07 Lecture Outline

Goals for Chapter 7
• To use gravitational potential energy in vertical

motion
Chapter 7
• To use elastic potential energy for a body
attached to a spring
Potential Energy and • To solve problems involving conservative and
Energy Conservation nonconservative forces
• To determine the properties of a conservative
PowerPoint® Lectures for
force from the corresponding potential-energy
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition function
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson • To use energy diagrams for conservative forces

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Introduction Gravitational potential energy
• How do energy concepts apply to the descending • Energy associated with

duck? position is called potential
energy.
• We will see that we can think of energy as being
• Gravitational potential
stored and transformed from one form to another. energy is Ugrav = mgy.
• Figure 7.2 at the right
shows how the change in
gravitational potential
energy is related to the
work done by gravity.
HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 1

The conservation of mechanical energy An example using energy conservation
• The total mechanical energy of a system is the sum of its kinetic energy • Refer to Figure 7.4 below as you follow Example 7.1.
and potential energy.
• A quantity that always has the same value is called a conserved quantity.
• Notice that the result does not depend on our choice for
the origin.
• When only the force of gravity does work on a system, the total
mechanical energy of that system is conserved. This is an example of the
conservation of mechanical energy. Figure 7.3 below illustrates this
principle.
When forces other than gravity do work Work and energy along a curved path
• Refer to Problem- • We can use the same
Solving Strategy expression for
7.1.
gravitational
• Follow the solution potential energy
of Example 7.2. whether the body’s
path is curved or
straight.

Energy in projectile motion Motion in a vertical circle with no friction
• Two identical balls leave from the same height with the • Follow Example 7.4 using Figure 7.9.
same speed but at different angles.
• Follow Conceptual Example 7.3 using Figure 7.8.
Motion in a vertical circle with friction Moving a crate on an inclined plane with friction
• Revisit the same ramp as in the previous example, but this time • Follow Example 7.6
with friction. using Figure 7.11 to the
• Follow Example 7.5 using Figure 7.10. right.
• Notice that mechanical
energy was lost due to
friction.

Work done by a spring Elastic potential energy
• Figure 7.13 below shows how a spring does work on a block as • A body is elastic if it returns
it is stretched and compressed. to its original shape after
being deformed.
• Elastic potential energy is
the energy stored in an
elastic body, such as a
spring.
• The elastic potential energy
stored in an ideal spring is
Uel = 1/2 kx2.
• Figure 7.14 at the right
shows a graph of the elastic
potential energy for an ideal
spring.
Situations with both gravitational and elastic forces Motion with elastic potential energy
• When a situation involves both gravitational and elastic forces, • Follow Example 7.7 using Figure 7.16 below.
the total potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential
energy and the elastic potential energy: U = Ugrav + Uel. • Follow Example 7.8.
• Figure 7.15 below illustrates such a situation.

• Follow Problem-Solving Strategy 7.2.

A system having two potential energies and friction Conservative and nonconservative forces
• In Example 7.9 • A conservative force allows conversion between kinetic and
gravity, a spring, potential energy. Gravity and the spring force are
and friction all act conservative.
on the elevator.
• The work done between two points by any conservative force
• Follow Example
7.9 using Figure a) can be expressed in terms of a potential energy function.
7.17 at the right. b) is reversible.
c) is independent of the path between the two points.
d) is zero if the starting and ending points are the same.
• A force (such as friction) that is not conservative is called a
nonconservative force, or a dissipative force.
Frictional work depends on the path Conservative or nonconservative force?

• Follow Example 7.10, which shows that the work done by • Follow Example 7.11, which shows how to determine if a
friction depends on the path taken. force is conservative or nonconservative.

Conservation of energy Force and potential energy in one dimension
• Nonconservative forces do not store potential • In one dimension, a

conservative force can be
energy, but they do change the internal energy of a obtained from its potential
system. energy function using
Fx(x) = –dU(x)/dx
• The law of the conservation of energy means that
energy is never created or destroyed; it only changes • Figure 7.22 at the right
illustrates this point for spring
form. and gravitational forces.
• This law can be expressed as K + U + Uint = 0. • Follow Example 7.13 for an

electric force.
• Follow Conceptual Example 7.12.
Force and potential energy in two dimensions Energy diagrams
• In two dimension, the components of a conservative • An energy diagram is a

force can be obtained from its potential energy graph that shows both the
potential-energy function
function using
U(x) and the total
Fx = –U/dx and Fy = –U/dy mechanical energy E.
• Figure 7.23 illustrates the
• Follow Example 7.14 for a puck on a frictionless energy diagram for a
table. glider attached to a spring
on an air track.

Force and a graph of its potential-energy function
• Figure 7.24 below helps relate a force to a graph of its

corresponding potential-energy function.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

07 Lecture Outline

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Goals for Chapter 7

• To use gravitational potential energy in vertical

Lectures by Wayne Anderson • To use energy diagrams for conservative forces

Introduction Gravitational potential energy

• How do energy concepts apply to the descending • Energy associated with

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 1

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 2

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 3

• Figure 7.15 below illustrates such a situation.

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 4

Frictional work depends on the path Conservative or nonconservative force?

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 5

• Nonconservative forces do not store potential • In one dimension, a

• This law can be expressed as K + U + Uint = 0. • Follow Example 7.13 for an

Force and potential energy in two dimensions Energy diagrams

• In two dimension, the components of a conservative • An energy diagram is a

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 6

• Figure 7.24 below helps relate a force to a graph of its

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

HUST-CTTT-PH1016 - Lecturer V.N.T 7

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