TOURNAMENT SCHEDULING FOR CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

BACOOR CAMPUS LOCAL INTRAMURALS

Undergraduate Capstone Project

Submitted to the Faculty of the
Cavite State University – Bacoor Campus
Bacoor City, Cavite

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

BADUA, JEROME N.
PATIGAYON, MARK CHRISTIAN
PISTAÑO, LEONARD M.
January 2024
 TOURNAMENT SCHEDULING FOR CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
BACOOR CAMPUS LOCAL INTRAMURALS

BADUA, JEROME N.
PATIGAYON, MARK CHRISTIAN
PISTAÑO, LEONARD M.

An undergraduate capstone project manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of

Computer Studies, Cavite State University, Bacoor Campus, Bacoor City, Cavite in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
with Contribution No._______. Prepared under the supervision of _______

INTRODUCTION

Organizing sports events at Cavite State University's Bacoor Campus is an exciting

venture, but tournament scheduling can be challenging. The capstone project, "Tournament

Scheduling for Cavite State University Bacoor Campus Local Intramurals," aims to address the

issue. Manual scheduling often results in conflicts and logistical issues which is where project

comes in. They are developing a user-friendly system that will automate the scheduling

process. Consider the team, venue, and time constraints are all taken care of more than just

making things easier; it aligns with the university's commitment to providing a well-rounded

extra-curricular activity. Effective rating methods are necessary for dynamic scheduling since

the researcher seek to pair teams with similar performance in the competition. Different

methods exist for rating the teams in a tournament based on their strengths, such as multi-

criteria decision-making (Pradhan and Abdourazakou, 2020) and Colley’s ranking method

(Colley, 2002). Bouzarth et al. (2020) proposed to produce National Football league (NFL)

schedules that combine some traditional elements with dynamically scheduled games,
optimizing different objectives. Among them are reducing the variability of the teams’ strength

of schedule or minimizing the pairwise comparisons needed to differentiate team quality to

make each team’s regular season schedule as fare as possible. These concerns are like those

of the dynamic scheduling approach for sports tournaments proposed here.

Project Context

Cavite State University's Bacoor Campus is situated at SHIV Molino VI, Bacoor,

Cavite. This university is deemed suitable for the researcher's clients based on insights

gathered from interviews with Mr. Leander Bulatao (President of CSG) and Mr. Rodney Mesa

(Vice President of CSG). The organization faces challenges in event organization stemming

from a lack of time and manpower and the inefficiencies of the current manual scheduling

process. These challenges include difficulties in sports scheduling, primarily concerning the

determination of tournament game dates and locations due to manpower shortages.

Additionally, the intricate nature of the scheduling process results in time-consuming efforts to

find optimal schedules, and the absence of automation leads to inefficiencies and logistical

hurdles. Although not formally surveyed, the researchers identify these challenges and

propose a system to address them through scheduling automation. Features such as login and

sign-up functionality not only alleviate the burden on manpower and time but also enhance

user engagement. While the specific issues may vary, this project explores the potential

advantages of technology in enhancing the intramural experience at Cavite State University's

Bacoor Campus.

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the web-based tournament scheduling system is to

streamline matchmaking processes and enhance information delivery, specifically for

students at CvSU Bacoor Campus. In particular, the study seeks to accomplish the following

objectives:

1. Designing the Website:

 a. Identifying challenges through structured interviews with the President, Vice

President and student of the Central Government Student regarding

tournament scheduling.

2. Developing the website and application utilizes the following tech stack:

a. Utilizing Hypertext Pre-processor (PHP) as the primary programming

language.

b. Employing MySQL as the database management system.

c. Implementing XAMPP v3.3.0 for Apache server management.

d. Utilizing Google Drive for file storage to archive images and files.

e. Employing Visual Studio Code v1.87.2 as the website's integrated development

environment (IDE).

3. Testing the system through unit, integration, and system testing procedures.

4. Evaluating the system's performance using an adapted ISO 25010 evaluation tool.

5. Formulating an implementation plan.

Purpose and Description

The proposed web application for tournament scheduling at Cavite State University's

Bacoor Campus is poised to have a significant impact on their local intramural activities. Its

primary aim is to efficiently manage and present data pertaining to match-making, event

scheduling, and other aspects of CvSU - Bacoor Campus's local intramurals. Potential uses of

this system encompass:

Athletes and Student Users: This system streamlines access to information concerning

local intramural events for each game, enabling athletes and students to effortlessly monitor

and track relevant details.

