RIM T SD019 Manuscript

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION III – CENTRAL LUZON
Automated Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis
Solar Tracker
By:
Venisse Nicole Bergonia
Tiffany Zea Encinares
Tj Charls Retirado
Researchers
Mae Ann E. Salonga
Project Adviser
Chester Allan P. Matienzo
Principal II
November, 2023
Automated Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
ABSTRACT 6
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 7
Objectives 10
Statement of the Problem 11
Significance of the Study 13
Scope and Limitations 14
Null Hypothesis 15
Review of Related Literature 15
Definition of Terms 20
METHODS
Research Design 24
Research Locale 25
Materials 26
Data Gathering Procedure 30
Testing 33
Risk and Safety 33
Documentation 34
Treatment of the Data 35
Decision Rule 36
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data Acquiring System 37
Experimentation 38
CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion 49
Recommendations 55
REFERENCES 57
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers wholeheartedly convey their profound and sincere
gratitude to the following persons who extended their hands to make this
project possible.
Mrs. Mae Ann E. Salonga, their research adviser, for her invaluable
assistance and precious time made available for the researchers. Her
timely and scholarly advice, meticulous scrutiny, and scientific approach
have helped the researchers to a very great extent to accomplish this
project;
Mr. Allan P. Matienzo, Principal II, for his guidance, unwavering

support, and constant encouragement for the success of this project; Mrs.
Minnehaha L. Tandoc, Head Techer III in Science, for her untiring
guidance, support and encouragement;
Dr. Evelyn D. Tarrayo, Education Program Supervisor in Science,

for the hard work she put into reviewing the materials and for sharing her
insights and stimulating suggestions for the success of this study;
Mr. Ralph Custodio, his valuable guidance and suggestions have

helped a lot to make this project a success.
Mr. Gener Dela Cruz, Mr. Bernard Inocencio, and Mr. Jonathan
Mallari, the panel of judges during the Division Science & Technology Fair,
for their suggestions and recommendations which greatly improved the
manuscript's contents. Their prompt inspiration and suggestions with
kindness, enthusiasm, and dynamism have enabled them to complete this

study;
To their family, teachers, friends and classmates in Botolan National

High School, for providing the researchers with unending support,
unconditional love and continuous encouragement all throughout.
And above all, the Almighty God for all the priceless gifts and for
giving them knowledge, wisdom, and strength.
VDB
TSE
TDR
Abstract
Automated Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis

Solar Tracker
By: Bergonia, Venisse Nicole; Encinares, Tiffany Zea; Retirado, Tj Charls
Adviser: Mae Ann E. Salonga
Botolan National High School, Botolan, Zambales, Region 3
Farmers can now generate their energy not only by integrating energy
conservation methods. The use of renewable resources like biomass,
geothermal, hydroelectric, solar, and wind power cuts costs, addresses
global warming challenges, and provides electricity for various uses on
farms. (Admin, 2020)
This study explores using a Dual Axis Solar Tracker to power an

Irrigation System with renewable energy. The tracker, equipped with two
servo motors, enables the solar panel to rotate 180 degrees and tilt,
enhancing solar energy collection efficiency. The collected energy powers the
irrigation system
Tests were conducted in an open field with continuous sunlight. One

