Microprocessors Unit 1

Module No. 5
INPUT/OUTPUT INTERFACE

Objectives

 To understand the input/output interfacing.

 To compare and contrast different interfacing techniques.

Subtopic 1

The technique of data transfer between a microcomputer and an external device is called
input/output (I/O). One communicates with a microcomputer via the I/O devices interfaced to
it. The user can enter programs and data using the keyboard on a terminal and execute the
programs to obtain results. Therefore, the I/O devices connected to a microcomputer provide an
efficient means of communication between the microcomputer and the outside world. These I/O
devices, commonly called peripherals and include keyboards, monitors (screens), printers, and
hard disks.

I. INTERFACING OF INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

Interface is the path for communication between two components. Interfacing is of two types,
memory interfacing and I/O interfacing.

 Memory Interfacing

When we are executing any instruction, we need the microprocessor to access the
memory for reading instruction codes and the data stored in the memory. For this,
both the memory and the microprocessor require some signals to read from and write
to registers.

The interfacing process includes some key factors to match with the memory
requirements and microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore
should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal
requirements with the signals of the microprocessor.

 IO Interfacing

There are various communication or peripheral devices like the

keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. So, we need to interface the keyboard and other devices
with the microprocessor by using latches and buffers. This type of interfacing is
known as I/O interfacing.

 I/O Interface Signals

The interface signals can be unidirectional or bidirectional, single-ended

or differential and could follow one of the different I/O standards. Some
I/O standards area. GTL (gunning transceiver logic).b. HSTL (high-speed transceiver
logic).c. LVCMOS (low-voltage CMOS).d. LVTTL (low-voltage transistor-transistor
logic).e. PCI (peripheral component interconnect).f. LDT (lightning data transport).g.
LVDS (low-voltage differential signaling).

 8085 Interfacing Pins

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Following is the list of 8085 pins used for interfacing with other devices a. A15 -
A8 (Higher Address Bus) b. AD7 - AD0(Lower Address/Data Bus)c. ALEd. RDe.
WRf. READY

 Functions of Input-Output Interface

 It is used to synchronize the operating speed of CPU with respect to input-

output devices. It selects the input-output device which is appropriate for the
interpretation of the input-output device.

 It is capable of providing signals like control and timing signals.

 In this data buffering can be possible through data bus.

 There are various error detectors.

 It converts serial data into parallel data and vice versa.

 It also converts digital data into analog signal and vice versa.

 Ways of Communication − Microprocessor

There are two ways of communication in which the microprocessor can connect
with the outside world.

a. Serial Communication Interface − In this type of communication,

the interface gets a single byte of data from the microprocessor and sends it bit by
bit to the other system serially and vice-a-versa.

b. Parallel Communication Interface − In this type of communication,

the interface gets a byte of data from the microprocessor and sends it bit by bit to
the other systems in simultaneous (or) parallel fashion and vice-a-versa.

II. INTERFACE DEVICES

 Peripheral Devices
The Input / output organization of computer depends upon the size of computer
and the peripherals connected to it. The I/O Subsystem of the computer provides an
efficient mode of communication between the central system and the outside
environment.

The most common input output devices are:

a. Monitor
b. Keyboard
c. Mouse
d. Printer
e. Magnetic tapes

The devices that are under the direct control of the computer are said to be
connected online.

Peripherals connected to a computer need special communication links

for interfacing them with the central processing unit. The purpose of communication
link is to resolve the differences that exist between the central computer and each
peripheral.

The Major Differences are:

1. Peripherals are electromechanical and electromagnetic devices and CPU, and

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memory are electronic devices. Therefore, a conversion of signal values may be

needed.

2. The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of
CPU and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.

3. Data codes and formats in the peripherals differ from the word format in the
CPU and memory.

4. The operating modes of peripherals are different from each other and must be
controlled so as not to disturb the operation of other peripherals connected to the
CPU.

Subtopic 1

III. TIME-BASED I/O DEVICES

 Enterprise service bus

Real-time interfaces are most frequently implemented using an enterprise service

bus (ESB) to orchestrate the interactions between applications and systems.

Real-time interfaces are used to support master data management (moving data
into and out of the master data hubs real time) as well as the
movement of transactional data updates between applications.

The enterprise service bus implements the movement of data between

applications and the transformation of data from the specific source application
format to the common canonical model format and to the format of the target
systems. The enterprise service bus supports the interaction patterns of “publish and
subscribe” and “request and reply”.

Supporting the enterprise service bus are local utilities to handle data movement,
event monitoring, and transaction processing middleware.

 Real-Time Interfaces

Real-time interfaces are designed to transfer data on an as-needed basis. When an

application needs to either send or request data immediately, a real-time
interface is used. As previously mentioned, the architecture used for these real-time
interfaces has changed a lot over the years and it will continue to evolve over time.
Two of the more popular interface architectures currently in use are SOA and ROA.