Researchers: The system serves as a valuable tool and practical application for researchers

to effectively utilize their programming and database expertise.

 Future Researchers: This study acts as a valuable resource and guide for future

researchers, especially those interested in exploring tournament scheduling systems aimed at

expediting the matchmaking process for administrators.

Time and Place of the Study

The research was conducted at Cavite State University's Bacoor University Campus,

commencing in January 2024. Interviews with the President and Vice President of Central

Government Students took place at CvSU - Bacoor 3rd floor, Room 305, from January 17th to

19th, 2024, aiming to understand their challenges and event management strategies,

particularly concerning local intramurals.

Relevant literature and studies were sourced from platforms such as Google Scholar,

Tuklas, Philippine EJournals, Philippine Journal of Linguistics, Philippine Social Science

Journal, Refseek, BASE, etc., by the second week of February 2024, serving as references

for the study.

The graphical user interface (GUI) of the web application was designed using Canva,

created at the researcher's residence in Waterfield Subdivision, Municipality of Kawit, on

February 5th, 2024.

The web application underwent examination, exploration, and testing during the testing

phase, allowing researchers to ensure the functionality of all features and identify and resolve

any bugs. This phase lasted from March 2024 to April 15th, 2024.

Finally, work on developing the web application for tournament scheduling for local

intramurals at Cavite State University's Bacoor Campus began in February 2024 and is set to

continue until April 2024.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This quantitative study delves into the development and implementation of an

automated scheduling system tailored for local intramural tournaments at Cavite State
University Bacoor City Campus. The research aims to comprehensively explore the challenges

associated with manual scheduling and address them through the introduction of Tournament

Scheduling, a user-friendly software solution. The study, initiated in January 2024, employs

quantitative approaches, including survey interviews, to gather insights from various

stakeholders such as participants, teams, administrators, and organizers involved in local

intramurals. The primary scope is to enhance the efficiency and accessibility of the scheduling

process through the proposed software. The system will be using divisible by 2.

Despite its comprehensive approach, this study recognizes certain limitations.

Unforeseen external factors, beyond the control of the researcher, may impact the research

process. Additionally, the study is confined to the Bacoor City Campus, limiting the

generalizability of findings to a broader context. The proposed software's effectiveness may

also be contingent on the reliability of data collected through surveys and interviews. While

these limitations are acknowledged, the study aims to provide valuable insights and contribute

to the ongoing development and enhancement of tournament scheduling systems within the

specified scope.
Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study used the Input-Process-Output model for

developing the webapp-based tournament scheduling.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the study

The figure above not only demonstrates the progression of the system development but

also outlines the conceptual framework of the study. Key components such as hardware,

software, knowledge, and development tools are essential inputs at the initial stage. The

knowledge requirements encompass various facets including requirements planning, user

design, prototyping, iterative testing, system construction, and final implementation. Upon

completion, the output yields the envisioned outcome, culminating in the development of the

Tournament Scheduling system.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The chapter discusses relevant literature and studies for tournament scheduling for

Cavite State University Bacoor Local Intramurals. The literature and study assisted the

researchers in getting familiar with and understanding the topic.

Related Literature

Multi-league sports scheduling with different leagues sizes

This paper addresses the challenge of scheduling multiple sports leagues

simultaneously, a common issue in amateur and youth sports. It focuses on round robin

leagues with varying team counts, aiming to minimize venue capacity violations due to

simultaneous home games. The authors propose a mixed integer programming model to

optimize league starting rounds and home game allocations, supplemented by heuristic

methods for initial solution generation and improvement. Computational experiments

demonstrate the effectiveness of their approach, with real-life applications showing significant

reductions in venue capacity usage without notable increases in violations. (Li, Davari,

Goossens 2023).

Developments in Information & Knowledge Management for Business Applications

Volume 1

E-sports, a rapidly growing sector bridging entertainment and sports, has experienced

unprecedented expansion in the last decade, driven by technological advancements. This

growth has spurred the formation of numerous organizations dedicated to its development.