experiment compared the efficiency of a fixed solar panel and a Dual Axis
Solar Tracker in collecting solar energy. Another determined the voltage,
water displacement, and number of times irrigated. Results favored the Dual
Axis Solar Tracker, proving superior to the fixed solar panel in energy collecti
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Earlier shifts in the proportion of energy generated by different
sources, such as coal surpassing biomass in the nineteenth century and
petroleum overtaking coal in the twentieth century can be characterized
as energy additions and not transitions. The use of older energy sources
is continuously growing even though there is rapid growth in new energy
sources. Renewable energy sources make up a larger share of energy
production but they are not replacing fossil fuels and rather enlarging the
overall amount of energy produced. It is misleading to identify the growth
of renewable energy as a transition because it can hinder the application
of significant strategies for decreasing the usage of fossil fuels even though
it is logical that they will provide a share of energy supply. (York & Bell,
2019)
Installing and using solar power panels has become a modern
revolution, with the majority of scientists utilizing this infinitely
potential, non-polluting energy source to meet our growing energy needs
for building environmentally friendly and scientifically clean applications
as well as agro-based applications. (Dutta, P., Mallikarjuna, K., & Satish,
A., 2017)
The process of converting solar radiation into useful energy, such as
heat or electricity, is known as solar energy. Solar energy can be directly
transformed into electrical power using a photovoltaic cell, which is often
referred to as a solar cell or a PV. There are notable similarities in the
physics between a conventional p-n junction diode and a photovoltaic cell.
Sunlight is made up of photons, or particles of solar energy. The
photovoltaic cell's semiconductor parts collect solar radiation, which
releases electrons from their atoms and allows them to flow through the
material to produce electricity. Because of its sustainability, abundance,
purity, and universality, solar energy is now extensively acknowledged and
utilized. (Ferdaus, Mohammed, Rahman, Selehin & Mannan, 2014).
The escalating energy demand, the decline in conventional fossil fuel
reserves, and the heightened environmental concerns have compelled
humanity to explore alternative and renewable sources of energy, such as
solar and wind power, to meet the growing need for electricity. India has
sunshine all year round, so using solar energy for a variety of purposes
seems like a wise decision. Given India's agricultural heritage and its
position as the world's second-largest producer of agricultural goods, the
country's traditional irrigation techniques, which still rely heavily on
manual labor, frequently cause excessive water consumption or delayed
water supply, which causes crop withering. On the other hand, putting in
place an automated irrigation system driven by solar energy can resolve
these problems and offer a clean energy source. (Seal, Shirke, Shewale,
Sirsikar & Prof. Hankare, 2014)
By combining a solar panel and a sun tracker, the suggested
irrigation system greatly increases power production over traditional fixed
solar panels. This is because the system receives more direct sunlight
throughout the day. The solar tracker optimizes power efficiency, which
can reach up to 45% based on the tracking system's geographic location.
(Nair & Bathia, 2017).
Fog is very important for irrigation systems, especially in areas
where water scarcity and rainfall are common. In these situations,
automatic solar tracking irrigation can be a smart choice. Water
availability is of utmost importance to global agricultural systems, and
continuous extraction of groundwater leads to a decrease in soil moisture
levels. To solve this problem, a well-designed irrigation system must be
implemented to ensure optimal water use and minimize water wastage. In
this case, an automatic irrigation system powered by solar energy turns
out to be advantageous. Using sunlight through solar cells, this system
eliminates the need for electricity dependence. The system has sensors
that detect soil moisture levels, enabling efficient watering (Doddamani,
Muralidar S & Mata, 2018).
The main purpose of this study is to make an Automated Irrigation
System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker.
Objectives
General Objective:
This research study aimed to design and produce an Automated Irrigation
System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker.
Specific Objectives:
This research study aimed to:
1. Describe the acquired energy of the Automated Irrigation System
Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker;
2. Determine the effectiveness of the automated irrigation system powered
by an Arduino based dual-axis solar tracker; and
3. Identify whether the automated irrigation system powered by an
Arduino-based dual-axis solar tracker is more effective than a fixed solar
panel.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. How does the acquired energy of the fixed solar panel be described in
terms of average voltage in a specific time duration?
2. How does the acquired energy of the dual-axis solar tracker with an
irrigation system be described in terms of average voltage in a specific time
duration?
3. How does the performance of an automated irrigation system powered
by fixed solar panel be described in terms of:
3.1 acquired energy;
3.2 water displaced;
3.3 number of times irrigated?
4. How does the performance of an automated irrigation system powered
by Arduino based dual axis solar tracker be described in terms of:
4.1 acquired energy;
4.2 water displaced;
4.3 number of times irrigated?
5. Will there be a significant difference between the performances of the
automated irrigation system powered by fixed solar panel and an
automated irrigation system powered by Arduino based dual axis solar
tracker in terms of the variables in problem no. 3 and 4?
6. Is an automated irrigation system powered by Arduino based dual axis
solar tracker is more effective than a fixed solar panel?
Significance of the Study
The results of this study would be beneficial to the following:
Environmentalists. Environmentalists may use the Automated Irrigation
System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker to advocate
the use of renewable energy in the farming industry.
Farmers. The results of this study can be used by farmers to start
incorporating technology in farming as well as offer knowledge about the
Dual-Axis Solar Tracker with Irrigation System. This can also be used to
increase the efficiency in farming.
Future Researchers. This study may be used as a reference for future
researchers who will conduct a similar study.
Homeowners. The data from this study can be used by homeowners to
enhance the use of renewable energy as well as increase efficiency and
sustainability in planting and farming.
School. The information in the study can be used by schools to introduce
and teach children about renewable energy and its applications using
Robotics in different industries.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The focus of this study is to develop a robot that can
autonomously irrigate a designated area of land with crops using a dual-
axis solar tracker for power generation. It will include sensors and
controllers to ensure efficient water distribution.
The robot will harness solar energy through a dual-axis solar
tracker to power the irrigation system. Moreover, this study aimed to
describe the dual-axis solar tracker with irrigation system in terms of its
functioning ability.
The making and testing of the robot took place in S.Y. 2023-2024.
At Botolan National High School in Batonlapoc, Botolan, Zambales. The
experiment that was conducted only consisted of 3 trials.
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between the performances of the
automated irrigation system powered by fixed solar panel and an
automated irrigation system powered by Arduino based dual axis solar
tracker in terms of energy acquired, water displaced, and number of times
irrigated.
Review of Related Literature
International
Energy and its related service demands are becoming more
necessary to ensure human social and economic development, welfare,
and health. Switching back to renewable energy sources to help mitigate
climate change is an excellent strategy that needs to be sustainable in
order to meet the energy demand of future generations. (Owusu &
Sarkodie, 2016)
Of all the energy in the world, solar energy, is the most abundant.
Environmentally friendly forms of energy, like solar power, are not the only
solution to today’s energy problem. One of the most efficient ways to use
solar energy is through photovoltaic generation. India is currently
experiencing an energy problem; solar-powered irrigation systems are a
good alternative for farmer's problems. (Suresh, Kumar, Umasankar, &
Thulasi, 2014)
In nations where water is limited, water management is important.
Using a large amount of water that is dedicated to many uses can affect
agriculture. The attainable outcome of global warming is the need to make
