Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician

Sector
Electronics
Sub - Sector
E-Mobility & Battery
Occupation
Assembly
Reference ID: ELE/Q7307, Version 2.0
NSQF Level 4
Drone Manufacturing and

Assembly Technician
Published by
Electronics Sector Skills Council of India (ESSCI)
155, 2nd Floor, ESC House, Okhla Industrial Area-Phase 3, New Delhi- 110020, India
Email: info@essc-india.org
Website: www.essc-india.org
Phone: +91 8447738501
All Rights Reserved©2022
First Edition, September 2022
Copyright © 2022
Electronics Sector Skills Council of India (ESSCI)
155, 2nd Floor, ESC House, Okhla Industrial Area-Phase 3, New Delhi- 110020, India
Email: info@essc-india.org
Website: www.essc-india.org
Phone: +91 8447738501
This book is sponsored by Electronics Sector Skills Council of India (ESSCI)
Under Creative Commons Licence: CC-BY-SA
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Wikipedia and similarly licensed projects.
Disclaimer:
The information contained herein has been obtained from sources reliable to ESSCI. ESSCI disclaims
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liability for errors, omissions, or inadequacies, in the information contained herein, or for
interpretations thereof. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of the copyright material
included in the book. The publishers would be grateful for any omissions brought to their notice for
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copyrighted. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by
any means either on paper or electronic media, unless authorized by the ESSCI.
Assembly Technician
iii
ELECTRONICS SECTOR SKILLS COUNCIL OF INDIA
Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician “: ELE/Q7307, NSQF Level 4"
May 26th, 2022

September 2nd, 2025
iv
Assembly Technician
This par cipant's handbook meant for Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician is a sincere
a empt to ensure the availability of all the relevant informa on to the exis ng and prospec ve job
holders in this job role. We have compiled the content with inputs from the relevant Subject Ma er
Experts (SMEs) and industry members to ensure it is the latest and authen c. We express our sincere
gra tude to all the SMEs and industry members who have made invaluable contribu ons to the
comple on of this par cipant's handbook.
I would like to thank the team of Feedback Advisory for their support to develop the content, the SME
and the team at the ESSCI along with the industry partners for the reless effort in bringing the
handbook in the current format.
This handbook will help deliver skill-based training in the field of Drone Manufacturing and Assembly.
We hope that it will benefit all the stakeholders, such as par cipants, trainers, and evaluators. We have
made all efforts to ensure the publica on meets the current quality standards for the successful delivery
of QP/NOS-based training programs. We welcome and appreciate any sugges ons for future
improvements to this handbook.
v
This par cipant handbook has been designed to serve as a guide for par cipants who aim to obtain the
required knowledge and skills to undertake various ac vi es as a Drone Manufacturing and Assembly
Technician. Its content has been aligned with the latest Qualifica on Pack (QP) prepared for the job role.
With a qualified trainer's guidance, the par cipants will be equipped with the following for working
efficiently in the job role:
Ÿ Knowledge and Understanding: The relevant opera onal knowledge and understanding to
perform the required tasks.
Ÿ Performance Criteria: The essen al skills through hands-on training to perform the required
opera ons to the applicable quality standards.
Ÿ Professional Skills: The Ability to make appropriate opera onal decisions about the field of work.
The handbook details the relevant ac vi es to be carried out by a Drone Manufacturing and
Assembly Technician. A er studying this handbook, job holders will be adequately skilled to carry
out their du es efficiently according to the applicable quality standards, with minimum
supervision.
The handbook has been divided into an appropriate number of units and sub-units based on the content
of the relevant QP. We hope it will facilitate easy and structured learning for the par cipants. We
sincerely hope that par cipants will obtain enhanced knowledge and skills a er studying this handbook
and make career progress in the relevant and senior job roles. The Par cipant Handbook is designed
based on the Na onal Skill Qualifica on Framework (NSQF) aligned Qualifica on Pack (QP) and it
comprises of the following Na onal Occupa on Standrads (NOS)/ topics:
Ÿ ELE/N7308: Manufacturing and Assembly of a Drone
Ÿ ELE/N9905 Work effec vely at the workplace
Ÿ ELE/N1002 Apply health and safety prac ces at workplace
Ÿ DGT/VSQ/N0102 Employability Skills 60 Hours
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Assembly Technician
Table of Contents
S.No. Modules and Units Page No.
1. Introduction to Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician 1
Unit 1.1 Introduction to the Electronics Sector in India 3
Unit 1.2 Introduction to Drones 7
Unit 1.3 Role and Responsibilities of a Drone Manufacturing and Assembly 13
Technician Exercise 17
2. Types of Drones and their Applications (ELE/N7308) 20
Unit 2.1 Types of Drones and their Applications 22
Exercise 35
3. Study of Block diagram of a Drone (ELE/N7308) 38
Unit 3.1 Study of Block diagram of a Drone 40
Exercise 42
4. Module: Required Constituents to make a Drone (ELE/N7308) 45
Unit 4.1 Required Constituents to Make a Drone 47
Exercise 54
5. Study of Drone Electronics/ Circuits (ELE/N7308) 57
Unit 5.1 Study of Drone Electronics/ Circuits 59
Exercise 78
6. Principles of Flying and Learning it with Drone Simulator (ELE/N7308) 81
Unit 6.1 Principles of Flying and Learning it with Drone Simulator 83
Exercise 98
7. Assembling, Testing and Quality check of the Drone (ELE/N7308) 101
Unit 7.1 Assembling, Testing and Quality check of the Drone (ELE/N7308) 103
Exercise 118
8. Soft Skills and Work Ethics (ELE/N9905) 121
Unit 8.1 Effective Communication and Coordination at Work 123
Unit 8.2 Working Effectively and Maintaining Discipline at 130
Work Unit 8.3 Maintaining Social Diversity at Work 141
Exercise 146
9. Basic Health and Safety Practices (ELE/N1002) 149
Unit 9.1 Workplace Hazards 151
Unit 9.2 Fire Safety 163
Unit 9.3 First Aid 167
Unit 9.4 Waste Management 175
Exercise 178
10. Employability Skills 60 Hours (DGT/VSQ/N0102) 180
It is recommended that all trainings include the appropriate Employability

skills Module. Content for the same can be accessed
https://www.skillindiadigital.gov.in/content/list
11. Annexure 182

Annexure I - QR Codes -Video Links 183
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1. Introduc on and
Orienta on to the Role of
a Drone Manufacturing and
Assembly Technician
Unit 1.1 Introduc on to the Electronics Sector in India

Unit 1.2 Introduc on to Drones
Unit 1.3 Job Role and Responsibili es of a Drone Manufacturing
and Assembly Technician
ELE/N7308
Key Learning Objectives
By the end of this module, par cipants will be able to:
1. Describe the size and scope of the electronics industry and its sub sectors
2. List various types of Drones and their respec ve applica ons
3. State the role and responsibili es of a Drone Manufacturer
4. Discuss various manufacturing opportuni es for a Drone manufacturer in the electronics industry
5. State the organiza on’s policies on incen ves, personnel management repor ng structure etc.
2
Assembly Technician
Unit 1.1 : Introduc on to the Electronics Sector in India
At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

1. Describe the size and scope of the Electronics industry
2. Iden fy the sub-sectors of the Electronics industry
1.1.1 Size and scope of the electronics industry and its

sub-sectors
The Indian Electronics System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) industry is one of the vital sectors of the
Indian economy. The country has witnessed a substantial spike in demand for electronic products in the
last few years. Today, India is positioned as the second-largest mobile phone manufacturer globally, with
a surging internet penetration rate.
The ESDM sector is playing a vital role in the Indian government’s goal of generating US$ 1 trillion of
economic value from the digital economy by 2025. With several government initiatives aiming to boost
domestic manufacturing, India is witnessing increased production and assembly activities across
products, such as consumer electronics and mobile phones.
Market Size
Ÿ The Indian electronics manufacturing industry is projected to reach US$ 520 billion by 2025.
Ÿ In FY22 (until October 2021), imports of electronics goods stood at US$ 28.59 billion, whereas
exports stood at US$ 7.89 billion.
Ÿ The demand for electronic products is expected to rise to US$ 400 billion by 2025 from US$ 33 billion
in FY20.
Ÿ The electronics market has witnessed a growth in demand, with market size increasing from US$ 145
billion in FY16 to US$ 215 billion in FY19—the market witnessed a growth of 14% CAGR from 2016-19.
Ÿ India’s exports of electronic goods were valued at US$ 11.7 billion in FY21.
Ÿ Smartphone shipments in India increased by ~82% YoY to reach 33.0 million units in the second
quarter of 2021.
Ÿ The Electronics System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) is broadly segregated into—electronics
system and electronics design.
Ÿ The electronics system market is expected to witness 2.3x demand of its current size (FY19) to reach
US$ 160 billion by FY25.
Ÿ Electronics design segment, growing at 20.1%, was 22% of the ESDM market size in FY19; it is
anticipated to be 27% of the ESDM market size in FY25.
Ÿ India’s consumer electronics and appliances industry is expected to become the 5th largest globally
by 2025.
Ÿ According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, from April 2000 to June
2021, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) equity inflows stood at US$ 3,176.29 million.
3
1.1.2 Sub-sectors of the Electronics System Design &
Manufacturing (ESDM) Industry
Fig 1.1.1 Sub-sectors of the Electronics System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) Industry
1.1.3 Drone Market in India

The Civil Avia on Ministry predicts that India's drone industry will grow from its current turnover of
about Rs. 800 million (US$ 10.88 million) to a total of Rs. 120-150 billion (US$ 1.63-2.04 billion) by 2026.
The government also intends to generate employment opportuni es and a ract investments totaling
Rs. 5,000 crore (US$ 669.07 million) over the next three years to the drone manufacturing sector. The
government is also en cing start-ups and MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) to invest in
drone technology by lowering the eligible annual sales bracket to a minimum level—Rs. 2 crore (US$
267.63 thousand) for drones and Rs. 50 lakh (US$ 66.91 thousand) for drone components.
There are six industries in India that we have observed are exploring drone-based solu ons:
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Assembly Technician
Fig. 1.1.2 Drone based applica ons being explored in India
According to general trends, agriculture and infrastructure are the two that are gaining the most
trac on among these:
Fig. 1.1.3 Size of the poten al market for drone-powered products
Source: h ps://www.pwc.in/industries/financial-services/fintech/fintech-insights/data-on-wings-a-
close-look-at-drones-in-india.html1&2
5
Notes
6
Unit 1.2 : Introduc on to Drones

1. Define a drone
2. Iden fy different types of drones
3. Explain the industry uses for drones
1.2.1 Drones
Today's drones are Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which were ini ally developed for military uses.
Drones are aerial vehicles that can be flown remotely by a person or automa cally by the on-board
computer. These flying machines, which are typically operated by humans using a remote control, are
increasingly being used in civil applica ons like commerce, logis cs, agriculture, medicine, recrea on,
etc.
Adventurers, professional photographers, videographers, and tech and sports enthusiasts have all
become huge fans of drones. It can be credited to the development of drone technology over the past
few years, which now offers cu ng-edge technologies like flight technology, mobile technology, video
technology, as well as sophis cated so ware and ecosystems.
1.2.2 Types of Drones

Drones have lightweight bodies with various technological features. Drones come in a variety of shapes,
sizes, weights, payload capaci es, flight dura ons, and func onali es. The use for which they are being
deployed will determine this. A drone's weight and the ba ery that is connected to it have a big impact
on how long it can fly.
There are primarily two types of drones:
Ÿ Fixed-wing drones
Ÿ Rotary drones
Single-rotor and mul rotor rotary drones are both possible. Various sensors, including TV cameras,
radars, built-in GPS naviga on systems, infrared imaging equipment, image intensifiers, and lasers,
are frequently included in drones. These help in the round-the-clock monitoring and targe ng. Even
laserguided missiles can be carried by drones used for military purposes.
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Assembly Technician
1.2.3 Drone Parameters for Various Types

Parameters Fixed-wing Single rotor Multirotor
Weight Heavy Heavy Light
Payload capacity 2 to 5 kg 3 to 15 kg 2 to 10 kg
1 hour or
Flight time more 1 hour or more 20–45 minutes
Hovering capabilities Cannot hover Can hover Can hover
Expertise required Hard to fly Very hard to fly Easy to use
large-scale
mapping and mapping and surveying observation, photography,
Key uses surveying the area, and spraying and surveillance
Table 1.2.1 Parameters of different types of drones
(Source: https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/research-insights/2020/preparing-for-takeoff.pdf)
Table 1.2.1 Parameters of Different Types of Drones

Due to con nuous development, consumer drone models are available in a large range today, e.g.
Ÿ Tricopters
Ÿ Quadcopters
Ÿ Hexacopters
Ÿ Octocopters
These have three, four, six, or eight rotors, respec vely. Size and features, such as onboard cameras,
ba eries, sensing systems, flight modes, etc., affect the price of drones.
Drones are available with high-defini on cameras, various capaci es of obstacle sensing systems, flight
ranges up to 5 kilometers, and flight mes up to 30 minutes, depending on customer needs.
Fig 1.2.1 Tricopter Fig 1.2.2 Quadcopter
8
Fig 1.2.3 Hexacopter Fig 1.2.4 Octocopter
Classifica on as per the Drone Rules, 2021

According to the Drone Rules 2021 released by the Ministry of Civil Avia on, Government of India,
drones are now classified based upon the maximum all-up weight, including payload, as given below:
1. Nano drone - Less than or equal to 250 grams
2. Micro drone - Greater than 250 grams and less than or equal to 2 Kilograms (Kgs)
3. Small drone - Greater than 2 Kgs and less than or equal to 25 Kgs
4. Medium drone - Greater than 25 Kgs and less than or equal to 150 Kgs
5. Large drone - Greater than 150 Kgs.
9
Assembly Technician
1.2.4 Industry Use Cases for Drones

Sector Uses
Agriculture ● Precision farming– assessing the optimal quantity of water and

fertilizers to be used
● Spraying fertilizers and pesticides on crops
● Detection of pests and diseases infestation in the crop
● Land and crop health monitoring
● Completion of plant count
● Calculation of fair crop loss percentage
● Crop maintenance
Media and ● Aerial cinematography for film production and news reporting
Entertainment ● Aerial documentary
● Aerial photography
Energy and Utilities ● Remediation and site monitoring

● Inspection of underwater intake pipes
● Surveying grades map for siting transmission line
Urban development ● Industrial inspection

● Land audit and Town planning
● Site management
● Developing 3D models for heritage sites to guide restoration work
3D video mapping
● Geo-referencing for land records management
● Digital mapping for accurate property tax collection
Transport ● Inspection of railway lines under construction or maintenance

● Railway infrastructure monitoring
● Detecting and fixing potholes on roads
● Road traffic surveillance to make a decongestion plan
● Highway traffic monitoring and penalizing for traffic rules
violations
Forest and wildlife ● Aerial monitoring to prevent illegal poaching
● Surveillance of swimming spots to prevent unexpected shark
attacks
● Aerial monitoring of forests to control poaching and tree felling
● Census of endangered wildlife
Healthcare ● Urgent delivery of medical supplies, such as blood units, vaccines,
etc.
● Transportation of blood samples to labs for testing
● Monitoring and assessing disease vector habitats
Security ● Security monitoring at public places, music and sporting events,
etc.
Mining ● Thermal imaging, terrain mapping and change detection
● Monitoring and auditing mining firms
● Inspecting mining equipment and mining pits
● Monitoring inaccessible areas to track illegal sand mafia
● Infrastructure and equipment inspection
10
Mining ● Thermal imaging, terrain mapping and change detection
● Monitoring and auditing mining firms
● Inspecting mining equipment and mining pits
● Monitoring inaccessible areas to track illegal sand mafia
● Infrastructure and equipment inspection
Disaster management ● Monitoring for evacuations during typhoons, flooding,
earthquake, etc.
● Isolating people faster than traditional ground -based rescue
teams
Oil and gas ● Inspection of gas processing plants using drones equipped with
infrared cameras to identify leaks in gas pipelines Surveillance
● of pipelines
Telecom ● Regular inspection of telecom towers
● Inspecting cell sites in difficult to reach areas or disaster -affected
areas for information on damaged equipment
● Assessing damage to telecom infrastructure and managing repair
efforts
Insurance ● Assessment of damage to cop and properties following natural
disasters
● Conducting home assessments for quick claim settlements
● Identifying discrepancies and fraudulent claims
● Risk-adjusted product pricing
Tourism ● Use of drone -based videos to showcase the tourist attractions
● Monitoring of historically important and protected tourism spots
● Monitoring of tourists to ensure minimal disturbance to wildlife
in wildlife tourism spots
Table 1.2.2 Industry Use Cases for Drones
(Source: https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/research-insights/2020/preparing-for-takeoff.pdf)
11
Notes
Notes
Scan the QR Code to watch the related video
https://youtu.be/s3OWevhrXpo https://youtu.be/7qnm_okFRnE https://youtu.be/PxQckEYjN-k

Drones Types of Drones Industry Use Cases for Drones
12
Assembly Technician
Unit 1.3 Job Role and Responsibili es of a Drone

Manufacturing and Assembly Technician

1. State the role and responsibili es of a Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician
2. Discuss various employment opportuni es for a Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician in
the Electronics industry
3. State the organiza on's policies on incen ves, personnel management repor ng structure etc.
1.3.1 Job Role and Responsibili es of a Drone Manufaturing

and Assembly Technician
An Assembly and Manufacturing Technician is a key player in the produc on process. They put parts or
goods together so they can be sold as finished goods. The technician in this posi on is in charge of
pu ng manufactured goods together and tes ng them before pu ng them to use internally or selling
them. Produc on technicians assemble and test assemblies, spot issues and recommend fixes, as well as
inspect and test finished goods. This job will be a key member of the manufacturing team and of the
quickly expanding UAV sector.
A Drone Assembly & a Manufacturing Technician have the following primary job responsibili es:
Ÿ A manufacturing and assembly technician needs to know what kind of maintenance to perform on
the equipment they are responsible for. They must also be able to conduct regular maintenance
checks on various types of machinery.
Ÿ maintaining and upda ng the results of various tests and inspec ons performed in accordance
with the product specifica on
Ÿ ensuring that all the components, workers, and other processes are moving forward at the
designated me
Ÿ Assembling components or products for finished product.
Ÿ Work from point-to-point wire lists, layout drawings, and wiring schema cs.
Ÿ Install electrical and electronic parts and hardware in housings or assemblies using soldering
equipment and hand tools.
Ÿ Use PPE (personal protec on equipment) as directed to prevent unplanned incidents.
Ÿ Perform diagnos c tests on the assembled parts and correct as necessary to ensure the finished
product func ons properly.
13
Assembly and manufacturing technician responsibili es
Ÿ assembling, repairing, and maintaining drone assemblies and subassemblies.
Ÿ To complete the task, fill out the route cards, and create the related documents, read the work
instruc ons and drawings.
Ÿ U lizing the appropriate tools, suggest SoPs and ideas that can boost produc vity, cut costs, etc.
Ÿ Use lean tools, such as 5S, to keep the workspace neat and orderly. Promptly report any
produc on problems to the supervisor.
Ÿ Schedule your daily ac vi es and carry out the planned assembly tasks.
Ÿ Perform calibra ons for wire placement and electronic components.
Ÿ Iden fica on of issues and development of remedies
Ÿ Fill out comprehensive reports and keep track of all the ac vi es you've done.
Ÿ U lizing various electronics tools, such as a mul meter and an oscilloscope, for tes ng and
measuring
Ÿ Maintain records and keep track of the calibra on valida on for each tool. Calibra on cer ficate
renewal must be requested prior to expira on.
Ÿ Waste management according to standard opera ng procedure
Commissioning the Drone

Ÿ Performing rou ne drone safety inspec ons following assembly
Ÿ Performing a demo run of the drone to ensure to test.
Repor ng to supervisor
Ÿ A general manager/supervisor who schedules work and is in charge of all employees in the facility
supervises assembly technicians, who typically work alone on their own projects.
Ÿ upda ng the manager on the workload and progress of tasks
Ÿ repor ng the work status using the appropriate paperwork in accordance with organiza onal
standards
Ÿ men oning the issues that can't be fixed on the ground with jus fica on
Ÿ Repor ng on the comple on of hardware replacement or field repairs with reference to the
agreed-upon target and meframe, as well as any jus fica ons for missing the target
Ÿ preparing the feedback form for the customer's level of sa sfac on regarding the product repair
In addi on, the individual has the following responsibili es:

Ÿ Having effec ve workplace conversa ons
Ÿ Working effec vely
Ÿ Maintaining and enhancing professional competence
Ÿ Maintaining a strict code of ethics while at work
Ÿ Upholding social diversity in the workplace
Ÿ Dealing with workplace hazards
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Assembly Technician
Ÿ Following fire safety prac ces

