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Lagash - Wikipedia
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Lagash
Lagash[4]/ˈleɪɡæʃ/ (cuneiform: ���� LAGAŠKI;
Lagash
Sumerian: Lagaš) was an ancient city state located
northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers
and east of Uruk, about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of the
modern town of Al-Shatrah, Iraq. Lagash (modern Al-Hiba
in Dhi Qar Governorate) was one of the oldest cities of the
Ancient Near East. The ancient site of Nina (Tell Zurghul) is
around 10 km (6.2 mi) away and marks the southern limit
of the state. Nearby Girsu (modern Telloh), about 25 km
(16 mi) northwest of Lagash, was the religious center of the Lagash
Lagash state. The Lagash state's main temple was the
E-ninnu at Girsu, dedicated to the god Ningirsu. The
Lagash state incorporated the ancient cities of Lagash,
Girsu, Nina.[5]
Shown within Iraq
of revival as an independent power during the 2nd Dynasty Periods Early Dynastic,
of Lagash before coming under the control of the 3rd Sargonic, Ur III
Dynasty of Ur. After the fall of Ur, there was some modest Site notes
occupation in the Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian periods.[7] Excavation dates 1887, 1968-1976,
Lagash was then largely deserted until a Seleucid era 1990, 2019-present
fortress was built there in the 2nd century BC.[8]
Archaeologists Robert Koldewey,
Vaughn E.
First dynasty of Lagash (c. 2500–2300 BC) Crawford, Donald
P. Hansen
The dynasties of Lagash are not found on the Sumerian
King List (SKL) despite being a power in the Early Dynastic
period and a major city in the centuries that followed. One tablet, from the later Old Babylonian
period and known as The Rulers of Lagash, was described by its translator as "rather fanciful" and
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Eannatum
The next ruler, Eannatum (earlier referred to as "Eannadu"), son of Akurgal and grandson of Ur-
Nanshe, turned Lagash into an major power extending throughout large areas of Mesopotamia and
to the east as well. In an inscription found at ancient Adab:
"Eannatum, ruler of Lagash, granted strength by Enlil, nourished with special milk by
Ninhursag, nominated by Ningirsu, chosen in her heart by Nanshe, son of Akurgal ruler of
Lagash, defeated mountainous Elam, defeated Urua, defeated Umma, defeated Ur. At that
time, he built a well of fired bricks for Ningirsu in his (Ningirsu’s) broad courtyard. His
personal god is Shulultul. Then, Ningirsu loved Eannatum."[18]
Another inscription detail his destruction of "Kiß, Akßak, and Mari at a place named Antasur". He
also claimed to have taken the city of Akshak and killed its king, Zuzu.[19] Eannatum took the city
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Eannatum was succeeded by his brother, En-anna-tum I. Given the many inscriptions his reign is
assumed to be of some length. Most of them detailed the usual temple construction. On long tablet
described the continued conflict with Umma:
"For the god Hendursag, chief herald of the Abzu En-anatum, [ru]ler of [Laga]ß ... When
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Entemena
The next ruler, Entemena increased the power of Lagash during his rule. A number of inscriptions
from his reign are known.[30][31] He was a contemporary of Lugalkinishedudu of Uruk.[32]
Entemena was succeeded by his brother Enannatum II, with only one known inscription where he
"restored for the god Ningirsu his brewery".[14] He was followed by two more minor rulers,
Enentarzi (only one inscription from his 5 year reign, which mentions his daughter Gem[e]-Baba),
and Lugalanda (several inscriptions, one mentions his wife Bara-namtara) the son of Enentarzi.
