Unveiling the Potential of Beam forming for Long-Range Wireless Power

Transfer

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Presented to

North Eastern Mindanao State University Bislig Campus, Bislig City,
Surigao del Sur, Philippines

In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Science Technology in Society

BSEE-1B - GROUP 3

ALJOHN BONDAD

OJ BIHASA

BRAYLLE CEDRICK GARNACE SHIRVEL JAY GANTALA

REMYL JAY CAMINO

PEDIE SERASPE

JONALYN SALINAS

MARCH 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

A.BASIC INFORMATION

Program Title

Project Title

Proponents

Total Budget

Collaborating Agency

Site of Implementation/Municipality/District/Province/Region

Discipline

Priority Areas Agenda

B.TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Rationale

Objectives

Review Related Literature

Methodology

Schedule of Major Activities

Target Beneficiaries

Budgetary Summary

Literature Cited
 BASIC INFORMATION

Program Title: “Unveiling the Potential of Beam forming for Long-Range Wireless

Power Transfer.”

Project Title: Beam Forming for Long-Range Wireless Power Transfer

Proponents: The Project proponents were the following Student, a First year

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering students in fulfillment to their Science

Technology and Society Subject:

ALJOHN BONDAD

OJ BIHASA

BRAYLLE CEDRICK GARNACE

SHIRVEL JAY GANTALA

REMYL JAY CAMINO

PEDIE SERASPE

JONALYN SALINAS

Project Duration: 12 Months / 1year

Total Partial Budget: In the context of Research funding, it has been designated

that the total partial amount is 323pesos will be utilized for the purpose of financing
and supporting the execution of the particular project, Every Peso of amount is a direct

contribution form the students themselves, to show support and investment making

the project happened.

Site implementation / Municipality / Region/Location: North Eastern

Mindanao State University (NEMSU) Bislig Campus, Bislig City, Surigao Del Sur ,

Philippines, 8300.

Overview. The research on "Unveiling the Potential of Beamforming for Long-Range

Wireless Power Transfer" explores the use of beamforming techniques to enhance the

efficiency and range of wireless power transfer systems. By precisely directing

electromagnetic waves towards the receiver, beamforming can mitigate losses and

improve power delivery over long distances. This research investigates various aspects

of beamforming, including optimization algorithms, antenna design, and practical

implementation considerations, aiming to unlock the full potential of this technology

for long-range wireless power transfer applications.

Discipline: The research falls within the interdisciplinary domain of electrical

engineering and wireless communications. It combines principles from both fields to

explore innovative methods for long-range wireless power transfer, with a focus on

beamforming techniques.
Priorities Areas: The research on "Unveiling the Potential of Beamforming for

Long-Range Wireless Power Transfer" holds promise for various sectors and

applications, with priority given to:

Remote and Off-Grid Areas. Regions lacking access to traditional power

infrastructure could benefit significantly from long-range wireless power transfer

enabled by beamforming. Prioritize deploying this technology in remote or off-grid

areas to provide reliable electricity for communities, businesses, and essential services.

Industrial and Manufacturing Facilities. Industries requiring continuous and

efficient power supply, such as manufacturing plants and warehouses, can prioritize

adopting beamforming-based wireless power transfer to streamline operations and

reduce downtime associated with traditional wired connections.

Transportation and Mobility. Prioritize integrating wireless power transfer

technology with beamforming into transportation infrastructure, including electric

vehicle charging stations and wireless charging systems for autonomous drones and

robots, enhancing convenience and efficiency in transportation and logistics.

Healthcare and Medical Devices. Research on beamforming for wireless power

transfer can prioritize healthcare applications, such as powering medical implants and
devices wirelessly, eliminating the need for invasive procedures to replace batteries

and ensuring continuous operation for critical healthcare equipment.

By prioritizing these areas, the research can have a tangible impact on improving

access to power, enhancing industrial productivity, advancing transportation systems,

revolutionizing healthcare, and fostering the development of smart and sustainable

cities.
 CHAPTER I

In this chapter, we embark upon a comprehensive exploration of the

research at hand, delving into its general nature, fundamental concepts, and

underlying theories that serve as the bedrock for our study. We elucidate the specific

objectives that align with our research questions, shedding light on the critical issues

we seek to address. Furthermore, we emphasize the significance of our study,

elucidating its potential contributions to the field and the broader community. As we

set the boundaries of our investigation, we outline the scope and limitations that will

shape our analysis. Finally, we introduce and define important key terms that hold

utmost relevance and bear upon the study, laying the groundwork for a nuanced and

in-depth exploration of the subject matter.