water adaptation measures to ensure the accessibility of water for food
production and consumption. Therefore, over time, more and more
approaches have been developed to reduce and save water usage. (Garcia,
Parra, Jimenez, Lloret, & Lorenz, 2020)
Decades have passed since solemn alarms rise caused by the dearth
of freshwater worldwide. It is mainly with reference to the agriculture zone
where water resources plays an important role. Irrigation mainly function
together with canal plan by which water is drive up into fields once at
regular period of time said by farmers continual ways without accurate
measures with none feedback of water level in fields. (Rajendrakumar,
Parvati, Rajashekarappa & Parameshachari, 2019)
To increase the efficiency of Photo Voltaic systems (solar panels)
different types of research were done to form some methods. To engage a
solar panel tracking system is one of the method. this system deals with
an RTC based solar panel tracking system. Abling to support
perpendicular profile to the sun rays let more energy to be generated by
solar tracking panels. Making of solar panel tracking system has been
going for years. It is advantageous to have the solar panels to locate the
location and direction of the sun, such that the panels are always
perpendicular to the solar energy emit by the sun. This will be liable to to
max the amount of power absorbed by PV systems. (Adabara, Shuaibu &
Lombe, 2018).
Utilizing the maximum amount of energy absorbed from the sun and
converting such energy into other production is the purpose of the
Automatic Solar Tracking System. The primary goal of this project is to
turn this system into a commercially viable topic that is simple to access
and operates at its best in the end. In the rise of technological
advancement, when the stride of time is best to pass by, this system is
worth every time developed to make the best of its kind. (Ghosh & Das,
2019).
Local
The solar trackers can contribute to the efficiency of collecting
sunlight, in terms of the quantity of solar energy gained, cost savings, and
size reduction. The study used a real-time tracking chip to automatically
calculate how much sunshine a small farm with an incubator, lamp, and
aquarium pump motor needs every 30 minutes from 6 AM to 5 PM. Tact
switches are used to manually tilt the panels' motors and change the time
via a 16x2 LCD. In order to maximize the wireless technology's duty cycle
up to 6% and to make it more flexible and efficient in terms of management
and maintenance, the study strongly suggests integrating it using a
microcontroller. (Del Rosario, Gustilo & Dadios, 2014)
The effect of energy depletion, global warming, and water wastage
have require an desperate need for collecting renewable energy resources.
This job also has an AC load side, which allows the extra energy in the
battery to be used as efficiently as possible to meet the needs of the farmer
and illuminate the irrigation side. (Arjun, Gayathri, Gowri, Malavika,
Ashok & Rajan 2022)
Modern technology, the growing field of artificial intelligence, and
automation in agriculture are nothing new. Relevant to hand planting and
watering, farmers spend the most of their time watching and tending to
their fields. Agriculture is most commonly associated with plants and
irrigation. Making it difficult for them since it takes a lot of work to ensure
that the soil is properly moistened, as inadequate soil moisture can cause
plants to receive insufficient water, which will ultimately cause them to
die. (Marcelo, Fernandez, Santos, Estrella, Hernando, & Bobis Dranreb,
2020)
Ifugao farming families collaborate to protect natural resources by
conserving the rice terraces. Nevertheless, a growing trend reveals that
numerous Ifugao children from farming households are increasingly
disengaging from agricultural activities. Some family members are
migrating to urban areas, and those with an education often completely
forsake their farming responsibilities. (Marasigan, & Serrano, 2014)
Definition of Terms
Arduino Uno. Refers to the microcontroller that is used to control the
Automated Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar
Tracker.
Automatic Irrigation. It refers to the system that automatically pumps
water when the soil is dry and stops when it's wet.
Battery. It refers to the device that is used to emit and store energy
collected from the sun, which powers the Arduino and controls the
Automated Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar
Tracker.
Charge Detector. Refers to an instrument used to detect the electric
charge of the energy collected by the solar panel.
Dual Axis Solar Tracker. Refers to a device that tracks the sun's
movement and adjusts the position of the photovoltaic cell in two
directions (horizontally and vertically) to maximize the amount of solar
energy collected by solar panels, which produce energy for the battery to
power the Arduino.
Irrigation Management. It refers to the decision process and action of
applying a chosen depth of irrigation water using a chosen application
method at a chosen time to achieve defined agronomic and economic
objectives
Jumper Wires. Refers to an electrical wire or group of them in a cable,
with a connector or pin at each end, which is used to interconnect the
photoresistive sensors, servo, relay module block, and soil moisture sensor
probe into the Arduino without soldering.
Micro USB Cable. It refers to the object used to transmit data code from
the laptop to the Arduino board.
Mobile Power Shield. Refers to the component used to store batteries, it
protects the battery from under-hood heat and powers the Arduino board
and water pump.
Photoelectric. It refers to the object that converts sunlight into electrical
energy, stores it in a battery, and then uses it to power the Arduino board
and water pump using a mobile power shield.
Submersible Pump. Refers to a mechanical device used to pump water
from a water source to fields.
Relay Module Block. It refers to a convenient board that is used to control
the high voltage of the battery at the water pump.
Renewable Energy. It refers to the energy derived from natural sources
that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed, like solar
energy.
Sensor Shield. It refers to the material used for more pins for
microcontroller boards like Arduino Uno, which also simplifies the process
of connecting and using sensors and other electronic components in the
solar tracker.
Servo Motor. Refers to a component used in solar trackers to accurately
control the position of the solar panel or mirror, allowing it to track the
sun more precisely.
Small Mono Half-Cut PERC Solar Panel-Half. Used to collect solar energy
from the sun into the battery.
Soil Moisture Probe. Refers to the object that measures or estimates the
amount of water in the soil and is able to tell us when to pump water at a
certain time.
Solar Energy. Refers to the energy that is collected by the solar panel is
turned into electrical energy and stored in the battery to power the Arduino
board and water pump.
Solar Powered Irrigation System. It refers to a system that is efficient
and functional technology for irrigation, allowing the use of solar energy
for water pumping to the fields.
Solar Tracker. Refers to a device that tracks the best source of solar
energy, which is then used for collecting energy.
Usb Cable. Refers to a material used to connect in to the solar panel
collecting energy to the mobile power shield to the battery.
Velcro. Refers to a type of material that consist of two pieces of cloth that
is used to stick the solar panel to the base of solar tracker.
METHODS
This part presents the research design, research locale, and the
instrument that was used in gathering and collecting the data in order to
answer the specific problems, data gathering procedure, and statistical
tools in the study that were used to interpret the study.
Research Design
This study will employ a quantitative research approach using
experimental design. Experimental design is a type of scientific
examination in which one or more independent variables are changed and
then applied to one or more dependent variables to see how they affect the
latter. The effect of independent variables on dependent variables is
frequently observed and recorded over time to help researchers reach a
plausible conclusion about the link between these two types of variables
(Pubrica Academy, n.d.). The goal of the experimental research design is
to provide more specific results on the effectiveness of the Automated
Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker. The
experimental research design consists of the independent and dependent
variables. The dependent variable in an experiment is the performance of
the Automated Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis
Solar Tracker and its measured variable that is expected to be influenced
by the independent variable.
Research Locale
The study was conducted at Botolan National High School to carry out the
experiment to test and compare the performance of the automated
irrigation system powered by Arduino based dual axis solar tracker with
an automated irrigation system powered by a fixed solar panel.
Materials
Mini micro Servo

