The Skeletal System Cartilages

Ligaments

What are the functions of Skeletal System?

Muscle attached to the bones!!!

1. Support. The skeleton serves as
the structural framework for the
body by supporting soft tissues and
providing attachment points for the
tendons of most skeletal muscles.

2. Assistance in movement. Most

skeletal muscles attach to bones;
when they contract, they pull on
bones to produce movement.

3. Protection. The skeleton protects

the most important internal organs
from injury.

4. Blood cell formation. A

connective tissue called red bone
marrow produces red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets, a
process called hematopoiesis.

5. Storage: Bones store minerals,

such as calcium and phosphorus, for
use by the body.

6. Triglyceride storage. Yellow bone

marrow consists mainly of adipose
cells, which store triglycerides. The
stored triglycerides are a potential
chemical energy reserve.

The Skeletal System

Parts of the Skeletal System Two subdivisions of the Skeleton
Bones(skeletal) Tendons 1.Axial Skeleton
Joints 2.Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Human Body

*The skeleton has 206 bones

*Two basic types of bone tissue

Compact bone
Dense and looks smooth
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces

Classification of Bones on the

Basis of Shape Long bones

Short bones

*Generally cube-shaped or they are as wide as they

are long
*Contain mostly spongy bone Includes bones of the
wrist and ankle
*Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone which
form within tendons (patella)
*Primary function is to provide support and stability
with little to no movement.

Irregular bone
*Irregular shape
* Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
*Typically longer than Phosphorus
they are wide
*Shaft with heads
situated at both ends
*Contain mostly Anatomy of a Long
compact bone Bone
*Long bones, especially
the femur and tibia, a * Diaphysis (shaft)
re subjected to most of
the load during daily
activities and they are Makes up most of bone’s
crucial for skeletal length
mobility

Flat bones

*Thin, flattened, and

usually
curved or are expanded
into broad.
*Two thin layers of
compact
bone surround a layer of
spongy bone
*principal function is either
extensive protection or the
provision
of broad surfaces for muscular
attachment

Irregular bone

Sphenoid bone, one of

the most complex
bones of the human
body, is classified as
irregular bone.

How Strong are Bones?

* The structure of
bones make it both
strong and light weight.
*20 % of an adults body weight is bone.
*Bone is made up of
2 minerals:
Calcium
Composed of compact bone *Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Periosteum
*Epiphysis (ends) *Outside covering of the diaphysis
*Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin *Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers secure periosteum to
layer of compact bone underlying bone

Anatomy of a Long Bone

*Endosteum
*Lines the inner surface of
the shaft
Anatomy of a Long Bone *Made of connective tissue
*Medullary cavity
*Epiphyseal Line *Cavity inside the shaft
*Contains yellow marrow
*Remnant of the epiphyseal (mostly fat) in adults
*Contains red marrow for
plate blood cell formation in
infants until age 6 or 7
* Seen in adult bones

*Epiphyseal plate

*Flat plate of hyaline

cartilage seen in young,

growing bone.

*Causes lengthwise growth

of a long bone
Structure of Bone
*Microscopic anatomy of spongy bone
*Composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone called
trabeculae and open spaces
Structures of Bone
*Bone Markings
*Sites of attachments for muscles,tendons,and
ligaments
*Passages for nerves and blood vessels
*Categories of Bone Markings
*Projections or processes- grow out from the bone
surface
*Depressions or cavities- intendations

Classification of Bones

Sesamoid bones
*shaped like a sesame seed
*develop in certain tendons or a small nodular
bone most often present embedded in tendons
where there is considerable friction, tension, and
physical stress, such as the palms and soles.
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage
*Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
*Made of hyaline cartilage
*Open spaces are filled by marrow, blood vessels, *Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the
and nerves central (Haversian) canal

*Microscopic anatomy of compact bone

*Osteocytes
*Mature bone cells situated in bone matrix
*Lacunae
*Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes
*Lamellae