ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I

REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDINING OPTION

INSTRUCTOR: R. K. OTIENO

UNIT 3: TRIGONOMETRY AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Learning Outcome

Learners should be able to apply trigonometry and hyperbolic functions.

Learning Activities
Perform calculations using trigonometry

Perform calculations using hyperbolic functions

Learning Areas
a) Trigonometry
i. Trigonometric ratios
ii. Solution of right-angled triangle using Pythagoras Theorem and trigonometric ratios
iii. Expressing 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅 sin(𝜃 + 𝛾)
iv. Double/multiple angles
v. Factor formula
vi. Half –angle formula
vii. Trigonometric functions
viii. Parametric equations

b) Hyperbolic Functions
i. Definition of hyperbolic functions sinh x, cosh x and tanh x
ii. Properties of hyperbolic functions
iii. Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
iv. Hyperbolic identities
v. Osborne’s Rule
vi. Achx+bshx=C equation

Page 1
 LESSON 6: TRIGONOMETRY
Introduction
 Trigonometry is a subject that involves the measurement of sides and angles of triangles
and their relationship with each other.
 The Pythagoras theorem and trigonometric ratios are used with right-angled triangles only.
 However, there are many practical examples in engineering where knowledge of right-
angled triangles is very important.
 Three trigonometric ratios – i.e. sine, cosine and tangent – are defined and then evaluated
using a calculator.
 Solving of right-angled triangle problems using Pythagoras and trigonometric ratios is
demonstrated, together with some practical examples involving angles of elevation and
depression

Solution of right-angled triangle using Pythagoras Theorem

The Pythagoras theorem states:

In any right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the other two sides.

If the lengths of any two sides of a right-angled triangle are known, the length of the third side
may be calculated by Pythagoras’ theorem

Class Example

In the triangles below, find the unknown side using Pythagoras Theorem

Page 2
Exercise on Pythagoras Theorem

1. Two aircraft leave an airfield at the same time. One travels due north at an average speed
of 300 km/h and the other due west at an average speed of 220 km/h. Calculate their
distance apart after 4 hours
2. A man cycles 24 km due south and then 20 km due east. Another man, starting at the
same time as the first man, cycles 32 km due east and then 7 km due south. Find the
distance between the two men.
3. A ladder 3.5m long is placed against a perpendicular wall with its foot 1.0m from the
wall. How far up the wall (to the nearest centimetre) does the ladder reach? If the foot of
the ladder is now moved 30 cm further away from the wall, how far does the top of the
ladder fall?
4. Two ships leave a port at the same time. One travels due west at 18.4 knots and the other
due south at 27.6 knots. If 1knot = 1 nautical mile per hour, calculate how far apart the
two ships are after 4 hours
5. A tent peg is 4.0m away from a 6.0m high tent. What length of rope, correct to the nearest
centimetre, runs from the top of the tent to the peg?

Trigonometric ratios
With reference angle 𝜃 in right-angled triangle ABC below,

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 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝐵𝐶
=
𝐴𝐶

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cos 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝐴𝐵
=
𝐴𝐶

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
cos 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐵𝐶
=
𝐴𝐵

These three trigonometric ratios only apply to rightangled triangles. Remembering these three
equations is very important and the mnemonic ‘SOH CAH TOA’ is one way of remembering
them

Class Examples

1. In triangle PQR, determine sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃 and tan 𝜃

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 2. In triangle ABC, determine AC, sin C cos C, tan C, sin A, cos A and tan A

3. If tan B = 8/15, determine the value of sin B, cos B, sin A and tan A

Exercise

1. Point A lies at co-ordinate (2, 3) and point B at (8, 7). Determine

(a) the distance AB and
(b) the gradient of the straight line AB
2. . If tan θ = 7/24, find sin θ and cos θ in fraction form.
3. Point P lies at co-ordinate (−3, 1) and point Q at (5,−4). Determine
(a) the distance PQ.
(b) the gradient of the straight line PQ

Use of Calculators

1. Determine, correct to 4 decimal places, sin 43◦39’and trigonometric ratios

39𝑜
sin 43◦39’= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 43 60 = sin 43.65𝑜 = 0.690

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Method

This answer can be obtained using the calculator as follows:

1. Press sin
2. Press (
3. Enter 43
4. Press◦ ”’
5. Enter 39
6. Press◦ ”’
7. Press )
8. Press=
Answer=0.6902512…
2. Determine, correct to 3 decimal places, 6 cos 62◦12’
12𝑜
6cos 62◦12’=6cos 62 60 = 6cos 62.2𝑜 = 2.798

1. Press 6
2. Press cos
3. Press (
4. Enter 62
5. Press◦ ”’
6. Enter 12
7. Press◦ ”’
8. Press )
9. Press=
Answer=2.798319..