R3 CH340 Arduino Uno Motor x2
Sensor Shield x1
x1
Battery Shield x2
Solar Panel x1 3.7 Battery x4
Photoresistive Sensor x4
USB Cable x1
Micro USB Cable x1 3pin F-F Jumper Wires x6 Velcro x4
Soil Moisture Sensor Charge Detector x1 Screw Bag x1
Metal Scraps v Stick Glue x1 Zip Tie x8
Submersible Pump Hose Relay
30L Plastic Plywood x1

Plastic Container x2 Container x1
The researchers a
The researchers also used the following equipment:
• Drill. Refers to a material used to drill holes in woods and metals.
• Glue Gun. Refers to the object used to attach various components
to the frame or other parts
• Grinder. Refers to the object used to cut wood and metals.
• Multi Tester. It refers to the component used for checking the volts
and currents of batteries and wires.
• Screw Driver. Refers to a material used for inserting and tightening
the screw
• Soldering Iron. It refers to the material used to poke holes in
plastics and connect wires.
Multi Tester Screwdriver Glue Gun
Drill Grinder Soldering Iron
In making the Irrigation System using Dual-Axis Solar Tracker, the
researchers gathered all the materials and tools specified above. After
gathering all the needed materials and tools, the researchers built the Dual
Axis Solar Tracker and Irrigation System.
Data Gathering Procedure
Phase 2: Connecting the

Phase 1: Dual-Axis Solar
Tracker Irrigation System to Dual-
Axis Solar Tracker
Phase 4: Assembling the Phase 3: Programming the