Ÿ Immediately a er first-aid, rescue, and emergencies
Ÿ Following effec ve waste management/recycling prac ces
1.3.2 Personal a ributes of a Assembly and Manufacturing

Technician
For a Drone Service Technician to carry out various tasks successfully, they need to possess a few key
personal quali es. In order to quickly iden fy any drone malfunc ons or issues and expedi ously
resolve them, the person should be detail-oriented and possess problem-solving abili es. In order to
analyze a situa on or problem logically and come up with a suitable solu on, the person should possess
both the necessary technical know-how and logical reasoning skills. Good decision-making skills are
also important for the individual to ensure the correct decision is taken concerning the assembling
requirement.
Typically, the person helps in assembling and making the product ready for sale. For this reason, the
individual needs to have good analy cal skills and the ability to work as per their requirements. It also
includes effec ve communica on skills, i.e., talking courteously and listening a en vely.
In a dynamic technological environment, it is also vital for the individual to stay updated with the latest
developments in their field of work by reading the relevant literature and staying in contact with
relevant people.
1.3.3 Career Progression for a Assembly and Manufacturing

Technician
A drone service technician may choose from several different career paths. Following are some of:
Ÿ Lateral movement in the avia on industry or other related sectors where drones are used. The
individual can work as an employee with such a company.
Ÿ With appropriate knowledge and adequate years of experience, the individual may also become a
Senior Technician.
Ÿ Later, the individual may become a Supervisor and even progress to a manager's level.
Ÿ The person can even work as an entrepreneur and start as a drone assembly centre.
Ÿ Similarly, with strong technical exper se in different types of drones, one can even become a
trainer at a training ins tute or start own drone training centre.
Based on the Experience one can a ain below men oned pos ons into Drone Sector:
15
Junior Level (1-3 years experience)
✔ Produc on Technician
✔ Opera ons Technician
✔ Manufacturing Technician
Mid Level (4-8 years experience)
✔ Produc on Supervisor
✔ Senior/ Technician, Maintenance
✔ Produc on Planning Technical Specialist
Senior Opera ons Technician
1.3.4 Organiza onal Policies on incen ves, Personnel

Management and Repor ng Structure
Depending on the organiza on a person joins, different policies may apply to rewards, personnel
management, and repor ng structures. These vary across organiza ons.
For instance, compared to a private company, a public sector organiza on may provide various types of
incen ves for job performance. The same is the case with the repor ng structure.
Personnel management policies also tend to differ from organiza on to organiza on. The individual
should conduct proper research before interviewing for a job at a par cular company to ensure that
they are sa sfied with the company policies on remunera on, human resource management, career
progression, etc.
16
Assembly Technician
1. List down three sub-sectors of the Electronics System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) Industry.
2. List down the responsibili es of Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician.
3. Match the drone type with its correct descrip on.
Drone Type Description
Tricopter Comes equipped with four rotors.
Quadcopter Comes equipped with six rotors.
Hexacopter Comes equipped with eight rotors.
Octocopter Comes equipped with three rotors.
4. List down the industries using Drone Technologies for increasing their produc vity.
17
Notes
Notes
18
2. Types of Drones and
Their Applica ons
Unit 2 Types of Drones and Their Applica ons
(ELE/N7308)
Key Learning Objectives
By the end of this module, participants will be able to:
1. Explain the fundamental concept of a Drone
2. Explain types of Drones based on Wing Geometry – Fixed Wing, Multi-rotor etc.
3. Describe the applications of different types of Drones
4. Demonstrate the Types of Drones through videos and simulator
5. Demonstrate different types of Drones in physical form
6. Describe the rationale behind having different Drone types for different applications.
7. Types of Fixed Wing drones, make, parts, terminology
8. Operations & Maneuver of fixed wing drones
9. Applications of Fixed Wing drones
10. Introduction to Multi-Rotor drones
11. Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Wing Drones over Multi-Rotor Drones
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Assembly Technician
Unit 2 Types of Drones and Their Applica ons

1. Explain the fundamental concept of a Drone
2. Explain types of Drones based on Wing Geometry – Fixed Wing, Mul -rotor etc.
3. Describe the applica ons of different types of Drones
4. Demonstrate the Types of Drones through videos and simulator
5. Demonstrate different types of Drones in physical form
6. Describe the the ra onale behind having different Drone types for different applica ons.
7. Types of Fixed Wing drones, make, parts, terminology
8. Opera ons & Maneuver of fixed wing drones
9. Applica ons of Fixed Wing drones
10. Introduc on to Mul -rotor drones
11. Advantages and disadvantages of Fixed Wing drones over Mul -rotor drones
2.1.1 Defini on of drones
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, or drones or UAVs, is an acronym for aerial vehicles that fly without a human
pilot on board. UAVs are frequently deployed by both the military and law enforcement agencies in
circumstances where sending manned aircra would pose an unacceptable risk or would be imprac cal
due to the circumstances. The later part of the module includes examples of how drones are becoming
more and more common in modern society.
Fig. 2.1.1 Drone
22
2.1.2 Classifica on of drones based on structure
Based on the structure drones are classified into following:

1. Fixed Wing Structure:
As their name implies, fixed wing drones have two fixed wings that run the length of the aircra .
Fixedwing UAVs have a rigid wing with an aerofoil shape that creates li when the UAV is moving
forward, enabling flight. This airspeed is produced by forward thrust, which is typically accomplished by
an internal combus on engine or electric motor turning a propeller (explained in later modules). The
UAV is controlled by control surfaces that are integrated into the wing itself; these typically include
ailerons, elevators, and rudders. They enable the UAV to freely rotate about three perpendicular axes
that cross at the UAV's center of gravity.
Fig. 2.1.2 Fixed Wing Structure
2. Rotary-wing Aircra
A rotorcra , also known as a rotary-wing aircra , is a heavier-than-air flying cra that creates li by
rota ng wings, also known as rotor blades, around a mast. A set of 2 to 8 mounted blades on a mast is
called a rotor. The mast is an engine-connected sha that is a ached perpendicular to the rotor blades'
plane of rota on.
Rotary-wing aircra are of two types:
a. Single rotor
b. Two rotors
c. Three rotors
d. Mul -rotor (four and above)
Similar to fixed-wing aircra , rotor-based aircra
operate on the same principles. However Fig 2.1.3 Rotary-wing Aircra
constant aircra forward movement is not needed to produce airflow over the blades. Instead, the
blades' con nuous mo on creates the airflow over their aerofoil that is necessary to generate li . This
module's main focus is mul -rotor drones and aircra .
23
Assembly Technician
3. Mul rotor Drone/UAVs.

A mul -rotor aircra is a mechanically straigh orward aerial cra whose mo on is managed by varying
the speed of numerous downward-thrus ng motor/propeller units. A quadcopter is the most prevalent
mul -rotor aircra or drone.
Fig.2.1 Mul rotor drone (Quadcopter)
Mul Rotor are further sub classified based on number of rotors:

a. Quadcopter (4 rotors)
b. Hexacopter (6 rotors)
c. Octocopter (8 rotors)
d. Decacopter (10 rotors)
e. Dodecacopter (12 rotors)
Fig. 2.1.5 Diagramma c representa on of Quadcopter, Hexacopter, Octocopter
24
2.1.3 Applica ons of Drones
Drones are assis ng humans in broadening their horizons because of their agility and capacity to access
previously inaccessible loca ons. Following are some of the major drone applica on areas:
Fig. 2.1.6 Drone based applica ons being explored in India
2.1.4 Types of Drones, physical form and thier applica on

List below are the widely used drones and their applica on.
Sr. Drone Type Description and Uses Physical form

No.
1. Single-Rotor Drones These are a few of the drones

that are the most
fundamental. As its name
suggests, it only uses one rotor
(aside from the tail unit in
some cases) and can
frequently produce thrust
more effectively than its
multirotor competitors. They
may be perfect for longer
flights as a result.
25
Assembly Technician
2. Multi-Rotor Drones These designs have a number

of fans mounted above their
small bodies. The multiple
propellers provide the pilot
with fine control and powerful
lift.
Multi-rotor drones are an

excellent choice for aerial
photography because of their
compact size and superb
control. They add another level
of versatility by being able to
take off vertically and hover
with ease.
Quadrocopters, hexacopters,
and octocopters, however,
have drawbacks. The
complexity and controllability
of a drone increase as the
number of rotors increases.
Batteries deplete more quickly
because of the additional
power that all those moving
parts use. The majority of
multi-rotor drones have flight
times of less than an hour.
Because of this, photography
and videography are the best
uses for them.
3. Fixed-Wing Drones As their name implies,
fixedwing drones have more of
a
traditional airplane
appearance and need a
runway or a catapult to take
off. They are unable to take off
vertically like quadcopters and
single-rotor drones, and they
are unable to hover.
There are many significant

benefits to a wing-based
design. Static wings keep the
drone aloft and enhance
aerodynamics, increasing their
effectiveness. That creates
longer operation without
stopping to charge or swap the
26
batteries. They are also faster
than rotor-based drones
because a plane can move
more quickly than a helicopter.
These qualities make them

perfect for traveling farther
distances. Furthermore, many
fixed-wing drones use gas
engines rather than batteries
to power their aircraft.
Fixed-wing drones are the best

choice for military,
surveillance, and hobbyist
users who want a more
authentic flying experience
because of their flying time,
range, and speed. Compared
to other options on the
market, they are frequently
more expensive and demand
more expertise.
4. Hybrid VTOL Vertical takeoff and landing is

known as VTOL. This was the
main inspiration behind the
creation of this hybrid. The
most recent drone innovation
to hit the market are fixedwing
hybrid models. They combine a
rotor-based device's ability to
take off vertically with the long
range and flight time of fixed -
wing drones. This hybrid
hardware is a fantastic option
for use with commercial
drones because of its
versatility. These models are
already being used for delivery
by some businesses.
Some hybrid systemsare

merely fixed-wing drones
equipped with vertical lift
rotors. Others reposition
themselves to fly straight up
during take-off, then move to a
horizontal position once
Table 2.1.1 Drone: Type, Physical Form, & Description
27
Assembly Technician
2.1.5 Types Of Fixed-Wing Drones/UAVs

Fixed wing UAVs are able to transport a range of payloads and data-link tools. Over all the other
categories, the fixed-wing has the greatest range. The drawback of this pla orm is that it needs a runway
for takeoff and landing. UAV makers are currently working to solve this problem by crea ng a fixed-wing
aircra that can take off ver cally and transi on to horizontal flight. The technology for ver cal takeoff
and landing (VTOL) is used by this class of fixed-wing aircra .
Fig. 2.1.7 Fixed wing Drone
2.1.6 How Does a Fixed-Wing UAV Fly?

It is helpful to have a fundamental understanding of how an aircra operates in order to calculate and
mi gate risks related to fixed-wing aircra . This makes it possible for the organiza on concerned with
reducing the risks posed by comprehend the aircra 's limita ons.
Fig. 2.1.8 Fixed wing Drone Scheme c Diagram
28
What are the Forces Operating on a Fixed-Wing UAV During Flight?
There are four main forces operating on an aircraft while in flight. These are:
Ÿ Lift
Ÿ Gravity
Ÿ Drag
Ÿ Thrust
These four forces are in equilibrium during steady flight, meaning that lift counteracts gravity and thrust
counteracts drag. This is illustrated in the figure shown below.
Fig. 2.1.9 Forces operating Fixed Wing Flight
These forces are present in all the other categories as well as on fixed-wing aircraft. A cross sectional
view of the wing and the airflow around it are examined in order to comprehend how the lift is
produced. "Airfoil" describes this cross-sectional view of the wing. The airfoil comes in a variety of forms,
each of which offers a unique set of flight characteristics.
Fig. 2.1.10 Airfoil Dynamics
As shown above, the airfoil creates an area of low pressure on the top surface of the airfoil and an area of
high pressure on the lower surface. This is caused by the airfoil shape “turning” the flow downward. As a
result, the air flow over top of the upper surface generates a low-pressure region causing the wing to be
lifted upward.
29
Assembly Technician
2.1.7 How does an Aircra Maneuver?

There are three maneuvers involved in controlling an aircraft. These maneuvers are;
Ÿ Roll: This maneuver will rotate the wings right or left around the fuselage of the aircraft.
Ÿ Pitch: The aircraft climbs and descends due to this.
Ÿ Yaw: The turning of the aircraft, which involves pointing the nose to the right or left.
The aircraft's control surfaces are moved in order to perform each of these manoeuvres. The three
main control surfaces on an aircraft are:
Ÿ Ailerons: These devices regulate an aircraft's roll.
Ÿ Rudder- Control the yaw of the aircraft.
Ÿ Elevators – Control the pitch of the aircraft.
Fig. 2.1.11 Aircra Maneuver
In terms of payload types, range, endurance, and applica ons, fixed-wing UAVs have the widest range.
We will break down the fixed-wing aircra based on size to highlight what each size category is typically
used for in order to demonstrate the value of the fixed-wing category.
1. Large fixed wing (10lbs or higher)
2. Medium fixed wing (2lbs-10lbs)
3. Small fixed wing (2lbs or less)
Fixed Wing Flight Benefits
Ÿ Long range and endurance
Ÿ High al tude is capable of making detec on difficult
Ÿ Can carry rela vely heavy objects
Ÿ Quiet during opera on
Looking at this UAV from a security standpoint, this model could be used for various missions:
Ÿ Dropping Supplies/Explosives – These fixed-wing aircra are capable of being retrofi ed to carry
supplies and explosives that can be dropped from a high al tude to strike a specific target. This
makes for difficult detec on and with long range and high endurance capabili es a small chance of
the pilot being discovered.
30
Assembly Technician
2.1.8 Large Fixed-Wing

Large fixed-wing UAVs typically have high payload capaci es, long ranges, and high endurance. These
pla orms come in a wide variety of varie es and are currently available on the market.
Fig. 2.1.12 Large Fixed-Wing
This cra is made of a foam structure and has two motors. The ba ery used in this par cular aircra is a
14.8v Lithium Polymer (Li-Po) 20Ah ba ery. The "cruising current" for this aircra is 10 Amps. As can be
seen from the calcula on below, this aircra can fly for up to 1.5 hours at a me.
The es mated propeller pitch size for this aircra is 7", which would give it a range of about 62 miles.
Numerous different payloads can be carried by this aircra . This aircra might be able to carry up to 20
pounds of payload if its motors are powerful enough. It is an cipated that the range may decrease from
62 miles to about 20 miles when carrying this much payload. Because this par cular aircra can also be
"hand-launched," a long runway is not required for takeoff or landing. This makes stealth takeoffs and
landings possible.
Large fixed-wing aircra have the ability to fly long distance missions, which makes them the ideal
pla orm for transpor ng heavier payloads while s ll having a sizable range. This pla orm could be used
for air-delivered packages into secure areas, and even long-term surveillance from high al tudes.
31
2.1.9 Medium Fixed-Wing
In general, medium fixed-wing UAVs have a high endurance, a long range, and a small payload capacity.
This size range of fixed-wing aircra is probably the most common one on the market right now. The
Volantex Firstar V2 is highlighted to provide a broad overview of the performance that can be observed
from this UAV class.
The wingspan of this aircra is roughly 80" and its empty weight is roughly 7 pounds. Ba ery capacity for
this aircra is capped at a 14.8v 20Ah lithium polymer ba ery. Without a payload, the cruising current is
roughly 10 amps. According to this, the Firstar has a 1.5-hour endurance range. This pla orm has a range
of about 100 miles longer than the long-range aircra because of the slightly higher propeller pitch and
motor Kv.
This medium-sized UAV's high endurance and long-range capabili es make it an excellent pla orm for
high al tude surveillance and even for covertly dropping small payloads.
Fig. 2.1.13 Medium Fixed-Wing
2.1.10 Small fixed-wing

Small fixed-wing UAVs can typically fly for extended periods of me and distances. They lack the
necessary wing area to transport heavy payload, though.
Fig. 2.1.14 Small Fixed Wing
This specific pla orm has an endurance of around 50 minutes and a range of around 80 miles.
This pla orm is not intended to carry a lot of payload, but because of its impressive speeds of +100 mph
in a dive, it can be used as a "kamikaze aircra " to deal out a lot of damage.
32
Assembly Technician
2.1.11 Mul rotor drone

A mul rotor drone is a type of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that has mul ple motors that
drive the propellers to help the aircra fly and maneuver. Mul rotor drones, which are the most
popular kind of drone for making maps and models, operate on the same principles as
conven onal helicopters. They include tricopters (3 rotors), quadcopters (4 rotors),
hexacopters (6 rotors), and octocopters (8 rotors) among other types. These drones can also
maneuver through ght spaces with ease, and a GPS receiver built into each one allows them to
hover and maintain a specific path using waypoints. These drones are also a good choice for
prolonged aerial opera ons and have increased payload capacity for small, light objects like
cameras.
2.1.12 Advantages and disadvantages of Fixed Wing drones

over Mul -rotor drones
Sr. No. Type of Drone Advantages Disadvantages
1. Fixed Wing drones Ÿ For takeoff and landing, a

runway or launcher is
required. As a result, a
greater amount of land or
floor space is needed.
Solutions like VTOL (vertical
take-off/landing) and STOL
(short take off/landing) are
widely used to solve this
problem.
Ÿ Air flow through the wings is
necessary for fixed wing
aircraft to produce lift. As a
result, unlike multi-rotor
UAVs, these must move
forward continuously and
cannot hover in one place.
For stationary applications
like inspection work and
33
Type of Drone Advantages Disadvantages
static video recording, for

example, fixed wing
solutions are therefore
not the best choice.
2. Advantages:
Ÿ VTOL (vertical takeoff and
landing) capability
Ÿ There is no need for a
takeoff or landing area, so
the user can operate in a
smaller area.
Table 2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Wing Drones and Multi-Rotor Drones
34
Assembly Technician
1. Which of the following UAV cannot hover at a place?

a. Fixed wing structure
b. Lighter than air systems
2. Match the columns:
Column A Column B
a. 6 rotors I. quadcopter
b. 12 rotors ii. octacopter
c. 4 rotors iii. decacopter
d. 8 rotors iv. dodecacopter
e. 10 rotors v. hexacopter
3. How does an Aircra Maneuver?

