎
𝑆 = 0, 𝑎 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑂(0,0)
𝑋
𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦
𝑋
𝑂(0,0)
𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑆 = 0, −𝑎

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 Standard parabola recap

Equation 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒚 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒚

Vertex 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0

Focus 𝑎, 0 −𝑎, 0 0, 𝑎 0, −𝑎

Directrix 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑥=𝑎 𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑦=𝑎

Axis 𝑋 −axis 𝑋 −axis 𝑌 −axis 𝑌 −axis

Length of L.R 4𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎

Focal distance 𝑥+𝑎 −𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦+𝑎 −𝑦 + 𝑎

Tangent at 𝑦=0 𝑦=0

𝑥=0 𝑥=0
vertex

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 For the parabola 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥, find all the terms associated with it.

EQUATION : 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥

FOCUS : (𝑎, 0) (3,0)
AXIS OF PARABOLA : 𝑦=0 𝑦=0
EQUATION OF DIRECTRIX : 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑥 = −3
EQUATION OF L.R. : 𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=3
𝑎, 2𝑎 , 3,6 ,
ENDS OF L.R. :
(𝑎, −2𝑎) (3, −6)

LENGTH OF L.R. : 4𝑎 12
FOCAL DISTANCE OF POINT : 𝑥+𝑎 𝑝+3

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 The equation of the parabola with its vertex at origin, axis on the
𝑌 − axis & passing through the point (6, −3) is

Equation of parabola is: A

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦
Parabola passes through (6, −3)
B
2 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝒚
6 = 4𝑎(−3)
36
⇒𝑎= = −3
−12
C
Hence, the equation of the parabola: 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐𝒚
𝑥 2 = 4 −3 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = −12𝑦
D
𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐𝒙

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 Equation of parabola with its vertex at (1, 1) and focus at (3,1) is:

A 2
𝑥−1 =8 𝑦−1
Given that, vertex≡ 1,1 & focus≡ (3, 1)

𝑎= 3−1 2 + 1−1 2 = 2 (distance between vertex and focus)

B 2
Now, the equation of the parabola: 𝑦−1 =8 𝑥−1
2
𝑦−1 = 4(2)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑌
𝑦−1 2
= 8(𝑥 − 1) C 2
𝑦−1 =8 𝑥−3
(1, 1)
(3, 1)
D 2
𝑋 𝑥−3 =8 𝑦−1
𝑂

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌

Shifting of vertex

2
Vertex
𝑦−𝑘 = 4𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ
Axis of symmetry
ℎ, 𝑘
𝑋
𝑂 0,0

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 Key Takeaways 𝑌

Shifting of vertex
Vertex

𝑦−𝑘 2
= −4𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ Axis of symmetry
ℎ, 𝑘
𝑋
𝑂 0,0

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌

Shifting of vertex

2
𝑥−ℎ = 4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘

ℎ, 𝑘
𝑋
𝑂 0,0 Vertex

Axis of symmetry

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 Key Takeaways 𝑌

Shifting of vertex

2 𝑋
𝑥−ℎ = −4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘 𝑂 0,0 ℎ, 𝑘
Vertex

Axis of symmetry

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 Find the vertex, Axis, Directrix and L.R. of 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 = 0

𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 7 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 4𝑥 + 8
2
⇒ 𝑦−1 =4 𝑥+2
𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 & 𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
⇒ 𝑌 2 = 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 𝑋 type

Vertex 𝑋 = 0, 𝑌 = 0 𝑥 + 2 = 0, 𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ −2, 1
Axis 𝑌=0 𝑦−1=0⇒𝑦 =1

Directrix 𝑋 = −𝑎 𝑥 + 2 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3
L.R. 4𝑎 4×1=4
Focus 𝑋 = 𝑎, 𝑌 = 0 𝑥 + 2 = 1, 𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ −1, 1

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 A square has one vertex at the vertex of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 and
the diagonal through the vertex lies along the axis of the parabola.
If the ends of the other diagonal lie on the parabola, the
coordinates of the vertices of the square are

𝑥1 = 𝑂𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° & 𝑦1 = 𝑂𝑃 sin 45° 𝑌 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥

𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑦1
°
45
𝑂(0,0) 𝑥1 𝐸 𝑅
𝑋
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑂(0,0) 𝐸
𝑂𝑃
𝑥1 = 𝑦1 =
2

𝑃 Point lies on parabola

𝑄(𝑥1 , −𝑦1 )
𝑦12 = 16𝑥1
𝑥12 = 16𝑥1 (𝑥1 = 𝑦1 )

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 A square has one vertex at the vertex of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 and
the diagonal through the vertex lies along the axis of the parabola.
If the ends of the other diagonal lie on the parabola, the
coordinates of the vertices of the square are

𝑥12 = 16𝑥1 (𝑥1 = 𝑦1 ) 𝑌 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥

𝑥1 𝑥1 − 16 = 0 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑥1 = 0 (Not possible )
& 𝑥1 = 16 ⇒ 𝑦1 = 16
𝑃(16, 16) 𝑅
𝑋
𝑂(0,0) 𝐸(𝑥1 , 0)
𝑄(16, −16)
∴ 𝑂𝐸 = 𝐸𝑅 = 𝑥1
∴ 𝑅 ≡ 2𝑥1 , 0 𝑄(𝑥1 , −𝑦1 )
𝑅(32, 0)
Hence 𝑃 ≡ 16, 16 , 𝑄 ≡ 16, −16 & 𝑅 ≡ (32, 0)
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 The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola.
Vertical cables are to be spaced every 20 ft along this portion of
railroad for support. The cable at its lowest is 30 ft above the bridge
and length of the cable at the highest is 319 ft. Find the length of
the vertical cable located 80 ft away (horizontally) from the centre.

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 30)
340

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦

30 𝑓𝑡
𝑂

80 𝑓𝑡
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 The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola.
Vertical cables are to be spaced every 20 ft along this portion of
railroad for support. The cable at its lowest is 30 ft above the bridge
and length of the cable at the highest is 319 ft. Find the length of
the vertical cable located 80 ft away (horizontally) from the centre.

Here equation of parabola

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎 𝑦 − 30
⇒ (340)2 = 4𝑎 319 − 30
⇒ 𝑎 = 100 𝑓𝑡
∴ Equation of parabola becomes
𝑥 2 = 400(𝑦 − 30)
Length of vertical cable located 80 𝑓𝑡 away from centre
2
80 = 400(𝑦 − 30)
⇒ 𝑦 = 46 𝑓𝑡

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 Session 03
Non standard forms of
parabola and parabola
properties

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 Find axis of 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 57 = 0.

Solution:
9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 57 = 0
9𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 + 4 = 16𝑥 + 61
2 61
3𝑦 − 2 = 16 𝑥 +
16

𝑌 2 = −4𝐴𝑋
Axis: 𝑌 = 0
⇒ 3𝑦 − 2 = 0
2
𝑦=
3

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 Find vertex of 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 4 = 0

Solution:
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 = −12𝑦 + 12
2
𝑥+4 = −4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 𝑦 − 1
𝑋 2 = −4𝐴𝑌

For vertex, 𝑋 = 0; 𝑌 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = 0; 𝑦 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −4; 𝑦 = 1
Vertex is −4,1

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 Find equation of directrix of 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 2 = 0.