Container and Plant Arduino
Phase 1: The Dual-Axis Solar Tracker
The initial step in making the Dual Axis Solar Tracker was to make
the base. First, cut a piece of plywood and drill holes in it. This is where
the components such as the mobile power shield, Arduino Uno, Dual Axis
Solar Tracker, and sensor shield will be placed. The researchers then used
metal scraps for the stand of the solar panel and holder of the Mobile
Battery Shield. They then drilled and bent it to make the holder of the solar
panel and battery shield. A servo motor was attached to the holder using
screws and nuts. The two servo motors controlled the vertical and
horizontal movement of the solar tracker. It was then attached to the
plywood base and used screws and nuts to secure it. Once all the stands
were attached to the plywood as well as the Arduino Uno board, and mobile
battery shield. The researchers proceeded to assemble the upper section
of the solar tracker.
To attach the solar panel to the holder, the dimensions of the solar
panel were measured to ensure that the holder matched the size of it.
Velcro strips were attached to the holder as well as at the corners of the
solar panel. They then removed the backing of the Velcro strips carefully
positioned the holder over them and pressed it firmly on the strips to firmly
attach it to the solar panel The holder and solar panel were then attached
to the stand using screws and nuts. After that, the Light-Dependent
Resistors (LDR) were placed at the back of the solar panel. The LDR was
positioned in such a way that when it is facing the sun, the solar panel is
facing the same direction. The last stage in the construction process is to
connect the components. All of the wires from the two components (servo
motors and LDR) were attached to the corresponding Arduino pins.
Phase 2: Connecting the Irrigation System to the Dual Axis Solar Tracker
To connect the irrigation system to the Dual Axis Solar Tracker, the
pump and the soil moisture probe were connected to the Dual Axis Solar
Tracker’s Arduino Uno.
Phase 3: Programming the Arduino
The researchers programmed the Arduino Uno using Arduino IDE.
Phase 4: Assembling the Container and Plant
The researchers made a model of a field by using a large container
and putting two smaller containers on top of it. One of the containers is a
simulation of a garden while the other is where the Automated Irrigation
System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker is placed. The
researchers used zip ties to secure the containers.
Testing
The testing aimed to verify if Small Mono Half-cut PERC Solar Panel,
Photo resistive sensor, Servo Motor, Arduino Uno, Sensor Shield, Mobile
Power Shield, Battery Case, Micro USB Cable, USB Cable, Jumper Wires,
Velcro, Charge Detector, Plywood, Screw Bag, Tie, Battery, Relay Module
Block, Soil moisture probe, Pump, Silicone Software, 2L water bottle, and
Pipe feasible to be used in the production of the Dual-axis Solar Tracker
with irrigation system. Its overall functionality was evaluated based on its
ability to track the sunlight and power the irrigation.
Risk and Safety
During the course of the experimentation and investigation, potential
safety and health hazards were identified. These were the following:
possible irritation of the nose, throat, and other respiratory organs,
headache, dizziness, and difficulty in breathing from inhaling soldering
fumes; possible burn injuries from soldering iron and glue gun; possible
injuries from using the drill, and grinder; and possible electrocution from
open wires and cables.
To ensure safety, the researchers were informed of the potential
risks and hazards that can be encountered during the research. The
researchers were thoroughly oriented. about the various safety
precautions that should be taken to avoid the potential risks and hazards.
This includes meticulous washing of the hands with soap and water after
soldering, avoiding the inhalation of soldering fumes, soldering in an open
area to avoid fume inhalation, always returning the soldering iron to its
stand when not in use, checking wires and cables for damage and turning
off and unplugging the electrical tools when not in use. The researchers
were also educated on proper waste disposal and were reminded to
immediately inform the project adviser if accidents or injuries occurred.
Documentation
Treatment of the Data
Mean. This was used to measure and compare the acquired energy of the
fixed solar panel and dual axis solar tracker.
T-test. This was used to test the significant difference between the
performances of a fixed solar panel and an automated irrigation system
powered by Arduino based dual axis solar tracker in terms of the acquired
energy, water displaced, and number of times irrigated.
Decision Rule
Reject Null Hypotheses (Ho) if t-statistics is greater than the critical
value, otherwise, fail to reject Ho.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This part consists of the results and discussions on the experiment
conducted.
Data Acquiring System
The experiment was done on the school grounds where the sunlight
is present throughout the day. To collect the data, the researchers used a
multi-meter to determine how much voltage the solar tracker could collect
in a specific time frame. The experiment was conducted from 10 A.M. to 3
P.M. which is the hottest part of the day. The researchers also determined
how long a battery where the energy that the solar tracker collected was
stored could power the irrigation system by using a timer.
Experimentation:
Table 1
Acquired Energy of the Fixed Solar Panel
Average
Voltage
Time Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
(V)
10:00 A.M. – 11:00 A.M. 3.16V 3.12V 3.17V 3.15V
11:00 A.M. – 12:00 P.M. 3.86V 3.81V 3.91V 3.86V
