BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN

Plumbing - defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other
apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge
waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of the building in a
safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and
property

Plumber - title given to a person who is skilled in field of sanitation.

- derived from ancient Roman “Plumbarius” which is taken from Latin
word “Plumbum”
Plumbarius - refers to an individual who work at sanitary field
Plumbum - means lead

Air Gap - an air gap in the water system, is the obstructed vertical distance through
the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying
water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the
receptacle.

Ampacity - is the maximum current that a conductor can carry continuously under
the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating. Current is measured
in amperes or “amps.” You must use the correct size wire for the current (load)
requirement of the circuit to prevent the wire from overheating.

Back Flow - is the flow of water, or other liquid mixture or substances into the
distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any source, other than its
intended source.

Back Siphonage - refers to the back flow of used contaminated or polluted water
from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative
pressure in such a pipe.

Battery of Fixture - refers to any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures
which discharges into common horizontal waste pipe or soil branch.

Bib - is synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, plug, etc. The word faucet is preferred.

Blind Flanage - A flange that closes the end of the pipe.

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Blow off - A controlled outlet on a pipeline used to discharge water.
Branch - any part of piping system other than main riser or stack.
Branch Circuit is defined as that part of an electric circuit extending beyond the
last circuit breaker or fuse. The branch circuits start at the breaker box
Branch Interval - the length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a
storey height, but in no case less than 2.40 metres within the horizontal branches.
Branch Vent -a vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack
Breaker - a device for interrupting an electric circuit to prevent excessive current, as
that caused by a short circuit, from damaging the apparatus in the circuit or from
causing a fire.
Calking - is plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are
pounded into the place or opening
Circuit Vent - a branch vent that serves two or more traps and extends from the
front of the last fixture connection of a horizontal branch to the vent stack
Circuit Breaker is a device that can stop the flow of electricity around a circuit by
switching itself off if anything goes wrong.
Continuous Vent - a vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain
Conduit Pipe - channel or pipe for conveying water or other fluid or for carrying
out certain other purposes, such as protecting electric cables.
Combination Fixtures - is a fixture combining one sink and tray or a two or three
compartment sink or tray in one vent.
Combination Waste and Vent System - specially designed system of waste piping
embodying the horizontal wet venting of one or more sinks or floor drains to provide
free movement of air above the flow line of the drain.
Common Vent - a drain from two or three fixture connected to a single trap. Also
called a dual vent.
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Cross Connection - any physical connection between two otherwise separate piping
system.
Dead End - is the extended portion of pipe that is closed at one end permitting the
stagnation of water or air therein.
Developed Length - the length along the centre of the pipe and fitting
Diameter - refers to the nominal internal diameter of such pipe, except brass and
copper tube where the term refers to the outside diameter of the pipe
Drainage System - all pipes within the public or private premises that conveys
sewage, rainwater or other liquid waste to the legal point of disposal
Dry Vent - a vent that does not carry water or waterborne wastes.
Effective Opening - is the minimum cross-sectional area at the point of water
supply discharge, measured and expressed in the diameter of a circle.
Existing Work - shall apply to that portion of a plumbing system that has been
installed and approved prior to the contemplated addition, alteration or correction
Fixture Branch - a pipe connecting several fixtures
Fixture Drain - is the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain
with any other drain pipes
Fixture Supply - a water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch
Fixture Units - quantity in terms of which the load producing effects on the
plumbing system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed on some
arbitrarily chosen scale.
Fixture Units Flow Rate - the total discharge flow in gallons per minute
Flood Level - a device located inside the tank for the purpose of maintaining water
level for effective flushing of the water closet
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BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN
Ferrule -a metallic sleeve called or otherwise joined to an opening in pipe into
which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or
examining the interior of the pipe.
Flush Valve - a devise located at the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets.
Flushometer Valve - is a device which discharges a predetermined quantity of
water to the fixture for flushing purposes activated by direct water pressure,
Grade - is the slope or fall of pipe in reference to a fraction of an inch per foot
length of pipe
Group Vent - a branch vent that performs the function for two or more traps.
Horizontal Vent - any pipe or fitting which makes an angle of 45° with the vertical
Invert - is the lowest portion of the inside of any pipe or conduit that is not vertical
Junction Box is an electrical enclosure that houses one or more wiring connections.
The box protects the connections, which usually contain vulnerable points such as
