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The World of Statistics
The World of Statistics
The World of Statistics
Continuous Variables:
is any score that lies on a continuum (o to infinity)
Fractions are meaningful.
Dependent Variables
Independent Varaibles
VARIABLE TYPES
are classifications that tell you what Ordinal= rank. scores can
measurement properties the values have be arranged on a scale
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
MODE: MOST
Interval : Scores are ordered and the CENTRAL TENDENCY: is a
distance between each score is equal. method that gives a single number
to represent the best version of your variable MEDIAN: MIDDLE
Ratio: scores can be ordered, (n+1)/2
difference between each score is equal Each group in the data set must
and the scale has a true absolute 0 have its own separate measure of central
tendency
MEAN: AVERAGE
Historgrams
GRAPHS
Bar Charts
Pie Charts
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
Independent groups design
:is the outcome you expect to find from
conducting your research
Correlational Design NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
Two tailed analysis. Occurs when
RESEARCH DESIGN we evaluate more then two
Experimental Design
variables/groups
INDEPENDENT T-TEST Repeated Measures Design: the same group
Parametric of people are used in different experiments
significant difference between
2 independent groups.
allows you to make inferences from
MANN-WHITNEY U TEST your sample about the larger population. Confidence intervals are effected by
Non-Parametric tells you the probability of your results the variation in population and the sample size
occurring in the population CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
Step 1: Calculate the standard error:
is an interval estimate of sample standard deviation/ square root of the sample size
the population parameters. 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS The confidence
it is used when we do not know interval allows us to
the population mean communicate how Step 2: use a t value to multiply by the Standard error.
accurate our this gives theMargin of Error
population mean CALCULATING CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
ONE-WAY-BETWEEN GROUPS ANOVA estimate is likely to
Parametric be in a specific data step 3 : add and subtract the margin of error from
TWO-WAY-BETWEEN GROUPS ANOVA significant difference between range the sample mean. These two numbers give you the confidence
Parametric 3+ independent groups. interval range
INDEPENDENT GROUPS RESEARCH DESIGNS CENTRAL LIMIT THEORIM
Central limit theorem argues regardless of the shape of the
KRUSKAL-WALLIS ANOVA population, parameter estimates of that population will have a
Non-Parametric normal distribution provided the samples are big enough.