12:00 P.M. – 1:00 P.M. 4.13V 4.11V 4.21V 4.15V
1:00 P.M. – 2:00 P.M. 3.32V 3.29V 3.44V 3.35V
2:00 P.M. - 3:00 P.M. 3.18V 3.11V 3.25V 3.18V
TOTAL 3.53 3.488 3.596 3.538
Table 1 shows the results of the experiment using a fixed solar panel.
The experiment consists of 3 trials, on the first day, trial 1 was done, on
the second day, trial 2 was done and on the third day, trial 3 was done.
Each experiment started from 10:00 A.M. and ended at 3:00 P.M. From
10:00 A.M. to 11:00 A.M., 3.16 volts were collected in trial 1, 3.12 volts
was gathered at trial 2, and 3.17 volts was accumulated in trial 3 which
had an average of 3.15 volts. From 11:00 A.M. to 12:00 P.M., 3.86 volts
were accumulated on trial 1, 3.81 volts was gathered at trial 2, and 3.91
volts was collected at trial 3 which had an average of 3.86 volts. From
12:00 P.M. to 1:00 P.M., 4.13 volts were gathered on trial 1, on trial 2,
4.11 volts was collected and in trial 3, 4.21 volts was gathered and had an
average of 4.15 volts. From 1:00 P.M. to 2:00 P.M., on trial 1, 3.32 volts
were collected, on trial 2, 3.29 volts was collected and in trial 3, 3.44 volts
was gathered which had an average of 3.35 volts. From 2:00 P.M. to 3:00
P.M., 3.18 volts was gathered in trial 1, 3.11 volts was gathered at trial 2,
and 3.25 volts was collected at trial 3 and had an average of 3.18 volts.
The results show that the highest acquired energy was 3.596 which is on
the third trial and lowest on the second trial which is 3.488. The average
acquired energy in the three trials was 3.538.
Table 2
Acqiured Energy of the Dual-Axis Solar Tracker
Time Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
Voltage
10:00 A.M. – 11:00 A.M. 3.49V 3.43V 3.62V 3.51V
11:00 A.M. – 12:00 P.M. 3.92V 3.78V 4.6V 4.10V
12:00 P.M. – 1:00 P.M. 6.85V 6.73V 7.06V 6.88V
1:00 P.M. – 2:00 P.M. 5.40V 5.29V 5.54V 5.41V
2:00 P.M. – 3:00 P.M. 4.94V 4.80V 5.20V 4.98V
TOTAL 4.92 4.806 5.204 4.976
Table 2 shows the acquired energy of the Dual-Axis Solar Tracker.
The experiment consisted of 3 trials, trial 1 which was done in the first
day, trial 2 on the second day and trial 3 was done at the third day. Again,
each experiment started from 10:00 A.M. and ended at 3:00 P.M. From
10:00 A.M. to 11:00 A.M., 3.49 volts were collected in trial 1, 3.43 volts
was gathered at trial 2, and 3.62 volts was accumulated in trial 3 which
had an average of 3.51 volts. From 11:00 A.M. to 12:00 P.M., 3.92 volts
were accumulated at trial 1, 3.78 volts was gathered at trial 2, and 4.6
volts was collected at trial 3 which had an average of 4.10 volts. From
12:00 P.M. to 1:00 P.M., 6.85 volts were gathered on trial 1, on trial 2,
6.73 volts was collected and in trial 3, 7.06 volts was gathered and had an
average of 6.88 volts. From 1:00 P.M. to 2:00 P.M., on trial 1, 5.40 volts
were collected, on trial 2, 5.29 volts was collected and in trial 3, 5.54 volts
was gathered which had an average of 5.41 volts. From 2:00 P.M. to 3:00
P.M., 4.94 volts was gathered in trial 1, 4.80 volts was gathered at trial 2,
and 5.20 volts was collected at trial 3 and had an average of 4.98 volts.
The results show that the highest acquired energy was on the third trial
(5.204) and lowest on the second trial which is 4.806. The average acquired
energy in the three trials was 4.976.
Based on the experiment, the Dual Axis Solar Tracker is more
capable of collecting energy from the sun than the fixed solar panel. The
Dual Axis Solar Tracker was able to collect 4.98V on average while the
fixed solar panel was only able to gather 3.44V. Therefore, the researchers
concluded that the use of a Dual Axis Solar Tracker is better and more
productive than using a fixed solar panel.
Table 3
Performance of the Automated Irrigation System Powered by Fixed
Solar Panel
Acquired
Trials Energy Water
Number of
Voltage Displaced
Times
(V) (mL) Irrigated
Day 1
7:00 A.M. – 5:00 P.M. 3.53V 1890 mL 1 times
Day 2
7:00 A.M. – 5:00 P.M. 3.49V 810 mL 2 time
Day 3
7:00 A.M. – 5:00 P.M. 3.60V 1990 mL 1 times
The table shows the average voltage, amount of water displaced, and
number of times the irrigation was able to irrigate. The experiment consists
of three trials, each having a time range of 10 hours (from 7:00 A.M. to
5:00 P.M.). On day 1, 3.53 volts were the average voltage collected, 1,890
mL of water was used, and the irrigation was able to irrigate 2 times. On
day 2, 3.49 volts were collected, 810 mL of water was displaced, and the
irrigation was only irrigated once. On day 3, 3.60 volts were collected,
1,990 mL of water was used, and the irrigation was able to irrigate twice
that day.
Table 4
Performance of the Automated Irrigation System Powered by
Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker
Acquired
Trials Energy Water
Voltage Displaced
Number of
(V) (mL)
Times Irrigated
Day 1
7:00 A.M. – 5:00 P.M. 4.92V 1,680 mL 2 times
Day 2
7:00 A.M. – 5:00 P.M. 4.36V 750 mL 1 time
Day 3
7:00 A.M. – 5:00 P.M. 4.80V 1,890 mL 2 times
The table shows the average voltage, amount of water displaced, and
number of times the irrigation was able to irrigate. The experiment consists
of three trials, each having a time range of 10 hours (from 7:00 A.M. to
5:00 P.M.). On day 1, 4.92 volts were the average voltage collected, 1,680
mL of water was used, and the irrigation was able to irrigate 2 times. On
day 2, 4.36 volts were collected, 750 mL of water was displaced, and the
irrigation was only irrigated once. On day 3, 4.80 volts were collected,
1,890 mL of water was used, and the irrigation was able to irrigate twice
that day.
Table 5
Difference in the Performance of Automated Irrigation System
Powered by Fixed Solar Panel and Automated Irrigation System
Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to Acquired
Energy
Powered by Fixed Solar Powered by Dual Axis Solar