wire splices, from environmental conditions and accidental contact.
Liquid Waste - any discharge from any fixture, appliance or appurtenance in
connection with a plumbing system which does not receive fecal matter
Local Vent Pipe - a pipe on fixture side of the trap through which vapour or foul air
is removed from the room or fixture
Looped Vent - the same as circuit vent excepts it loops back
Lateral - it is a secondary pipe. In sewage, a common sewer to which no other
common sewer is tributary.
Main -the main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the
system to which branches may be connected.
Main Sewer - is a sewer line or system directly controlled by public authority.
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Main Vent - the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches may
be connected.
Neutral Conductors must be insulated, and must be identified by an insulation
color of white, gray or any color (except green) with three or more white or gray
stripes.Neutral is a circuit conductor that normally completes the circuit back to the
source. Neutral is usually connected to ground (earth) at the main electrical panel,
street drop, or meter, and also at the final step-down transformer of the supply.The
ground circuit is connected to earth, and neutral circuit is usually connected to
ground.
Plumbing Fixtures - are installed receptacles, devices, or appliances which are
supplied with water or which receives or discharges liquid or liquid borne waste,
with or without discharge into drainage system which maybe directed or indirectly
connected
Plumbing System - t includes the water supply distribution pipes; plumbing fixtures
and traps;house drain and house sewers
Relief Vent - is to provide circulation of air between drainage and vent system
Re-Vent Pipe - sometimes called individual vent. A part of the vent pipeline which
connects directly with an individual waste or group of wastes underneath or back of
the fixture, and extend either to the main or branch vent pipe.
Riser - a water supply pipe which extend vertically one full storey or more to
convey water to branches or fixtures
Rough-In - the installation of all parts of plumbing system
Return Bend - an open return bend usually with inside threads, but applied also to
180° bend in pipe.
Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) - is a thick-walled threaded tubing, usually made of
coated steel, stainless steel, or aluminum.
Public Sewer - a common sewer directly controlled by public authorities where all a
butters have equal rights of connection
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Sanitary Sewage - the sewage containing the human excrement and liquid
household waste. It is also called domestic sewage.
Sanitary Sewer - a sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without
industrial wastes and without the admixture of surface water, storm water or
drainage.
Secondary Branch - any branch in a building drain other than the primary branch.
Service Entrance, as the name implies, is where the wires connected to the load
side of the meter enter the house or building. The service entrance in a residence is
commonly thought of as a breaker or fuse box.
Sewerage of Sewage Work - is a comprehensive term including all the
construction or collection, transportation, pumping, treatment, and final disposition
of sewage.
Siamese Connection - is a Y connection used on fire lines so that two lines of
hose ,maybe connected to a hydrant or to the same nozzle
Standpipe - a vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water frequently under
pressure.
Side Vent - is a vent connecting to the drain pipe through a fitting at an angle not
greater than 45° or to the vertical.
Soil Pipe - any pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixture having
similar functions, with or without the discharge from other fixtures, to the building
drains or building sewer
Stack - a vertical main of a system of soil, waste, or vent pipe.
Stack Group - a term applied to the location of fixtures in relation to the stack so
that means of proper fittings, vents may be reduced to a minimum.
Stack Vent - is the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal
drain connected to the stack. Soil or waste stack.
Stack Venting - a method of venting a fixture/s through the soil or waste stack.
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Subsoil Drain - are underground drain pipes that receive sub-surface or seepage
water only and convey it to a place of disposal
Sump - a pit or receptacle at how a low point to which the liquid waste are drained
Trap - is a fitting or device so designed as to provide when properly vented a liquid
seal that will prevent the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of
sewage through it.
Trap Seal - the maximum vertical depth of liquid that trap will retain, measured
between the crown weir and top of the dip of the trap
Utility Box may refer to: A toolbox. Pattress, a box that houses electrical sockets,
switches, or other fixtures, also known as an electrical box. Junction box, a box that
houses electrical connections
Vent Stack - is a vertical pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing
circulation of air to different parts of the drainage system.
Vent System - is a pipe/s installed to provide a flow or circulation of air within the
plumbing system to protect trap seals siphoning and back pressure.
Vertical Pipe - a pipe installed in vertical position or at an angle of not more that
45° with the vertical.
Waste Pipe - a pipe that conveys liquid waste from fixture that is free of fecal
matter.
Water Distributing Pipe - a pipe that conveys water from the water service pipe to
the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets
Water Service Pipe - is the pipe from the water main or other source of water
supply to the building served.
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BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN
Water Supply System - the water supply of a building or premises consist of the
water service pipe, the water distributing pipes and the necessary connecting pipes,
fitting, control valves, and all appurtenance in pr adjacent yo the building or
premises.