1.1 Introduction

In a time of rising energy needs and the need for environmentally friendly

solutions, research into new technologies for wireless power transfer (WPT) has

attracted a lot of interest. Beamforming sticks out among these cutting-edge

technologies as a potentially effective way to increase the range and efficiency of WPT

systems. In order to focus radio frequency (RF) energy into focused beams for

targeted transmission over long distances, beamforming uses the principles of phased

array antennas. The goal of this research is to explore the possibilities of beamforming

for long-range WPT and clarify its viability, effectiveness, and consequences for a

range of applications, from electric vehicle charging to remote sensing.

It is becoming more and more important to comprehend the significance of developing

WPT capabilities as societies work toward environmental sustainability and energy

autonomy. Conventional techniques of WPT face substantial difficulties while

transmitting power over long distances because of route loss and signal attenuation,

even though it is effective over short distances. By focusing RF energy into focused

beams, beamforming offers a paradigm leap in resolving these issues by reducing the

impact of distance-related losses and improving overall transmission efficiency. This

work aims to close the knowledge gap between theoretical developments and real-

world applications by revealing beamforming's potential for long-range WPT. This will

open the door to revolutionary approaches to energy distribution and consumption.

Furthermore, beamforming research for long-range WPT has significant ramifications

for a number of industries, including infrastructure development, transportation, and

telecommunications. The capacity to distribute power effectively and wirelessly over

long distances becomes critical as societies embrace electrification and wireless

networking more and more. This research attempts to educate policymakers, industry

stakeholders, and the general public on the potential and difficulties involved in

implementing this technology on a large scale by clarifying the capabilities and

constraints of beamforming within the framework of WPT. This project intends to

spark innovations that move society toward a future powered by clean, affordable,

and sustainable energy solutions through cooperative efforts and interdisciplinary

approaches.
Objectives of Study

• Investigate the theoretical principles and feasibility of employing beam forming

techniques for long-range wireless power transfer.

• Develop and optimize beam forming algorithms tailored for efficient power transfer

over extended distances.

• Evaluate the performance and limitations of beam forming-based long-range

wireless power transfer through simulation and experimentation.

• Explore practical applications and potential challenges of implementing beam

forming in real-world scenarios for long-range wireless power transfer.

Review of Related Literature

In recent years, beam forming techniques have received much attention due

to their important role in establishing and maintaining communication links. Many

studies have organized these efforts to shed light on how these methods are evolving

and being used and how other technologies such as AI and combinatorial methods

play a pivotal role in this trend. There are approaches to organizing these efforts in a

binary way considering digital and hybrid beam forming techniques and others that

take into account energy efficiency maximization. Recently, some works surveyed

beam forming technologies. Our survey organized the beam forming technologies

considering emerging technologies such as machine learning, frequency, antenna,

radio transmission paradigm, mobility support, and antenna array type. Hence, we

highlight some of those efforts that shed light on beam forming technologies.
Araujo et al. survey new topics that have gained attention recently in the research

community, such as hybrid beam forming, ADCs with low resolution, signal detection

complexity in massive arrays, and deeper discussions on the Time Division Duplexing

(TDD) and Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) paradigm. Our contribution relies on

organizing the beam forming technology considering the AI methods.

Zardi et al. overview AI applications in adaptive and reconfigurable antenna arrays.

They present five AI applications: adaptive nulling, wireless localization, MIMO

communications, element failures, and array calibration. Their work relates to ours as

it deals specifically with antenna arrays. However, they do not address the use of ML

algorithms to configure the antenna array and to ensure reliable communication over

mm Wave.

Pham et al. bring an overview regarding intelligent processing signal radio, wireless

physical layer, modulation classification, signal detection, beamforming, and channel

estimation. Furthermore, they dive into the theme of AI applied to MIMO systems and

channel estimation concerning the beamforming contribution. Moreover, the authors

provide a consistent comparison of beamforming techniques and how they are used

to tackle beamforming challenges. Differently, we took an approach to the matter in

this work by surveying the beam forming state-of-the-art considering different

approaches such as Applications, beam forming architectures, and machine learning

paradigms.

Murray et al. present a survey of various cognitive techniques for beam forming. They

organize and categorize techniques based on their application in Multiple-Input and

Single-Output (MISO) and MIMO systems. The survey treats the problem of defining

the antenna array coefficients as an ML problem. Additionally, it reports using neural

Networks, Genetic Algorithms (Gas), and game theory in issues such as interference

Reduction, noise suppression, power allocation, capacity, etc.