The article will explore these key organizations and their functions since inception. Additionally,

it will analyze the most popular e-sports titles based on factors like player count, popularity,

and viewership. Furthermore, the article will delve into simulated sports games, whether digital
or virtual, that emulate real-life sports experiences. Its main goal is to provide an overview of

the leading entities within the e-sports industry, including official e-sports bodies and prominent

titles, underscoring their roles in industry progression. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance

of ongoing development and research in e-sports for both industry advancement and academic

exploration. (Yuzyk, Seidner 2022).

Towards Prevention of Sportsmen Burnout: Formal Analysis of Sub-Optimal

Tournament Scheduling

Scheduling sports tournaments involves intricate optimization, incorporating numerous

stringent constraints. While existing literature offers solutions, newer events often present

unique challenges requiring innovative constraints. Particularly in time-sensitive events,

ensuring fairness among teams regarding rest days, travel, and consecutive games becomes

complex and critical. This study addresses a recent sports event where an imperfect schedule

favored some teams over others. Competitive parameters are introduced to assess fairness,

and a weighting criterion identifies teams benefiting more from the schedule. Additionally, the

root mean squared error between ideal and actual schedules gauges unfairness in rest day

distribution, crucial for preventing athlete burnout caused by consecutive games. (Naqvi,

Ahmad, Islam, Akram, Abdullah, Alamri 2023).

An integer programming formulation for a fair tournament scheduling in TeamGym in

Iceland

Scheduling a sports tournament can pose significant challenges and consume

considerable time. Automating this process should substantially reduce the time required and

minimize the likelihood of errors. The primary objective of this project is to develop a

mathematical model that guarantees a fair tournament for all teams, meeting specific criteria

such as ensuring each team competes in every event at least once, ideally including all event
types in each round, and ensuring teams' rest periods fall within agreed time frames.

(Valdimarsdóttir, 2021).

An integer programming formulation for a fair tournament scheduling in TeamGym in

Iceland

In numerous sports, competition schedules are undeniably fundamental and essential. This

study examined sports competition schedules as networks and explored how network

characteristics affect the precision of predictive ratings and forecasting models in sports.

(Caparrós, Memmert & Wunderlich, 2022).

Development of Scheduling System in Bestlink College of the Philippines for Senior

High School Faculty

The output of this research will be an automatic set of presentation schedule

alternatives that will take into account all constraints. The proposed algorithm for this automatic

scheduling system can generate an optimal presentation timetable and enable direct

interaction with lecturers to gather the data of their available time among its functionalities. The

proposed system performed satisfactorily in terms of accuracy, data handling, and adaptability

in helping the faculty to arrange presentations easily, yield a reliable record, and increase the

efficient use of resources. (Buere, J. C Miguel, D. J., Solano, M., Narciso, J. M., & Ibarra, J.

2020).

The scheduling of basketball tournaments has a significant social impact on those who

support and participate in it. In addition to being an income-generating sector, it is each

person's way of life and culture. However, the Philippines' act together still has a long way to

go in the area of sports management. A person with business acumen and understanding of

sports management is necessary to obtain such goods. The effectiveness and productivity of

sports management might be attained with those skills. (Patulada, 2021).

On-Air, Off-Balance: Detecting and Examining Media Biases in Filipino Sportscasting.

In an era of global sports coverage, media outlets often prioritize international tournaments.

However, local sportscasters may show bias towards their home nation's athletes, limiting

diverse perspectives. It's crucial for media to manage biases, especially during live broadcasts.

This study analyzes language used by sportscasters covering the Philippines Men’s Basketball

Team at the FIBA World Cup 2023 to understand and address media biases. (Corcuera &

Bernardo, 2024).

The Status of the Sports Development Program of a State University in Region1

The success of the teams was found to be closely tied to the effectiveness of the university's

sports development program, which encompasses strategies, support systems, benefits,

incentives, coaching competencies, and techniques. Student-athletes encounter the challenge

of balancing their athletic and academic obligations. Encourage all coaches and trainers to

enhance their skills through relevant training. Enable student-athletes to excel in both sports

and academics. Take the necessary measures to enhance team performance in competitions

within the sports development framework. Adopt best practices from high-performing higher

education institutions (HEIs). Develop mechanisms and action plans to address respondents'

issues and concerns. Organize year-round sports activities involving all stakeholders to

strengthen connections and promote well-being. (Almazan, 2023).