Wet Vent - is a vent that receives the discharge from wastes other than water closet

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BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN

Materials - Plumbing

‫ﮙ‬ Cast Iron Soil Pipe - most popular ad generally specified material for drainage
system.
‫ﮙ‬ Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe - widely used in chemical laboratories, industries
and other installations where acid wastes are being discharge.
‫ﮙ‬ Asbestos Pipe - made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement.
‫ﮙ‬ Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe - the cheapest pipe among the sewer pipes.
Recommended for house sewer and septic tank installation.
‫ﮙ‬ Vitrified Clay Pipe - oldest materials used for sewer lines.
‫ﮙ‬ Lead Pipe - oldest plumbing materials used by the Egyptians, Greeks and
Roman builders as soil and waste pipe.
‫ﮙ‬ Galvanized Steel Pipe - made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and
welded. This type of pipe is easily corroded by alkaline and acid water
‫ﮙ‬ Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe - is better in quality than the steel pipe for
plumbing installation. More resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe.
‫ﮙ‬ Brass Pipe - most expensive pipe. It is made of alloy or zinc and copper mixed
at 15% and 85% proportion respectively.
‫ﮙ‬ Copper Pipe - durable and extremely corrosive resistant material. It is easy to
install compared with other types of pipes.
+ K Type - is the heaviest. Suitable for underground installation.
+ L Type - lighter than K type; available in both rigid and flexible form.
Commonly used in residential water supply lines and radiant heating
installations
+ M Type - the thinnest and available only in rigid form. Specially design
for small water supply lines and radiant heating installations
‫ﮙ‬ Plastic or Synthetic Pipe - was introduced in Philippines at early parts of 70’s
RIGID
+ Poly Chloride (PVC)
+ Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
+ Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
+ Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
+ Polypropylene (PP)
+ Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
+FLEXIBLE
+ The Polyethylene (PE)
+ The Polybutylene (PB)

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BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN
‫ ﮙ‬Stainless Steel Pipe

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BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN
Types of Sewage Disposal The Septic Tank

‫ﮙ‬ The Cesspool > The main function of a septic tank is to liquefy and precipitate solid waste
- a hole in the ground curbed with stones, bricks, concrete hollow blocks or purifying odorous materials.
other materials laid in such a manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach > The suspended solid of the sewage is removed largely by sedimentation to form a
into the soil. semi-liquid substance called sludge.
‫ ﮙ‬The Privy > The solid matter is reduced in sizes and consequently changed in character is
- is a concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter constructed for the called digestion.
collection of raw sewage. * sedimentation - in the upper portion of tank
‫ ﮙ‬The Septic Tank * anaerobic decomposition - accumulated sludge at the bottom
-is a device or receptacle used to expedite the decomposition of the elements * Putrefaction - decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria
contained in a raw sewage waste. * Stabilisation - process of decomposition
‫ ﮙ‬The Public Sewer Line > Minimum Size: 90 cm x 150 cm
- is a public sewage system, operated and maintained by the government
consisting of a sewage treatment plant that conveys the raw sewage from buildings
and houses to a disposal system.
‫ ﮙ‬Combination Public Sewer
- The oldest type of public sewer that conveys both storm water and sanitary
wastes.
- is already obsolete and no longer allowed by sanitary authorities.
‫ ﮙ‬Sanitary Sewer
- is a public sewer facility that carries regular sanitary wastes only. It
terminates in a modern sewage dispersal plant.
‫ ﮙ‬Intercepting Sewer
- a sanitary sewer that conveys sanitary waste to dispersal plant
- installed at minimum depth of 3 meters
‫ ﮙ‬Tributary Sewer
- classified as intercepting sewer branch
- installed not more than 3 meters below
‫ ﮙ‬Storm Drain
- another kind of public sewer line that carries storm water.
- it terminates in a natural drain such as canals, lakes or rivers.
‫ ﮙ‬Manhole
-is classified as a device of the main and storm sewer. It serves as man’s
access for inspection, cleaning and repair.
- diameter; 90 to 120 centimeters