4. Explain Advantages and disadvantages of Fixed Wing drones over Mul -rotor drones
35
Battery System Repair
Technician
Notes
https://youtu.be/unMa2FXvw0E https://youtu.be/sWjpuXluEmY
Definition of Drones Classification of Drone based on structure
https://youtu.be/HpOtDTG2XGQ https://youtu.be/HpOtDTG2XGQ
Applications of Drone Types of Drones, physical form and thier applications
36
37
Battery System Repair
Technician
37
3. Study of Block
diagram of a Drone
Unit - 3 .1 Study of Block diagram of a Drone
(ELE/N7308)
Assembly Technician

1. Explain the func onal Block Diagram of Drones.
2. Describe func onality of each block and its importance with respect to the opera ons of the drone.
3. Prac cally explain showing the parts forming the func onal blocks and their significance in the drone
opera on.
39
Unit 3 Study of Block diagram of a Drone
By the end of this unit, par cipants will be able to:

1. Explain the func onal Block Diagram of Drones.
2. Describe func onality of each block and its importance with respect to the opera ons of the drone.
3. Prac cally explain showing the parts forming the func onal blocks and their significance in the
drone opera on.
lock diagram of the system

3.1.1 B
The block diagram shows how the quadcopter transmi er signal travels from the quadcopter to the
receiver, which then travels to the Pulse Posi on Modulator (PPM) and Pulse Width Modulator (PWM),
which convert the signal into a form that the gyros and accelerator can understand in order to self-level
the quadcopter and supply power to the motors. There is a diagram of the quadcopter's go-pro camera
and receiver as well.
The system's opera on is described in detail in figure 3.1.1, and a circuit diagram can be found at 3.1.2.
This is to give you a fundamental understanding of the en re drone system.
Figure 3.1.1: Block diagram of the system
40
Assembly Technician
3.1.2 Descrip on of the Func oning of Block Diagram

of a Drone
The receiver begins listening to the transmi ng frequency (in this case, 2.4 GHz) as soon as the system is
turned on. The 4 channels of the receiver are used to interpret the thro le, yaw, pitch, and roll
commands issued by the transmi er. The PWM signals are forwarded to an 8 channel PWM to PPM
convertor. At pin number 12, the converter sends the PPM signal to the ARDUIMU. The IMU controller
processes this PPM signal, and pins 14, 15, 16, and 17 output four PWM outputs for the four motors.
The Electronic Speed Controller receives these PWM signals as well as a ba ery connec on from each
11volt ba ery. To run the motor at a par cular speed, the ESC switches the supply across the motor coils.
The sensors con nuously keep track of how the quadcopter is flying in the air. Magnetometer is added
externally, and the ARDUIMU already has an accelerometer and gyroscope built in. The lt
compensa on algorithm is used to correct any lts that are experienced. To stabilize the quadcopter, the
motor speeds are adjusted accordingly.
A T.V. Tuner card is used to receive and display the video that the camera transmits on a 1.2 GHz channel
on a laptop or computer. This video can also be recorded.
Electronic Speed Controller is referred to as ECS. Details about ECS would be uploaded soon.
PWM and PPM stands for Pulse Width Modula on and Pulse Posi on Modula on respec vely.
ircuit diagram of the system

3.1.3 C
Sample Circuit diagram shows how different components are connected in a Drone.
Figure 3.1.2 Circuit diagram of the system
41
1. Draw the Func onal block diagram of a Drone.
2. Explain Block Diagram of the System.
3. Electronic Speed Controller is referred to as ECS. State whether true or false.
42
Notes
https://youtu.be/IqxJpaKuQGo
Block diagram of the system
43
Assembly Technician
44
4. Required Cons tuents
to make a Drone
Unit 4 Required cons tuents to make a Drone
(ELE/N7308)
1. Explain from block diagram to actual cons tuents that go into making of a Drone.
2. Describe in brief, significance, posi oning of each cons tuent.
3. Explain the working of tools needed to assemble and make a drone.
4. Describe the func onality of each part of the Drone.
5. Prac cally explain showing the parts forming the func onal blocks and their significance in the drone
opera on.
6. Demonstra on of using tools needed for drone assembly.
46
Assembly Technician
Unit 4 Required Cons tuents to make a Drone

1. Explain from block diagram to actual cons tuents that go into making of a Drone.
2. Describe in brief, significance, posi oning of each cons tuent.
3. Explain the working of tools needed to assemble and make a drone.
4. Describe the func onality of each part of the Drone.
5. Prac cally explain showing the parts forming the func onal blocks and their significance
in the drone opera on.
6. Demonstra on of using tools needed for drone assembly.
omponents of a Drone
4.1.1 C
Drones are capable of a variety of tasks, such as tracking climate change, carrying out search and rescue
opera ons following natural disasters, and taking pictures, making videos, and delivering goods.
However, their most well-known and conten ous use is by the military for reconnaissance, surveillance,
and targeted a acks
47
lock diagram of different component of Drone
4.1.2 B
Fig. 4.1.1 Drone Parts And its Components
Source: https://vdr.one/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Drone-onderdelen-uitleg.png
escrip on of different component of Drone,

4.1.3 D
posi oning and funac onalty
A - CW propeller
Clockwise is abbreviated as CW. These clockwise-rota ng propellers li the drone into the air. Typically,
plas c is used to make drone propellers. There are, however, propellers of higher caliber. Carbon fiber is
typically used to make these.
Be er propellers will result in a flight that is more stable, easier to control, and lasts longer. Addi onally,
low-noise propellers are receiving more and more a en on.
B - CCW propellers
The acronym CCW means counterclockwise. These propellers spin in the opposite direc on of
clockwise. Two motors on the right rotate clockwise, while two on the le rotate counterclockwise,
48
Assembly Technician
producing an upward force. Addi onally, this prevents the drone from spinning. The moments of the
motors, or their forces, are cancelled by one another because the direc ons in which they rotate
alternate.
The same is true for "CCW propellers" and "CW propellers," both of which are made of carbon fiber and
plas c.
C – Brushless motor
Brushless motors for drones are arguably one of the most crucial parts. Brushless motors are almost
universally used in drones. Compared to brush motors, these are merely more effec ve, more
dependable, and quieter.
D – Engine moun ng
These typically rest on frames for drones. Brushless motors can be mounted in this loca on with ease.
This frame component is occasionally combined with a straigh orward a achment for landings-legs. It's
possible that an improperly mounted motor is the cause of an unsteady flight. Minor devia ons can
cause an unstable flight.
It is crucial that the motors are mounted securely as a result.
E – Landing gear
High ground clearance designs may use skids akin to those on helicopters mounted directly to the body,
whereas designs without a hanging payload may do without landing gear altogether.
The view of a camera with a drone may occasionally be par ally blocked by this landing gear, which is a
disadvantage.
F – Arms
Shorter booms increase manoeuvrability, while longer booms increase stability. Booms must be durable
to withstand impacts while minimizing their interference with prop downdra .
G – Frame
This is the central point of the drone. From this the arms are connected. The installa on of the required
parts (Flight controller, ba eries, cameras, sensors, etc.) will take place in the small space in the middle
of the frame.
H – Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
Converts DC power to three-phase voltage for powering the brushless motors. Any drone with brushless
motors needs an electronic speed controller.
I – Flight Controller
When discussing drone components, the flight controller is essen ally the drone's brain. It processes
49
informa on received from the GPS, monitoring ba ery, receiver, and other sensors. Addi onally, the
flight controller uses the ESCs to control the brushless motor's speed.
The drone cannot be made to fly without a flight controller.
J – GPS Module
Provides la tude, longitude, eleva on, and compass heading from a single device by combining a
magnetometer and GPS receiver.
K – Receiver
O en a standard R/C radio receiver unit. Although 5 is typically advised, 4 channels are sufficient to
control a quad. L – Antenna
This might be a loose wire or a so-called "rubber ducky" type helical depending on your transmi er.
M – Ba ery
Ba eries made of lithium polymer (LiPo) deliver the most current and power. Addi onally, they have a
longer lifespan compared to other ba eries.
N – Ba ery Monitoring
The Flight Controller gathers ba ery level data while the aircra is in flight and can send this informa on
to a pilot-visible display. This component is essen al to include on your list of drone composite parts if
you intend to build one.
O – Gimbal
Cameras or other sensors can be pointed and stabilized using a pivo ng mount that rotates about one,
two, or three axes.
P – Gimbal Motor
Direct-drive angular posi oning can also be performed with brushless DC motors, but this requires
specialized control circuitry and wound coils.
Q – Gimbal Controller
It allows control of direct-drive brushless gimbal motors as if they were standard hobby servos.
R – camera or a sensor
There are much different op ons that can be mounted on a drone.
50
Assembly Technician
4.1.4 T ools required for assembling of Drones

The best way to start a drone manufacturing and assembly unit is with high quality tools, which are
necessary for proper assembly.
We'll go over the main equipment you'll need to build a drone in this sec on, as well as what you'll need
to keep one running smoothly.
Sr.
Name Description of the tool Image
No.
1. Soldering Iron This is one of the most crucial drone
repair tools. All of the electronic
components in a drone can be joined
together using a soldering iron. It can
be used, for instance, to reestablish
connec ons that may have broken
due to a crash or other damage.
2. Screwdriver These are used for the screws that

hold the drone together; depending
on the size of the drone, smaller
screwdrivers are typically required.
3. Torque Torque Screwdrivers are perfect for

Screwdriver repairing or building drones because
they will provide you with the exact
torque required with very little room
for error. Screwdrivers are typically
used for assembly maintenance and
servicing in any engineering or
manufacturing environment. This
torque screwdriver prevents over-
and under tightening to guarantee
precise process control. No matter
how skilled the operator, the
tamper-proof adjustment ensures
that the same torque is applied
repeatedly.
4. Nut Driver These are used to change the

propellers on drones and to remove
or screw nuts onto the drone;
depending on the size of the drone,
smaller nut drivers are typically
required.
51
Assembly Technician
5. Safety Knife Knives for cu ng safety or hobby

materials are among the most
important equipment on this list
because they are used to cut various
drone component parts. Blade can
be adjusted using a slider, and blades
can be changed without using any
tools.
6. Pliers These are employed to grasp parts

inside the drone that are
inaccessible or small. For access to
high-density areas, they have a fine
entry head that tapers down to
1.5mm in diameter. Lead wires are
shielded by the Xuron Tweezer Nose
Pliers' rounded edges.
7. Wire Strippers Any drone wire component that

needs to be stripped can be done so
with the aid of wire strippers. These
are ideal for getting access to strip
wire in confined spaces, particularly
when wires are tangled up behind
components.
8. Wire Cutters The likelihood that you'll need to cut

some wires while constructing or
maintaining a drone is very high, so
it's crucial to have a high-quality tool
on hand. With a screw joint that
reduces friction and improves
cutting edge alignment, this cutter is
constructed from high performance
alloy steel. The tiny head is perfect
for use in small areas. Edge angle
accuracy and contact are
guaranteed by numerically
controlled machine grinding,
enhancing the tools' dependability
and consistency.
9. Glue Gun Using glue guns to attach parts of

your drone temporarily is highly
recommended.
52
Assembly Technician
10. Tweezers Tweezers, like pliers, are useful for

removing parts, small wires, or
moving parts while a emp ng to
work around them. Tweezers with a
longer length make it simpler to
reach small, awkward spaces.
11. Multimeter These are excellent for use in drone

maintenance to check for shorted
wires or circuitry when trying to
diagnose drone damage because
they measure electronic current.
12. Heat Gun Any heat wrap you wrap around

wires will shrink with the help of
heat guns. This device generates
temperatures between 80 and 600
degrees Celsius that are controllable
by a thumbwheel. It is a highly
accurate tool that works well for
soldering, shaping, shrinking on
cable sleeves, and welding plastics.
13. Desk Light and This is a crucial tool to have because

Magnifier it will help you see your work clearly.
You can see into the small spaces
inside the drone with the aid of a
magnifying element in a lamp.
Table 4.1.1 Tools for assembling drones
53
Participant Handbook
1. Brief about the uses of following compenents in a Drone:

a. Gimbal Controller
b. Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
c. Brushless motor
2. Match the following:
Sr.
Name Image
No.
1. Heat Gun
2. Wire Cutters
3. Desk Light and Magnifier
4. Screwdriver
5. Soldering Iron
6. Wire Strippers
54
Notes
https://youtu.be/OUHSWBQg3rI https://youtu.be/43PZ7izoFGs
Components of a Drone Types of Drones
55
56
5. Study of Drone
Electronics/ Circuits
(ELE/N7308)
Unit 5.1 Study of Drone Electronics/ Circuits
(ELE/N7308)
1. Give an overview of basic electronic components such as a resistor, capacitor, transistor,

coil, motors, sensors etc.
2. Define Brushed and Brushless Motors
3. Iden fy Factors in selec on of motors in drones
4. Define Electronic Speed Control (ESC)
5. Demonstrate to Calibrate and mount Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs)
6. Explain Transmi ers & Receivers and communica on modules used in drones
7. Explain the Drone ba eries and their types, pros and cons
8. Explain different sensors used in drones
9. Dis nguish between different flight controllers and compare them
10. Explain Payloads in drones such as Cameras, Load Grippers etc.
11. Define the term Drone weight and payload weight
12. Explain payload weight distribu on for a set of condi ons
13. Explain the Payload based controller calibra on
14. Demonstrate basic electronic components
15. Demonstrate different Drone motors
16. Demonstrate ESC, Trans-receivers etc.
17. Demonstrate Flight controllers
18. Demonstrate payload mechanisms
19. Demonstrate different payload effects on drone flight
20. Demonstrate effect of imbalanced payload condi ons
58
Assembly Technician
Unit 5.1 Study of Drone Electronics/ Circuits
1. Give an overview of basic electronic components such as a resistor, capacitor, transistor,

coil, motors, sensors etc.
6. Explain Transmi ers & Receivers and communica on modules used in drones
8. Explain different sensors used in drones
9. Dis nguish between different flight controllers and compare them
10. Explain Payloads in drones such as Cameras, Load Grippers etc.
12. Explain payload weight distribu on for a set of condi ons
13. Explain the Payload based controller calibra on
14. Demonstrate basic electronic components
15. Demonstrate different Drone motors
16. Demonstrate ESC, Trans-receivers etc.
17. Demonstrate Flight controllers
18. Demonstrate payload mechanisms
19. Demonstrate different payload effects on drone flight
20. Demonstrate effect of imbalanced payload condi ons
5.1.1 Basic Electronic Components

A. Resistor
A Resistor is an element which can oppose the flow of current in an
electrical or electronic circuit. Resistor is a widely used common
component in every electrical and electronic circuits.
The resistor is called a passive element because it has no need of Fig. 5.1.1 Resistor Symbol
external power supply or biasing for its operation. An active
element like Transistor need a power supply or biasing for its
operation but passive elements have no need of power supply for
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their operation.
The resistor is a bidirectional element because it allows current to flow through it in both directions.
Additionally, keep in mind that a resistor lacks polarity, so there are no negative or positive connections.
If the temperature remains constant, a resistor typically exhibits linear conduction, which means that if
we increase the voltage applied across it, the current flow will also increase in proportion to the voltage.
Additionally, non-linear resistors are readily available.
When a resistor is used in an electrical or electronic circuit, heat can be produced that results in a loss of
electrical power. The property of a resistor is called resistance. In both DC and AC circuits, the resistor has
the same effect.
The resistor has not any electrical energy storing property. The voltage and current always in the same
phase for a purely resistive circuit. The resistor does not create any lagging or leading power factor, the
power factor of pure resistive circuit always unity. As the resistor can produce heat that is why this
property used for heating purpose.
B. Capacitor
The Capacitor is an element which can store electrical energy
for a short time in form of charge.
Fig. 5.1.2. Capacitor
The capacitor is a passive element which does not require a power supply or biasing for its operation.
There different types of capacitors are available- AC and DC capacitor are the most important. Of course,
an AC capacitor has not nay polarity but a DC capacitor has polarity.
The capacitor is also a bidirectional element which allows the flow of current in both directions through
it. The capacitor does not electrical power loss. The property of a capacitor is called capacitance. The
capacitor provides high resistance in DC circuit and low resistance in the AC circuit. The reactance
property of a capacitor depends upon the applied frequency to the capacitor.
The capacitor creates a leading power factor when it connected in the AC circuit. The current leads
behind the voltage when it flows through the capacitor. As the capacitor creates a leading power factor
that is why it is used for power factor improvement. The capacitor can block the DC but allows the AC.
C. Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device with three terminals. It
serves primarily as an amplifier and switching device. Both
voltage and current can be used to control this switching
device. By controlling the voltage applied to the one terminal
controls the current flow through the other two terminals.
Transistors are of two types, namely bipolar junction
transistor (BJT) and field-effect transistors (FET). And further,
these can be PNP and NPN transistors. Please refer to this link
to Know more about transistors
In electronics, a transmitter or radio transmitter is an Fig. 5.1.3 Transistor
electronic device which generates a radio frequency
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alternating current. When a connected antenna is excited by this alternating current, the antenna emits
radio waves. The number of channels a transmitter have determines the number of controls it is having.
So a 4-channel radio will be able to control 4 different things whereas a 6-channel radio will be able to
control 6 controls.
A quadcopter needs a minimum of 4 channels to operate, not because it has 4 motors, but because it
needs 4 different controls to fly. Throttle (which determines how quickly the motors spin), Pitch (which
tilts the multicopter forward and backward), Roll (which tilts the multicopter to either side), and Yaw
(which rotates the multicopter on its axis) are these controls.
D. Receiver
The receiver is an electronic device that takes in radio waves and
transforms the data into something that can be used.
Types of receivers:Fig. 5.1.4 ReciverPWM receivers: PWM( Pulse
Width Modulation) receivers use one servo wire for each
channel. So for 4 channels, 4 servo wires are used going to the
channel's port on the receiver. PWM receivers have a lot of
wiring, which makes them relatively big.
PWM receivers: Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) sends a series
of PWM signals along a single wire. PPM is preferred because it
can carry all the channel signals needed with a maximum of 8 Fig. 5.1.4 Reciver
channels and only needs one wire, which makes it ideal for small,
tidy builds.
SBUS receivers: SBUS is a serial connection that is also only one wire long and significantly faster. It is the
users of drones' preferred option.
Sensors: A drone uses a variety of sensors depending on the application and need. Sensors for position
and movement provide data on the condition of the aircraft. Laser, radar, camera, gyroscope,
accelerometer, compass, barometer, and GPS receiver are examples of common sensors.
Fig. 5.1.5 Sensors
Transistors: The transistor works like an electronic switch. It can

turn a current ON and OFF. A simple way to think about it is to look
at the transistor as a relay without any moving parts. A transistor
is similar to a relay in the sense that you can use it to turn
something ON and OFF.
Fig. 5.1.6 Transistors
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5.1.2 Brushed & Brushless Motors

Let's examine one of the UAV's most fundamental parts: its motors. This component controls and
powers the UAV propellers, allowing the unmanned aircraft vehicle to gain altitude and move in any
direction. There are two main types of drone motors – brushed and brushless ones.
There is no doubt that motors are essential to the operation of flying machines, but what exactly do
these motors do?
A motor is the only source of power for each propeller or rotor in a multirotor UAV. It gives the drone
propellers the turning motion needed for them to lift off from the ground and take off. As soon as it
reaches a certain height, its propellers will unavoidably produce more lift, which forces the motors to
move more quickly and draw more power from the UAV battery.
Drones with brushed motors: A brushed motor has a rotor in the middle that is encircled by a stator
fixed with two magnets. The rotor rotates as a result of the physical contact of the commutator's brushes
with the power supply. The magnets in the stator respond to the magnetic field created by the power
flow into the motor's rotor.
Due to this magnetic interaction and the power flow brought on by the brush making contact with the
power source, the motor's rotor continues to rotate endlessly. The strength of the magnetic field, which
accelerates the rotor's revolution, determines how much power is added to the rotor.
Fig 5.1.7 Brushed and Brushless motors
Source: https://dronenodes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/brushless-motor-vs-brushed-motor.png
Brushless Motor : The two primary parts of a brushless motor are the stator and rotor. The image below
is for your reference. The stator, which is made up of windings, is stationary while the rotor, which is
made up of a bell with magnets, turns. There are numerous other minor components, including shafts,
coils, magnets, and bearings. The stator size determines the motor size (diameter and height). For
example, if a motor is sized as 2207, it means that the stator is 22mm in width and has 07mm in stator
height. Also there is something called as a KV of a motor. It describes, theoretically, the rate of rotation
of the motor for each volt given to it.
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5.1.3 Factors in selec on of motors in drones