Solution:
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = −4𝑥 + 2
2 2
𝑦+2 = −4 ⋅ 1 𝑥 −
4
2
𝑌 = −4𝐴𝑋

Equation of directrix is: 𝑋 = 𝐴

1
⇒𝑥− =1
2

3
⇒𝑥=
2

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 The length of latus rectum of a parabola, whose vertex and
focus are on the positive 𝑋 − axis at a distance of 𝑅 and
𝑆 > 𝑅 respectively from origin is:
JEE Mains 2021
Solution:
A
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑅 and 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑆 𝟐 𝑺−𝑹
Focal length, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 = 𝑆 − 𝑅
∴ Length of Latus Rectum = 4 𝑆 − 𝑅 B
𝟒 𝑺−𝑹

𝑌
C
𝟐 𝑺+𝑹
𝑅

𝑂 𝐴 𝐵 𝑋
D
𝑆 𝟒 𝑺+𝑹

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 Directrix of a parabola is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2. If its focus is origin,
then latus rectum of the parabola is equal to

Solution: A
𝟐 units
0+0−2
Distance of directrix from focus = 2𝑎 = = 2
12 +12
Length of Latusrectum = 4𝑎 = 2 2
B
𝟐 units

C
𝟐 𝟐 units

D
𝟒 units

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 If a variable circle touches a fix circle and a fix line then Prove that
the locus of the centre of the variable circle is a parabola whose
directrix is parallel to a given line at a distance equal to radius of
given circle .

Solution: For any instance of variable circle

𝑆
𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑀 𝑃
𝑃
This means that P is 𝑟
𝑅 𝑅
equidistant from a point S
and a line. 𝐿
𝑟
So, from the definition of
𝐿′
parabola, we can say that 𝑀
the locus of P is a parabola

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 Find equation of parabola whose vertex is at (1 , 2) & focus is
at (5 , 2).

Solution: 𝑎 = 5−1 2 + 2−2 2 =4

Equation of parabola: 𝑦 − 2 2
=4⋅4 𝑥−1
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 16𝑥 + 20 = 0

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 Key Takeaways
Equation of Parabola in terms of Axis and TV: 𝑌
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑥
2
𝐴𝑋𝐼𝑆 = 𝐿𝐿𝑅 𝑇𝑉 𝑦
𝑋
(distance of any point (perpendicular
on parabola from distance of point
axis) from TV)

2
Perpendicular distance Perpendicular distance
of any point o𝑛 parabola = 𝐿. 𝐿. 𝑅. of any point o𝑛 parabola
from axis from 𝑇𝑉

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 Key Takeaways
Equation of Parabola in terms of Axis and TV:

(ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Tangent
at vertex

𝑋 𝑎ℎ+𝑏𝑘+𝑐 2 𝑏ℎ−𝑎𝑘+𝜆
= 𝐿. 𝐿. 𝑅.
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝜆 = 0

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 Find equation of parabola if vertex is (0,0) and focus is 𝑆(1,1).

𝑌
Solution:
𝑦=𝑥
Given: Vertex ≡ (0,0), Focus ≡ 𝑆(1,1) and a Axis ⇒𝑥−𝑦=0
point on the parabola be ℎ, 𝑘
Tangent (1,1)
Equation of parabola: at vertex (0,0)
𝑋
2
Distance from axis = L. L. R distance from T. V.

2 𝑦 = −𝑥
ℎ−𝑘 |ℎ+𝑘−0|
⇒ =4⋅ 2 ⇒𝑥+𝑦 =0
2 2

ℎ−𝑘 2
2
⇒ =4 ℎ+𝑘 ⇒ ℎ−𝑘 =8 ℎ+𝑘
2

∴The equation of the parabola is

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0

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 Find L.L.R., tangent at vertex and the axis for 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4 2

= 4 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 .

Solution:
Given: 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4 2
= 4 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1
3𝑥+4𝑦−4 2 4 |4𝑥−3𝑦+1|
=
32 +42 5 4 2 +32

𝑎ℎ+𝑏𝑘+𝑐 2 |𝑏ℎ−𝑎𝑘+𝜆|
On comparing with = 𝐿. 𝐿. 𝑅.
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑏2

4
We have, L.L.R.=
5

𝑇𝑉 ≡ 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠 ≡ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4 = 0

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 Find sides of equilateral ∆ inscribed in 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, if one of its
vertex coincides with vertex of parabola.

Solution:
Let the length of the triangle be 𝑙
⇒ One of the vertices of the triangle is 𝑙 cos 30° , 𝑙 sin 30°
This vertex lies on the parabola
(0,0)
𝑙 2 3𝑙
⇒ = 4𝑎
2 2

⇒ 𝑙 2 = 8 3𝑎𝑙
⇒ 𝑙 𝑙 − 8 3𝑎 = 0

⇒ 𝑙 = 0 or 𝑙 = 8 3𝑎
But for 𝑙 = 0 no triangle is formed.

∴ 𝑙 = 8 3𝑎

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 Find locus of point which divides Double Ordinate in 2: 3 for
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥.

Solution:
Let the pint be ℎ, 𝑘 that divides the points 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑥, −𝑦 in ratio 2: 3
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 −2𝑦 + 3𝑦
⇒ ℎ, 𝑘 = , ⇒ 𝑥 = ℎ; 𝑦 = 5𝑘
5 5
(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑥, 𝑦 lies on the parabola (ℎ, 𝑘)

2 (0,0)
⇒ 5𝑘 = 4𝑎 ℎ
⇒ 25𝑘 2 = 4𝑎ℎ (𝑥, −𝑦)

The locus of midpoint is 25𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

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 If one vertex to the chord to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is (0,0) if the
chord makes and angle θ with x axis in positive direction, then
find the length of the chord.