Given known k

cos 𝜃 = 𝑘

We can find 𝜃 by obtaining inverse of cosine

𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑘

1. Press 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1

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 2. Then, press value of k in calculator
3. Press =
4. Then answer appears

Given known m

sin 𝜃 = 𝑚

We can find 𝜃 by obtaining inverse of cosine

𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑚

1. Press 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
2. Then, press value of m in calculator
3. Press =
4. Then answer appears

Given known n

tan 𝜃 = 𝑛

We can find 𝜃 by obtaining inverse of cosine

𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑛

1. Press 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
2. Then, press value of n in calculator
3. Press =
4. Then answer appears

Exercise

1. Determine, correct to 3 decimal places, 5 cos14◦15’

2. Determine, correct to 4 significant figures, 7tan 79◦9’
3. Determine

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 (a) sine 2π

(b) cos 1.681

(c) tan 3.672

4. Find the acute angle sin−1 0.6734 in degrees, correct to 2 decimal places.
5. Find the acute angle cos−1 0.9648 in degrees, correct to 2 decimal places.
6. Find the acute angle tan−1 3.4385 in degrees, correct to 2 decimal places.
7. Find the acute angle sin−1 0.1381 in degrees and minutes.
8. Find the acute angle cos−1 0.8539 in degrees and minutes.
9. Find the acute angle tan−1 0.8971 in degrees and minutes.
10. In the triangle shown in Figure 21.17, determine angle θ, correct to 2 decimal places.
11. A surveyor measures the angle of elevation of the top of a perpendicular building as 19 ◦.
He moves 120m nearer to the building and finds the angle of elevation is now 47◦.
Determine the height of the building
12. The angle of depression of a ship viewed at a particular instant from the top of a 75m
vertical cliff is 30◦. Find the distance of the ship from the base of the cliff at this instant.
The ship is sailing away from the cliff at constant speed and 1 minute later its angle of
depression from the top of the cliff is 20◦. Determine the speed of the ship in km/h
13. A flagpole stands on the edge of the top of a building. At a point 200m from the building
the angles of elevation of the top and bottom of the pole are 32 ◦ and 30◦ respectively.
Calculate the height of the flagpole.
14. From a ship at sea, the angles of elevation of the top and bottom of a vertical lighthouse
standing on the edge of a vertical cliff are 31◦ and 26◦, respectively. If the lighthouse is
25.0m high, calculate the height of the cliff.
15. From a window 4.2m above horizontal ground the angle of depression of the foot of a
building across the road is 24◦ and the angle of elevation of the top of the building is 34◦.
Determine, correct to the nearest centimetre, the width of the road and the height of the
building.
16. The elevation of a tower from two points, one due west of the tower and the other due
east of it are 20◦ and 24◦, respectively, and the two points of observation are 300m apart.
Find the height of the tower to the nearest metre.

Page 8
Expressing 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽 + 𝜸)
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅 (sin 𝜃 cos 𝛾 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝛾)

= 𝑅 sin 𝜃 cos 𝛾 + 𝑅 cos 𝜃 sin 𝛾

Dividing by R throughout we have

𝐴 𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝛾 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝛾
𝑅 𝑅

Comparing terms

𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝛾
𝑅

Therefore

𝐴
cos 𝛾 =
𝑅

And

𝐵
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝛾
𝑅

𝐵
sin 𝛾 =
𝑅

Representing in triangle

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Class Example

Express the following in general form 𝑅 sin(𝜃 + 𝛼 )

3 sin 𝜃 + 4 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅 sin(𝜃 + 𝛼 )

3 4
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = sin(𝜃 + 𝛼 )
𝑅 𝑅

3 4
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝛼
𝑅 𝑅

Comparing terms, we have

4
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝛼
𝑅

4
sin 𝛼 =
𝑅

And

3
sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑅

3
cos 𝛼 =
𝑅

Page 10
We apply Pythagoras theorem to find R

𝑅 2 = 32 + 42

𝑅2 = 9 + 16

𝑅2 = 25

𝑅=5

Then we obtain cos 𝛼, sin 𝛼 and tan 𝛼

3 3
cos 𝛼 = = = 0.6
𝑅 5

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.6 =

4 4
sin 𝛼 = = = 0.8
𝑅 5

𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0.8 =

4
tan 𝛼 = = 1.3333333
3

4
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =
3

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Double Angles

Given sin(𝐴 + 𝐵), we have

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Given cos(𝐴 + 𝐵), we have

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Given tan (𝐴 + 𝐵), we have

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

tan (𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan (𝐴 + 𝐵) ==
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

If 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝜃, we have

Given sin(𝜃 + 𝜃) = sin 2𝜃, we have

sin(2𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

Given cos(𝜃 + 𝜃) = cos 2𝜃, we have

cos(2𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃

cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 (1)

But we have

Page 12
 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1

cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃 (2)

And

sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃 (3)

Substituting Equation 2 into 1 we have

cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

= 1 − sin2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃

Also we substitute Equation 3 into 1

cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

= cos 2 𝜃 − (1 − cos 2 𝜃 )

cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1

cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃

Given tan (𝜃 + 𝜃) = tan 2𝜃, we have

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan (𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

tan 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
tan (2𝜃) =
1 − tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃

Page 13
 2 tan 𝜃
=
1 − tan2 𝜃

Half –angle formula

Sine half angle formula

From

cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃

We make sin 𝜃 the subject of the formula

2 sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2𝜃

1 − cos 2𝜃
sin2 𝜃 =
2

1 − cos 2𝜃
sin 𝜃 = ±√
2

𝐴
Let 𝜃 = 2

𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴
sin = ±√
2 2

Cosine half angle formula

From

cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1

We make cos 𝜃 the subject of the formula

2 cos 2 𝜃 = 1 + cos 2𝜃

1 + cos 2𝜃
cos 2 𝜃 =
2

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 1 + cos 2𝜃
cos 𝜃 = ±√
2

𝐴
Let 𝜃 = 2

𝐴 1 + cos 𝐴
cos = ±√
2 2

When we divide the sine half angle formula by the cosine half angle formula we have

1 − cos 𝐴
𝐴 ±√ 2
tan =
2 1 + cos 𝐴
±√ 2

1 − cos 𝐴
= ±√
1 + cos 𝐴

Multiple Angles
Sine multiple angles
𝑛
1
sin 𝑛𝜃 = ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−𝑟 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ (𝑛 − 𝑟)𝜋]
2
𝑟=0

Cosine multiple angles

𝑛
1
cos 𝑛𝜃 = ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−𝑟 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ (𝑛 − 𝑟)𝜋]
2
𝑟=0

Tangent multiple angles

1
∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−𝑟 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ (𝑛 − 𝑟)𝜋]
tan 𝑛𝜃 = 2
𝑛 1
∑𝑟=0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−𝑟 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ (𝑛 − 𝑟)𝜋]
2

Page 15
Trigonometric Functions
Single Angles

Identity

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

Cotangent, Secant, and Cosecant Functions

Cotangent is the inverse of tangent, cot

Secant is the inverse of cosine, sec

Cosecant is the inverse of sine, cosec

If we divide identity by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 we have

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

OR

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

If we divide identity by 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 we have

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

OR

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1

Double Angles

For cosecant, given

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝐴 + 𝐵) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵)

1
=
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Page 16
Dividing by sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 in numerator and denominator

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cot 𝐴 + cot 𝐵

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
2 cot 𝜃

But

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

Substituting

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
2 cot 𝜃

1
= (tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 )
2

Dividing by cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 in numerator and denominator

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝐴 + 𝐵) =
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
2 tan 𝜃

But

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

Substituting

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
2 tan 𝜃

Dividing by tan 𝜃

1
= (tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 )
2

Page 17
For secant, given

Given cos(𝐴 + 𝐵), we have

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Therefore

1
sec(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)

1
=
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Dividing by sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 we have

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐵
𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 − 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
cot 2 𝜃 − 1

But

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

Substituting, we have

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
cot 2 𝜃 − 1

Dividing by 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 we have

1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐(2𝜃) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

Page 18
Dividing by cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 we have

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐵
𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
1 − tan2 𝜃

But

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

Substituting

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
1 − tan2 𝜃

OR

1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜃) =
1 − tan2 𝜃

For cotangent we have

1 cos 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = =
tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃

1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 = ∗
sin 𝜃 ( 1 )
cos 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡 =
sec 𝜃

Using double angles we have

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan (𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

So

Page 19
 1
cot (𝐴 + 𝐵) =
tan (𝐴 + 𝐵)

1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
=
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵

Dividing by tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 in both numerator and denominator

cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 − 1
cot (𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cot 𝐴 + cot 𝐵

cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃 − 1
cot (2𝜃) =
cot 𝜃 + cot 𝜃

cot 2 𝜃 − 1
cot (2𝜃) =
2 cot 𝜃

Exercises

4 12
1. Given that sin 𝐴 = 5 and cos 𝐵 = 13 , where A is obtuse and B is acute, determine

i. sec(𝐴 + 𝐵)
ii. tan 2𝐴

(7 marks)

KNEC Diploma July, 2020, Question 2(a)

2. Prove the identities

1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃
i. cos 2𝜃 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1−cos 2𝜃
ii. = tan 𝜃
sin 2𝜃

KNEC Diploma July, 2020, Question 2(b)

3. Solve the equation sin(𝑥 + 20𝑜 ) cos(𝑥 − 20𝑜 ) = 0.6, for values of x between 0 o and
360o, inclusive.
(6 marks)

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 KNEC Diploma July, 2020, Question 2(c)

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