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BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN

The Waste Pipe

> Waste Pipe
- smaller in size than the soil pipe.
- smaller because of the kind of waste it receives from the various plumbing
fixtures.
- any pipe in a drainage installation that receives the discharges of any
fixtures except water
* Fixture - refers to slop sink, lavatory, urinal, bathtubs and the like except
water closet.
> Drainage Pipe
- installation that receives and conveys discharges from water closet
> Vent Pipe
- functions as air passage or conduit to ventilate the drainage and waste pipe
installation
> Soil Branch
- refers to the horizontal pipe affixed by the word soil.
- receives the discharge from water closet
> Soil Stack
- a vertical pipe installation where the soil branches terminate.
* Stack - installed vertically.

Location of Cleanout

The waste pipe installation must be provided with an ample number of cleanouts,
strategically located, to be opened in case of pipeline trouble. Cleanout is a
receptacle of the plumbing system accessible on floor, walls or ceilings. It is
equipped with a plug or flash plate so designed as not to impair the aesthetical view
of the room.

The location of clean out must be indicated in the plan. It should be sized equal to
the diameter of the waste pipe, where it is to be connected. This is to avoid
interference in the running or cleaning process. Cleanout must be readily accessible
to the plumber in case of waste line stoppage.

The Soil Pipe

> Installed horizontally with lateral or vertical connections

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BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN
* Deep Seal P-Trap - has from 7.5 cm to 10 cm column of liquid content
between overflow and the dip

> Fixture Trap

Class 1 - For Private Use
Class 2 - For Semi-Public Use
Class 3 - For Public Use

Ventilation

> a portion of the drainage pipe installation, designed to maintain a balance

atmospheric pressure inside the system to prevent problems like:
* Trap seal loss
+ Siphonage - result of minus pressure in the drainage system
- Direct and Indirect Siphoning
+ Back Pressure - caused by plus pressure
+ Evaporation - happen only on the floor drain are not regularly used to
The House Drain admit water, but exposed to extreme weather
+ Capillary Action - draining of the water seal caused by foreign object like
> portion of the plumbing system that receives discharges of all soil and waste thread or string suspended
stacks within the building. * Retardation of flow
> can be installed underground, or may be suspended below the floor or inside the * Deterioration of the materials
ceiling
*Combined Drain - type of house drain that receives discharges of sanitary waste as Plumbing
well as storm water.
- oldest form of house drain. The national plumbing code on fittings and connections of soil pipe provides that:
* Sanitary Drain - receives the discharges of sanitary and domestic waste only
* Industrial Drain - receives the discharges from industrial equipment that contain A. Prohibited Fitting:
some objectionable acid wastes. 1. Double Hub, Double Tee or Double Y branch should not be permitted on soil pipe
* Storm Drain - conveys all storm clear water or surface water waste except sanitary or horizontal lines.
wastes. 2. The drilling and tapping of house drain, soil pipe and waste or vent pipes and the
Trap use of saddle hubs or bends are strictly prohibited
B. Dead End Fittings:
> Gooseneck - P-Trap Dead-end connection in any drainage installation should not be permitted
> Trap Seal this portion of plumbing system will only accumulated waste and sludge.
* Common Seal P-Trap - has 5 cm deep water seal between the overflow
and the dip.

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