Solution:
Let the length of the chord be 𝑙
⇒The other end of the chord is 𝑙 cos 𝜃, 𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝜃

This lies on the parabola

⇒ 𝑙 2 sin2 𝜃 = 4𝑎(𝑙 cos 𝜃)
cos 𝜃 1
⇒ 𝑙 = 4𝑎
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃

⇒ 𝑙 = 4𝑎 cot 𝜃 cosec 𝜃

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌
Position of point w.r.t. Parabola: 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

Parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and a point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑋
𝑂 𝑆 𝑎, 0

𝑦12 − 4𝑎𝑥1 > 0 𝑦12 − 4𝑎𝑥1 = 0 𝑦12 − 4𝑎𝑥1 < 0

∴ Point is lying ∴ Point is lying on ∴ Point is lying
outside the the parabola inside the
parabola parabola

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌
Property of parabola:
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

Semi Latus Rectum of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is H.M. between

𝜆1
the segments of any focal chord of the parabola.
𝑋
𝑂 𝜆2 𝑆 𝑎, 0
1 1 1
⇒ + =
𝜆1 𝜆2 𝑎

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 Proof :

Semi-latus rectum of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is H.M. between the

segments of any focal chord of the parabola

𝑌
2 2
𝜆1 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑡 )
𝑦2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 (𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡)
𝜆2 = 𝑎 + = 1 + 𝑡2
𝑡2 𝑡2
1 1 1 𝑡2 𝜆1
⇒ + = +
𝜆1 𝜆2 𝑎(1+𝑡 2 ) 𝑎(1+𝑡 2 )
𝑂 𝑋
1 1 1 2 𝜆2 𝑆(𝑎, 0)
⇒ + = =
𝜆1 𝜆2 𝑎 2𝑎

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 Let 𝑃 be a variable point on the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 1. Then, the
locus of the mid-point of the point 𝑃 and the foot of the
perpendicular drawn from the point P to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 is:
JEE Mains 2021
Let the coordinate of mid-point 𝑀 of 𝑃𝑄 be 𝑌 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥1 , 𝑦1 . Let coordinate of 𝑄 be 𝛼, 𝛽 . A 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝛼−𝑥1 𝛽−𝑦1 𝑥1 −𝑦1 𝑦=𝑥
∴ = =−
1 −1 2 𝑃
𝑥1 +𝑦1 𝑥1 +𝑦1 B 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
∴ 𝑄 = 𝛼, 𝛽 = , 𝑄
2 2 𝑋
3𝑥1 −𝑦1 3𝑦1 −𝑥1 𝑂
And the coordinate of 𝑃 = ,
2 2
C 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑃 lies on the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 1 2

3𝑦1 −𝑥1 3𝑥1 −𝑦1 2

⇒ =4 +1 D
2 2 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
So required locus is: 2 3𝑥 − 𝑦 2
+ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0

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 Session 04
Parametric equation and
Properties of chord

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 Consider the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥. If 𝑃 1, 3 & 𝑄 1, 1 are two
points lying on 𝑋𝑌 plane. Then, find the positions of 𝑃 & 𝑄

1, 3
Position of point
1, 1

𝑆: 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 = 0

𝑆 1, 1 : 12 − 4 × 1 = −3 = −𝑣𝑒 ⇒ 1, 1 is inside

𝑆 1, 3 : 32 − 4 × 1 = 5 = +𝑣𝑒 ⇒ 1, 3 is outside

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 Key Takeaways

Parametric Coordinates

For 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, parameter coordinates are 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡

Here 𝑡 is Parameter

𝑌
𝑃 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡

𝑂 𝑆 𝑎, 0 𝑋

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Parametric Coordinates

Parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦

Parametric Coordinates 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡 2𝑎𝑡, 𝑎𝑡 2 2𝑎𝑡, −𝑎𝑡 2

𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑥 = −𝑎𝑡 2 𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡

Parametric Equation
𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = −𝑎𝑡 2

Here 𝑡 is Parameter

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 The locus of a point which divides the line segment joining the
point (0, −1) and a point on the parabola, 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦, internally in the
ratio 1: 2, is:
JEE Mains 2020

Let the point 𝑃 be 2𝑡, 𝑡 2 and 𝑄 be ℎ, 𝑘 . A

9𝑥 2 − 12𝑦 = 8
By section formula,
2𝑡 −2+𝑡 2
ℎ= ,𝑘 = B
3 3
4𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 = 2
Now eliminating 𝑡 from the above equations we get,
3ℎ 2
3𝑘 + 2 = C
2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 = 2
⇒ The locus of the point is: 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑦 = 8.
D
9𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 = 2

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 Key Takeaways

𝐴
Equation of chord 𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1
2𝑎 𝑡2 −𝑡1
Equation of 𝐴𝐵 → 𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑡1 = 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡12
𝑎 𝑡22 −𝑡12
2 𝑂
𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑡1 = 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡12
(𝑡1 +𝑡2 )
𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2
𝑚 𝐵
2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 2𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 = 0

It is equation of chord 𝐴𝐵.

Remarks:
2
𝑖 Slope of 𝐴𝐵 chord 𝑆𝑙 𝐴𝐵 =
𝑡1 +𝑡2

2𝑎𝑡1 −0 2
𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑙 𝑂𝐴 = =
𝑎𝑡12 −0 𝑡1

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 Key Takeaways

𝐴
Remarks: 𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1

𝑖𝑖𝑖 if chord is passing through a point 𝑐, 0 𝑐, 0

𝑂
Chord 𝐴𝐵 → 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 2𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 = 0
𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2
2𝑐 − 0 + 2𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = −𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 𝐵
𝑐
⇒ 𝑡1 𝑡2 = −
𝑎

𝑖𝑣 if chord 𝐴𝐵 is passing through 𝑎, 0 ≡ 𝑆

𝑐 𝑎
𝑡1 𝑡2 = − = − = −1
𝑎 𝑎

𝑡1 𝑡2 = −1 Condition of Focal chord

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 Key Takeaways

𝐴
Remarks: 𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1
1
𝑣 𝑡1 𝑡2 = −1 ⇒ 𝑡2 = −
𝑡1 𝑎, 0
Now onward 𝑂
𝑎 2𝑎
2 , −
1 1 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑡12 𝑡1
𝐵 𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 = 𝑎 − , 2𝑎 − = ,− 𝐵
𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑡12 𝑡1

1
𝑣𝑖 For focal chord always use 𝑡1 = −
𝑡2

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 Key Takeaways

𝐴
Remarks: 𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1
2
𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 = 𝑡1 𝑡2 = −1
𝑡1 +𝑡2
2 2𝑡1
𝑎, 0
𝑆𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 = =
𝑡1 + −
1 𝑡12 −1 𝑂
𝑡1 𝑎 2𝑎
2𝑡 , −
𝑆𝑙 = 𝑡12 𝑡1
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑡 2 −1 𝐵
𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖 Length of chord
2 2
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑡12 − 𝑡22 + 2𝑎 𝑡1 − 𝑡2 = 𝑎 𝑡1 − 𝑡2 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 2 +4

2 2
1 1 1
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑡1 + 𝑡1 − + 4 = 𝑎 𝑡1 +
𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑡1

1 2
𝐿𝐹𝐶 = 𝑎 𝑡 +
𝑡

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 Key Takeaways

Remarks:
1 2
Min Length of focal chord ⇒ 𝐿𝐹𝐶 = 𝑎 𝑡 +
𝑡
1
𝑡+ ≥2 𝐿𝐹𝐶 ≥ 4𝑎 Min 𝐿𝐹𝐶 = 4𝑎
𝑡
2
𝑖𝑥 𝑆𝑙 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 =
𝑡1 +𝑡2
2𝑡 2
𝑆𝑙 𝐹𝐶 = = 1
𝑡 2 −1 𝑡−
𝑡
2 1
tan 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝑡− = 2 cot 𝜃
𝑡− 𝑡
𝑡