With SOA, interfaces are designed in such a way that they support
specific distinct services. For example, a service might be created to
retrieve a customer’s account information. An entirely separate service would be
created to associate new products with that account. SOA is based on the concept of
taking each type of interaction and exposing it as a unique service. These services are
then tied together through the use of orchestration. Whereas a service performs a
distinct function, orchestration calls multiple services in the correct manner to
accomplish a specific business function.

ROA instead focuses on specific objects such as accounts as a data object of state
transactions. The concept with ROA is to expose each resource in are
usable manner and allow the consumer of that resource to consume it via a consistent
interface. There are some obvious similarities between SOA and ROA, but there are
many differences as well. Each architecture has its benefits and detriments and the

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discussion of these typically turns into a religious debate between interface

architects. Generally, the best approach is to choose the architecture that best
fits in any given situation after carefully considering all factors.

The main thing that makes a system responsive is whether it keeps

users informed of its status and progress.

The deadlines that interactive systems must meet to be perceived as responsive

are determined by the durations of human perceptual and cognitive processes. There
are dozens of time constants of human perception and cognition, but for design
purposes they can be boiled down to six: 1, 10, 100 milliseconds, 1, 10, and 100
seconds.

Responsiveness will remain an issue even as computer performance increases,

because we will expect them to do more.

Guidelines for achieving responsiveness:

- Acknowledge user actions instantly, within 1–10 milliseconds.

- Animate movement smoothly, with a frame rate of 10–20 frames/second.

- Operations taking longer than 1 second should free users to do other things
while waiting for a function to finish, display busy or progress indicators, and
allow users to abort (cancel).

- Avoid delays within unit tasks. Delays between unit tasks are acceptable.

- Display important information first.

- Work ahead of users if possible; anticipate likely requests.

IV. HANDSHAKING SYSTEMS

o Handshaking

In a normal lifestyle, handshaking resembles establishing communication or a

friendly bond between two people. In terms of the computer system
also, it means somewhat the same. Through handshaking, a communication
link is established between two different components of a computer. This
communication is the transfer of data.

So, in the handshaking process, first, a strobe signal is sent by the

source channel to the destination. Then, the destination sends back the
acknowledgment that the signal has been received with a signal
informing whether the destination channel is free or not for receiving the data. By
following these steps, communication is established between the sender and the
receiver ends and then the further transfer of data takes place within the two through
the data bus.

It should be noted here that although this handshaking may look similar to the
three-way handshaking process between different networks, here the case is
different. Here, communication is being done within the different components of the
same system which are connected via physical means (through cables and chords).
However, there may exist wireless communication between the components of
the same system also as we have emerging technologies every day.

Types of handshaking process

 Source Initiated Handshaking Process:

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In the source Initiated the handshaking process, the source initiated the
process of establishing the connection. This means that, in this process, the sender
needs to send the data and so the handshaking process is initiated by the
sender. So, in this process, after sending the valid data, the receiver sends
the acknowledgment that the data has been received. Hence, the signals
'DATA VALID' is sent by the sender before sending the data and the signal 'DATA
ACCEPTED' is sent by the receiver after getting the data.

 Destination Initiated Handshaking Process:

In the destination Initiated the handshaking process, the process of

establishing the connection is initiated by the destination. What this means is that,
in this process, the receiver needs to receive the data from the sender, hence
the handshaking process is initiated by the receiver. So, in this process, the
receiver has to first send the request signal to the source channel. After that, the
source sends the 'DATA VALID' signal before sending the data and the receiver
then again sends a signal 'DATA ACCEPTED' after the data is received by it.

Summary

A user interface for an interactive system is a real-time interface—it must meet several
real-time deadlines for users to perceive the system as responsive.

Perceived responsiveness is an important factor in determining user satisfaction with

interactive systems. It is not the same thing as performance. An interactive system can have poor
responsiveness even if it has high performance, and it can have high responsiveness even if it has
low performance.

Overall, microprocessor I/O interfacing is essential for enabling communication between

microprocessors and external devices, facilitating data exchange, and controlling embedded
systems in various applications, including industrial automation, consumer electronics,
automotive systems, and IoT devices.

References

https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/microprocessor-theory-and/
9780470380314/11_ch04.html#:~:text=The%20technique%20of%20data%20transfer,the
%20programs%20to%20obtain%20results.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-rizal-system/electrical-engineering/
interfacing-of-inputoutput-devices/21823966
http://www.pvpsiddhartha.ac.in/dep_it/lecturenotes/CSA/unit-5.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/input-output-interface
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-input-output-interface/
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/microprocessor_io_interfacing_overview.htm
https://www.includehelp.com/embedded-system/handshaking-in-computer-
architecture.aspxhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/time-interface

Exercises:

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