Performance factors
1. KV - Velocity Constant
The KV rating of a rc brushless motor theoretically represents the rate of rotation of the motor for each
volt applied to it. For instance, if a 3S quadcopter battery motor is applied to the ends of a motor with
2300kv, the motor will spin at 2600x12.60 =32,760 rpm (Revolutions per minute - number of spins in one
minute) without propellers. The rpm gradually decreases as a result of air resistance.
Motor KV is a measure of how quickly a motor turns for each volt it receives.
Higher KV is related to lower resistance, larger current draw, and lower efficiency. Lower KV causes
higher resistance, reduced current draw, and much greater efficiency.
Starting at a lower KV, ideally between 2300 and 2400, would be preferable.
The engine encounters high air resistance when a propeller is mounted because of the propeller's
rotating motion.
2. Torque
The torque that the motor produces is the second element at play. The force that rotates or spins the
propeller is referred to as torque.
1. Stator size: One factor influencing motor torque is the stator's size, which is correlated with
torque.
2. Elements like the magnet's purity and the copper windings on the rotor
3. The air spaces in the motor's stator and rotor.
The quad's performance is significantly influenced by the motor's torque. It also regulates the quad's
receptivity to inputs. The more torque the motor generates, the more quickly the quad will respond.
The ability to instantly shift a quad's course mid-flight is governed by torque, which makes it
considerably simpler to execute tighter turns during a race. The efficiency and thrust both decrease
when a motor has heavier propellers and less torque because it cannot spin the propeller. A motor that is
over-propped will consume a lot of current.
High torque motors have one big drawback: despite feeling snappier and more responsive to the
controls, they oscillation poorly. Because high torque motors may change their rpm more fast, the issue
is actually made worse (oscillation).
Even with PID tweaking, oscillation in Betaflight is difficult to eliminate, especially on the quad's yaw
axis.
3. Efficiency
High by dividing the motor's power output by the thrust it produces at full throttle, one may determine a
motor's efficiency.
The metric for this is grams per watt (g/w). The motor is essentially more efficient the greater this ratio. It
is crucial to take into account the motor's efficiency over the entire throttle range, from 0% to 100%
throttle, because we won't be flying at full throttle the entire time.
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Some motors might operate more effectively at the lower end of the throttle curve than others might
operate more effectively at the higher end. As a result, it's critical to select the appropriate powerplant
for your flying style.
4. Current Draw
The motor's current draw is crucial since it allows us to calculate the size of the quadcopter esc needed
for that specific motor.
For instance, a 1104 motor only consumes 10A at maximum throttle, whereas certain 2306 motors
consume 40A at maximum throttle. It is necessary to choose an esc with a 20% higher rating than the
motor's current draw at 100%.
The burst rating of an esc is another name for it. It represents the highest amps of current that the esc
can sustain for a brief period of time without suffering damage.
5. Temperature
Over time, temperature or heat generally causes motors to fail. The magnets in the rotor of the motors
gradually lose their magnetic field strength if they are heated for an extended period of time. When
subjected to persistent heat, they demagnetize over time, which reduces the motor's lifespan.
Over propping and continuously using higher throttles are the biggest causes of an engine heating up.
Professional drone racers will operate at higher throttles, however if you are just getting started and the
engine heats up, the motor is over-propped.
However, motor designers address this problem by creating cooling fins that allow the motor to draw air
into itself and cool itself, leading to extended life spans—provided you don't crash and break the motor
first.
6. Other factors to consider

a. Single & Multi stranded wires
As the name implies, single stranded wires are constructed of a single copper wire, whereas multi
stranded wires use three thinner wires to replace the one, thicker wire. When utilised in high voltage
projects, single stranded wires are thicker and manage the heat created considerably better.
At greater working temperatures, multi-stranded wires are prone to breaking or melting. Multi-
stranded wires are typically more effective because they pack the wires much more closely together,
creating stronger magnetic fields and more potent motors as a result.
b. Magnets
The strength of a motor is significantly influenced by the magnets inside of it.
In comparison to an expensive motor, which will have more powerful magnets, cheaper motors will have
weaker magnets and create less torque.
Some higher-end motors even have curved magnets which are contoured to the shape of the rotor.
Magnets used in brushless motors are graded based on the magnetic strength such as N52, N54 etc…,
the higher the stronger the magnetic field produced by the magnets.
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c. Motor windings
The motor's windings' quality is another thing to take into account. High-quality copper windings will
reduce resistance to current flow, resulting in improved efficiency and longer flight durations for the
motor.
d. Motor Weight
A motor's size and construction materials determine its weight. The weight of the engine increases with
its size. Keeping in mind that a 5" quad's motors typically weigh 30–40 grammes without wires.
There are also really hefty motors, including the 34 gramme Cobra 2204 motors. Every gramme counts,
as they say, especially when it comes to engines. Why? because as the motor gets heavier, the moment
arm grows. Simply simply, every additional gramme of force required to turn a quadrilateral increases.
Lighter does not necessarily mean better, though. Because they would be constructed of lesser
materials to reduce weight, lighter motors are not as durable as heavier ones. Thus, the decision
ultimately comes down to your intended application for the engine.
e. Motor mounting patterns

A motor's mounting patterns are important since they need to work with all of the frames you decide to
use for it. Nowadays, the majority of 5" quads employ motor sizes between 2205 and 2407.
All of the motors feature mounting patterns that are either (16x16) mm or (16x19) mm. These mounting
patterns are supported by all contemporary frames, so there shouldn't be much of a problem.
A quad motor is brushless. On the motor's stator, there will be screw holes. The above-described motor,
or stator, is mounted to the frame using four M3 screws and features a 16x19 mm mounting pattern.
5.1.4 Electronic Speed Controller

Drone usage is expanding rapidly, with a range of uses that span from the hobby sector to the
commercial and industrial sectors to the most cutting-edge military applications. Drones have the
advantage of being remotely controlled, allowing them to fly over locations that would be too
challenging, hazardous, or inconvenient for humans to access. Agriculture, plant and building
monitoring, shooting ranges, and even the transportation of deliveries, medications, or basic
necessities are just a few of the commercial applications.
What is Electronic Speed Control or ESC?

Electronic speed control, or ESC, is a type of electronic circuit used to modify an electric motor's speed,
direction, and capacity as a dynamic brake. These are widely employed on electrically driven radio-
controlled models, with brushless motors serving as the most popular application because they offer a
low voltage, three-phase, electronically supplied energy source for the motor. An ESC can be integrated
into the receiver itself, as is the case in the majority of toy-grade R/C cars, or it can be a separate unit that
plugs into the throttle receiver control channel. Some R/C manufacturers use complex electronics that
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combine the two on a single circuit board in their entry-level vehicles, containers, or aircraft that
connect only hobbyist electronics.
Fig. 5.1.8 Electronic Speed Controller
5.1.5 Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) Calibra on

The motors are spun at the rate specified by the autopilot by means of electronic speed controls. The
majority of ESCs need to be calibrated so they are aware of the flight controller's expected minimum and
maximum pwm values. Always consult the paperwork for the ESC brand you are using for particular
information regarding ESC calibration as ESC calibration will vary depending on the ESC brand you are
using (such as tones). It is a good idea to try the "All at once" calibration first and, if it doesn't work, try
the "Manual ESC-by-ESC" technique.
All at once calibration
1. Switch on your transmitter and set the throttle stick to the highest setting.
Fig. 5.1.9 Turn transmitter on and setting throttle to maximum
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2. Connect the Lipo battery. The red, blue, and yellow LEDs on the autopilot will alternately
illuminate. This indicates that the device is prepared to enter ESC calibration mode the following
time you connect it in.
Fig. 5.1.10 Connecting battery to power module
3. Disconnect and re-connect the battery while maintaining a high position on the transmitter
throttle stick.
Fig. 5.1.11 Dis-Connecting battery from power module
4. Connect the battery to power module.
Fig. 5.1.12 Re-Connecting battery from power module
5. For Autopilots with a safety switch, push it until the LED displays solid red
6. The autopilot is now in ESC calibration mode.
7. ESCs produce the melodic tone, the standard number of beeps (e.g., 3 for 3S batteries, 4 for 4S
batteries), and then an additional two beeps to signal that the maximum throttle has been
reached.
8. Pull the transmitter’s throttle stick down to its minimum position.
Fig. 5.1.13 Re-Connecting battery from power module
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9. After the calibration is finished and the minimum throttle has been recorded, the ESCs should
emit a lengthy tone.
10. If you heard the extended tone signifying successful calibration, the ESCs are now "active," and if
you slightly increase the throttle, they should spin. By slightly lifting the throttle and then
reducing it again, you can make sure the motors are spinning.
11. To exit ESC-calibration mode, reduce the throttle to the lowest setting and disconnect the
battery
5.1.6 Transmi ers & Receivers and communica on modules

How does a drone controllers work?
A drone controller instructs the drone what to do by delivering a radio signal from the remote control to
the drone.
The radio transmitter in the drone controller transmits radio signals, which the drone receiver receives.
For this reason, the drone controller is often referred to as a drone radio transmitter or a drone radio
controller. An electronic device called a drone radio transmitter sends commands wirelessly over a
predetermined radio frequency to the drone's radio receiver, which is attached to the drone that is being
remotely controlled. In other terms, it's the mechanism that converts pilot commands into multirotor
movement. Channels are used by a drone radio transmitter to convey commands. A separate action is
communicated to the aircraft via each channel.
5.1.7 Drone Controller

A transmitter or a remote controller is frequently used to operate drones. This helpful device looks like a
remote control for a video game or a toy, but it has buttons and joysticks that have different functions.
Parts of a Drone Controller
Fig. 5.1.14 Parts of Drone Controller
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Assembly Technician
Main Functions of a Drone Controller

The four primary responsibilities and crucial components of each drone controller are as follows:
Ÿ Yaw: The drone can rotate in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
Ÿ The throttle adjusts how much power is given to the drone's motors, allowing for faster or slower
flying speeds.
Ÿ Roll: A drone's left or right movement is referred to as rolling.
Ÿ Pitch: A drone's forward or backward tilt is referred to as its pitch.
Right Stick: The drone may be moved right or left as well as forward and backward by using the right stick
to control the drone's roll and pitch.
Left Stick: The left stick lets one control the yaw and throttle of the drone, allowing one to control the
height at which one flies the drone and letting one rotate the drone clockwise or counter-clockwise in
flight.
Frequency of the Transmitter

The following frequencies are frequently used by FPV drone radio transmitters: 27MHz, 72MHz,
433MHz, 900MHz, 1.3GHz, and 2.4GHz. Long-range FPV and RC systems typically employ the 433MHz,
900MHz, and 1.3GHz frequencies.
Drone manufacturers are now able to design device controllers that work on smartphones or tablets
thanks to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. High-tech controls, not simply a smartphone app for your RC transmitter.
Radio Receivers
A radio receiver is a device that can receive instructions from a radio transmitter, interpret the signal
through a flight controller, and then translate those instructions into precise instructions for piloting an
aircraft.
Fig. 5.1.15 Drone Remote Controller
The same frequencies must be used for both Rx and Tx. For instance, a 2.4GHz transmitter and radio
receiver must be compatible.
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5.1.8 Drone ba eries, their types, pros and cons

Batteries UAVs employ a wide variety of batteries, each of which has advantages and disadvantages that
are unique. Lead acid (Pb-acid), nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), alkaline, lithium
polymer (Li-Po), lithium ion (Li-ion), zinc oxide (Zn-O2), lithium air (Li-air), and lithium thionyl chloride
are some of the varieties (Li-SOCl2).
Li-Po and Li-Ion batteries are the most frequently used in drones. Li-SOCl2 batteries offer a two-fold
higher energy density per kilogramme than the aforementioned batteries, and Li-air batteries can have
an energy density of up to seven times higher; but, they are regrettably less common and considerably
more expensive than Li-Po and Li-ion batteries. The apparent choice to replace Li-ion batteries in the
near future is Lithium sulphur (Li-S), a different variety of Li-batteries that also offers a higher density
than Li-ion at a lower cost. Comparing the power density, energy density, weight, volume, cycle life, cost,
safety, and maintenance requirements of the various possibilities yields the best battery type. Each
criterion has an impact on a different aspect of the drone; for example, power density affects the
system's ability to accelerate, energy density determines its range, cycle life establishes how frequently
the battery needs to be changed, weight and volume affect the system's range, and cost influences its
accessibility. Because they can suit the needs of EVs, Pb-acid, NiMH, and Li-ion batteries are the most
often used for EV applications. In addition to being lighter and more compact than other rechargeable
batteries, Li-ion batteries have a high energy and power density per unit of battery mass. Other benefits
include a comparable long cycle life, good energy efficiency, and no memory effects. These batteries'
price, which is substantially more than that of the other two, is their main drawback.
5.1.9 Comparison of Battery Types
Table 5.1.1 Comparison of Battery
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5.1.10 Different type of sensors used in drones

A sensor is a device that recognises changes in physical, electrical, or other qualities and generates an
output as a result of the detection. This output often takes the shape of an electrical or optical signal. In
order to properly manoeuvre and gather vital information about the object they are inspecting, drones
can utilise sensors to detect changes in their environment.
Types of sensors
A drone can be equipped with a number of sensors to record various changes and gather a wide range of
data.
1. Speed and Distance Sensors

These sensors can be used to detect the speed of the drone or measuring the distance between drone
and another object, without actual physical contact with the object. This can be done in many ways, such
as:
Ÿ Sonar-pulse distance sensing - To determine the distance between an object and the drone,
ultrasonic waves are transmitted from the sensor and then collected back in the form of wave
pulse width. However, because it relied on sound waves, this technique may not work properly if
there is excessive background noise.
Ÿ Light-pulse distance sensing - It is a direct measurement technique that makes use of a laser
diode to produce incredibly brief but intense light pulses that are reflected by the objects and
then once more detected by a light-sensitive receiver. Its accuracy, noise immunity, and
precision are its main advantages.
Ÿ Magnetic-field change sensing - These sensors can be used to detect the presence of magnetic
fields and objects, which can be useful for locating the drone.
Ÿ These sensors can help a drone to avoid collision, navigation, altitude detection etc.
2. Infrared and Thermal sensors

Depending on the accuracy of the sensor, infrared sensors, particularly those found in cameras, have a
wide range of possible applications, such as search and rescue, surveillance, agricultural and forest
health, pipeline inspection, leak detection, etc. Although infrared cannot be seen by the human eye,
when its intensity is strong, it may occasionally be perceived as heat radiation. Thus, a thermal camera
can identify regions with greater temperatures. It can identify overheated electrical components in a
variety of devices, including switchgear and substations. The safety of human personnel can be
improved by using a drone to assist in detecting these parts from a distance. They can also be utilised for
surveillance and night vision.
3. Image sensors
An image sensor is able to recognise and transmit details about what makes up an image. Signals are
created by transforming light waves' changing attenuation. They are employed in the drones' cameras to
turn the images the drones capture into digital images. They can be used for many different things,
including thermography, the generation of multispectral images, x-ray sensor arrays, and other
extremely sensitive astronomical arrays.
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4. Chemical Sensors
A chemical sensor can be mounted to a drone and used to collect data on the chemical composition of
any environment. This sensor is a self-contained unit. The analyte molecules inside the device interact
only with the molecules already present in the environment when the environment's chemical
composition changes. This gadget has the ability to be connected to a transducer, which would emit
signals in response to a change. Sensors are crucial to the development of drone technology in
numerous ways. They have established themselves in a variety of industries, thus it is crucial that they
have the capability of recognising changes in the systems they are designed for. That has been made
easier by these sensors, and as they improve in accuracy, drone services will get better.
Fig. 5.1.14 Types of sensors
5.1.11 Distinguish between different flight controllers

and compare them
What is Flight Controller?
The drone's flight controller, which controls the motors and ESCs, is its brain. It is an electronic board that
has transmitter pins, communication protocols, sensors, and processors installed. A flight controller has
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control over every component of the drone. By adjusting the motors' RPM, it can move the drone. It is a
system of controls that directs the drone's flight based on information from the sensors. In order to
stabilise the quadcopter during flight, the flight controller collects data from sensors, sends it to a CPU,
which then sends control signals to the ESCs. The combination of these signals tells the ESCs to fine-tune
the motor rotational speeds, which stabilises the craft. Once it has been analysed, this data is transferred
to the ESCs, which then modify each motor's rotational speed to regulate flying orientation (yaw, right,
left, up, down, backward, forward).
5.1.12 Comparison of Flight Controllers

For each flight controller, a comparison is shown in the table below.
Boards KK2.1.5 CC3D DGI-NAZA – APM 2.8 Pixhawk DGI-NAZA-M

M LITE 2.4.8 V2
Input 4.8V – 6.0V 4.8V- MC- 4.8V- 12V – 16V 7V MC:4.8V~5.5

Voltage (in 15.0V 5.5V V
DC)
VU-7.2V- VU Input:
26.0V 7.4V ~ 26.0 V
Processor Atmel STM ----------------- ATMEGA256 32bit ------------------

644PA 8 bit 32bit 0, STM32F427 -
AVR with 28 Cortex M4
ATMEGA32U
kb flash
-2
& 20kb
RAM
Sensors 6050 MCU Acc & Acc, gyro, Acc, gyro, Acc, gyro, Acc, gyro,
(acc & gyro gyro Barometer, Barometer, Barometer, Barometer,
) sensor Magnetomet magnetomet Magnetomet
er er er
Programm Not Require Required Required Requires Required

er Required d (Arduino
(supports
(Tune by Compatible)
Linux/Unix)
buttons on
it)
Type of 2,3,4,5,6,7, 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6,8

Copter 8
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Telemetry No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

(Ext)
Gimbal Yes (except Yes (for Yes (for quad Yes Yes Yes
octa quad & & hex only)
copter) hex
only)
PC No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Required
Weight 26 25 MC: 25, VU: 82 40 MC:27g

(gm) 20 PMU:28g
Firmware Pre- Open DJI NAZA Ardu copter Mission DJI NAZA
installed Pilot Planner
GPS (Ext) No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Table 5.1.2 Comparison of Flight Controllers
5.1.13 Payloads in drones such as Cameras, Load Grippers etc

The amount of weight a drone or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can carry is known as the payload. It is
typically calculated separately from the weight of the drone and takes into account all accessories,
including extra cameras, sensors, and goods for delivery.
The many payload configurations that drones may accommodate are covered in this section. Drones can
be used to carry almost any payload; the main limitations are often the payload's weight and size. The
majority of drones come with cameras installed by the manufacturer. Other payloads are available for
purchase from drone manufacturers, although drone owners can also add payloads themselves.
Let’s take a deeper look at different kinds of payloads:
Ÿ Cameras: Drones can transport a wide range of cameras for different imaging applications. While
some drones have optical cameras that can take incredibly clear pictures from a great height,
others use thermal imaging cameras. Drones are frequently used by amateurs and pros to take
pictures.
Ÿ Radar: A person or thing can be easily located with powerful radar. If a drone's goal was to locate
someone or anything that was missing, it might use radar. Drones may utilise radar for navigation
just like a ship or an aeroplane.
Ÿ Sensors: Sensors are used by drones to collect data about their surroundings. Examples include
sensors that record flight information, monitor the weather, and carry out other crucial tasks.
The type of sensor a drone utilises is determined on the mission's parameters.
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Ÿ Communications technology: Drones must exchange information with the remote operator(s),
data collectors, and other important ground people. This is true for both quick missions and
more involved ones when a drone may be flown outside of the operator's line of sight.
Ÿ Whatever is needed to get the job done: Drones are incredibly adaptable and can carry
practically anything they require to complete their task. Drones that can transport vaccines for
medical missions or that can transport search and rescue supplies to far-off regions are two
examples of this.
Drone weight
Toy drones weigh somewhere between 0.5 to 2 ounces (20 to 60 grams). Meanwhile, consumer drones
usually weigh somewhere between 0.5 to 3 lbs (250 to 1,300 grams). Heavier enterprise drones are
much more variable and can range from 13 to over 200 lbs (6 kilos to 100 kilos).
Payload weight
The payload is the weight a drone or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can carry. It is usually counted
outside of the weight of the drone itself and includes anything additional to the drone – such as extra
cameras, sensors, or any other packages for delivery etc.
How much weight can a drone carry?
5.1.1 4Factors that influence Payload

Toy, micro, hobby, and professional drones are the four general categories for drones. Toy drones, which
cost on average $30, are preferred by those who are just getting started with drones so that if they crash
it, they won't have to spend too much money to replace it.
If they keep flying their drones, these UAV operators will eventually transition to hobby drones. Many
drone pilots prefer that kind of drone over others, however individuals who use drones for their line of
work may own a professional-grade drone.
Depending on how a drone is classified, its carrying capacity changes. You're lucky if the UAV can haul
even half a pound because toy drones aren't designed to carry much weight.
When it comes to commercial drones, the payload can reach 25 pounds or even 500 pounds, or 227
kilogrammes. Theoretically, these drones could lift an individual.
Factors that influence a Drone’s Payload besides its type

Ÿ Drone weight
A toy drone can't lift much weight, not just because it's inexpensive, but also because they're
often fairly little. For the same reason why mini drones have modest payloads: they don't have
much to offer.
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Professional drones have the greatest weight capacity in part because of their frequently large
size. These drones must be built durable because they are intended for difficult tasks like search
and rescue missions and mine surveying.
Ÿ Battery weight
A drone's payload includes everything it is carrying, including its batteries. Less weight is
available to transport accessories if your drone has a lot of batteries or if the battery pack is
heavy.
Ÿ Propeller number and size
Another element that affects how much weight your drone can carry is the props. Propellers are
able to produce lift, but if they are too large, they become heavier. The drone's payload is
decreased because it must sustain the weight of the props, like everything else.
The number of propellers can have a similar impact on the drone because more propellers often
weigh more, even though more motors and propellers produce more lift.
Ÿ Motor strength
A drone with a powerful drone motor can fly steadily while carrying its entire payload. If you
strap a smartphone carrying case to your drone, cheap motors will start to falter. You must
calibrate the quadcopter or similar device before each use if you're using one. No matter
whether it's brand-new. To pilot your drone safely while in flight and during landing, make sure it
is aligned. if before each flight, you don't calibrate your drone. When performing airborne
manoeuvres, there is a significant risk that you could make a catastrophic error.
5.1.15 Calibration of Drone

Drone calibration is really easy. For a good calibration, you will need a few items, though.
Ÿ A clear, open space with good visibility A fully charged battery
Ÿ For your remote control, batteries
Ÿ It is preferable to live in a cool climate to avoid overheating.
Ÿ A device for programming, such as your tablet or phone
Ÿ When calibrating, the drone should never be warm.
Ÿ Make sure you have a flat surface.
Ÿ Prepare the drone by taking out the propellers, removing the gimble guard, and turning on
nomadic two and the remote, depending on the brand.
Ÿ The aircraft needs to be turned off for at least ten minutes after it has been running.
Simple step by step instructions on how to calibrate a drone

IMU calibration and compass calibration are the two different methods of calibration.
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IMU calibration
An IMU is a circuit that keeps the drone level and flat. IMU control the pitch and roll. Calibrating the IMU
is can be done indoors on a flat surface like a table. Here are the steps to calibrate your drone
Ÿ The drone should be as flat as possible, powered on, the gimble guard removed, and the legs
extended before pressing the Start button. Additionally, the drone's location should face left.
Ÿ Activate the Fly programme.
Ÿ Track down the safety file.
Ÿ The IMU calibrate button is normally found in the lower left corner of the screen. Tap or click it
next.
Ÿ The drone must then be positioned on its side, facing to the right. The drone's top ought to be
facing you. Hold the drone as it calibrates for a little while.
Ÿ The next position calls for the drone to be pointed directly upward. Maintaining the drone still is
important. Allow it to complete its calibration by waiting a short while.
Ÿ The drone must also be placed upside down and facing to the right. Wait for the calibration to be
complete. It will display "calibration complete" when the calibration is finished.
Compass calibration
To locate true north, a compass needs to be calibrated. If the drone will be flying in a new area (more
than 6 miles away) or if there are problem warnings, calibration is required.
A concrete parking lot or other metal buildings should be avoided since they can affect calibration.
Additionally, avoid cell towers.
For the most part, compass calibration for drones is the same. Here are the basics for calibrating –
Ÿ Set the drone's transmitter to on.
Ÿ Verify that the drone is turned on and has enough juice to last.
Ÿ Use your controller to calibrate your compass. Both your remote and the drone's lights need to
be one solid colour. Depending on the drone brand, the majority of lights are yellow.
Ÿ Holding the drone parallel to the ground, rotate it until a green light appears.
Ÿ After that, turn the drone vertically (to the ground). Spinning slowly, wait for the second light to
turn green.
Ÿ A red flashing light will appear if there was a calibration issue. In this case, recalibrate the device.
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Notes
https://youtu.be/jOugJpQfUDU https://youtu.be/JU08mR_isaw https://youtu.be/Cf2K_VUoGZA

Basic Electronic Components Brushed & BrushlessMotors Drone Controller
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6. Principles of Flying and
Learning it with Drone
Simulator (ELE/N7308)
Unit 6.1 Principles of Flying and Learning it with Drone Simulator
(ELE/N7308)
1. Understand basic principles of flying like Bernoulli's Principle etc.