1 2 1 2
𝑥 𝐿𝐹𝐶 = 𝑎 𝑡 + =𝑎 𝑡− +4
𝑡 𝑡

= 𝑎 4 + 4 cot 2 𝜃 = 4𝑎 1 + 1 cot 2 𝜃
𝐿𝐹𝐶 = 4𝑎 cos𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

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 If 𝑡 2 , 2𝑡 is one end of a focal chord of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, then
the length of the focal chord will be

1 2 A
length of the focal chord = 𝑎 𝑡 + 1 2
𝑡 𝑡+
𝑡
Here 𝑎 = 1
1 2
length of the focal chord = 𝑡 + B 1 1
𝑡 𝑡+ 𝑡2 +
𝑡 𝑡2

𝑡 2 , 2𝑡 C 1 1
𝑡− 𝑡2 +
𝑡 𝑡2

1, 0
𝑂 D
None of these

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 Prove that all the chords of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 which subtend right angle
at vertex passes through fixed point 4𝑎, 0

2
𝑚1 =
𝑡1
2
𝑚2 =
𝑡2

Use 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1
2 2 0, 0
× = −1 ⇒ 𝑡1 𝑡2 = −4
𝑡1 𝑡2
𝑄 𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2
𝑐
− = −4 ⇒ 𝑐 = 4𝑎
𝑎

Chord is passing through 𝑐, 0

= 4𝑎, 0

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 If 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 & 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 are extremities of focal chord of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥,
then 𝑥1 𝑥2 = ?

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 = 𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1

𝑥2 , 𝑦2 = 𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2

𝑥1 ⋅ 𝑥2 = 𝑎𝑡12 × 𝑎𝑡22 = 𝑎2 𝑡1 𝑡2 2

= 𝑎2 −1 2 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 𝑎2

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 The other extremities of focal chord of parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 which is
1
drawn at point ,2 is
2

Solution: A
𝟐, − 𝟒
𝐴
𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡
B
𝑎, 0 𝟐, 𝟒
𝑂
𝑎 2𝑎
, −
𝑡2 𝑡 C
𝐵 𝟖, −𝟖

𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2
D
1 𝟖, 𝟖
2𝑎𝑡 = 2 ⇒ 𝑡 =
2
2 1
𝑎𝑡 , 2𝑎𝑡 = ,2
2
𝑎 2𝑎
,− = 8, −8
𝑡2 𝑡

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 If 𝑆 is focus of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 & 𝑃𝑄 is common chord of
parabola and circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0, then the area of Δ𝑃𝑄𝑆 is ?

𝑎=2
𝑄
2 2
𝑎𝑡 , 2𝑎𝑡 = 2𝑡 , 4𝑡

2𝑡 2 , 4𝑡 satisfy parabola & circle both

𝑃
𝑆(2,0)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0

2𝑡 2 2
+ 4𝑡 2
− 2 × 2𝑡 2 − 4 × 4𝑡 = 0

4𝑡 4 + 12𝑡 2 − 16𝑡 = 0

4𝑡(𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 − 4) = 0
4𝑡 𝑡 − 1 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 4 = 0 𝐷 < 0
𝑡 =0&1 0 0
𝑃 2𝑡 2 , 4𝑡 = 0, 0 & 2, 4 Δ𝑃𝑄𝑆 =
1 2 0 = 4 units
2 2 4
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 Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be 2 distinct points on parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥. If the
axis of parabola touches a circle of radius 𝑟 having 𝐴𝐵 as its
diameter, then the slope of line joining 𝐴 & 𝐵 is ?

A −
𝟏

𝑌 𝐵(𝑡22 , 2𝑡2 ) 𝐫
Here 𝑟 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑡12 +𝑡22 2 2 B 𝟏
2
, 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 Slope of chord 𝐴𝐵 = = 𝐫
t1 +t2 𝑟
𝐴(𝑡12 , 2𝑡1 ) 𝑟 Similarly for other circle slope = −
2
𝑟
C −
𝟐
𝐫
𝑋

−𝑟 D 𝟐
𝐫

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 Session 05

Tangent to parabola

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 Position
Key of a Line w.r.t. Parabola:
Takeaways
𝑌
Tangent
Non-
line
𝑚2 𝑥 2 + (2𝑚𝑐 − 4𝑎)𝑥 + 𝑐 2 = 0 Intersecting
line

Quadratic in 𝑥 𝑋
𝑂 𝑆
Two real & distinct roots
𝐷>0∶
Intersecting line
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
Possible Real & repeated roots
𝐷=0∶ Intersecting
cases Tangent line line
Imaginary roots
𝐷<0∶
Non-intersecting line
2
𝐷 = 2𝑚𝑐 − 4𝑎 − 4(𝑚2 )(𝑐 2 )
= 4𝑚2 𝑐 2 + 16𝑎2 − 16𝑎𝑚𝑐 − 4𝑚2 𝑐 2
𝐷
= 16𝑎 (𝑎
− 𝑚𝑐)
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 Position
Key of a Line w.r.t. Parabola:
Takeaways
𝑌

Case I: Condition for intersecting Line

⇒ Two points of intersection

⇒ Two real and distinct roots 𝑋
𝑂 𝑆
⇒𝐷>0
𝑎
⇒ 16𝑎 (𝑎 − 𝑚𝑐) > 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
> 𝑚𝑐
Intersecting
line
Positive

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 Position
Key of a Line w.r.t. Parabola:
Takeaways
Tangent line
𝑌

Case II: Condition for Tangent Line

⇒ One points of intersection

⇒ One real and distinct roots 𝑋
𝑂 𝑆
⇒𝐷=0
⇒ 16𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑚𝑐 = 0 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑎
⇒ 𝑐=
𝑚

Note:
𝑎
In 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, on replacing 𝑐 with , the line becomes tangent
𝑚
to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥.
𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + → EOT
𝑚

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 Position
Key of a Line w.r.t. Parabola:
Takeaways
𝑌

Case III: Condition for non intersecting Line

⇒ No points of intersection
⇒ No real root 𝑋
𝑂 𝑆
⇒𝐷<0
⇒ 16𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑚𝑐 < 0 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑚𝑐 < 0
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
⇒ 𝑎 Non-Intersecting
< 𝑚𝑐 line

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 The straight line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝜆 does not meet the parabola
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 if

Solution: 𝑌 A 𝟏
𝝀<
𝟒
1
Given : Parabola: 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎 = Non-
2
Intersecting B
Straight line: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝜆 line 𝝀=𝟒
𝑋
𝑂 𝑆
𝑚 = 2, 𝑐 = 𝜆
C 𝟏
𝝀>
Condition for non-intersecting Line: 𝑎 < m𝑐 𝟒

1 1
D
⇒ < 2𝜆 ⇒𝜆> 𝝀=𝟏
2 4

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 Key Takeaways
Equation of Tangent:

An equation of Tangent divides into three forms:

POINT PARAMETRIC SLOPE

FORM FORM FORM

Cartesian form Parametric form If point is outside

Point 𝑥, 𝑦 Point 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡 parabola or not known
𝑎
𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑚

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 Key
PointTakeaways
form: The equation of tangent to the parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑥1 )
𝑌
Proof: Differentiating 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 w.r.t. 𝑥
2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑎 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
⇒ 2𝑦 = 4𝑎 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Equation of tangent at 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
2𝑎
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑋
𝑦1 𝑂
⇒ 𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 𝑦12 − 2𝑎𝑥1 Tangent
⇒ 𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥1 = 𝑦12 − 2𝑎𝑥1 − 2𝑎𝑥1
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1 = 𝑦12 − 4𝑎𝑥1

=0

𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1

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 Key
PointTakeaways
form: The equation of tangent is given by 𝑇 = 0
where 𝑇 expression is obtained by using 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
the transformations:

𝑥2 𝑥𝑥1
𝑋
2
𝑂
𝑦 𝑦𝑦1
Tangent
𝑥+𝑥1
Replace 𝑥
2
𝑦+𝑦1 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑦
2
𝑥𝑦1 +𝑦𝑥1
𝑥𝑦
2

For 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑥+𝑥1
Equation of tangent at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) becomes 𝑦𝑦1 = 4𝑎 2

𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1

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 Key Takeaways
NOTE: The equations of tangent of all standard parabolas at 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 :

Equation of
Tangent at 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
Parabola

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1

𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 𝑦𝑦1 = −2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑥𝑥1 = 2𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑦1

𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 𝑥𝑥1 = −2𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑦1

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 Key Takeaways
Parametric form:

The equation of tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 at

𝑃 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡
𝑃 𝑡 ≡ 𝑃 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡 is 𝒕𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝑂
Proof: 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ≡ 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡
Tangent
By point form, the equation of tangent to the parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 at 𝑃 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡 : 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 2𝑎𝑡 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 2

𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 2

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 Key Takeaways
Parametric form:

Note : The equations of tangent of all standard parabolas at ′𝑡′:

Equations of Parametric
Tangent at ′𝑡′
Parabolas coordinates ′𝑡′

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 2

𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 𝑦𝑦1 = −2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1 𝑡𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 2

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑥𝑥1 = 2𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑦1 𝑡𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑡 2

𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 𝑥𝑥1 = −2𝑎 𝑦 + 𝑦1 𝑡𝑥 = −𝑦 + 𝑎𝑡 2

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 Key
SlopeTakeaways
form:
The equation of tangent of slope 𝑚 to the
𝑎
parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is given by 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑚 𝑃 Point of contact
is unknown
Proof: 𝑂
We know, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the parabola Tangent
𝑎
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is given by 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑚 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
Equation of tangent of slope 𝑚 becomes
𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑚

𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑥
𝑦 = + 𝑎𝑡
𝑡
𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡
1
𝑚=
𝑡

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 Key
SlopeTakeaways
form:
𝑎
Comparing 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 2 & 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑚

1
⇒ 𝑚 = (Relation between slope and parameter)
𝑡

𝑎 2𝑎
𝑃 ≡ 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡 becomes 𝑃 ≡ ,
𝑚2 𝑚

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑎 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 4𝑎 ⋅
2𝑦 ⋅ = 4𝑎 ⇒ = =𝑚 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
⇒ = =𝑚
2𝑎 𝑑𝑥 2𝑎
𝑦=
𝑚 4𝑎2 𝑚2 = 4𝑎𝑦
4𝑎2 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑚2
= 4𝑎𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑚2 𝑚2
Point of tangent
𝑎 2𝑎
, 2𝑎𝑚, 𝑎𝑚2
𝑚2 𝑚

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 Key Takeaways
Slope form:

Note : The equations of tangent of all standard parabolas in slope form:

Equations of Point of contact in

Tangent at ′𝑡′
Parabolas terms of slope 𝑚
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑚2
,
𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑚

𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 −
𝑚2
,−
𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 −
𝑚

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 2𝑎𝑚, 𝑎𝑚2 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑎𝑚2

𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 −2𝑎𝑚, −𝑎𝑚2 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎𝑚2

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 If the line 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 𝑐 is tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥,
find the value of 𝑐.

Solution: 𝑚 = 4, 𝑎 = 4
𝑎
𝑐= =1
𝑚

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 If 2𝑦 + 𝑘𝑥 − 4 = 0 is tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 4, find
the value of 𝑘.

Solution: 𝑦2 = 4 𝑥 + 1
1 1
Equation of Tangent: 𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑥 + 1 + ⇒ 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑚 + =0
𝑚 𝑚
Comparing both the equations gives:
1
𝑚 −1 𝑚 + 𝑚
= =
𝑘 2 −4
1 𝑚 −1
𝑚+ =2 =
𝑚 𝑘 2
𝑚=1 ⇒ 𝑘 = −2

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 𝑎 2𝑎
Find the equation of the tangent at the point , on
𝑡2 𝑡
parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

Solution:
2𝑎 2 4𝑎2 𝑎
Square of ordinate of point = = = 4𝑎
𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡2

⇒ The point lies on the parabola

2𝑎 𝑎
⇒ Equation of tangent is: 𝑦 = 2𝑎 𝑥 +
𝑡 𝑡2

⇒ 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡 2 + 𝑎

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 Find the equation of the tangent at the endpoints
of the latus rectum of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥.
Solution:

End points of Latus Rectum ⇒ 𝑡1 = 1, 𝑡2 = −1

Equation of tangent at 𝑡1 is : 𝑡1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡1 2
⇒𝑦=𝑥+𝑎

Equation of tangent at 𝑡2 is: 𝑡2 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡2 2

⇒𝑥+𝑦+𝑎=0

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 Find the locus of point of intersection of perpendicular
tangents to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥.

𝑌
Solution: Let the point be ℎ, 𝑘 𝑚1
𝑎
Equation of tangent: 𝑘 = 𝑚ℎ +
𝑚
𝑇2
⇒ 𝑚2 ℎ − 𝑚𝑘 + 𝑎 = 0
𝑎
Product of roots 𝑚1 𝑚2 = = −1 ℎ, 𝑘 𝑋
ℎ
𝑇2
⇒ ℎ = −𝑎
i.e, 𝑥 = −𝑎 which is the directrix / the locus of 𝑚2 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
perpendicular tangents / Director circle of
parabola.

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 If line 3𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 is tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥,
then find their point of contact.