Naeem et al. survey the integration of Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Deep Learning

(DL) techniques into MIMO systems. They present RL and DL applications for Different

MIMO problems: detection; classification, compression; channel estimation,

positioning; detection and location; Channel State Information (CSI) acquisition and

feedback, Security and robustness; mm wave communication; and resource allocation.

It addresses the use of AI for beamforming in mm Wave bands and its use for

managing and allocating Resources. However, our paper goes beyond that, providing

a classification taxonomy.

Considering the MIMO system’s challenges, Rajarajeswarie et al. [62] bring a short

survey and discuss the main issues present in these systems, namely pilot

contamination, channel estimation, modeling, beam forming, and precoding.

Furthermore, they present the main challenges and some solutions for MIMO, but do

not consider mm Wave bands. Our paper thoroughly reviews the state-of-the-art

contributions considering the frequency bands at which the beamforming systems

operate.

ElHalawany et al. propose a taxonomy based on the availability of CSI for beamforming

and the application of ML techniques. Their work reviews the use of beamforming For

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), energy transfer, coordinated beamforming,

and beam tracking and presents a case study using Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) for

Beamforming training. Our work fills the gap left by their work by organizing and

classifying state-of-the-art beamforming algorithms into ML technique, frequency,

mobility, and antenna array type.

Wu et al. discuss adaptive antennas and survey AI methods applied to antenna Arrays

and beamforming systems. Their paper compares the configurations carried out by

adaptive intelligent antenna arrays and those carried out by traditional methods.

Furthermore, they show how ML algorithms can enhance the performance of this

technology. Moreover, the paper surveys antenna selection strategies, categorizing

the adopted ML Approaches into different learning paradigms. However, their work

briefly discusses and Compares the different works found in the literature, presenting

a short table comparing Works. On the other hand, our paper provides extensive

analysis and comparisons of Different works, diving into how ML algorithms and
different learning paradigms are Applied to support mobility, different frequencies,

and codebook design.

The article provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the recent state-of-the-

art AI applications in beamforming. First, the paper briefly overviews beamforming

Techniques and Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation methods. Then, it explores the

most essential and -efficient Deep Neural Network (DNN) topologies in depth. Next,

the authors provide several examples of how DNNs can be used as standalone

beamforming and DoA estimation techniques or combined with other

implementations, such as ultrasound Imaging, MIMO structures, and intelligent

reflecting surfaces. The article also highlights the realization of beamforming or DoA

estimation via DNNs topologies. Finally, the authors Conclude with significant findings

and an exciting discussion on potential future aspects and promising research

challenges. However, one limitation of this article, covered by our work, is that it

primarily focuses on DNN-based beamforming and does not provide A comprehensive

overview of other ML techniques that can be used in beamforming. Additionally,

differently from what we present in this survey, the article does not provide A critical

analysis of the limitations and challenges of DNN-based beamforming, which Could

limit the practical application of these techniques. In their study, the authors conduct

a survey of various beamforming training Schemes for mm Wave communication

systems. The article concentrates on the utilization of positioning information to

simplify and ease beamforming training complexity. The authors analyze multiple

studies that propose diverse mm Wave beamforming training Schemes based on

positioning information, which can be categorized into two groups: Straightforward

positioning-based schemes and positioning-based schemes utilizing ML Techniques.

Additionally, the article investigates the effect of positioning and orientation errors,

the presence of obstacles, user mobility, and information storage on beamforming

Training performance. Moreover, the authors compare the various studies taking into

Consideration multiple factors such as implementation cost. Lastly, the article presents

the challenges associated with these schemes and proposes several possible future

directions. However, unlike our survey, the article solely focuses on the use of

positioning information in mm Wave beamforming training and, thus, does not provide

a comprehensive overview of all the techniques and factors that influence the

performance of mm Wave Communication systems.

 CHAPTER II

The researchers will discuss the methodology and procedure used in the study

in this chapter. The following part includes the research design used in the conduct of

the study, the locale, the tools, and the procedure to be followed.

2.1 Methodology

The researchers will discuss the methodology and procedure used in the study

to explore and analyze the potential of beamforming technology in enhancing the

efficiency of long-range wireless power transfer.

Literature Review

Reviewing previous studies on beamforming for wireless power transfer to

understand the current state of knowledge and identify gaps in the research. Some

key references could be “Retrodirective wireless power transfer for short and long-

range” (Springer, 2021), “A performance predictor of beamforming versus time-

reversal” (Nature, 2021), and “Magnetic beamforming for wireless power transfer”

(ResearchGate, 2016).