2. Apply principles of flight to Drones.
3. Understand Longitude/La tude etc.
4. Demonstrate to take-off, Flight, Landing, Maneuvers, turns etc.
5. Mul -rotor configura ons, airframe sizes and construc on materials
6. Different propeller designs
7. Knowledge of the purpose of the different parts of the drones.
8. Acquire knowledge of thrust to weight ra o of a drone and how the propellers help in
controlling the same
9. Apply concepts of Li and drag for drone flight using a drone simulator
10. Understand concept of reverse torque ac ng on drones. Knowledge of 3-axis drone
mo ons roll, pitch and yaw and impact of propellors on the mo on
11. Knowing controlled roll and pitch angle and its bearing on the flight of the drone
12. Know sensor interfacing with the drone
13. Simulate the concept of Pitch, roll, yaw, thrust to weight ra o using Drone simulator
14. Simulate the concept of Hovering a drone, so landing, controlled pitch and roll angles
with a Drone Simulator
15. Use of Drones solving day-to-day problems
16. Demonstrate airframes and propellors
17. Demonstrate aerodynamics of mo on control
18. Demonstrate maneuvering in drones using these principles
19. Simulate full flight sequences on the Drone
Simulator for understanding of –

1. Set Up – Drone, Site, Coordinates
2. Pre-flight checks, start-up
3. Take-off
4. Fly
5. Approach and so landing
6. Handle fly-aways and excep ons
7. Yaw, pitch, roll
8. Thrust-to-weight ra o, li , drag
9. Controlled roll and pitch angles
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Unit 6.1 Principles of Flying and Learning it with Drone Simulator

1. Understand basic principles of flying like Bernoulli's Principle etc.
2. Apply principles of flight to Drones.
3. Understand Longitude/La tude etc.
4. Demonstrate to take-off, Flight, Landing, Maneuvers, turns etc.
5. Mul -rotor configura ons, airframe sizes and construc on materials
6. Different propeller designs
7. Knowledge of the purpose of the different parts of the drones.
8. Acquire knowledge of thrust to weight ra o of a drone and how the propellers help in controlling
the same
9. Apply concepts of Li and drag for drone flight using a drone simulator
10. Understand concept of reverse torque ac ng on drones. Knowledge of 3-axis drone mo ons roll,
pitch and yaw and impact of propellors on the mo on
11. Knowing controlled roll and pitch angle and its bearing on the flight of the drone
12. Know sensor interfacing with the drone
13. Simulate the concept of Pitch, roll, yaw, thrust to weight ra o using Drone simulator
14. Simulate the concept of Hovering a drone, so landing, controlled pitch and roll angles with a Drone
Simulator
15. Use of Drones solving day-to-day problems
16. Demonstrate airframes and propellors
17. Demonstrate aerodynamics of mo on control
18. Demonstrate maneuvering in drones using these principles
19. Simulate full flight sequences on the Drone
Simulator for understanding of –

1. Set Up – Drone, Site, Coordinates
2. Pre-flight checks, start-up
3. Take-off
4. Fly
5. Approach and so landing
6. Handle fly-aways and excep ons
7. Yaw, pitch, roll
8. Thrust-to-weight ra o, li , drag
9. Controlled roll and pitch angles
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6.1.1 Forces of flight

Force is applied to every particle in the universe. Each particle makes an effort to find its stable position
by attempting to counteract the numerous forces acting on it. There are four such forces that can affect
flight, as listed below:
Fig. 6.1.1 Forces of Flight
Weight
Ÿ The body mass force always works in the direction of gravity because of the drone's mass.
Ÿ Drone weight is equal to its mass times its gravitational acceleration, hence the heavier the drone,
the more power is needed to lift and move it.
Ÿ Weight of drone = mass of drone × acceleration due to gravity
Lift:
Ÿ Lift is the term for the vertical force acting on the drone.
Ÿ Pressure variations within the drone are the cause of this force (in the vertical direction). Therefore,
the amount of lift force is determined by the speed, size, and shape of the propeller blade.
Ÿ Lift is necessary to raise the body above the centre of gravity.To create this force, all four propellors
run at high speed to lift the drone
Thrust
Ÿ Thrust is the term denoting the force pushing the drone in the direction of motion. However, it is
typical for the rotor plane in terms of drone dynamics.
Ÿ The only type of thrust used while hovering is vertical. The drone will tilt either forward or backward
if the push is angled.
Ÿ To move the drone in the desired direction at an identical speed, this force is necessary.
Ÿ Two propellers have been given high speed in order to achieve the desired motion.
Drag
Ÿ Drag is the force caused by air resistance acting on the drone in the opposite direction of its speed.
Ÿ This could be as a result of the air's viscosity and pressure difference.
Ÿ The drone's aerodynamic form is chosen to lessen drag.
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6.1.2 Working Principle of Drone and Flow Pattern

Ÿ Design and development of aircraft and drones heavily rely on the field of fluid dynamics. This subject
covers the fundamentals of how aerodynamics in aircraft operate.
Ÿ A force generated to propel the vehicle or body into motion is referred to as thrust.
Ÿ A significant amount of upward force is needed to lift the vehicle against gravity.
Ÿ The kinematic rules of fluid flows can be used to investigate these forces.
Ÿ When air flows over an aerofoil and pressure, viscous and drag force act on the profiles
Ÿ Force is directly proportional to the velocity of air at the inlet
Principle of Aerodynamic Lift
Fig. 6.1.2 Principle of Aerodynamic Lift
Fig.6.1.3 Air Flow Pattern
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Fig. 6.1.4 Force responsible for lifting the weight of an aero-plane or drone
Ÿ The image above depicts the flow pattern around the cross-section of the aerofoil or propeller. The
upward force, known as a lift, is caused by high fluid pressure at the bottom and low pressure at the
top of the propeller.
Ÿ Lifting an aeroplane or drone's weight is accomplished by this force. The amount of lift force depends
on the angle of inclination of the aerofoil or propeller.
Ÿ In accordance with Bernoulli's principle, which states that the total amount of energy in a fluid
remain mains constant along a streamline,
Ÿ When air passes over an aerofoil or wing, its upper portion experiences a rise in velocity. But the air's
pressure drops.
Ÿ In contrast, towards the bottom side of the blade, air velocity drops and pressure rises. The following
pressure differential over the aerofoil produces an upward force known as a lift.
Ÿ In contrast, towards the bottom side of the blade, air velocity drops and pressure rises. The following
pressure differential over the aerofoil produces an upward force known as a lift.
Ÿ CFD simulation of flow through an aerofoil has played a significant role in a number of automotive
and aerospace industries.
Fig. 6.1.5 CFD modelling of flow over an aerofoil
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Assembly Technician
6.1.3 Principal axes and rotation of aerial systems

An aircraft/drone in flight is free to rotate in 3 dimensions of space. These rotations are produced by
moment/torque about the principal axes. These rotations are intentionally produced by moving control
surfaces of an aircraft. This results in variation on net force, enabling the user to maneuver the
aircraft/drone They are explained as follows:
Fig 6.1.6. Principal axes of aerial system
Ÿ Longitudinal axis:
The axis along the length (front - back direction) of the aircraft, usually passing through its center of
gravity. The rotation of the aircraft along the longitudinal axis is called as 'Roll'. This is caused by moving
the ailerons.
Fig. 6.1.7 Roll
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Ÿ Lateral (transverse) axis:

The axis that crosses the airplane's centre of gravity as it travels from the left to the right wingtips, below
the wing. Pitch is the term used to describe how the aircraft rotates about its lateral axis. Moving
elevators are to blame for this.
Fig. 6.1.8 Pitch
Ÿ Perpendicular axis:
The axis perpendicular to the wings and body of the aircraft (up - down), passing through the airplane's
center of gravity. The rotation of the aircraft along the perpendicular axis is called as ‘Yaw’. This is caused
by moving rudders.
6.1.4 Propeller and Types

The propeller will serve as the starting point for the investigation of the quadcopter's parts because it is
actually the most crucial one because each propeller on a multirotor team functions as a rotating wing.
A propeller is made up of several aerodynamic profiles with different angles extending from the centre to
the tips, much like the wing of an aeroplane. The thrust effect, which is no more than the lift, is created in
each part of the propeller (each profile).
A pair of puller-type propellers and another pusher-type propeller are needed in a quadrotor type
helicopter. The names describe the rotational direction that the propeller must take to produce a pushing
force that will assist the vehicle's flight.
The choice of a propeller The quality of production and rigidity of the propeller should be taken into account
when choosing one for a quadricopter design. A quadricopter is an aircraft with rotating wings, thus it's vital
to remember that the four propellers are the wings that must support the weight in static situations and
even more so during manoeuvres where the load factor rises owing to centrifugal force. As a result, it is best
to choose sturdy propellers, preferably made of carbon fibre or wood. Any inexpensive flexible propeller
will distort into a cone, impairing the equipment's stability and ability to fly.
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6.1.5 Take-off and Landing of Drones

The basic flying rules are to find an open area, place the drone, connect the transmitter, take off, hover,
rotate, and landing. The rules for taking off and landing a drone are discussed below.
Take off of a drone
The steps to be followed during the take-off of a drone:
Ÿ The throttle is the only control necessary to launch the drone into the air.
Ÿ To start the propellers, very slowly raise the throttle (left stick). then halt.
Ÿ Repeat this several times until you feel at ease with the sensitivity of the throttle.
Ÿ In order to get the helicopter to lift off the ground, gradually open the throttle further than
before. After that, let the drone land by reducing the throttle down to zero.
6.1.6 Hovering in Mid-air and Landing Drone

The steps are:
Ÿ Use the throttle to take off in order to hover. The drone must then be kept hovering by making
slight changes with the right stick.
Ÿ To prevent it from turning, it might also be necessary to slightly adjust the left stick (yaw).
Ÿ Use the throttle to lift the drone between one and two feet off the ground.
Ÿ To maintain the drone hovering in place, make little modifications with the right stick (and the
left, if necessary).
Ÿ When one is ready to land the drone, they should cut back the throttle slowly.
Ÿ Cut the throttle fully and let the UAV fall to the ground once it is only an inch or two off the
ground.
Ÿ Repeat this exercise until you feel at ease hovering over the ground and softly touching down.
6.1.7 Turning On and Off a Drone

It is typically advised to activate the controller first before activating the drone. From the minute the
drone turns on, the pilot has control over it.
Ÿ Press and hold the power button, which is found in the top right corner of the controller, to turn it
on. The controller will turn on and be powered up after the second press and hold, which will also
display the battery level.
Ÿ Press and hold the drone's power button on the bottom to switch it off. The drone will be
powered down with the second press and hold after the first press indicates battery level.
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6.1.8Drone Components and its Positioning

The body of a drone comprises the following components:
1. Propellers: Typically, the drone's propellers may be seen in the front. Propellers are available
in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. While the more expensive ones are made of carbon
fibre, the majority of them, especially the smaller ones, are made of plastic. The drone's
movement and direction are controlled by its propellers.
2. Motor: In drones and other unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), motors are most frequently
used to power multirotor drones' propeller-driven flight. Other parts of unmanned vehicles
that utilise drone motors include antenna rotators, landing gear, flight surfaces, camera and
payload gimbals, and flight surfaces. Smaller drones employ brush motors, whereas larger
drones and UAVs use brushless motors.
3. Landing Gear: Some drones come equipped with landing gear that looks like a helicopter's.
This aids in the drone's landing. To land safely, drones that demand a lot of ground clearance
during landing will need to have their landing gear adjusted. Furthermore, due to the space
needed to hold the contents when they contact the ground, delivery drones carrying goods or
other items could need a sizable landing gear. The landing gear is not necessary for every drone,
though. Some tiny drones can fly without landing gear and touch down on the earth safely on
their stomachs.
4. Electronic Speed Controllers: An electronic speed controller (ESC) is a type of electric circuit
that controls and regulates the drone's flight speed. It controls the drone's brake adjustments
and flight direction. Additionally, the ESC is in charge of transforming DC battery power into AC
power, which drives brushless motors. Modern drones are entirely dependent on the ESC for all
of their flight requirements and performance.
5. Flight Controller: The drone's motherboard is the flight controller. It is in charge of carrying
out every directive that the drone's pilot issues. It decodes data from the GPS unit, battery
monitor, receiver, and onboard sensors. Additionally, the flight controller is in charge of directing
the drone and managing motor speeds through the ESC. All directives, including camera
activation, autopilot mode management, and other autonomous actions, are handled by the
flight controller.
6. Receiver: The receiver is responsible for catching radio signals that are transmitted to the
drone by the controller. The bare minimum of channels needed to fly a drone is often 4.
However, it is advised that a total of 5 channels be made accessible.
7. Transmitter: The transmitter's job is to transmit radio signals from the controller to the drone
so that the controller may direct the drone's flying and navigation. For a drone, the transmitter
must have four channels, much like the receiver, but five channels are typically advised. The
receiver and transmitter need to use a single radio signal in order to connect with the drone
when it is in the air. Because every radio broadcast has a different code, it can be identified from
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Assembly Technician
other radio signals in the air.
8. GPS Module: The longitude, latitude, and elevation of the drone are determined via the GPS
module. It is an essential component of the drone. If not for the GPS module, drones would not
be as necessary as they are today. The parts help the drone go farther distances and take detailed
pictures of land areas. The GPS module helps to safely return the drone "home" even when the
FPV isn't being used. The GPS module used in the majority of modern drones aids in the drone's
safe return to the controller in the event that it loses communication with it. This helps to ensure
the safety of the drone.
9. Battery: The drone's battery is what makes all movements and responses possible. Without
the battery, the drone wouldn't be able to fly because it wouldn't have any power. Varied types
of drones have different battery needs. Smaller drones might require fewer batteries because
they have lower power needs. On the other side, larger drones might require a bigger battery
with a higher capacity in order to run all of the drone's functions. A battery monitor on the drone
allows the pilot to keep track of the battery's performance by presenting battery data.
10. Camera: Some drones come equipped with a built-in camera, while others include a
detachable camera. The camera makes it easier to take pictures and videos while in the air,
which is a key function of drones.
11. Obstacle Avoidance Sensors: The drone has visual sensors on the front and bottom that work
in pairs just like eyes do. By identifying which image pixels from each sensor are shared by the
same place, it is possible to calculate the depth of these sensors. The drone can gauge its
distance from the object in front of it because of the consistent distance between the sensors.
12. Gimbal: Gimbal aids the drone in stabilising and maintaining motionless video.
13. Frame: This is a framework (foundation) into which the other components fit. It serves as a
framework inside of which various parts are inserted.
6.1.9 FPV Drone Propellers Material

The efficiency and sound of a propeller are significantly influenced by the material from which it is built.
Durability is typically the factor that multirotor pilots must consider most.
The original propellers were mainly made of fibreglass reinforced plastics, which are very stiff for their
weight and allow the propeller to maintain the proper and most efficient shape regardless of how
quickly it spins. However, this stiffness means that it will shatter when it hits something like the ground
or a branch, and the quad will no longer be able to fly. Polycarbonate, a type of material that has good
stiffness but will bend rather than break if it hits anything hard, is now being used to make propellers.
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This means that if you crash, a blade might bend, but you can usually straighten it out again without
replacing the prop.
Although there are various materials used in propellers, polycarbonate, or PC as it is commonly known,
is thought to be the best.
The environment in which you fly should also be taken into account because multirotor propellers are
typically made of thermoplastic plastics, whose properties vary with temperature.
You might want to use an ABS prop if you are flying in the winter or in a really cold environment because
PC might get brittle and break more frequently. As ABS and PC can become very soft and less
effective/durable in extremely hot environments, you might need to utilise a glass fibre reinforced
propeller if you are flying there. PC propellers will work best and last the longest for the majority of pilots
in the majority of places.
6.1.10 FPV Drone Propellers Design

Propeller designs can vary significantly as many manufacturers work to create something that is eye-
catching and pleasing to the eye for your multirotor. Consider how the design of the propellers you
choose will affect every aspect of the operation and performance of your machine. Because everyone
strives for the unicorn of increased thrust and longer flight times, efficiency is a crucial factor when
constructing propellers. This encourages the development of novel methods for lowering drag, such the
small wingtips on the FPV drone propellers. The balance of the propeller will be drastically altered if
these efficiency-improving parts are broken, which will cause vibrations that may be observed in HD
footage. These parts are typically very fragile.
Because you won't need to replace it as frequently after crashes, it can be tempting to select a propeller
that is really strong and well-made. The prop often behaves like a fuse and bends or breaks, absorbing a
significant amount of the crash energy as the forces from colliding are dispersed throughout the
multirotor. This is important to keep in mind. The motors or carbon-based components could be
damaged if you choose a propeller that is exceptionally strong or powerful since that energy could be
transported further into the frame.
6.1.11 Thrust to weight ratio

It can be tempting to pick a propeller that is particularly strong and well-made because you won't need
to replace it as frequently after crashes. When two objects collide, their forces are distributed
throughout the multirotor, and the prop frequently acts like a fuse and bends or breaks, absorbing a
large percentage of the collision energy. It's crucial to remember this. If you select a propeller that is
especially strong or powerful, that energy may be transmitted further into the frame, which could cause
damage to the motors or carbon-based components.
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Assembly Technician
The complexity of your drone's aerobatic manoeuvres can be controlled more easily as the thrust to
weight ratio increases. When flying gently, such as when taking aerial photos, you can use a 2:1 ratio.
However, if you want to shoot FPV (First Person View) recordings or take part in races, you should think
about using a 4:1 or 5:1 ratio. Flying extreme aerobatics could call for a ratio of up to 7:1. However, if you
want a long drone flight duration, you will still need to make room for a big battery.
6.1.12 Use of Drone Simulator for Lift and drag

An actual drone controller linked to the appropriate device of your choice is used in a software
programme called a drone flight simulator to replicate the experience of flying a drone.
The majority of drone simulators work on both PCs and Macs. Before making a purchase, it's crucial to
review the simulator's specifications to ensure that it will function on your device.
You may configure some drone flight simulators for particular flying scenarios so you can train for the
precise situations you would encounter while working as a drone pilot. The ability to alter the drone
simulation setting and the kind of drone that is used in the simulation are both examples of
customizations.
It's crucial to remember that several simulators will aid in your learning of various flying techniques. The
two main types of drone simulators are those for learning how to fly FPV drones for drone racing and
those for learning how to fly drones for commercial purposes. People who are only interested in flying
for leisure can utilise any of these simulators (i.e., recreational drone pilots).
Torque
In reality, torque is the force that the motor generates. Motors produce torque, which is a rotational
force about an axis, in this manner. Although the force you are referring to is frequently referred to as
torque, its real name is the response force. When you generate a force, these forces are constantly
present. It is the force that propels rockets, and it is the reason why helicopters with a single main rotor
need a tail rotor.
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6.1.13 Dynamics of Quadcopter