Solution:

Equation of tangent at 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 : 𝑦𝑦1 = 4 𝑥 + 𝑥1

4 −𝑦1 4𝑥1
Comparing with the given equation: = =
3 − 3 2

2 4
⇒ The point of contact is ,
3 3

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 Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥,
which passes through the point 2, 5 .
Solution:

𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 at the point 2,5 is 1 > 0

⇒Two tangents possible
𝑎
Equation of tangent: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + and this passes through 2,5
𝑚
3
⇒ 5 = 2𝑚 + ⇒ 2𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 3 = 0
𝑚
3
⇒ 𝑚 = 1;
2

∴Equation of tangents: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3; 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0

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 If the tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 makes an angle of 45°
with 𝑋 − axis, then the point of contact is

Solution:
𝑌 A
8, 8
Given : Parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 ⇒ 𝑎 = 4
𝑎 2𝑎
Point of contact : 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ≡ ,
𝑚2 𝑚 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 B
4, 4
𝑚 = tan 45° = 1
45° 𝑋
2𝑎 2(4) 𝑆
⇒ 𝑦1 = = =8
𝑚 1
𝑎 4
C
⇒ 𝑥1 = = =4 8, 4
𝑚2 12

𝑦 2 = 16𝑥
∴ Point of contact is (4,8)
D
4, 8

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 Let 𝐶 be the locus of the mirror image of a point on the
parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 with respect to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. Then the equation
of tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃 2, 1 is
JEE MAIN 2021
Solution:
𝑌
Image of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 w.r.t 𝑦 = 𝑥 is 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 A
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
Tangent from 2, 1 is 𝑇 = 0

𝑥𝑥1 = 2 𝑦 + 𝑦1 B
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4
𝑋
⇒ 2𝑥 = 2 𝑦 + 1
C
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5
⇒𝑥 =𝑦+1

D
𝑥−𝑦 =1

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 Find equation of common tangent to parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 & 𝑥𝑦 = −1

2 1
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑚
⇒ 𝑚2 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑚𝑦 = 0 & 𝑦 = −
𝑥
𝑚
⇒ 𝑚2 𝑥 + + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0
𝑥
𝐷=0 ⇒ 4 − 4𝑚3 = 0

∴𝑦=𝑥
+2

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 A tangent line 𝐿 is drawn at the point 2 , − 4 on the parabola
𝑦 2 = 8𝑥. If the line 𝐿 is also tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎, then
𝑎 is equal to:
JEE MAIN 2021
Solution:
Equation of tangent at 2, −4
𝑇=0
⇒ 𝑦 −4 = 4 𝑥 + 2
⇒ −𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
⇒𝑥+𝑦+2=0
Length of perpendicular from centre 0, 0 is equal to radius
2
⇒ = 𝑎
1+1
2
⇒ = 𝑎
2

⇒𝑎=2
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 Session 06
Properties of tangent and
normal to parabola

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Tangents:

Tangents at 𝑃 𝑡1 and 𝑄 𝑡2 intersect at 𝑅 ≡ 𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 , 𝑎 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

𝑌 𝑇1
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

𝑃(𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 )
𝑋
𝑆 𝑎, 0
𝑅

𝑄
(𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 ) 𝑇2

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Tangents:

The portion of tangent between the point of contact 𝑃 and the point
where it meets the directrix 𝑄 subtends right angle at focus

𝑌
𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑇

𝑃(𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡 )
𝑚1
𝑋
𝑄 𝑚2 𝑆 𝑎, 0

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

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 Key Takeaways
𝑌 𝑇1
𝑥 = −𝑎
Properties of Tangents:
𝑃(𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 )
Tangent drawn at the extremities of 𝑅
focal chord are perpendicular and
intersect on the directrix. 𝑋
𝑆 𝑎, 0
The locus of point of intersection of 𝑄 (𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 )
perpendicular tangents, which is known as
Director circle, of the parabola is it’s directrix
The circle drawn with the focal chord as 𝑇2 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
diameter touches the directrix.

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 Properties of Tangent:

If the tangents drawn from the points 𝑃 and 𝑄 meets at 𝑃

𝑇, then
⇒ 𝑇𝑃 and 𝑇𝑄 will subtend equal angle on the focus.
⇒ 𝑆𝑇 2 = 𝑆𝑃 ⋅ 𝑆𝑄
𝑆
𝑇
⇒ ∆𝑆𝑃𝑇 and ∆𝑆𝑇𝑄 are similar
𝑄
G.M. of abscissa of P and Q = 𝑎𝑡12 𝑎𝑡22 = 𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 = abscissa of POI
2𝑎𝑡1 +2𝑎𝑡2
A.M. of ordinates of P and Q = = 𝑎 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = ordinate of POI
2

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Tangent:

The area of triangle drawn from any 3 points of parabola is twice the area of
triangle drawn from tangents on that points of parabola.

𝑌
𝑎𝑡12 2𝑎𝑡1 1
𝑇1
𝑎𝑡22 2𝑎𝑡2 1
𝐴1 𝑎𝑡32 2𝑎𝑡3 1 𝑃
= =2
𝐴2 𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑎(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) 1
𝐴
𝑎𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑎 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 1
𝑎𝑡3 𝑡1 𝑎 𝑡3 + 𝑡1 1 𝐵
𝑋
𝐶 𝑂

𝐴𝑟Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 2𝐴𝑟Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑅
𝑇2

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 Key Takeaways

The foot of the perpendicular drawn from focus upon any tangent lies on the
tangent at vertex. Hence, circle described on any focal radii as diameter
touches the tangent at vertex.

𝑇
𝑌
𝑥 = −𝑎
𝑃
𝑄
𝑅
𝑂 𝑋
𝑆

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
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 If the focus of the parabola is 1, 2 and feet of the perpendicular
on any two tangents drawn from the focus are 3, 4 and 4, 6 ,
then vertex of the parabola is ________ .

Solution:
𝑇1
Given: 𝑆 ≡ 1,2 , 𝐴 ≡ 3,4 , 𝐵 ≡ 4,6
The foot of the perpendicular drawn from focus upon any
tangent lies on the tangent at vertex.
3,4 𝐴
𝑆𝐴 ⊥ 𝑇1 and 𝑆𝐵 ⊥ 𝑇2
Axis of symmetry
Vertex is the point of intersection of the tangent at
𝑆 1,2
vertex and axis of symmetry. 4,6 𝐵
6−4
Equation of tangent at the vertex: 𝑦 − 4 = 𝑥−3
4−3
⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖) Tangent at
the vertex
𝑚T.𝑉. = 2
1
Also, Tangent at vertex ⊥ Axis of symmetry ⇒ 𝑚Axis = −
2
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 If the focus of the parabola is 1, 2 and feet of the perpendicular
on any two tangents drawn from the focus are 3, 4 and 4, 6 ,
then vertex of the parabola is ________ .

Solution:
Axis passes through the focus 𝑆 1,2 . 𝑇1

∴ Equation of Axis of symmetry:

1
𝑦−2=− 𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖) 3,4 𝐴
2
⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖) Axis of symmetry
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖) 𝑆 1,2
− 4,6 𝐵

Tangent at
8 9 the vertex
𝑦 = and 𝑥 =
5 5

9 8
Vertex ≡ ,
5 5
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 3𝑥−4𝑦−6 2
Tangents are drawn to the parabola 𝑥 − 3 2 + 𝑦 + 4 2 = at the
25
extremities of the chord 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 18 = 0. Then angle between them is_______ .

Solution:

3𝑥−4𝑦−6 2
Given: 𝑥 − 3 2
+ 𝑦+4 2
=
25
𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦+𝑐 2
On comparison, 𝑥−𝛼 2
+ 𝑦−𝛽 2
=
𝛼2 +𝛽 2

Focus, 𝑆 ≡ (𝛼, 𝛽) is 3, −4 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 18
𝑆 3, −4
(3, −4) satisfies the equation 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 18 = 0.

