1 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 10&11 // M.A.

MALAGUENO
LESSON 10: POLITICAL SELF
LESSON 11: DIGITAL SELF
LEADERSHIP STYLE
CONTENT:
LESSON 10: Political Self ……………………………………… 1 ➢ AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
LESSON 11: Digital Self ……………………………………….. 2 o Leaders are responsible for the functions
and operations of an organization
LESSON 10: THE POLITICAL SELF
➢ DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
FOCAL POINTS: o Participative, communicative and
➢ How a political self could establish a Filipino egalitarian
identity
➢ How the society shapes the characteristics of ➢ LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERSHIP
people o Hands-off with few attempts made to
influence others
“The political self-explores how social and economic
contexts profoundly affect the mental health and LEADER’S DESCRIPTION
well-being of a person.”
➢ TRANSACTIONAL LEADERS
POLITICS o Focus on proper exchange of resources;
give followers something in exchange for
￮ (Gk) Politika: affairs of the cities something the leaders want
￮ Process of making decisions that applies to all
members of a group ➢ TRANSFORMATIONAL (CHARISMATIC LEADERS)
￮ Ability to govern and control over a group of o works with teams to identify needed
people change, creating a vision to guide the
change through inspiration, and
A person’s ability to influence others by making a executing the change in tandem with
decision for them is one of essential qualities in one’s committed members of a group.
political self
➢ LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERS
TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE o Engage in ‘non-leadership’; they avoid
making decisions, hesitate in taking
➢ NARRATIVE INFLUENCE: action and are often absent when
o Based on conforming to the positive needed
expectation of others
OPEN SPACE TECHNOLOGY
➢ INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE:
o Based on accepting the information - an approach to purpose-driven leadership which
obtained from others as evidence of initially has no formal agenda but eventually
reality. (Hewstone, et al., 2015) leads to a specific or important purpose or task

An important aspect of politics is the capacity to PRINCIPLES OF OST

influence and lead a group of people.
LEADERSHIP
➢ Process by which certain group members
motivate and guide the group (Myers, 2015)
➢ Leaders are responsible for the functions and
operations of an organization
￮ Whoever comes are the right people
￮ Whatever happens is the only thing that could
have happened
￮ Whenever it starts is the right time
￮ When it’s over, it’s over
LAW OF TWO FEET

“When you find yourself neither learning nor contributing,

School use your two feet and go to some more productive
Administrator
s places.”

DEVELOPING A FILIPINO IDENTITY: VALUES, TRAITS,

COMMUNITY, AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
ORGANIZATIONS
➢ PAKIKIPAGKAPWA-TAO
Officers of
o It is the shared sense of identity and
Church
Officials
business
establishment
consciousness of the ‘other’. It is treating
s others with respect and dignity as an