The movement of drone are classified into four types based on relation motion between four propellers:
1) throttle, 2) Pitch, 3) Roll, and 4) Yawn
Fig. 6.1.9 Dynamics of Quadcopter
Throttle/ Hover: up and down movement of drone is called throttle

Ÿ The drone will travel down if all four propellers spin at the same speed.
Ÿ The drone will move up if all four propellers spin at a faster speed. This is referred to as drone
hovering.
Pitch: movement of drone about a lateral axis (either forward or backward) is called pitching motion
Ÿ The drone will move ahead if its two back propellers are spinning quickly.
Ÿ The drone will travel backward if its two front propellers are operating quickly.
Roll: movement of a drone about the longitudinal axis is called rolling motion
Ÿ The drone will move left if two of its right propellers are running quickly.
Ÿ If two of the drone's left propellers are spinning quickly, the drone will move in the right
direction.
Yawn: the rotation of the head of the drone about the vertical axis (either the left or right) is called
Yawning motion
Ÿ The drone will rotate counter clockwise if two propellers in the right diagonal move quickly.
Ÿ If two of the drone's propellers are running in a left diagonal pattern at high speed, the drone will
revolve counter clockwise.
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6.1.14 Use of Drones Solving Day-To-Day Problems

Ÿ Defence
While some drones are only intended for offensive uses, others are primarily for monitoring. Armed
forces continue to deploy unmanned ground vehicles, or UGVs, in addition to new aerial
technologies, to direct tactical operations.
Ÿ Emergency response
The expanding use of drones has been significantly impacted by advances in camera technology.
Emergency response teams now have the perfect tool for locating victims who are difficult to see
with the naked eye thanks to UAVs equipped with thermal imaging cameras.
Ÿ Humanitarian Aid & Disaster Relief

Drones have demonstrated usefulness during times of natural catastrophe in addition to emergency
response. UAVs have been used to evaluate damage, find victims, and bring relief in the wake of
storms and earthquakes. And in some cases, they are assisting in the complete avoidance of
catastrophes.
Ÿ Conservation
The condition of wildlife all across the world is greatly impacted by poaching and climate change. The
World Wildlife Fund estimates that thousands of species become extinct every year. Conservationists
are implementing cutting-edge techniques to safeguard and research our planet's ecosystems in an
effort to reverse this trend. Animal monitoring and tracking using drones and satellite photography is
now a reality.
Ÿ Disease control
Researchers can track sickness by tracking animals. Following these animals allowed researchers to
learn more about the potential transmission of infectious diseases from animals to people.
Ÿ Healthcare
Increased life expectancy, improved disease prevention, and higher living standards are all results of
modern medicine. However, access to high-quality healthcare is limited in many rural areas of the
world. While conventional delivery methods can be used to provide medical supplies, there are some
situations that demand for immediate access to medications, blood, and medical equipment—a
requirement that drones could satisfy.
Ÿ Agriculture
Increased yields and lower costs are ongoing goals for farmers all around the world.
Drones enable agricultural employees to collect data, automate repetitive tasks, and perform more
effectively.
Ÿ Weather forecasting
To better research the climate and forecast future changes to the world's weather systems, scientists
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are using new technology and software for data collection. The majority of data nowadays is
gathered through fixed infrastructure or by using geospatial imaging tools. However, drones provide
a flexible alternative that can actually track changing weather patterns.
Ÿ Waste management
Waste management has been improved globally thanks to recycling and biodegradation. Drones that
have helped to clean the oceans are only one of the waste collection solutions that are continuously
being developed.
Ÿ Mining
Mining is a capital-intensive business that necessitates continuous material measurement and
evaluation. Mineral, rock, and ore stockpiles are challenging to quantify. But with special cameras,
drones can survey mining operations from the air and collect volumetric data on stockpiles. As a
result, there are fewer hazards involved with having surveyors on the ground.
Ÿ Construction planning
Planning and managing construction projects with drones is one of their most popular commercial
applications. Solutions that analyse the progress of building using frequently collected data have
been developed by software developers. Although ground surveying remains a crucial component of
construction planning and monitoring, the use of drone data has grown in significance.
Ÿ Tourism & hospitality

Drones have changed how hotels sell their properties, but they also might change how we think
about what luxury travel means.
Ÿ Sports
Skycam, a robotic camera mounted on a computerised, cable-driven transport system,
revolutionised how sports fans watch television. The camera offers up-close and close-up viewpoints
that conventional, stationary cameras are unable to record. Any professional arena sports broadcast
today must use Skycam.
Ÿ Manufacturing & inventory management

In today's assembly lines, robotics are crucial. And even though they might function best in
unstructured areas, drones can nonetheless be used in contemporary industry. Drones may do jobs
that are too complex for humans or huge, pre-programmed robots, from finding raw materials to
inspecting assembly lines.
Ÿ Food services
Fast casual restaurants are able to reduce the size of their physical sites and reduce real estate costs
thanks to online meal ordering and delivery services, but delivery commission charges are still a
major drag on profitability. Some eateries want to deploy drones for quicker, more affordable
deliveries.
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Assembly Technician
Ÿ Security
Drones are being used by security businesses to provide more thorough surveillance systems for
commercial, industrial, and residential premises.
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1. Define Weight, Li , Thrust and Drag in rela on to flying of Drones.

2. Fill in the blank:
a- The rota on of the aircra along the ________________ axis is called as ‘Roll’. This is caused by
moving the ailerons.
b- The rota on of the aircra along the lateral axis is called as ‘Pitch’. This is caused by moving
elevators.
c- The movement of drone are classified into four types based on rela on mo on between four
propellors: __________, _______________, ____________ and ___________.
3. List out the problema c areas where Drone can provide the solu on.
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Notes
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7. Assembling, Tes ng
and Quality check of the
Drone (ELE/N7308)
Unit 7.1 Assembling, Tes ng and Quality check of the Drone
(ELE/N7308)
1. Assemble different types of Drones from their components and sub-assemblies.

2. To study the assembly procedures for at least 2 different types of drones
3. To study configura ons and se ng of drones to make them opera onal with desired
func onality
4. To study the methods to carry out tes ng of drone sub-assemblies and also fully
Performing the necessary pre-dispatch Quality Checks on the Assembled / Manufactured
drone.
5. Prac cing actual assembly and manufacturing of the drone
6. Iden fying BOM of components and assemble the drone from drawing supplied with
drone kits
7. Carry out configura on and se ngs for the drone. Charging the drone ba eries
8. Repeat for at least 2 types of drones
9. Carry out tes ng and Quality Check /Assurance of the drone without payloa and then with
rated payload
10. Deploy the drone
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Assembly Technician
Unit 7.1 Assembling, Tes ng and Quality check of the Drone

(ELE/N7308)

1. Assemble different types of Drones from their components and sub-assemblies.
2. To study the assembly procedures for at least 2 different types of drones
3. To study configura ons and se ng of drones to make them opera onal with desired func onality
4. To study the methods to carry out tes ng of drone sub-assemblies and also fully assembled drone
with/without payload
5. Performing the necessary pre-dispatch Quality Checks on the Assembled / Manufactured drone.
6. Prac cing actual assembly and manufacturing of the drone
7. Iden fying BOM of components and assemble the drone from drawing supplied with drone kits
8. Carry out configura on and se ngs for the drone. Charging the drone ba eries
9. Repeat for at least 2 types of drones
10. Carry out tes ng and Quality Check /Assurance of the drone without payloa and then with rated
payload
11. Deploy the drone
7.1.1 Assembling/Disassembling of Drone

Assembling a Drone
Ÿ Plug the ventilator into the motor card before putting the card back in its slot.
Ÿ Insert the motor card from the bottom of the drone.
Ÿ Screw the motor card to the centre body.
Fig. 7.1.1 Plug Ventilator and Motor Card
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Ÿ The LED wire and the ventilator must be placed between the motor card and the support.
Fig. 7.1.2 Connection of a. LED Wire, b. Ventilator
Ÿ Position the rubber part back, next to the motor card (smaller hole on the top side).
Fig. 7.1.3 Positioning the rubber pack
Arms:
Ÿ Slide the motor wire inside the large hole of the top part of the arm.
Fig. 7.1.4 Slide the motor wire inside the large hole of the top part of the arm
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Assembly Technician
Ÿ On the low part of the arm, insert the antenna and the reflector in their respective slots
simultaneously. One can let the antenna wire-free for now.
Fig. 7.1.5 a. Antenna, b. Reflector
Ÿ Slide the antenna wire and the motor wire inside the same hole, then assemble both parts of
the arm by clipping the top part inside the bottom part, then pushing the top part to the
bottom part.
Fig. 7.1.6 Sliding antenna and motor wire
Ÿ Put the screws back to stick the upper and bottom parts together.
Ÿ Insert arms in their dedicated slots on the central body and insert both antenna wire and
motor wire in the bottom part of the drone.
Fig. 7.1.7 a. Arm, b. Motor Wire, c. Antenna Wire
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Ÿ Insert the other arm from the same side (there is no priority order between the front and
back arms).
Ÿ Insert the washer between the arms and make sure it is well centred (one can use a
screwdriver to align the washer through the hinge hole).
Ÿ Insert the top side hinge (the larger white part must be placed at the rear of the drone), and
make sure the hinge is completely inserted by pushing on it
Fig. 7.1.8 Insert the top side hinge
Ÿ Position the plastic holder on the lower part of the hinge with the larger extremity on the rear
side of the drone.
Ÿ Put the screws back on the larger extremities of the hinge (one on the top side; one on the
lower side).
Ÿ Repeat to install each arm.
Ÿ Position antenna wires toward the front of the drone and the motor wires toward the back of
the drone.
Fig. 7.1.9 Position antenna wires
Motor wiring:
Ÿ Front motor connectors are plugged on the rear side of the motor card; rear motor
connectors must be plugged on the front side of the card. Apply a torsion on the wires to plug
the rear motors on the card.
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Assembly Technician
Fig. 7.1.10 Plugging motor connectors
Ÿ Push wires gently toward the inside of the drone.

Ÿ Position the gimbal and slide wires through the rubber support (coaxial wire slides through
the large hole and flex cable through the small one). Pull the coaxial wire gently to keep
enough length to plug it.
Ÿ Screw the two screws on the front side of the gimbal before plugging the flex wire.
Fig. 7.1.11 Screwing Gimbal before plugging the flex wire.
Ÿ Hold the drone with the gimbal oriented upward and position the first part of the motor
holder (the one with the holes). Then, position the other part of the support by clipping it (the
part including the antenna holders). The part with three slots must be on the right side of the
drone.
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Fig. 7.1.12 Positioning the Gimbal and antenna
Ÿ Position the GPS card back and screw it; check that the antenna wire is not stuck. Position the
GPS cover back and screw it.
Ÿ To place the motherboard back correctly, start by plugging back the GPS antenna.
Fig. 7.1.13 Placing motherboard
Ÿ Insert the micro SD PCB through the hole on the centre body and press on it to stick it in the
dedicated slot.
Fig. 7.1.14 Placing micro SD PCB
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Assembly Technician
Ÿ Position the motherboard back in place by placing it on the two rubbers of the front of the
drone, then on the two rubbers on the rear of the drone.
Ÿ Make sure antenna wires are above the LED wire and ventilator.
Ÿ Looking at the drone from the bottom, position the left side antennas, take the rear foot
antenna (rear antennas have a white fool-proof device), slide it under the vertical camera and
plug it into the second connector on the right side. Insert the wire into the cross-shaped slot
(step 12). Finish the process by plugging the wire into the ground reminder (step 13).
Ÿ Connect the front antenna (left side) to the first connector on the left, then connect it on the
ground reminder.
Ÿ Connect the right rear antenna to the second connector on the left side before inserting the
wire in the cross-shaped slot and plugging it into the ground reminder.
Ÿ Finally, connect the right front antenna to the first connector on the right side, after sliding it
under the vertical camera, and connect the ground reminder.
Fig. 7.1.15 Follow those steps: 11 → 12 → 13 → 21 → 22 → 31 → 32 → 33 → 41 → 42
Ÿ Once every antenna wire has been positioned, conclude the process by plugging them into
the holders near the vertical camera.
Ÿ Insert the plastic holder which holds the flex cable to the motherboard by attaching the left
side first, then the right side. Make sure the stamp is positioned on the dedicated hole.
Ÿ Insert the ventilator in the dedicated slot of the bottom cover. The sticker on the ventilator
must be turned toward the inside of the drone.
Ÿ Connect the LED card.
Ÿ Make sure there is enough free wire to let the gimbal move in any direction. –
Ÿ Insert the bottom cover, starting from the front side, before clipping it; make sure no wire is
visible.
Ÿ Conclude the assembly process by screwing the bottom protection back.
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7.1.2 Troubleshooting and Maintenance of a Drone

When it is difficult for technicians to find out the actual problem, it is advisable to run through an
extensive troubleshooting routine to isolate those problematic components and repair them.
Ÿ Record basic details: For future reference, note down information about the technician
performing the troubleshooting, the date of troubleshooting, or forward the results of the
checklist to anyone else.
Ÿ Equipment check:
i. Inspect all components for visible damage
ii. Replace or repair damaged components
iii. Ensure all components are properly fitted
iv. Ensure all batteries are charged
i. System reset:
i. Power off drone
ii. Power off control station
iii. Remove batteries and re-insert them
iv. Power on drone
v. Power on control station
ii. Calibration:
i. Check for local interference
ii. Check Global Positioning System (GPS) signal
iii. Calibrate Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
iv. Calibrate compass
v. Calibrate gimbal
vi. Upgrade/downgrade drone firmware
iii. Motor troubleshooting:

i. Check propellers are installed correctly
ii. Check motors are spinning in the correct direction
iv. Signal troubleshooting:

i. Check antennae are positioned correctly
ii. Ensure radio amplifiers are installed correctly
v. Reporting: Send troubleshooting report to the supervisor
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Assembly Technician
7.1.3 Repair and Replacement of Components of a Drone

Drone repair and maintenance is carried out to ensure all systems are in working order and that any
repairs or replacements can be carried out.
Ÿ Record basic details: For future reference, note down information about the technician
performing the repair, the date of repair, and the record of the findings.
Ÿ Declare repairs needed: Through troubleshooting, a technician can find the problems in a drone
and determine a proper process in place for determining what repairs are needed.
Ÿ Gather tools and equipment: The tools and equipment required for the repair and maintenance
of a drone should be gathered.
Ÿ Check spare components: One should ensure they have all the spare components required to
perform the repairs.
Ÿ Review safety procedure: The technician should be fully aware of the safety procedure for
working with electronics and drone systems.
Ÿ Repairing Components:
I. Service chassis: The largest component of a drone, the chassis, is complicated to replace.
The process of fully disassembling chassis and installing a new shell is:
Ÿ Remove drone battery
Ÿ Remove all propellers
Ÿ Detach non-fixed components from the frame
Ÿ Remove all screws from the frame
Ÿ Check the underside of the frame for additional components
Ÿ Detach non-soldered wires from inside frame
Ÿ Transfer components from old frame to new (if absent)
Ÿ Route wires through a new frame
Ÿ To re-assemble with the new frame, follow the sub-task checklist in reverse. Be sure to
refer to the manual for proper wiring guides and advice on how to route cables inside of
the shell.
ii. Service propellers: Before servicing propellers, be sure that the system is completely shut
down and the motors are not connected to any power source. The steps are:
Ÿ Power off the drone unit
Ÿ Disconnect the battery
Ÿ Be sure all motors are run-down completely
Ÿ Remove propellers
Either fix the propeller if possible or assemble a new one. The assembling process is:
Ÿ Remove damaged propellers
Ÿ Observe propeller orientation
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Ÿ Retrieve matching replacement

Ÿ Install new propeller
iii. Service motors: Drone motor replacement may appear to be a difficult procedure, but it is
actually rather simple. Because there is less area to work with, motor replacement on units with
broader bodies is easier than on those with smaller, more packed frames. Always keep in mind
which way the motors are rotating. The proper rotation of the propellers is required for multi-
propeller flying. The steps are:
Ÿ Disassemble frame
Ÿ Disconnect component wires
Ÿ Identify faulty motors
Ÿ Make a note of which direction each motor is spinning
Ÿ Install new motor
iv. Service gimbal: The steps are:

Ÿ Unscrew gimbal frame
Ÿ Remove the camera and additional connections
Ÿ Remove defective gimbal
Ÿ Align new gimbal
Ÿ Screw the gimbal onto the frame
Ÿ 1 Reconnect additional components
v. Service batteries: Batteries are relatively simple to replace. Their installation is generally very
straightforward and often will not even require additional tools. The process is:
Ÿ Check new battery for damage
Ÿ Connect new battery
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Assembly Technician
vi. Service Electronic Speed Controller (ESC): The Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) is the
component that translates the pilot's commands into instructions that the motors can
understand and use to control movement. The ESC is connected to the mainboard from which it
receives power and signal information. In most drone systems, there is one ESC for each motor.
The steps are:
Ÿ Turn drone upside-down
Ÿ Place drone on firm, flat surface
Ÿ Remove main casing screws
Ÿ Carefully disconnect internal wiring
Ÿ Open drone frame
Ÿ Make a note of which motor connections are wired to the old ESC board
Ÿ De-solder all motor wires from old ESC board
Ÿ Unscrew motors
Ÿ Remove motors
Ÿ De-solder ground and voltage wires of old ESC board
Ÿ Unscrew the old ESC board from the mainboard
Ÿ Disconnect the old ESC board from the mainboard
Ÿ Install new ESC module
vii. Service Wiring: The steps to be followed are:

Ÿ Turn drone upside-down
Ÿ Place drone on firm, flat surface
Ÿ Remove main casing screws
Ÿ Carefully disconnect internal wiring
Ÿ Open drone frame
Ÿ Check each connection point
Ÿ Locate loose connections
Ÿ Refer to manual for loose connections
Ÿ Strip the ends of loose wires
Ÿ Solder loose wires
Ÿ Replace unsuitable wires
viii. Service camera: Compatibility with cameras is a key consideration. Cameras can be difficult to
replace, especially with DJI models, and replacement components are limited. Make sure to
check the camera requirements in the model-specific handbook and see if a replacement is
covered under the existing warranty.
Installation is quite simple for some camera systems, such as mounted GoPro cameras. Please
refer to the sub-checklists below:
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Ÿ Unscrew gimbal frame

Ÿ Remove gimbal panels
Ÿ Remove faulty camera
Ÿ Align the new GoPro camera with the gimbal fixtures
Ÿ Firmly press the GoPro into the gimbal frame
Ÿ Calibrate gimbal yaw and roll in-app
ix. Reporting: Send the repair and replacement report to the supervisor.
7.1.4 Testing of drone sub-assemblies and also fully

assembled drone with/without payload.
Step
Process Descrip on Image
No.
1. Parameters Testing
Ÿ Aircraft
Ÿ Remote Control
Ÿ Battery
Ÿ Charger
Ÿ Accessories
Ÿ Camera
Ÿ Image Transmission
Ÿ Manual
2. Flight Testing
Ÿ Factory Reset Testing
Ÿ Stability Testing (Indoor)
Ÿ Remote Control Functions
Ÿ Testing：Altitude Hold, Taking
Photos, Video Recording, 3D
flip, One-key Return.
Ÿ I m a g e Tra n s m i s s i o n
Testing：Image Transmission
Status
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Assembly Technician
3. Aircraft Testing
Ÿ Power Switch Testing
Ÿ Camera Connection Testing
Ÿ Battery Testing
Ÿ Aircraft Light Indicator Testing
Ÿ Aircraft Coding Testing
Ÿ Image Transmission Testing
Ÿ Remote Control Coding Testing
Ÿ Motor Testing
2. Packaging Checking
Ÿ Damage Checking
Ÿ Cleanliness Checking
Ÿ Weighing
Ÿ Cartons Quantity Counting
Ÿ Models Quantity Counting
7.1.5 Drone flight testing

It involves 7 steps. Let's look at what it includes:
Stage 1: Pre-flight Assessments
The drone's pre-flight evaluation is the initial step. Based on the filed application, CB (Certification Body)
representatives from a NACB authorised CB will visit the drone manufacturer's facility. The assessment
report produced by the drone maker and a testing facility will then be verified by the officials. At this
stage, pre-flight NPNT testing will also be carried out.
Stage 2:
comprises of a straightforward takeoff and hover technique for rotary drones. In this, the drone must
spend 5 minutes hovering at a height of 10m AGL. Drones with fixed wings must move on to Stage 3.
Stage 3: Loiter Test