⇒ The given chord is the focal chord.

Tangent drawn at the extremities of focal chord are perpendicular

and intersect on the directrix.

Angle = 90°

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 Key Takeaways
Normal:
The line perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact is
called the Normal to the parabola at that point.

𝑌
𝑇: Tangent at 𝑃

𝑂 𝑋

𝑁: Normal at 𝑃

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Various forms:

Point form:

Tangent: 𝑦𝑦1 = 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1

−2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑆𝑙 𝑇 = =
−𝑦1 𝑦1

−1 𝑦1
𝑆𝑙 𝑁 = =
𝑆𝑙 𝑇 2𝑎

Equation of normal: EON to the parabola: 𝑦 2

𝑦
= 4𝑎𝑥 at 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).
2𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Various forms:

Parametric form:

𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ≡ 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡

2𝑎𝑡
𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑡 = − 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 2
2𝑎

𝑡𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3

Equation of normal: EON to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 at 𝑃(𝑡) ≡ 𝑃(𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡) is 𝑦

= −𝑡𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3 .

Slope form:
Equation of normal: EON to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 of slope 𝑚 is
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚3 .

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 Key Takeaways

Various forms:

Point form:
Equation Normal at 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝑦1
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑥 − 𝑥1
2𝑎
2𝑎
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑥1

Parametric form:
Parametric
Equation Co-ordinates Normal at 𝑡

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 2 , 2𝑎𝑡 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3

𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 2𝑎𝑡, 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 3

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 Key Takeaways

Various forms:

Slope form:
Point of
Parabola Equation of Normal
Contact
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑚2 , −2𝑎𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚3
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 − , 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 2𝑎 +
𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚2

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 Find the equation of normal to parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 at lower end
of its latus rectum.

Solution:
Latus rectum ⇒ 𝑎, −2𝑎 = 2, −4
−1
Slope of normal at 2, −4 = 𝑑𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥

Equation of normal: 𝑦 + 4 = 1 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6

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 What is the foot of normal to the parabola 𝑥 2 + 8𝑦 = 0, which is
perpendicular to the line 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 1.

Solution:
Finding the point of Tangency:
𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑚= = ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑚
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎
⇒ 4𝑎2 𝑚2 = 4𝑎𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑚2

Point of Tangency 2𝑎𝑚, 𝑎𝑚2

1
For a normal slope 𝑚′ =
𝑚
−2𝑎 𝑎
Foot of Normal ,
𝑚′ 𝑚′2
1
𝑚=
3
Normal is perpendicular to the line ⇒ 𝑚′ = −3
−2𝑎 𝑎 −4 −2
Foot of Normal , = ,
𝑚′ 𝑚′2 3 9
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 Properties of Normal:

Normal other than axis of parabola never passes through the focus.

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚3 Point 𝑎, 0 𝑌 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

𝑁1
0 = 𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚3
𝑁2
𝑚3 + 𝑚 = 0

𝑚 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 𝑁3
𝑋
𝑆
𝑚 = 0, 𝑚2 = −1(×)
𝑁4

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 Properties of Normal :
2
Normal at 𝑃 𝑡1 meets the curve again at 𝑄 𝑡2 , then 𝑡2 = −𝑡1 − .
𝑡1

𝑌 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑁

𝑃(𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 )

𝑋
𝑆

𝑄(𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 )

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 Properties of Normal:

The point of intersection of normals at 𝑃 𝑡1 and 𝑄(𝑡2 ) is

2𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑡12 + 𝑡1 𝑡2 + 𝑡22 , −𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 .

𝑁2
𝑁1 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑃(𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 )

𝑄
(𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 )

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 Properties of Normal :

If the normals to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 at points P 𝑡1 and 𝑄 𝑡2

intersect again on the parabola at the point 𝑅 𝑡3 then, 𝑡1 𝑡2 = 2
and 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 = 0. 𝑌
𝑁2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑄(𝑡2 )
𝑁1
𝑃(𝑡1 )
𝑋

𝑅(𝑡3 )

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 Session 07
Properties of normal,
Conormal points and chord
of contact

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 Key Takeaways
Properties Of Normal:

Normal other than axis of parabola never passes through the focus.
2
Normal at 𝑃 𝑡1 meets the curve again at Q 𝑡2 , then 𝑡2 = 𝑡1 −
𝑡1

The point of intersection of normals at 𝑃 𝑡1 and Q 𝑡2 is

2𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑡12 + 𝑡1 𝑡2 + 𝑡22 , −𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

If the normals to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 at points 𝑃 𝑡1 and Q 𝑡2 intersect again at

R 𝑡3 then, 𝑡1 𝑡2 = 2 and 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 = 0.
1
Slope of tangent 𝑚 =
𝑡
Slope of normal 𝑚 = −𝑡

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 Consider the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥. Let ∆1 be the area of triangle
1
formed by end of points of L.R. and the point P , 2 on the
2
parabola and ∆2 be the area of triangle formed by drawing
∆
tangents at P and at the end points of L.R. . Then 1 =?
∆2

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 Consider the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥. Let ∆1 be the area of triangle
1
formed by end of points of L.R. and the point P , 2 on the
2
parabola and ∆2 be the area of triangle formed by drawing
∆
tangents at P and at the end points of L.R.. Then 1 =?
∆2

Endpoints of L.R. are 𝑎, 2𝑎 = 2,4 , 𝑎, −2𝑎 = 2, −4

2,4
∆1 = Area of triangle formed by points
1
∆2 = Area of triangle formed by tangents to the points ,2
2
∆1
⇒ =2
∆2

2, −4

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 Tangent and Normal at extremities of a focal chord of a parabola
intersect at 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 then
a. 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 b. 𝑥1 = 𝑦2 c. 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 d. 𝑥2 = 𝑦1

Solution:
Let 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 be the ends of focal chord,
then 𝑡1 𝑡2 = −1. B
Point of intersection of tangents at the ends
of focal chord is 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and that of normal is
𝑥2 , 𝑦2 A
𝑆 𝑎, 0
Now, 𝑥2 = 𝑎 𝑡12 + 𝑡22 + 𝑡1 𝑡2 + 2 = 𝑎 𝑡12 + 𝑡22 +1
𝑦2 = −𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 𝑎 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
C
𝑥1 = 𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 = −𝑎
𝑦1 = 𝑎 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

⇒ 𝑦1 = 𝑦2

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 Locus of intersection of tangents at the ends of normal chords of
parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
a. 2𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑦 2 + 4𝑎2 = 0 b. 2𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑦 2 + 4𝑎2 = 0
c. 𝑥 + 2𝑎 𝑦 2 + 4𝑎3 = 0 d. None

Solution:
𝑃 𝑡1
Let P 𝑡1 and Q 𝑡2 be the ends of Normal
2
chord, then 𝑡2 = −𝑡1 − .
𝑡1
Point of intersection of tangents at P and Q be
ℎ, 𝑘 ℎ, 𝑘
Now, ℎ = 𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑘 = 𝑎 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 𝑄 𝑡2
2 2𝑎 2𝑎
⇒𝑘=𝑎 − =− ⇒ 𝑡1 = −
𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑘
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑘
⇒ℎ=𝑎 − +
𝑘 𝑘 𝑎