Panel Tracker
Mean 3.54 4.686666667
Variance 0.0031 0.082533333
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation 0.656438069
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 2
t Stat -7.812131373
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.007996754
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.015993509
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273
Table 5 shows the t-statistics and critical value computed using t-
test of paired sample means. This was done to determine if there is a
significance difference in the performance of Automated Irrigation System
Powered by Fixed Solar Panel and Automated Irrigation System Powered
by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to acquired energy. The
computed Test statistics is -7.81 which is less than the critical value
(4.30), therefore, failed to reject the null hypothesis. This means that there
is a significant difference on the performance of the Automated Irrigation
System Powered by Fixed Solar Panel and Automated Irrigation System
Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to acquired energy
Table 6
Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to Water
Displaced

Panel Tracker
Mean 1563.333333 1440
Variance 428133.3333 368100
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation 0.995255531
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 2.750188341
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.055344985
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.110689971
Table 6 shows the test statistics and critical value computed using
t-test of paired sample means. This was done to determine if there is a
significance difference in the performance of an Automated Irrigation
Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to acquired energy.
The computed Test statistics is 2.75 which is less than the critical value
(4.30), therefore, failed to reject the null hypothesis. This means that there
is a significant difference on the performance of the Automated Irrigation
Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to water displaced.
Table 7
Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to Number of

Panel Tracker
Mean 1.333333333 1.666666667
Variance 0.333333333 0.333333333
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation -1
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 2
t Stat -0.5
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.333333333
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.666666667
Table 7 shows the test statistics and critical value computed using
t-test of paired sample means. This was done to determine if there is a
significance difference in the performance of Automated Irrigation System
Powered by Fixed Solar Panel and Automated Irrigation System Powered
by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to acquired energy. The
computed Test statistics is -0.5 which is equal to the critical value (4.30),
therefore, failed to reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is a
significant difference on the performance of the Automated Irrigation
Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis Solar Tracker as to the number of
times irrigated.
CONCLUSIONS
After gathering data, the researchers arrived at the following
conclusions:
1. How does the acquired energy of the fixed solar panel be described
in terms of average voltage at a specific time?
The acquired energy of the fixed solar panel can be described in
terms of the average voltage in a specific time duration. During 10:00-
11:00 A.M. time duration, the panel can collect an average voltage of
3.15V and throughout the time of 11:00 A.M. to 12:00 P.M., the panel
can collect an average voltage of 3.86V. At the time of 12:00-1:00 P.M.,
the average voltage it can collect was considered the highest which is
4.15V and during the time of 1:00-2:00 P.M., the average voltage
collected was 3.35V. Lastly, the average voltage collected from 2 to 3
P.M. was 3.18V.
2. How does the acquired energy of the dual-axis solar tracker with
irrigation system be described in terms of average voltage in a specific time
duration?
The dual-axis solar tracker's acquired energy can be described in
terms of the average voltage it can collect in a specific time duration. The
amount of voltage that the tracker was able to gather varies throughout
the day. During the first hour of the experimentation (10:00-11:00 A.M.)
the average voltage collected was 3.51V. In the second hour (11:00 A.M. to
12:00 P.M.) the panel can collect and average voltage of 4.10V. At the time
of 12:00-1:00 P.M. it can collect 6.88V. In the fourth are 12:00-2:00 P.M.
5.41V was collected on average. During the last hour of the
experimentation which is 2:00-3:00 P.M. the average voltage collected was
4.98V.
3. How does the performance of the automated irrigation system powered
by arduino based fixed solar panel be described in terms of:
3.1 Energy Acquired
The performance of the automated irrigation system powered
by arduino based fixed solar panel can be described in terms of
voltage as it acquired energy from the sun, the experiment consists
of three trials, each having a time range of 10 hours (from 7:00 A.M.
to 5:00 P.M.), 3.53V was acquired during the first trial, 3.49V during
the second trial and 3.69V during the last trial.
3.2 Water displaced
During the first trial, the fixed solar panel used 1,890 mL of
water, in the second trial the fixed solar panel used 810 mL of water
and during the last trial, it used 1,990 mL of water.
3.3 Number of times irrigated
The fixed solar panel was able to irrigate 1 time on the first
trial, 2 times during the second trial, and 1 time on the last trial. A
total of 4 times irrigated in 30 hours.
4. How does the performance of the automated irrigation system powered
by Arduino-based dual-axis solar tracker be described in terms of energy
acquired, water displaced, and number of times irrigated?
4.1 Energy Acquired
The performance of the automated irrigation system powered
by arduino based dual axis solar tracker can be described in terms
of voltage as it acquired energy from the sun, the experiment
consists of three trials, each having time range of 10 hours (from
7:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M.), 4.92V was acquired during the first trial,
4.36V during the second trial and 4.80V during the last trial.
4.2 Water displaced
During the first trial, the automated irrigation system powered
by an Arduino-based dual-axis solar tracker used 1,680 mL of
water, in the second trial the fixed solar panel used 750 mL of water,
and during the last trial, it used 1,890mL of water.
4.3 Number of times irrigated
The automated irrigation system powered by Arduino-based
dual axis solar tracker was able to irrigate 2 times on the first trial,
1 time during the second trial, and 2 times on the last trial. A total
of 5 times irrigated in 30 hours.
5. Will there be a significant difference between the performance of an
automated irrigation system powered by arduino based fixed solar panel
and an automated irrigation system powered by arduino based Dual-Axis
Solar Tracker based on the energy acquired, water displaced, and number
of times irrigated?
There is a significant difference between the performance of the
automated irrigation system powered by Arduino-based fixed solar
panel and the automated irrigation system powered by Arduino
based dual-axis solar tracker as to energy acquired.
based dual-axis solar tracker as to water displaced.
based dual-axis solar tracker as to number of times irrigated.
6. Is an automated irrigation system powered by Arduino-based dual-axis
solar tracker more effective than an automated irrigation system powered
by an arduino based fixed solar panel?
The automated irrigation system powered by an Arduino-based
dual-axis solar tracker is more effective than the automated
irrigation system powered by a fixed solar panel because it can
acquire more energy to power the irrigation system and can reduce
the usage of water.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Large-Scale Solar Panels: By expanding the solar panels' size, it
will be able to increase and provide more energy to power the
irrigation system. Also, a battery can be charged more quickly and
less time-consuming to charge.
2. Upgrade to a 360° Continuous Rotation Servo Motor: Look for
solar tracking systems that offer a full 360° rotation capability. This
will ensure that the solar panels can track the sun's movement
throughout the day, maximizing their energy generation potential
for the irrigation system.
3. Waterproofing Solutions: To protect the solar tracking system from
water damage and ensure longevity, consider implementing
waterproofing measures. This could include using weatherproof
enclosures, sealing electrical connections with waterproofing
materials, and using corrosion-resistant components.
4. Increased Energy Storage: By incorporating a battery into the solar
tracker system, you can store excess energy generated during the
day. This stored energy can be utilized during periods of low sunlight
or at night when the solar panels are not producing electricity.
5. Ampere Calculation: Consider calculating the maximum and
minimum amperage values recorded during the testing period. This
information will provide insights into the solar tracker's performance
under different lighting conditions
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Republic of the Philippines