The last ruler of Lagash, Urukagina, was known for his judicial, social, and economic reforms, and
his may well be the first legal code known to have existed.[33][34] He was defeated by Lugalzagesi,
beginning when Lugalzagesi was ruler of Umma and culminating as ruler of Uruk, bringing an end
to the First Dynasty of Lagash.[35] About 1800 cuneiform tablets from the reigns of the last three
rulers of Lagash, of an administrative nature, have been found, mostly.[36][37][38] The tablets are
mostly from the "woman’s quarter" also known as the temple of the goddess Babu. It was under the
control of the Queen.[39]
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Proposed
Ruler Notes
reign
Ur-Nanshe
c. 2520 BC King ("Lugal")
(Ur-nina)
Lugalanda c. 2355 BC
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Sargon's son and successor Rimush faced widespread revolts, and had to reconquer the cities of Ur,
Umma, Adab, Lagash, Der, and Kazallu from rebellious ensis.[43]
Rimush introduced mass slaughter and large scale destruction of the Sumerian city-states, and
maintained meticulous records of his destruction.[43] Most of the major Sumerian cities were
destroyed, and Sumerian human losses were enormous: for the cities of Ur and Lagash, he records
8,049 killed, 5,460 "captured and enslaved" and 5,985 "expelled and annihilated".[43][44]
A Victory Stele in several fragments (three in total, Louvre Museum AO 2678)[45] has been
attributed to Rimush on stylistic and epigraphical grounds. One of the fragments mentions Akkad
and Lagash.[46] It is thought that the stele represents the defeat of Lagash by the troops of
Akkad.[47] The stele was excavated in ancient Girsu, one of the main cities of the territory of
Lagash.[46]
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With the fall of Akkad, Lagash achieved full independence under Ur-Ningirsu I (not to be confused
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Gudea was succeeded by his son Ur-Ningirsu, followed by Ur-gar. Little is known about either
aside from an ascension year name each and a small handful of inscriptions. It has been suggested
that two other brief rulers fit into the sequence here, Ur-ayabba and Ur-Mama but the evidence for
that is thin.[69] Two tablets dated to the reign of Ur-Nammu of Ur refer to Ur-ayabba as "ensi" of
Lagash, meaning governor in Ur III terms and king in Lagash.[68]
Nam-mahani
Little is known of the next ruler aside from his ascension year name and a handful of religious
inscriptions. Nam-mahani is primarily known for being defeated by Ur-Nammu, first ruler of the
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Ur III empire and being considered the last ruler of the second dynasty of Lagash (often called the
Gudean Dynasty). In the prologue of the Code of Ur-Nammu it states "He slew Nam-ha-ni the ensi
of Lagash".[70] A number of his inscriptions were defaced and the statues of Nam-mahani and his
wife were beheaded (the head were not found with the statues by Ur-Nammu in what is usually
called an act of Damnatio memoriae.[59]
Ur-Ningirsu
c. 2205 BC
I[71]
Lu-Baba[71]
Lugula[71]
Kaku[71]
Ur-Baba c. 2164-2144 BC
Ur-gar c. 2117-2113 BC
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Archaeology
Lagash is one of the largest
archaeological sites in the
region, measuring roughly
3.5 kilometers north to
south and 1.5 kilometers
east to west though is
relatively low being only 6
meters above the plain level
at maximum. Much of the
older area is under the
At the time of Hammurabi, Lagash
current water table and not
was located near the shoreline of
available for research. A
the gulf.
drone survey determined
that Lagash developed on
four marsh islands some of which were gated.[77] The notion
that the city was marsh-based is in contention.[78] Estimates of Goddess Nisaba with an inscription
of Entemena, ruler of Lagash (2430
its area range from 400 to 600 hectares (990 to 1,480 acres).