The loiter/hover test is the third phase. In this phase, rotary and VTOL drone pilots will be challenged to
execute fundamental directional manoeuvres, while fixed-wing drone pilots will be asked to fly their
drones along a predetermined flight route.
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Rotary Drones
The pilot must hover rotary drones at 10 metres above ground level (AGL). At this level, the drone will be
checked to see if it vibrates excessively and if it can hover steadily without the pilot's assistance. The pilot
will be instructed to move the drone forward, backward, left, right, upward, and downward after it
meets these requirements. This is done to see if the drone operator has easy control over it.
Fixed-Wing Drones
Compared to rotary drones, the loiter test for fixed-wing drones is longer. Fixed-wing drones must take
off and stay in place for five minutes at a height of 100 metres above ground. During this auto-loiter
manoeuvre, the drone's stability and excessive vibration will be examined.
A defined manoeuvre must be carried out by the pilot when the drone passes the auto-loiter test and is
given manual control by the CB officials. The technique will involve flying the drone on each side of the
airfield while keeping it level along the runway. lastly, switch the drone to idle mode. The flight route that
every drone must take during every test flight is shown below.
Fig. 7.1.16 The QCI-approved flight path for test flights.
Note: To continue with the conventional fixed-wing flight path loiter, fixed-wing VTOL (Vertical Take-Off
& Landing) drones must first follow the rotary drones process.
Stage 4: Cruise Test

The drone's hardware and software are examined in the Cruise Test in a number of ways. In this test, the
drone can only fly for a maximum of 70% of the manufacturer's stated endurance time, or 120 minutes,
whichever is less. The following rules should be followed when using the drone:
There must be a straight line path from one turning point to the other turning point in a waypoint-based
or grid-based flight plan. The distance between these places must be sufficient that it will take the RPAS
at least 30 seconds to traverse between them.
The operator's Visual Line of Sight must always include the RPAS.
At no point in time may the RPAS exceed the 120 m AGL flight altitude.
A way point outside the Geo-fence specified by the Permission Artefact is required for the RPAS.
The C2 link at the ground control station must be permanently connected to the RPAS C2 link.
The screen of the ground control software running on the ground control station must stream and
continually display the RPAS geo-location and important flight characteristics.
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Assembly Technician
Stage 5 & 6: Return to Home & Land

The fifth level requires the drone to return to its starting point and remain there for a set amount of time.
The drone must neatly land in the sixth stage without causing any harm to any components.
Stage 7: Endurance Test

The drone's final flight test is the endurance test. The drone's flying time, battery depletion rate, and
other factors are measured during this test. The drone's maximum flight time with a fully charged
battery is 120 minutes, or 20% of its stated endurance. The voltage of the battery is then checked both
before and after the flight. Upon successful completion, a completion report containing all the
RPAS/technical drone's and performance information will be generated.
7.1.6 Pre Dispatch Inspection of Drone

Pre-shipment Inspection (PSI), Final Random Inspection, and Pre-Dispatch Inspection are further names
for this process (FRI). It is a kind of quality control that a quality inspector performs. The factory site hosts
a pre-dispatch inspection or quality check. It starts once at least 80% of the products have been
produced and packaged. There should be a specific quality control plan and checklist in place that
includes the following:
Ÿ Checking quantities of your product made
Ÿ Assessing that product meets the Buyer requirements (no non-conformities)
Ÿ Verifying that labels and markings are correct
Ÿ Determining package integrity and sealing
Pre-shipment inspection is the last resort to safeguard your reputation
Fig 7.1.17 Pre Dispatch Inspection of Drone
Final Random Inspection includes inspections scopes such as:
PRODUCT CHECK PACKAGING CHECK

Quantities Integrity
Integrity Labels & Barcodes
Dimensions & Weight Shipping marks
Colors & Prints Tests
Tests
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Ÿ Explain the procedure of assembling/ disassembling different types of Drone.

Ÿ Explain the Drone flight tes ng steps.
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Notes
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8. So Skills and Work
Ethics (ELE/N9905)
Unit 8.1 Effec ve Communica on and Coordina on at Work
Unit 8.2 Working Effec vely and Maintaining Discipline at Work
Unit 8.3 Maintaining Social Diversity at Work
ELE/N9905

1. State the importance of work ethics and workplace e que e
2. State the importance of effec ve communica on and interpersonal skills.
3. Explain ways to maintain discipline at the workplace.
4. Discuss the common reasons for interpersonal conflict and ways of managing them
effec vely.
5. Discuss the importance of following organiza onal guidelines for dress code, me
schedules, language usage and other behavioral aspects.
6. Explain the importance of working as per the workflow of the organiza on to receive
instruc ons and report problems.
7. Explain the importance of conveying informa on/instruc ons as per defined protocols to
the authorized persons/team members.
8. Explain the common workplace guidelines and legal requirements on non-disclosure and
confiden ality of business-sensi ve informa on.
9. Describe the process of repor ng grievances and unethical conduct such as data breach,
sexual harassment at the workplace, etc.
10. Explain the concept and importance of gender sensi vity and equality.
11. Discuss ways to create sensi vity for different genders and Persons with Disabili es (PwD).
12. Discuss ways of dealing with heightened emo ons of self and others.
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Assembly Technician
Unit 8.1 Effec ve Communica on and Coordina on at Work

1. State the importance of work ethics and workplace e que e
2. State the importance of effec ve communica on and interpersonal skills
3. Explain ways to maintain discipline in the workplace
4. Discuss the common reasons for interpersonal conflict and ways of managing them effec vely.
8.1.1 Importance of Work Ethics and Workplace Etiquette

Workplace ethics are a set of moral and legal guidelines that organizations follow. These guidelines
influence the way customers and employees interact with an organization. Workplace ethics essentially
guide how an organization serves its clients and treats its employees.
For example, if a company seeks to fulfil the promises it makes, it may develop processes and set up a
robust support system to address this policy and build customer/client loyalty. To achieve this goal, the
company may implement specific incentive programs for employees to encourage them to produce
high-quality work and ensure the organization fulfils the promises it makes to its clients/ customers.
Many organizations, often the large ones, set detailed ethical codes to guide their operations and
control how the organizational processes impact the stakeholders. These ethics usually help
organizations maintain certain standards of responsibility, accountability, professionalism and among
others, as they navigate through different challenges and day-to-day circumstances. By following these
guidelines, organizations often experience several benefits that improve the lives of stakeholders, such
as customers, employees, leaders, etc.
Examples of Common Workplace Ethics
Fig 8.1.1 Examples of Common Workplace Ethics
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Workplace ethics are essential for a successful organization with a satisfied and loyal team. High ethical
standards help in ensuring all stakeholders, such as customers, investors, employees, and other
individuals involved in the workplace operations, feel the organization is safeguarding their interests. By
creating and implementing ethical guidelines, organizations can keep the best interests of their
employees in mind while maintaining a positive influence on those they impact through their processes.
As a result, employees maintain the organization's best interests by being ethical in their daily work
duties. For example, fairly-treated employees of an organization who understand the organization's
commitments to environmental sustainability are usually less likely to behave in a manner that causes
harm to the environment. Thus, they help maintain a positive public image of the organization. It means
that workplace ethics help in maintaining reciprocal relationships that benefit organizations at large and
the individuals associated with and influenced by the organizational policies.
Benefits of Workplace Ethics

There are various benefits of implementing workplace ethics. When organizations hold themselves to
high ethical standards, leaders, stakeholders, and the general public can experience significant
improvements. Following are some of the key benefits of employing ethics in the workplace:
Employee satisfaction
Improved workplace culture
Legal compliance
Improved public reputation
Customer engagement and loyalty
Streamlined decision-making processes
Fig 8.1.2 Benefits of Workplace Ethics
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Assembly Technician
8.1.2 Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication is a process that involves sharing ideas and emotions with another
person, both - verbally and non-verbally. It is essential to interact effectively with others in both personal
and professional lives. In professional life or the workplace, strong interpersonal skills play a crucial role
in achieving effective collaboration with colleagues.
Interpersonal Skills
Interpersonal skills, in other terms, are known as people skills, which are used to communicate and
interact with others effectively. These are soft skills one uses to communicate with others and
understand them. One uses these skills in daily life while interacting with people
Examples of Interpersonal Skills
Active listening
Teamwork
Responsibility
Dependability
Leadership
Motivation
Flexibility
Patience
Empathy
Conflict resolution
Negotiation
Fig 8.1.3 Examples of Interpersonal Skills
Numerous interpersonal skills involve communication. Communication can be verbal, such as

persuasion or tone of voice — or non-verbal, such as listening and body language.
Importance of Interpersonal Skills

Interpersonal skills are essential for communicating and collaborating with groups and individuals in
both personal and professional life. People with strong interpersonal skills often are able to build good
relationships and also tend to work well with others. Most people often enjoy working with co-workers
who have good interpersonal skills.
Among other benefits of good interpersonal skills is the ability to solve problems and make the best
decisions. One can use the ability to understand others and good interpersonal communication skills to
find the best solution or make the best decisions in the interest of everyone involved. Strong
interpersonal skills help individuals work well in teams and collaborate effectively. Usually, people who
possess good interpersonal skills also tend to be good leaders, owing to their ability to communicate
well with others and motivate the people around them.
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Interpersonal communication is the key to working in a team environment and working collectively to
achieve shared goals. Following are the interpersonal communication skills that vital for success at work:
Verbal Communication
The ability to speak clearly, appropriately and confidently can help one communicate effectively with
others. It is vital to select the appropriate vocabulary and tone for the target audience.
For example – one should speak formally and professionally in the work environment, while informal
language is acceptable in an intimate environment with close friends and family. Also, one should avoid
using complex or technical language while communicating with an audience that may not be familiar
with it. Using simple language in a courteous tone helps achieve better communication, irrespective of
the audience.
Active Listening
Active listening is defined as the ability to pay complete or undivided attention to someone when they
speak and understand what they are saying. It is important for effective communication because
without understanding what the speaker is saying, it becomes difficult to carry forward a conversation.
One should ensure to use appropriate verbal and non-verbal responses, e.g. eye contact, nodding, or
smiling, to show interest in what the speaker says. Active listening is also about paying attention to the
speaker's body language and visual cues. Asking and answering questions is one of the best ways to
demonstrate an interest in conversing with the other person.
Active listening is critical for communicating effectively without ambiguity. It helps one understand the
information or instructions being shared. It may also encourage co-workers to share their ideas, which
ultimately helps achieve collaboration.
Body Language
One's expression, posture, and gestures are as important as verbal communication. One should practice
open body language to encourage positivity and trust while communicating. Open body language
includes - maintaining eye contact, nodding, smiling and being comfortable. On the other hand, one
should avoid closed body language, e.g. crossed arms, shifting eyes and restless behaviour.
Empathy
Empathy is the ability to understand the emotions, ideas and needs of others from their point of view.
Empathy is also known as emotional intelligence. Empathetic people are good at being aware of others'
emotions and compassionate when communicating with them. Being empathetic in the workplace can
be good to boost the morale of employees and improve productivity. By showing empathy, one can gain
the trust and respect of others.
Conflict Resolution
One can use interpersonal communication skills to help resolve disagreements and conflicts in the
workplace. This involves the application of negotiation and persuasion skills to resolve arguments
between conflicting parties. It is also important to evaluate and understand both sides of the argument
by listening closely to everyone involved and finding an amicable solution acceptable to all.
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Assembly Technician
Good conflict resolution skills can help one contribute to creating a collaborative and positive work
environment. With the ability to resolve conflicts, one can earn the trust and respect of co-workers.
Teamwork
Employees who communicate and work well in a team often have better chances of achieving success
and common goals. Being a team player can help one avoid conflicts and improve productivity. One can
do this by offering to help co-workers when required and asking for their feedback and ideas. When
team members give their opinions or advice, one should positively receive and react to the
opinions/advice. One should be optimistic and encouraging when working in groups.
Improving Interpersonal Skills

One can develop interpersonal skills by practising good communication and setting goals for
improvement. One should consider the following tips to improve their interpersonal skills:
Ÿ One should ask for feedback from co-workers, managers, family or friends to figure out what needs
improvement concerning their interpersonal skills.
Ÿ One can identify the areas of interpersonal communication to strengthen by watching others.
Ÿ One can learn and improve interpersonal skills by observing co-workers, company leaders and
professionals who possess good interpersonal skills. This includes watching and listening to them
to note how they communicate and the body language used by them. It is vital to note their speed
of speaking, tone of voice, and the way they engage with others. One should practice and apply
such traits in their own interactions and relationships.
Ÿ One should learn to control their emotions. If stressed or upset, one should wait until being calm to
have a conversation. One is more likely to communicate effectively and confidently when not
under stress.
Ÿ One can reflect on their personal and professional conversations to identify the scope of
improvement and learn how to handle conversations better or communicate more clearly. It helps
to consider whether one could have reacted differently in a particular situation or used specific
words or positive body language more effectively. It is also vital to note the successful and positive
interactions to understand why they are successful.
Ÿ One should practice interpersonal skills by putting oneself in positions where one can build
relationships and use interpersonal skills. For example, one can join groups that have organized
meetings or social events. These could be industry-specific groups or groups with members who
share an interest or hobby.
Ÿ Paying attention to family, friends and co-workers and making efforts to interact with them helps a
lot. One should complement their family, friends and co-workers on their good ideas, hard work
and achievements. Trying to understand someone's interests and showing interest in knowing
them can help one build strong interpersonal skills. Offering to help someone, especially in difficult
situations, helps build stronger and positive workplace relationships.
Ÿ One should avoid distractions, such as a mobile phone, while interacting with someone. Giving
someone full attention while avoiding distractions helps achieve a clear exchange of ideas. By
listening with focus, one can understand and respond effectively.
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Ÿ One can attend appropriate courses on interpersonal skills or sign up for workshops at work to
improve interpersonal skills. One can find many resources online also, such as online videos.
Ÿ For personal mentoring, one can approach a trusted family member, friend, co-worker, or current/
former employer. A person one looks up to with respect and admires is often a good choice to be
selected as a mentor. One can even hire a professional career or communication coach.
Interpersonal communication skills often help one boost their morale, be more productive in the
workplace, complete team projects smoothly and build positive and strong relationships with co-
workers.
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Notes
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Unit 8.2 Working Effec vely and Maintaining Discipline at Work

1. Discuss the importance of following organiza onal guidelines for dress code, me schedules,
language usage and other behavioural aspects
2. Explain the importance of working as per the workflow of the organiza on to receive instruc ons
and report problems
3. Explain the importance of conveying informa on/instruc ons as per defined protocols to the
authorised persons/team members
4. Explain the common workplace guidelines and legal requirements on non-disclosure and
confiden ality of business-sensi ve informa on
5. Describe the process of repor ng grievances and unethical conduct such as data breaches, sexual
harassment at the workplace, etc.
6. Discuss ways of dealing with heightened emo ons of self and others.
8.2.1 Discipline at Work

Discipline is essential for organizational success. It helps improve productivity, reduce conflict and
prevent misconduct in the workplace. It is important to have rules concerning workplace discipline and
ensure that all employees comply with them. In the absence of discipline, a workplace may experience
conflicts, bullying, unethical behaviour and poor employee performance. An efficient workplace
disciplinary process helps create transparency in the organization. Benefits of disciplinary standards:
All employees follow the same rules which helps establish uniformity and equality in the workplace
Managers and supervisors have defined guidelines on what action to take while initiating
disciplinary action
With well-defined and enforced disciplinary rules, an organization can avoid various safety, security,
rupational risks
Fig 8.2.1 Benefits of Disciplinary Standards
Maintaining an organized and cohesive workforce requires maintaining discipline in both personal and
professional behaviour. It is important to follow the appropriate measures to keep employees in line
without affecting their morale
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Defining Discipline
The first and crucial step in maintaining workplace discipline is to define what is meant by discipline. It
helps to evaluate common discipline problems and devise guidelines for handling them effectively.
Among a number of areas, discipline usually covers:
Fig 8.2.2 Examples of Workplace Discipline
According to demography and local issues, it may also include substance use and related issues.
It is vital for a workplace to have an employee handbook or company policy guide, to serve as a rulebook
for employees to follow. The employee handbook/ company policy guide should be reviewed and
updated periodically according to any issues or areas, or concerns identified concerning workplace
discipline. Such manuals should also cover all the laws and regulations governing workplace behaviour.
Defining and documenting workplace rules aids in their implementation, ensuring little or no ambiguity.
All employees in a workplace should also have easy access to the workplace guidelines so that they can
refer to them to get clarity whenever required. To maintain discipline at work, it is also critical to ensure
uniform application of workplace guidelines to all employees without exception.
8.2.2 Employee Code of Conduct

The employee code of conduct manual serves as a guide for employees to inform them regarding the
behaviour expected from them at work. It helps create a good work environment with consistent
behaviour from employees. The manual should list examples of acceptable and not acceptable
behaviours at work. The code of conduct should be discussed with employees so that they have the
clarifications required.
For example, an organization may create guidelines concerning the conduct with clients to ensure no
contact is made with them except for business purposes, also prescribing the use of appropriate means
of communication.
Employees should have a clear understanding concerning their job responsibilities and the behaviour
expected from them with all stakeholders, e.g. company personnel, clients and associated third parties.
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It is critical to have documented guidelines for employees to follow concerning all aspects of work. It
should also document the disciplinary action to be followed in case of non-compliance, e.g. verbal and
then written warning, temporary suspension or eventual termination of service in case of repeated non-
compliance with the employee code of conduct. Employees should know what the company rules are
and what will happen if they break the rules. However, disciplinary action should be initiated only when
reasonably required to avoid its misuse for employee harassment.
There should also be an effective mechanism for employees to raise their concerns/ grievances and have
them addressed while maintaining privacy, as required, e.g. raising concerns regarding the behaviour of
a co-worker.
The employee code of conduct manual must be duly reviewed and approved by the concerned
stakeholders, such as the Human Resources (HR) department and company executives.
8.2.3 Interpersonal Conflicts

Interpersonal conflict is any type of conflict between two or more people. These are found in both -
personal and professional relationships - among friends, family, and co-workers. In the workplace,
interpersonal conflict is often observed when a person or group of people interfere with another
person's attempts at completing assignments and achieving goals. It is critical to resolve conflicts in the
workplace to boost the morale of employees, repair working relationships among them, and improve
customer satisfaction.
Reasons for Workplace Conflicts

Workplace conflicts are often observed when two or more people have different points of view. This can
happen between managers, co-workers, or clients and customers. In general, interpersonal conflicts are
caused by a lack of communication or unclear communication.
Some of the leading reasons for workplace conflicts are:
Ÿ Difference in values
Ÿ Personality clashes
Ÿ Poor communication
Example of poor communication – if a manager reassigns a task to another employee without
communicating with the employee to whom it was originally assigned, interpersonal conflict can arise
among them. This may potentially make the first employee, i.e. who was originally assigned the task, feel
slighted and mistrusted by the manager. It may even cause animosity in the first employee toward the
employee who has now been assigned the task.
Types of Interpersonal Conflict

Following are the four types of interpersonal conflicts:
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a. Policy-related interpersonal conflict

When a conflict relates to a decision or situation that involves both parties, it can be called a
policy-related interpersonal conflict. Example – two people or groups working on the same
project, trying to adopt different approaches. To resolve policy-related interpersonal conflicts,
the parties involved should try to look for a win-win situation or make a compromise. This is
especially critical to resolve trivial issues so that work is not affected and common goals are
achieved.
b. Pseudo-conflicts
Pseudo-conflict arises when two people or groups want different things and cannot reach an
agreement. Pseudo-conflicts usually involve trivial disagreements that tend to hide the root of
the issue.
c. Ego-related interpersonal conflicts

In ego conflicts, losing the argument may hurt or damage a person's pride. Sometimes ego
conflicts arise when a number of small conflicts pile up on being left unresolved. To resolve ego-
related conflicts, it's best to find the root of the issue and work towards a resolution.
d. Value-related interpersonal conflicts

Sometimes conflicts may occur between people when they have different value systems. Such
conflicts can be difficult to identify initially, making the people involved think the other party is
being disagreeable or stubborn, wherein they just have different values. Some co-workers may
highly value their personal/ family time after office that they may be unreachable to clients
during non-office hours, while others may place a high value on client satisfaction and may still
be available for clients during non-office hours. Conflict may arise among such people when they
may be required to coordinate to help a client during after-office hours. Value-related
interpersonal conflicts are often difficult to settle since neither party likes to compromise.
Resolving Interpersonal Conflicts