BS BIO // KD 1
2 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
LESSON 10: POLITICAL SELF
LESSON 11: DIGITAL SELF
equal – not someone that is beneath the
individual.
➢ “DISKARTE”
o Studies have also shown that Filipinos are
known for flexibility, adaptability and
creativity.
“ The three main traits that underlie the Filipino and
Filipino values are: pakikipagkapwa-tao (smooth
interpersonal relationship), being family-oriented and
mapagmahal (loving and caring)”
➢ BEING FAMILY-ORIENTED
➢ MAPAGMAHAL
➢ BAYANIHAN (DAMAYAN)
➢ HOSPITABLE
➢ “HIYA”
➢ USE OF “PO” AND “OPO” AS A SIGN OF RESPECT
ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE
➢ CULTURE
o It is the behavior, pattern, beliefs, and all
other products of a particular group of
people that are passed on from
generation to generation
o One of the values that Filipinos adapted
from Spaniards is pagiging madasalin
• True democracy cannot be without a balanced
in economic and social structure.
• Though many Filipinos go abroad, this exposure
to global culture and its elevation of local
aspirations will be a major force in reshaping the
Filipino future.
• Cultural expression is the use of all media such as
the arts, the press, the internet – whatever can
influence the Filipino mind in order to forge and
sustain a set of core values, of national interests
that cut across family, class, and region
• There is a need for a new cultural revolution that
will assert the ordinary citizen’s rights over power
and privilege to better understand and accept
what it means to be a Filipino in this globalized
world.
• Democracy is a process rather than a product;
the campaign will initially exist in the mind
addressing social and economic inequalities. This
assertion of seeking for democracy will eventually
lead to shape the national identity and bring to
the fore what it really means to be a FILIPINO
WEEK 10&11 // M.A. MALAGUENO
LESSON 10: THE DIGITAL SELF
➢ DIGITAL SELF
o The amount of time adolescents spend
online can have both a positive and a
negative outcome. (Sandrock, 2014)
o With this influx of the digital technology,
a new version of the self is formed. The
digital self.
WHAT STATISTICS SAY:
- The Philippines is the fastest-growing market of
smartphones in the ASEAN based on a report of a
market research company.
- About 3.5 million smartphones were shipped to
the country in the first quarter of 2016.
- Currently about 30% of all Filipinos are
smartphone users and that is projected to
increase in the next years.
- Statistics from Western countries showed that in
2012, 78% of online teens own a cellphone, 8 out
of 10 teens own a desktop or laptop, 23% of
teens have a tablet computer, and 50 % send 50
or more text messages a day.
- Americans between the ages of 8 and 18 years
spend on average 7.5 hours per day using some
sort of electronic devices, and 95% of them have
access to internet as reported by Pew (2014).
SELF AND OTHER IN CYBERSPACE
• DIGITAL LITERACY- defined as those capabilities
possessed by individuals who are living, learning
and working in a digital society.
• ONLINE DISINHIBITION- the lack of restraint one
feels when communicating online in comparison
to communicating in-person.
TWO CATEGORIES OF ONLINE DISINHIBITION
• Benign Disinhibition- the disinhibition that
indicates attempt to understand and explore
oneself, to work through problems, and find new
ways of being.
• Toxic Disinhibition- describes behavior that
includes rude language, threats, and visiting
places of pornography, crime and violence on
the internet, places the person might not go to in
real life.
• Cyberbullying- bullying that takes places
using electronic technology.
• Cyber Harassment- the use of
Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) to harass, control,
manipulate or habitually disparage
someone. It is the adult form of cyber
bullying.
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3 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
LESSON 10: POLITICAL SELF
LESSON 11: DIGITAL SELF
MANAGING ONLINE DISINHIBITION
• Don’t post or send anything you would be
embarrassed for certain others to see.
• Do be careful about over-sharing.
• Don’t hang out with the “wrong crowd” online.
• Do consider your emotional state before virtually
posting or responding to anything.
• Do consider the reaction individuals are
expecting from toxic disinhibition.
• Do search for yourself online.
I, Me, Myself and My User ID Online Identity
• Digital Identity (DI)- refers to anything that
describes a persona an individual presents across
all digital spaces that he/she is represented in.
• Symbolic Markers- express one’s identity to
others and helps them make sense of it
themselves.
• Internet disembodiment- refers to the identity,
soul or spirit separate from physical body.
• User ID- lets a person associate a persistent ID for
a single user with that user’s engagement data
from one or more sessions initiated from one or
more devices.
• Username- a unique sequence of characters
used to identify a user and allow access to a
computer system, computer network, or online
account
• Dissociative Imagination- when a person thinks
that it is all just a game and believes that when
he/she leaves online everything he/she did will all
be gone. A make-believe dimension.
• Solipsistic Introjection- a notion that it’s only in
their heads or minds. When people don’t know
what a virtual person looks or sounds like,, people
tend to assign traits to those individuals which is
an imaginary interaction with the introjected
character.
• Dissociative Anonymity- a person can have no
name or at least not the real name. People don’t
have to own their behavior by acknowledging it
within the full of context of who “they” really are.
SELF-PRESENTATION STRATEGIES AND IMPRESSION
MANAGEMENT
➢ Self-presentation is a range of strategies that
people adopt to shape what others think of
them.
SELF-PRESENTATION STRATEGIES
1. SELF-PROMOTION – The person who is using self-
promotion is trying to show that he/she is
competent, effective or a winner. This person
expects respects.
2. INGRATIATION – The person using ingratiation in
presenting oneself to others has a desire to be
likeable. They expect affection.
WEEK 10&11 // M.A. MALAGUENO
3. EXEMPLIFICATION – The person who is using
exemplification has an intention to achieve worth
from others. He/she expects others to feel guilty
by their actions.
4. INTIMIDATION – The person who is using
intimidation tries to appear dangerous or ruthless.
He/she expects other to be afraid of them.
5. SUPPLICATION – The person using supplication
would like to appear helpless (handicapped or
unfortunate). He/she aims to achieve nurturance
from others.
SELF-ENHANCEMENT
➢ SELF-ENHANCEMENT refers to the tendency to
think of oneself in a favorable light, whereas
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT refers to deliberate
attempt to distort one’s responses in order to
create a favorable impression with others.
IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTION ON THE SELF
• The development of the person’s social aspects
can be greatly influenced by technology due to
an insufficient amount of real-life social
encounters (Diaz, Evans and Gallagher, 2014).
• Based on an analysis of teenagers’ online
experience, studies showed that ‘others’ on the
internet constitute a distinctive “looking glass”
that produces a “digital self” that differs from the
self-offline.
• Abuse of technology always leads to negative
consequences. Even if there are cases when
social media negatively impacts users, it would
be unfair if only technology would be blamed.
BOUNDARIES OF THE SELF ONLINE
➢ Personal boundaries- the set of guidelines, rules
or limits that a person creates to identify
reasonable, safe and permissible ways for people
to behave towards them and how they respond
in case someone breaks these rules or oversteps
limits.
PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC
• In many online environments people cannot see
others. Nobody can judge the statements and
images because of the cloak of invisibility. In the
public mode, the post ill be treated as open
book.
• Invisibility is also a gauge to misrepresent oneself.
A man may present himself as a woman or vice
versa.
• In virtual interactions, people cannot always be
sure when/where someone is present. It gives
courage to do things which cannot be done in
face-to-face interactions.
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4 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 10&11 // M.A. MALAGUENO
LESSON 10: POLITICAL SELF
LESSON 11: DIGITAL SELF
about premarital and recreational sex
PERSONAL/INDIVIDUAL VS. SOCIAL IDENTIY ONLINE (Hewstone, et al, 2015).
➢ Another form is sexting, which refers to sending,
• Identity- is made up of both personal identity and receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit
social identity. messages, photographs or images, primarily
• Social Identity- is usually based on group between mobile phones. It may also include the
affiliation. use of a computer or any digital device.