BC), steatite, Vorderasiatisches
The site is divided by the bed of a canal/river, which runs Museum Berlin
diagonally through the mound. The site was first excavated, for
six weeks, by Robert Koldewey in 1887.[79] It was inspected
during a survey of the area by Thorkild Jacobsen and Fuad Safar in 1953, finding the first evidence
of its identification as Lagash.[80] The major polity in the region of al-Hiba and Tello had formerly
been identified as ŠIR.BUR.LA (Shirpurla).[81]
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Level I architecture
Level I of Area A was occupied from
Early Dynastic (ED I) to Ur III.[97] It
was used for both daily worship
activities and festive celebrations,
particularly for the queen of Lagash
during the Barley and Malt-eating
festivals of Nanše.[97][98]
For the temple-building, it is connected to the courtyard with steps. Twenty-five rooms have been
excavated inside the building, in which the western ones would open up to the outside of the
temple with corridors and form a tripartite entrance.[97] Both the temple-building and the oval wall
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were built with plano-convex mud bricks, which was a very common material up to the late Early
Dynastic III period. Additionally, foundations are found under the temple-building. They are
composed of rectangular areas of various sizes, some as solid mud bricks and some as cavities of
broken pieces of alluvial mud and layers of sand, then capped again with mud bricks.[99]
Building
Building Material[97] Occupation Period[97] Notes[97]
Level
Dimensions:
3HB Building: 24 x 20m
ED IIIB
3HB III
Plano-convex bricks, mud (Eannatum’s rule or Enclosure Wall:
plaster later)
approximately 31m x
25m
An excavator believes that the 3HB Building was a “kitchen temple” that aimed at meeting some of
the god’s demands.[101] Alternatively, it has been suggested that the building was a shrine in the
Bagara complex as it shared more similarities with other temples than kitchens in terms of layout,
features and contents.[97]
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ED III
4HB V Plano-convex bricks (Evidence from pottery)
ED III
4HB IVA Plano-convex bricks (Evidence from pottery)
Dimensions:
4HB IVB Plano-convex bricks ED IIIB 4HB Building: 23 x 14m
Plano-convex bricks
4HB I and flat, square bricks Gudea’s rule
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It has been suggested that the 4HB Building is a brewery as ovens and storage vats and a tablet
mentioning “the brewery” and “a brewer” were found.[101] An alternate proposal is that 4HB
building is a kitchen as it shared lots of similarities with temple kitchens at Ur and Nippur.[97]
Area C
Located 360 meters southeast of Area B. It contains a large Early Dynastic administrative area with
two building levels (1A and 1B). In level 1B were found sealing and tablets of Eanatum, Enanatum
I, and Enmetena.[102]
Area G
Area G is located at the midway of Area B
in the North and Area A in the South.
First excavated by Dr Donald P. Hansen
in season 3H, Area G consists of a
building complex and a curving wall
which are separated by around
30-40m.[97]
3-D reconstruction of Area G by Nic9137
See also
▪ List of cities of the ancient Near East
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Further reading
▪ Al-Hamdani, Abdulameer, "The Lagash Plain During the First Sealand Dynasty (1721–1340
BCE)", in Ancient Lagash Current Research and Future Trajectories - Proceedings of the
Workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, pp. 161–179, 2022
▪ Robert D. Biggs, "Inscriptions from al-Hiba-Lagash : the first and second seasons", Bibliotheca
Mesopotamica. 3, Undena Publications, 1976, ISBN 0-89003-018-9
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Lagash - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash
▪ R. D. Biggs, "Pre-Sargonic Riddles from Lagash", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 32, no.
1/2, pp. 26–33, 1973
▪ Vaughn E. Crawford, "Lagash", Iraq, vol. 36, no. 1/2, pp. 29–35, 1974
▪ Foxvog D.A., "Aspects of Name-Giving in Presargonic Lagash", in W. Heimpel – G. Frantz-
Szabó (eds.), Strings and Threads: A Celebration of the Work of Anne Draffkorn Kilmer,
Winona Lake, 59-97, 2011
▪ Goodman, Reed C., Steve Renette, and Elizabeth Carter, "The al-Hiba Survey Revisited", in
Ancient Lagash Current Research and Future Trajectories - Proceedings of the Workshop held
at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, pp. 115–122, 2022
▪ Hansen, D. P., "Lagaš. B. Archäologisch", Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen
Archäologie 6: 422–30, 1980–1983
▪ Harper, Prudence O., "Tomorrow We Dig! Excerpts from Vaughn E. Crawford’s Letters and