Related Studies

Complexity of Scheduling and Predicting Round-Robin Tournaments

The research investigates the computational challenges associated with scheduling

matches and predicting outcomes in tournaments, particularly focusing on round-robin formats

commonly found in sports. While there is widespread interest in tournament prediction for

financial and intrinsic reasons, the abrupt termination of tournaments has recently highlighted

the need for accurate winner determination. We reveal the significant theoretical complexity
involved in predicting winners in round-robin tournaments, even with just three matchdays

remaining. However, we also introduce a practical and efficient Fixed Parameter Tractable

(FPT) algorithm, demonstrating its effectiveness through experiments with real-world and

simulated data. This algorithm represents a groundbreaking departure from brute-force

methods, providing a precise approach to predicting outcomes in round-robin tournaments.

(Baumeister, Hogrebe, 2021).

An Exercise in Tournament Design: When Some Matches Must Be

Single-elimination (SE) tournaments are widely used in competitive settings and

decision-making processes. Research on algorithms for manipulating Single Elimination

tournaments has been active recently. This paper introduces a new variant of SE tournament

manipulation, reflecting the desire for specific matchups in sports contexts. We present both

complexity and solvability results. While computing a bracket to enforce certain matches in an

SE tournament is NP-hard, certain restrictions allow for polynomial-time solutions. Specifically,

polynomial-time solvability is demonstrated when there is a linear ranking of player abilities

with only a few exceptions a lower-ranked player defeats a higher-ranked one. (Gupta,

Ramanujan, 2024).

Multivariate Analysis of Scheduling Fair Competitions

A "fair competition" adheres to the principle of envy-freeness, ensuring that each

participant faces opponents with an equal level of difficulty. Similar to other non-eliminating

formats like Round-robin or Swiss-system competitions, the winner of a fair competition is the

one who achieves the most victories. The Fair Non-Eliminating Tournament (Fair-NET)

problem addresses the scheduling of such fair competitions, given the tournament

infrastructure and initial rankings of participants. The objective is to determine whether the

tournament structure allows for fair matchups, where each participant faces opponents with

consistent combined rankings. This paper initiates an exploration into the classical and
parameterized complexity of the Fair-NET problem, considering various structural parameters

relevant to real-world scenarios, providing a comprehensive understanding of its computational

aspects. (Gupta, Zenhavi, 2021).

The international timetabling competition on sports timetabling (ITC2021)

Sports scheduling is an area of research focused on developing schedules for sports

competitions that meet specific criteria set by organizers. With the diverse range of tournament

and season formats across various sports, numerous optimization challenges emerge in this

field, as highlighted in a recent categorization of real-world sports scheduling problems and

solutions by (Van Bulck et al.2019).

Solving break minimization problems in mirrored double round-robin tournament with

QUBO solver

This study focuses on the break minimization problem in sports scheduling, which has

garnered significant interest due to its recent formulation as a quadratic unconstrained binary

optimization (QUBO) problem, particularly in the context of quantum computing

advancements. The research demonstrates that the QUBO solver outperforms traditional

mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) solvers when applied to break minimization

challenges in mirrored double round-robin tournaments. Furthermore, the study shows that the

QUBO solver remains effective even when practical constraints, such as consecutive

constraints, are incorporated into the problem. (Fujii, Matsui, 2021).

Perception of the students between the school’s support in academics and sports

towards the promotion and sustainability of sports activities

The study investigates students' views on school support for academic and sports

activities under the K to 12 curriculums. It emphasizes the need for quality monitoring systems

to ensure student well-being and engagement. Students perceive greater support for
academics than for sports and suggest promoting sports through adequate training, resources,

and information dissemination to create a balanced learning environment. (Tabuena, 2020).

Athletic participation, time management and academic performance of student athletes

in San Isidro, Leyte

Sports enthusiasts often argue that such involvement fosters holistic student

development. This study aimed to validate the role of time management in enhancing the

positive link between athletic participation and academic performance among 96 student-

athletes in San Isidro, Leyte. Strong positive correlations were found between athletic

participation and time management, time management and academic performance, as well as

athletic participation and academic performance. (Quimbao, 2023).

Management in Sports Competition .

The quality and outcome of a sports competition are directly influenced by its

management and administration. Effective management requires a thorough understanding of

the program and alignment with the goals of both organizers and participants. To ensure

success and organization in the event, clear rules and regulations, well-planned scheduling, a

safe venue with adequate equipment, and competent officials are essential. Competitions are

judged by the meticulous execution of every aspect, crucial for earning respect and confidence

from participants and spectators, and establishing a positive managerial reputation. (Bolinas,

2021).