Like in social media many people identify themselves

as a member of a certain group so that it will be easy for
them to communicate their concerns or issues.
In the modern era (enlightenment through 20th
century). Identity is described as fixed, stable and unitary.
In post-modern (now), identity is considered as
fluid, multiple and socially constructed.

➢ Sherry Turkle pointed out that people have

different roles in different settings. One wakes up
as a lover, makes breakfast as a mother and
drives to work as a lawyer.
➢ Different contexts make different aspects of
one’s identity more salient such in school, work,
church and home.
➢ In sociology, IDENTITY THEORY (Stryker, 1980)
explained that individuals have “role identities”. It
is the character and the role of and individual
devises as an occupant of a particular social
position. “Self” is hierarchical ordering of identities
by salience. The greater the commitment on an
identity, the greater the salience of the identity.

GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE

➢ Researchers have found that problem in

behaviors often characterize highly masculine
adolescents.
➢ Gender intensification hypothesis states that
psychological and behavioral differences
between boys and girls become greater during
early adolescence because of increased
socialization pressure to conform to masculine
and feminine gender roles (Santrock, 2014).
➢ In the study entitled, Gender Stereotype in
Facebook Profiles: Are Women More Female
Online? the result showed that users present
themselves in a less gender stereotypical way
online, and that women do so more than males
alter self-presentation on Facebook influenced
personal well-being, but to a negative effect on
well-being.
➢ Sex is explicitly portrayed in movies, TV shows,
videos lyrics of popular music, MTV and internet
sites.
➢ According to Hannesy (2009), adolescents, not
unlike adults, like to watch television programs
with sexual content.
➢ Another study by Ward in 2012 revealed that
watching television sex can influence
adolescents’ sexual attitude and behavior.
Researchers have shown that exposure to sexual
content is elated to more permissive studies

BS BIO // KD 4