Newsletters from al-Hiba"., Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and
Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen, edited by Erica Ehrenberg, University Park, USA: Penn
State University Press, pp. 89–102, 2002 ISBN 978-1-57506-055-2
▪ Hussey, Mary Inda, "A Statuette of the Founder of the First Dynasty of Lagash", Revue
d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 28.2, pp. 81–83, 1931
▪ Jagersma, Bram, "The calendar of the funerary cult in ancient Lagash", Bibliotheca Orientalis
64.3, pp. 289–307, 2007
▪ Kenoyer, J. M., "Shell artifacts from Lagash, al-Hiba", Sumer 46 (1/2), pp. 123–144, 1989-1990
▪ [2] (http://www.proyectos.cchs.csic.es/SEL/sites/default/files/01marchesi_1e4ee4d9.pdf)
Marchesi, Gianni, "Notes on Two Alleged Literary Texts from Al-Hiba/Lagaš", Studi Epigrafici e
Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente Antico 16, pp. 3–17, 1999
▪ Maeda T., "Work Concerning Irrigation Canals in Pre-Sargonic Lagash", Acta Sumerologica
Japaniensia 6, 33-53, 1984
▪ Maekawa K., "The Development of the é-mí in Lagash during Early Dynastic III", Mesopotamia
8-9, 77-144, 1973-1974
▪ Mercer, Samuel AB, "Divine service in Early Lagash", Journal of the American Oriental Society,
pp. 91–104, 1922
▪ Mudar, K., "Early Dynastic III animal utilization in Lagash: a report on the fauna of Tell al-Hiba",
Journal of Near Eastern Studies 41 (1), pp. 23–34, 1982
▪ [3] (https://resmilitaris.net/menu-script/index.php/resmilitaris/article/download/513/330)
Muhammed, Qassim M., Muhanad Alrakabi, and Jabbar M. Rashid, "Assessment of natural
radioactivity in building material of the ancient city of Tell-Al Hiba in Thi-Qar southern Iraq", Res
Militaris 12.2, pp. 3551–3561, 2022
▪ Ochsenschlager, Edward, "Mud objects from al-Hiba: a study in ancient and modern
technology", Archaeology 27.3, pp. 162–174, 1974
▪ Pittman, Holly, and Darren P. Ashby, "A Report on the Final Publication of the Excavations of
the Tell al-Hiba Expedition, 1968–1990", in Ancient Lagash Current Research and Future
Trajectories - Proceedings of the Workshop held at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016,
pp. 115–122, 2022
▪ Prentice, R., "The exchange of goods and services in pre-Sargonic Lagash", Münster: Ugarit-
Verlag, 2010
▪ Renette, Steve, "Some Observations on Regional Ceramic Traditions at al-Hiba/Lagash", in
Ancient Lagash Current Research and Future Trajectories - Proceedings of the Workshop held
at the 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016, pp. 145–160, 2022
22 of 23 19-Mar-24, 13:40
Lagash - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash
▪ Renette, Steve, "Painted Pottery from Al-Hiba: Godin Tepe III Chronology and Interactions
between Ancient Lagash and Elam", Iran, vol. 53, pp. 49–63, 2015
▪ Thomas, Ariane, "The Faded Splendour of Lagashite Princesses: A Restored Statuette from
Tello and the Depiction of Court Women in the Neo-Sumerian Kingdom of Lagash", Iraq 78,
pp. 215–239, 2016
▪ Garcia-Ventura, Agnès, and Fumi Karahashi, "Overseers of textile workers in presargonic
Lagash", KASKAL, pp. 1–19, 2016
External links
▪ Drone photos reveal an early Mesopotamian city made of marsh islands - Science News -
October 13, 2022 (https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mesopotamia-city-marsh-islands-drone-
lagash-iraq)
▪ University of Pennsylvania Lagash Current and Legacy excavations page (https://web.sas.upe
nn.edu/lagash/)
▪ Excavations in the Swamps of Sumer - Vaughn E. Crawford - Expedition Magazine Volume 14
Issue 2 1972 (https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/excavations-in-the-swamps-of-sumer
/)
▪ University of Cambridge Lagash project (https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/current-
projects/lagash-archaeological-project-lap)
▪ Lagash excavation site photographs at the Oriental Institute (http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/asp_
meso_lagash/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100610050958/http://oi.uchicago.edu/
gallery/asp_meso_lagash/) 2010-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
▪ Lagash Digital Tablets at CDLI (https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=T
ext&PrimaryPublication=&MuseumNumber=&Provenience=lagash&Period=&TextSearch=&Obj
ectID=&requestFrom=Submit+Query)
▪ The Al-Hiba Publication Project (http://al-hiba.net/history.html)
▪ The Al-Hiba Publication Project - digitization (https://pricelab.sas.upenn.edu/projects/al-hiba-pu
blication-project)
▪ 5,000-Year-Old Tavern With Food Still Inside Discovered in Iraq (https://www.smithsonianmag.c
om/smart-news/5000-year-old-tavern-discovered-in-iraq-180981564/)
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