Research Design

Designing a research or experimenting to test the efficiency of beamforming in

long-range wireless power transfer. This could involve setting up a wireless power
transmission system with beamforming capabilities and measuring the power transfer

efficiency at different distances.

Setting of the Study

The study will be conducted in North Eastern Mindanao State University Bislig

Campus located at P-4 Maharlika, Scaling, Bislig City, Surigao Del Sur, Philippines,

8300.

Data Collection

Collecting data on power transfer efficiency, range, and other relevant

parameters during the experiment.

Data Analysis

Analyzing the collected data using statistical methods to determine the impact

of beamforming on long-range wireless power transfer.

Workplan

Month 1-2: Literature Review and Research Design

1. Conduct an extensive literature review on beamforming techniques and long-range

wireless power transfer technologies.

2. Define research questions and establish research methodologies for

experimentation.

3. Identify potential challenges and limitations in current approaches.

Month 3-4: Simulation and Prototyping

4. Develop simulation models to analyze the performance of various beamforming

algorithms for wireless power transfer.

5. Design and prototype experimental setups for validating simulation results in real-

world scenarios.

6. Conduct initial tests to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of different

beamforming methods.

Month 5-6: Optimization and Fine-Tuning

7. Optimize beamforming algorithms to maximize power transfer efficiency and

minimize losses over long distances.

8. Fine-tune experimental setups and parameters based on initial test results and

simulation outcomes.

9. Evaluate the impact of environmental factors (e.g., obstacles, interference) on

beamforming performance.
Month 7-8: Performance Evaluation

10. Conduct comprehensive performance evaluations under various conditions (e.g.,

distance, angle, interference levels).

11. Analyze data collected from experiments to quantify the effectiveness and

reliability of different beamforming strategies.

12. Compare the performance of beamforming techniques with traditional wireless

power transfer methods.

Month 9-10: Integration and Compatibility

13. Explore integration possibilities with existing wireless power transfer systems and

infrastructure.

14. Investigate compatibility with different power sources and receiver devices.

15. Develop recommendations for integrating beamforming into practical applications

and standards.

Month 11-12: Documentation and Dissemination

16. Document research findings, methodologies, and experimental results in technical

reports and academic publications.

17. Present research outcomes at relevant conferences, seminars, and workshops.

18. Prepare educational materials and resources to disseminate knowledge about

beamforming for wireless power transfer.

This 12-month work plan partial, the research aims to advance the understanding and

implementation of beamforming techniques for long-range wireless power transfer,

contributing to the development of more efficient and reliable wireless power delivery

systems.
How it looks.

Comparison between a Fixed Beam Forming and Adaptive Beam Forming.

WHAT IS BEAMFORMING?

Significance of the Study (beneficiary)

Consumers: Everyday people who use electronic devices such as smartphones,

tablets, laptops, and wearables can benefit from this technology. Imagine never

having to plug in your device to charge it – that’s the convenience beamforming can

potentially offer.

Drivers of Electric Vehicles: People who own electric vehicles could see a

significant increase in convenience. Beamforming could potentially allow for the

wireless charging of these vehicles, making it easier to keep them powered up.

People with Medical Implants: Individuals with medical implants like pacemakers

or insulin pumps could potentially have their devices powered or charged wirelessly.

This could reduce the need for surgeries to replace batteries.

Farmers or Agriculturists: In the field of agriculture, beamforming could be used

to power IoT devices spread across large farms. This could help farmers monitor their

crops more efficiently.

City Dwellers: In smart cities, beam forming can power a wide range of IoT devices,

from street lights to sensors that monitor traffic or environmental conditions. This can

lead to a more efficient and responsive urban environment, benefiting all city

residents.

Students: Students, particularly those pursuing degrees in electrical engineering,

telecommunications, or related fields, can gain valuable insights into advanced

wireless power transfer technologies. This study provides them with a deeper

understanding of theoretical concepts such as beam forming, antenna design, and RF

signal propagation, which are essential for their academic and professional

development.
Partial Budget Summary

Materials Quantity Price per Item Total

Bond Paper 50pcs. 2.00 100.00

Folder Fastener 3pcs. 5.00 15.00

Folder 20pcs. 1.00 18.00

Ink 2pcs. 100.00 100.00

Plastic Sheet 1pc. 90.00 90.00

Protector

Total 323.00
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