The intersection of sports involvement and academic achievement among student-

athletes has been a longstanding subject of debate. Critics have pointed out that participating

in sports may limit the time available for studying and learning, as students struggle to balance

demanding sports schedules with academic requirements. However, advocates of sports

argue that involvement in athletics can serve as a source of motivation for student-athletes,

encouraging them to strive for higher academic goals and promoting attendance in school.
 They contend that sports participation not only enhances academic performance but also

fosters an appreciation for the importance of good health, fitness, and teamwork. Furthermore,

research has provided evidence suggesting that engagement in sports and physical activities

leads to improved mental and physical alertness, which in turn correlates with enhanced

academic performance and greater likelihood of continued attendance in school. (Esguerra,

2019).

E-Board Sports Management Information System with SMS Support: Usability,

Maintainability, Accuracy

In the context of the increasing professionalization and commercialization of sports,

universities serving as providers of higher education play a crucial role. They not only ensure

the presence of highly skilled athletes within their regions but also contribute to the

maintenance of the sports training system. Researchers have developed an E-Board Sports

Management Information System with SMS Support, focusing on usability, maintainability, and

accuracy, using the Rapid Application Development Model within the Software Development

Life Cycle. This study employs both developmental and descriptive research approaches. The

system aims to evaluate usability in terms of understandability and operability, assess

maintainability regarding analyzability and testability, and determine the accuracy of the

developed system. The findings indicate that the system performs very well in terms of

usability, maintainability, and accuracy. (Peñasales, Soberano & Algara, 2023).

 METHODOLOGY

The chapter presents the requirements for developing a system. Necessary materials

used by the researchers are discussed in the chapter including the research design and

techniques or methods needed in developing the Tournament Scheduling System for Cavite

State University Bacoor City Campus.

The computer unit designated for the development of the web application will adhere

to specific hardware and software specifications, including Microsoft Windows 11 and AMD

Athlon Gold 3150U with Radeon Graphics running at 2.40 GHz. The software tools employed

by the researchers encompass Adobe Photoshop (2021) for design, MS Word for Documents,

for language, Java, JavaScript, HTML, CSS, jQuery, SQL, and PHP for the database.

Methodology

The researcher of the project uses the RAD Model for the reason Implementing Rapid

Application Development (RAD) principles in tournament scheduling involves a dynamic and

repeated approach to meet the evolving requirements of stakeholders and end-users,

facilitates the early delivery of working features, and ensures the app meets user expectations.

The method utilizes the four steps: define the requirements, prototype, construction, and

deployment.

Figure 2 shows the graphical illustration of the RAD model.

Figure 2. RAD Model

Requirements Analysis. In this phase the researchers conducted interviews with the CSG

leadership at Cavite State University - Bacoor Campus Local Intramurals, a comprehensive

data gathering process was employed to understand stakeholder needs. Integrating the model,

the project accelerated through iterative development cycles, enabling quick prototyping and

responsive feature refinement. This approach ensured adaptability to changing requirements,

with regular feedback sessions contributing to a customized Tournament Scheduling solution

aligned with the dynamic nature of CvSU's intramural events.

User design. In this phase, contained quick prototypes for Tournament Scheduling were

created within the model. Stakeholder feedback, including from CSG President and coaches,

streamlined the system's alignment with the desired tournament scheduling format.

Construction. It involves the actual development of the system, where features are

implemented concurrently in short iterative cycles. Continuous feedback from stakeholders is

integrated, and parallel development accelerates the overall construction process. In the

Construction phase for tournament scheduling, teams work concurrently on different

components. The iterative approach allows for the implementation of features such as venue

allocation, match pairings, and schedule adjustments. Real-time feedback from coaches and

administrators is crucial to ensuring the system meets the evolving needs of the tournament.

Cutover. In this phase involves transitioning from the development environment to the live

production environment. It includes final testing, data migration, and the execution of the

cutover plan. For tournament scheduling, the Cutover phase encompasses the final steps

before the live deployment of the scheduling system. Includes user training, data migration (if

there is historical tournament data), and the execution of the cutover plan to transition from the

development environment to the live production environment. Throughout the model, there's a
continuous feedback loop with stakeholders, ensuring that the tournament scheduling system

aligns with their expectations.