⇒ 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 2𝑎 + 4𝑎3 = 0

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 Key Takeaways
Co-normal Points

Points on the parabola through which normals drawn

are concurrent. 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
Here, 𝐴, 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 are Conormarl Points
Feet of normal drawn from P ℎ, 𝑘
Equation of normal: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚3
∵ Normal passes through 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
⇒ 𝑘 = 𝑚ℎ − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚3

⇒ 𝑎𝑚3 + 2𝑎 − ℎ 𝑚 + 𝑘 = 0

Cubic equation in 𝑚

At most 3 real roots and at least 1 real root

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 Key Takeaways
Co-normal Points

Points on the parabola through which normals drawn

are concurrent. 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
NOTE:
𝑎𝑚3 + 2𝑎 − ℎ 𝑚 + 𝑘 = 0
From any given point P ℎ, 𝑘 ; maximum three normal
can be drawn to the parabola.
Also, 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 and 𝑚3 represent their slopes:

𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 = 0
2𝑎−ℎ
𝑚1 𝑚2 +𝑚2 𝑚3 +𝑚3 𝑚1 =
𝑎
−𝑘
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3 =
𝑎

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 Key Takeaways
Properties of Co-normal Points

The algebraic sum of ordinates of the feet of three

normals(conormal points) drawn to a parabola given 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
from a point is 0.

Proof:
Let

Sum of ordinates of A, B and C

= (-2am1) + (-2am2) + (-2am3)
= -2a(m1 + m2 + m3)
= -2a(0) = 0 (∵ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 = 0)

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 Key Takeaways
Properties of Co-normal Points
𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
Centroid of the triangle formed by conormal points as
vertices lies on the axis of the parabola.
Proof:

Let

G ≡ Centroid of ∆ABC ≡ (x,y)

2𝑎 𝑚1 +𝑚2 +𝑚3 2𝑎𝑚1 +2𝑎𝑚2 +2𝑎𝑚3
Where , =0⇒𝑦=− =0
3 3

∴ 𝐺 lies on the axis of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

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 If two of the three feet of normal drawn from a point to the
parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 be the (1,2) and (1,-2), then find the third foot.

Solution:
Equation of parabola:
The sum of the ordinates of the feet

Putting y value in
Third foot is

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 If two normals are drawn from any point to 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 making
angles 𝛼 and 𝛽 with axis such that tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽 = 2. Find the locus of
point.

Solution:
Given: tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽 = 2 ⇒ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 2, where 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 and 𝑚3 are slopes of normals
𝑦
We know that 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3 = −
𝑎
𝑦
⇒ 𝑚3 = −
2𝑎
Also, 𝑎𝑚3 + 2𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 3 𝑦
𝑎 − + 2𝑎 − 𝑥 − +𝑦 =0
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑦2
⇒− = −𝑥
4𝑎
𝑦2
⇒− = −𝑥
4𝑎
⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
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 Properties of Co-normal Points

If three normals drawn to a parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 from a

given point ℎ, 𝑘 be real, then ℎ > 2𝑎.
ℎ − 2𝑎 > 0
ℎ > 2𝑎
𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 must lie in the shaded region, from which we can draw
three normals to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

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 If the three normals drawn to the parabola, 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 pass through
the point 𝑎, 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 0 then ′ 𝑎 ′ must be greater than:
TEACHER

Let the equation of the normal is JEE MAIN 2021

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑚 − 𝑎𝑚3 A
𝟏
Here,
1
4𝑎 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎 = B 𝟏
2
1 𝟐
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚 − 𝑚3
2

It passes through 𝐴 𝑎, 0 then C −𝟏

𝟐
1
0 = 𝑎𝑚 − 𝑚 − 𝑚3
2

𝑚 = 0, 𝑚2 − 2 𝑎 − 1 = 0 D
−𝟏
For real values of 𝑚

2 𝑎−1 >0⇒𝑎>1
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 Key Takeaways
Chord of Contact

A chord joining two points of contact of a pair of a

tangent drawn from an external point.
Equation of chord of contact 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑇 = 0. For 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
∴Equation of Chord of contact is:
𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1 = 0 Chord of contact

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 Key Takeaways
Chord of Contact

If 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 is an external point to the parabola, then 𝑇 = 0

represents the equation of chord of contact w.r.t P.
If 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 lies on the parabola, then 𝑇 = 0 represents
the equation of tangent through P(Point of
Contact).

Chord of contact

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 Tangents are drawn to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 at points where the
line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0 meets the parabola. Find the point of
intersection of these tangents.

Solution:
Let A,B be the points of intersection of the parabola 𝑦 2
= 16𝑥 and the line 𝑙: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0.

Let 𝑇1 : Tangent at A, 𝑇2 : Tangent at B

𝑃 ≡ 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 : point of intersection of tangents 𝑇1 and 𝑇2
P
Equation of chord of contact is: 𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1 = 0
∴Equation of AB: 𝑦𝑦1 − 8 𝑥 + 𝑥1 = 0
8𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦1 + 8𝑥1 = 0 … 𝑖
But 𝑙: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0 represent the same equation 𝑖

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 Tangents are drawn to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 at points where the
line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0 meets the parabola. Find the point of
intersection of these tangents.

Solution:

8 𝑦1 8𝑥1
⇒ =− =
2 3 −1

−1
⇒ 𝑥1 =
2
⇒ 𝑦1 = −12
1
The point of intersection of tangent is − , −12
2

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 Pair of Tangents:

𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are the pair of tangents drawn from an external

point 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

Their combined equation of 𝑇1 𝑇2 is: 𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑇 2

For 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, 𝑆 ≡ 𝑦 2 − 4𝑎𝑥

𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
Also, 𝑆1 = 𝑦12 − 4𝑎𝑥1 and 𝑇 ≡ 𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1

Then 𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑇 2
2
𝑦 2 − 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦12 − 4𝑎𝑥1 = 𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1

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 Chord Bisected At a Point:

Equation of AB is 𝑇 = 𝑆1
For 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 i.e. 𝑆: 𝑦 2 − 4𝑎𝑥 = 0
4𝑎 𝑥+𝑥1
We know, 𝑇 = 𝑦𝑦1 − and 𝑆1 ≡ 𝑦12 − 4𝑎𝑥1
2

Then, 𝑇 = 𝑆1 i.e.

𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥1 = 𝑦12 − 4𝑎𝑥1

Represents the equation of chord 𝐴𝐵 i.e. bisected at

point 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

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 Key Takeaways
Reflection Property of Parabola:

Any ray parallel to the axis of the parabola will bounce off
the parabola and pass through the Focus.

Focus

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 Key Takeaways
Reflection Property of Parabola:

Conversely, any ray (light ray) emanating from the focus will
reflect off the parabola in a straight line parallel to the axis.

Focus

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