Automated Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis

Venisse Nicole Bergonia

Tiffany Zea Encinares

Mae Ann E. Salonga

Chester Allan P. Matienzo

Background of the Study 7

Statement of the Problem 11

Significance of the Study 13

Scope and Limitations 14

Review of Related Literature 15

Data Gathering Procedure 30

Risk and Safety 33

Treatment of the Data 35

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Data Acquiring System 37

Mr. Allan P. Matienzo, Principal II, for his guidance, unwavering

Dr. Evelyn D. Tarrayo, Education Program Supervisor in Science,

Mr. Ralph Custodio, his valuable guidance and suggestions have

kindness, enthusiasm, and dynamism have enabled them to complete this

To their family, teachers, friends and classmates in Botolan National

Automated Irrigation System Powered by Arduino Based Dual Axis

By: Bergonia, Venisse Nicole; Encinares, Tiffany Zea; Retirado, Tj Charls

Adviser: Mae Ann E. Salonga

Botolan National High School, Botolan, Zambales, Region 3

This study explores using a Dual Axis Solar Tracker to power an

Tests were conducted in an open field with continuous sunlight. One

Background of the Study

Earlier shifts in the proportion of energy generated by different

sources, such as coal surpassing biomass in the nineteenth century and

petroleum overtaking coal in the twentieth century can be characterized

is continuously growing even though there is rapid growth in new energy

sources. Renewable energy sources make up a larger share of energy

overall amount of energy produced. It is misleading to identify the growth

of renewable energy as a transition because it can hinder the application

Installing and using solar power panels has become a modern

revolution, with the majority of scientists utilizing this infinitely

potential, non-polluting energy source to meet our growing energy needs

for building environmentally friendly and scientifically clean applications

as well as agro-based applications. (Dutta, P., Mallikarjuna, K., & Satish,

The process of converting solar radiation into useful energy, such as

heat or electricity, is known as solar energy. Solar energy can be directly

transformed into electrical power using a photovoltaic cell, which is often

referred to as a solar cell or a PV. There are notable similarities in the

physics between a conventional p-n junction diode and a photovoltaic cell.

Sunlight is made up of photons, or particles of solar energy. The

photovoltaic cell's semiconductor parts collect solar radiation, which

material to produce electricity. Because of its sustainability, abundance,

purity, and universality, solar energy is now extensively acknowledged and

utilized. (Ferdaus, Mohammed, Rahman, Selehin & Mannan, 2014).

The escalating energy demand, the decline in conventional fossil fuel

reserves, and the heightened environmental concerns have compelled

humanity to explore alternative and renewable sources of energy, such as

position as the world's second-largest producer of agricultural goods, the

country's traditional irrigation techniques, which still rely heavily on

manual labor, frequently cause excessive water consumption or delayed

place an automated irrigation system driven by solar energy can resolve

Sirsikar & Prof. Hankare, 2014)

By combining a solar panel and a sun tracker, the suggested

irrigation system greatly increases power production over traditional fixed

can reach up to 45% based on the tracking system's geographic location.

(Nair & Bathia, 2017).

Fog is very important for irrigation systems, especially in areas