Conflicts are usually likely in the workplace; they can, however, be prevented. Often resolving
interpersonal conflicts through open communication helps build a stronger relationship, paving the way
for effective coordination and success. Some ways to resolve interpersonal conflict:
Ÿ Communication - A great way to resolve interpersonal conflicts is for the opposing parties to
listen to one another's opinions and understand their viewpoints. Meeting in person and keeping
the conversation goal-oriented is important. One can have effective communication by following
some measures, e.g. staying on the topic, listening actively, being mindful of the body language,
maintaining eye contact, etc.
Ÿ Active Listening - One should patiently listen to what the other person is saying without
interrupting or talking over them. It helps one display empathy and get to the root of the issue.
Asking questions to seek clarification when required helps in clear communication and conveys
to the other person that one is listening to them. Practising active listening is a great way to
improve one's communication skills.
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Ÿ Displaying Empathy - Listening attentively and identifying the anxieties/ issues of co-workers is a
great way to show empathy and concern. It is essential to understand their feelings and actions to
encourage honesty and avoid future conflict.
Ÿ Not Holding Grudges - With different types of people and personalities in a workplace, it is
common for co-workers to have conflicts. It is best to accept the difference in opinions and move
on. Being forgiving and letting go of grudges allows one to focus on the positive side of things and
perform better at work.
Work-related interpersonal conflicts can be complicated because different people have different
leadership styles, personality characteristics, job responsibilities and ways in which they interact. One
should learn to look above interpersonal conflicts, resolving them to ensure work goals and
environment are not affected.
8.2.4 Importance of Following Organizational Guidelines

Policies and procedures or organizational guidelines are essential for any organization. These provide a
road map for the operations of the organization. These are also critical in ensuring compliance with the
applicable laws and regulations by guiding the decision-making process and business operations.
Organizational guidelines help bring uniformity to the operations of an organization, which helps reduce
the risk of unwanted and unexpected events. These determine how employees are supposed to behave
at work, which ultimately helps the business achieve its objectives efficiently.
However, organizational guidelines are ineffective and fail to serve their purpose if they are not
followed. Many people don’t like the idea of following and abiding by specific guidelines. Such people
should be made to understand the benefits of following the organizational guidelines. Some of the key
benefits are given below:
With well-defined organizational guidelines in place, no individual can act arbitrarily, irrespective of
their position in the organization. All individuals will know the pros and cons of taking certain actions and
what to expect in case of unacceptable behaviour. Benefits of following organizational guidelines:
Ÿ Consistent processes and structures - Organization guidelines help maintain consistency in

operations, avoiding any disorder. When all employees follow the organizational guidelines, an
organization can run smoothly. These ensure that people in different job roles operate as they are
supposed to, knowing what they are responsible for, what is expected of them, and what they can
expect from their supervisors and co-workers. With clarity in mind, they can do their jobs with
confidence and excellence. With every person working the way intended, it’s easy to minimise
errors. With all the staff following organizational guidelines, the organization has a better scope
of using time and resources more effectively and efficiently. This allows the organization to grow
and achieve its objectives.
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Ÿ Better quality service - By following organizational guidelines, employees perform their duties
correctly as per the defined job responsibilities. It helps enhance the quality of the organization’s
products and services, helping improve the organization’s reputation. Working with a reputable
organization, employees can take pride in their work and know they are contributing to the
reputation.
Ÿ A safer workplace - When all employees follow organizational guidelines, it becomes easy to
minimise workplace incidents and accidents. It reduces the liabilities associated with risks for the
organization and limits the interruptions in operations. Employees also feel comfortable and safe
in the workplace, knowing their co-workers are ensuring safety at work by following the
applicable guidelines.
Different organizations may have different guidelines on dress code, time schedules, language usage,
etc. For example – certain organizations in a client-dealing business requiring employees to meet clients
personally follow a strict dress code asking their employees to wear formal business attire. Similarly,
organizations operating in specific regions may require their employees to use the dominant regional
language of the particular region to build rapport with customers and serve them better. Certain
organizations, such as banks, often give preference to candidates with knowledge of the regional
language during hiring.
Working hours may also differ from one organization to another, with some requiring employees to work
extra compared to others. One should follow the organizational guidelines concerning all the aspects of
the employment to ensure a cohesive work environment.
8.2.5 Workflow
Workflow is the order of steps from the beginning to the end of a task or work process. In other words, it
is the way a particular type of work is organised or the order of stages in a particular work process.
Workflows can help simplify and automate repeatable business tasks, helping improve efficiency and
minimise the room for errors. With workflows in place, managers can make quick and smart decisions
while employees can collaborate more productively.
Other than the order that workflows create in a business, these have several other benefits, such as:
Ÿ Identifying Redundancies - Mapping out work processes in a workflow allows one to get a clear,
top-level view of a business. It allows one to identify and remove redundant or unproductive
processes.
Workflow gives greater insights into business processes. Utilizing such useful insights, one can
improve work processes and the bottom line of the business. In many businesses, there are many
unnecessary and redundant tasks that take place daily. Once an organization has insight into its
processes while preparing workflow, it can determine which activities are really necessary.
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Identifying and eliminating redundant tasks creates value for a business. With redundant tasks
and processes eliminated, an organization can focus on what's important to the business.
Ÿ Increase in Accountability and Reduction in Micromanagement - Micromanagement often

causes problems in a business setting as most employees don't like being micromanaged, and
even many managers don't like the practice. Micromanagement is often identified as one of the
reasons why people quit their job.
However, the need for micromanagement can be minimized by clearly mapping out the
workflow. This way, every individual in a team knows what tasks need to be completed and by
when and who is responsible for completing them. This makes employees more accountable
also.
With clearly defined workflow processes, managers don't have to spend much time
micromanaging their employees, who don't have to approach the manager to know what the
further steps are. Following a workflow, employees know what is going on and what needs to be
done. This, in turn, may help increase the job satisfaction of everyone involved while improving
the relationships between management and employees.
Ÿ Improved Communication - Communication at work is critical because it affects all aspects of an

organization. There are instances when the main conflict in an organization originates from
miscommunication, e.g. the management and employees disagreeing on an aspect, despite
pursuing the same objectives. Poor communication is a common workplace issue that is often
not dealt with.
This highlights why workflow is important. Workplace communication dramatically can increase
with the visibility of processes and accountability. It helps make the daily operations smoother
overall.
Ÿ Better Customer Service - Customers or clients are central to a business. Therefore, it is

imperative to find and improve ways to improve customer experience. Relying on outdated
manual systems may cause customer requests or complaints to be overlooked, with dissatisfied
customers taking their business elsewhere. However, following a well-researched and defined
workflow can help improve the quality of customer service.
By automating workflows and processes, an organization can also reduce the likelihood of
human error. This also helps improve the quality of products or services over time, resulting in a
better customer experience.
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8.2.7 Information or Data Sharing

Information or data is critical to all organizations. Depending on the nature of its business, an
organization may hold different types of data, e.g. personal data of customers or client data concerning
their business operations and contacts. It is vital to effective measures for the appropriate handling of
different types of data, ensuring its protection from unauthorized access and consequent misuse.
One should access certain data only if authorised to do so. The same is applicable when sharing data
which must be shared only with the people authorised to receive it to use it for a specific purpose as per
their job role and organizational guidelines. For example – one should be extra cautious while sharing
business data with any third parties to ensure they get access only to the limited data they need as per
any agreements with them. It is also critical to monitor how the recipient of the data uses it, which
should strictly be as per the organizational guidelines. It is a best practice to share appropriate
instructions with the recipient of data to ensure they are aware of the purpose with which data is being
shared with them and how they are supposed to use and handle it. Any misuse of data must be identified
and reported promptly to the appropriate person to minimise any damage arising out of data misuse.
These days most organizations require their employees and business partners or associated third
parties to sign and accept the relevant agreement on the non-disclosure of business-sensitive
information. In simple terms, business-sensitive information is confidential information. It is proprietary
business information collected or created during the course of conducting business, including
information about the business, e.g. proposed investments, intellectual property, trade secrets, or plans
for a merger and information related to its clients. Business-sensitive information may sometimes also
include information regarding a business's competitors in an industry.
The release of business-sensitive information to competitors or the general public poses a risk to a
business. For example, information regarding plans for a merger could be harmful to a business if a
competitor gets access to it.
8.2.8 Reporting Issues at Work

Most organizations have defined guidelines on appropriate reporting processes to be followed for
reporting different types of issues. For example – one can report any grievances or dissatisfaction
concerning co-workers to their manager/supervisor, e.g. data breaches or unethical conduct. If the
concern is not addressed, then the employee should follow the organizational guidelines and hierarchy
for the escalation of such issues that are not addressed appropriately.
For example – any concern related to sexual harassment at the workplace should be escalated to the
concerned spokesperson, such as Human Resources (HR) representative, and if not satisfied with the
action taken, it should be reported to the senior management for their consideration and prompt action.
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8.2.9 Dealing with Heightened Emotions

Humans are emotional beings. There may be occasions when one is overwhelmed by emotions and is
unable to suppress them. However, there may be situations when one must manage emotions well,
particularly at work.
Stress in one's personal and professional life may often cause emotional outbursts at work. Managing
one's emotions well, particularly the negative ones, is often seen as a measure of one's professionalism.
Anger, dislike, frustration, worry, and unhappiness are the most common negative emotions
experienced at work.
Ways to manage negative emotions at work:
Ÿ Compartmentalisation – It's about not confining emotions to different aspects of one's life. For
example, not letting negative emotions from personal life affect work-life and vice versa. One
should try to leave personal matters and issues at home. One should train their mind to let go of
personal matters before reaching work. Similarly, one can compartmentalise work-related
stresses so that negative emotions from work don't affect one's personal life.
Ÿ Deep breathing and relaxation – Deep breathing helps with anxiety, worry, frustration and anger.
One should take deep breaths, slowly count to ten - inhaling and exhaling until one calms down.
One can also take a walk to calm down or listen to relaxing music. Talking to someone and sharing
concerns also helps one calm down.
Ÿ The 10-second rule - This is particularly helpful in controlling anger and frustration. When one
feels their temper rising, they should count to 10 to calm down and recompose. If possible, one
should move away to allow temper to come down.
Ÿ Clarify - It is always good to clarify before reacting, as it may be a simple case of misunderstanding
or miscommunication.
Ÿ Physical activity - Instead of losing temper, one should plan to exercise, such as running or going
to the gym, to let the anger out. Exercise is also a great way to enhance mood and release any
physical tension in the body.
Ÿ Practising restraint – One should avoid replying or making a decision when angry, not allowing
anger or unhappiness to cloud one's judgement. It may be best to pause any communication
while one is angry, e.g. not communicating over email when angry or upset.
Ÿ Knowing one's triggers - It helps when one is able to recognise what upsets or angers them. This
way, one can prepare to remain calm and plan their reaction should a situation occur. One may
even be able to anticipate the other party's reaction.
Ÿ Be respectful – One should treat their colleagues the same way one would like to be treated. If
the other person is rude, one need not reciprocate. It is possible to stay gracious, firm and
assertive without being aggressive. Sometimes, rude people back away when they don't get a
reaction from the person they are arguing with.
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Ÿ Apologise for any emotional outburst – Sometimes, one can get overwhelmed by emotions,
reacting with an emotional outburst. In such a case, one should accept responsibility and
apologise immediately to the affected persons without being defensive.
Ÿ Doing away with negative emotions - It is recommended to let go of anger, frustration and
unhappiness at the end of every workday. Harbouring negative emotions affects one
emotionally, affecting their job performance also. Engaging in enjoyable activities after work is a
good stress reliever.
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Notes
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Unit 8.3 Maintaining Social Diversity at Work

1. Explain the concept and importance of gender sensi vity and equality
2. Discuss ways to create sensi vity for different genders and Persons with Disabili es (PwD)
8.3.1 Gender Sensitivity

Gender sensitivity is the act of being sensitive towards people and their thoughts regarding gender. It
ensures that people know the accurate meaning of gender equality, and one's gender should not be
given priority over their capabilities.
Fig 8.3.1 Gender Equality
Women are an important source of labour in many sectors, yet they have limited access to resources and
benefits. Women should receive the same benefits and access to resources as men. A business can
improve its productivity and quality of work by providing better support and opportunities to women.
Important Terms
Ÿ Gender Sensitivity-Gender sensitivity is the act of being sensitive to the ways people think about
gender.
Ÿ Gender Equality - It means persons of any gender enjoy equal opportunities, responsibilities, and
rights in all areas of life.
Ÿ Gender Discrimination – It means treating an individual unequally or disadvantageously based on
their gender, e.g. paying different wages to men and women for similar or equal job positions.
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Strategies for Enhancing Gender Equity

To enhance gender equity, one should:
Ÿ Follow gender-neutral practices at all levels at work.
Ÿ Participate together in decision-making.
Ÿ Help in promoting women's participation in different forums.
Ÿ Assist women in getting exposure to relevant skills and practices.
Ÿ Assist women in capacity building by mentoring, coaching or motivating them, as appropriate.
Ÿ Assist in the formation and operation of women support groups.
Ÿ Assist in the implementation of women-centric programmes.
Ÿ Combine technical training with reproductive health and nutrition for coffee farming households.
Ÿ Assist in making a work environment that is healthy, safe, and free from discrimination.
Bridging Gender Differences

Men and women react and communicate very differently. Thus, there are some work differences as both
genders have their style and method of handling a situation.
Although, understanding and maturity vary from person to person, even between these genders, based
on their knowledge, education, experience, culture, age, and upbringing, as well as how one's brain
functions over a thought or problem.
In order to bridge the gap, one should:
Ÿ Not categorize all men and women in one way.

Ÿ Be aware of the verbal and non-verbal styles of communication of every gender to avoid any
miscommunication and work better.
Ÿ Be aware of partial behaviour and avoid it.
Ÿ Encourage co-workers of different genders to make room by providing space to others.
Ways to reduce Gender Discrimination

Ÿ Effective steps against sexual harassment by the concerned authorities and general public.
Ÿ Gender stereotypes are how society expects people to act based on their gender. This can only be
reduced by adopting appropriate behaviour and the right attitude.
Ÿ Objectification of females must be abolished.
Ways to Promote Gender Sensitivity in the Workplace

Ÿ Practices that promote gender diversity should be adopted and promoted.
Ÿ All genders should receive equal responsibilities, rights, and privileges.
Ÿ All genders should have equal pay for similar or the same job roles/ positions.
Ÿ Strict and effective workplace harassment policies should be developed and implemented.
Ÿ An open-minded and stress-free work environment should be available to all the employees,
irrespective of their gender.
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Ÿ Women should be encouraged to go ahead in every field of work and assume leadership roles.
Ÿ Follow appropriate measures for women's empowerment.
Ÿ Men should be taught to be sensitive to women and mindful of their rights.
8.3.2 PwD Sensitivity

Some individuals are born with a disability, while others may become disabled due to an accident, illness
or as they get old. People with Disabilities (PwD) may have one or more areas in which their functioning
is affected. A disability can affect hearing, sight, communication, breathing, understanding, mobility,
balance, and concentration or may include the loss of a limb. A disability may contribute to how a person
feels and affect their mental health.
Important Terms
Ÿ Persons with Disabilities (PwD) – Persons with Disabilities means a person suffering from not less
than 40% of any disability as certified by a medical authority.
Ÿ Types of Disability:
a. Blindness – Visually impaired
b. Low Vision
c. Leprosy Cured
d. Hearing impairment
e. Locomotor disability
f. Mental retardation
g. Mental illness
PwD Sensitivity
PwD sensitivity promotes empathy, etiquette and equal participation of individuals and organizations
while working with individuals with a disability, e.g. sensory, physical or intellectual.
Ways to be PwD Sensitive

To be sensitive to PwD, one should:
Ÿ Be respectful to all Persons with Disabilities (PwD) and communicate in a way that reflects PwD
sensitivity.
Ÿ Always be supportive and kind towards a PwD with their daily chores.
Ÿ Be ready to assist a PwD to help them avail of any benefit/ livelihood opportunity/ training or any
kind that helps them grow.
Ÿ Encourage and try to make things easier and accessible to PwD so that they can work without or
with minimum help.
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Ÿ Protest where feasible and report any wrong act/behaviour against any PwD to the appropriate
authority.
Ÿ Learn and follow the laws, acts, and policies relevant to PwD.
Appropriate Verbal Communication

As part of appropriate verbal communication with all genders and PwD, one should:
Ÿ Talk to all genders and PwD respectfully, maintaining a normal tone of voice with appropriate
politeness. It is important to ensure one's tone of voice does not have hints of sarcasm, anger, or
unwelcome affection.
Ÿ Avoid being too self-conscious concerning the words to use while also ensuring not to use words
that imply one's superiority over the other.
Ÿ Make no difference between a PwD and their caretaker. Treat PwD like adults and talk to them
directly.
Ÿ Ask a PwD if they need any assistance instead of assuming they need it and offering assistance
spontaneously.
Appropriate Non-verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is essentially the way someone communicates through their body language.
These include:
Ÿ Facial expressions - The human face is quite expressive, capable of conveying many emotions
without using words. Facial expressions must usually be maintained neutral and should change
according to the situation, e.g. smile as a gesture of greeting.
Ÿ Body posture and movement - One should be mindful of how to sit, stand, walk, or hold their
head. For example - one should sit and walk straight in a composed manner. The way one moves
and carries self, communicates a lot to others. This type of non-verbal communication includes
one's posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements.
Ÿ Gestures - One should be very careful with their gestures, e.g. waving, pointing, beckoning, or
using one's hands while speaking. One should use appropriate and positive gestures to maintain
respect for the other person while being aware that a gesture may have different meanings in
different cultures.
Ÿ Eye contact - Eye contact is particularly significant in non-verbal communication. The way
someone looks at someone else may communicate many things, such as interest, hostility,
affection or attraction. Eye contact is vital for maintaining the flow of conversation and for
understanding the other person's interest and response. One should maintain appropriate eye
contact, ensuring not to stare or look over the shoulders. To maintain respect, one should sit or
stand at the other person's eye level to make eye contact.
Ÿ Touch - Touch is a very sensitive type of non-verbal communication. Examples are - handshakes,
hugs, pat on the back or head, gripping the arm, etc. A firm handshake indicates interest, while a
weak handshake indicates the opposite. One should be extra cautious not to touch others
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inappropriately and avoid touching them inadvertently by maintaining a safe distance.
Rights of PwD
PwD have the right to respect and human dignity. Irrespective of the nature and seriousness of their
disabilities, PwD have the same fundamental rights as others, such as:
Ÿ Disabled persons have the same civil and political rights as other people
Ÿ Disabled persons are entitled to the measures designed to enable them to become as self-
dependent as possible
Ÿ Disabled persons have the right to economic and social security
Ÿ Disabled persons have the right to live with their families or foster parents and participate in all
social and creative activities.
Ÿ Disabled persons are protected against all exploitation and treatment of discriminatory and
abusive nature.
Making Workplace PwD Friendly

Ÿ One should not make PwD feel uncomfortable by giving too little or too much attention
Ÿ One should use a normal tone while communicating with a PwD and treat them as all others
keeping in mind their limitations and type of disability
Ÿ Any help should be provided only when asked for by a PwD
Ÿ One should help in ensuring the health and well-being of PwD.
Expected Employer Behaviour

Some of the common behavioural traits that employees expect from their employers are:
Ÿ Cooperation: No work is successful without cooperation from the employer's side. Cooperation
helps to understand the job role better and complete it within the given timeline.
Ÿ Polite language: Polite language is always welcomed at work. This is a basic aspect that
everybody expects.
Ÿ Positive Attitude: Employers with a positive attitude can supervise the work of the employees
and act as a helping hand to accomplish the given task. A person with a positive attitude looks at
the best qualities in others and helps them gain success.
Ÿ Unbiased behaviour: Employers should always remain fair towards all their employees. One
should not adopt practices to favour one employee while neglecting or ignoring the other. This
might create animosity among co-workers.
Ÿ Decent behaviour: The employer should never improperly present oneself before the employee.
One should always respect each other's presence and behave accordingly. The employer should
not speak or act in a manner that may make the employee feel uneasy, insulted, and insecure.
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1. List down three examples of workplace ethics.

2. List down three examples of interpersonal skills.
3. Iden fy two reasons for workplace conflicts.
4. Iden fy two ways of resolving interpersonal conflicts
5. List down two ways of dealing with heightened emo ons at work.
6. List down two types of non-verbal communica on.
146
Notes
147
148
9. Basic Health and
Safety Prac ces (ELE/N1002)
Unit 9.1 - Workplace Hazards
Unit 9.2 – Fire Safety
Unit 9.3 – First Aid
Unit 9.4 – Waste Management
ELE/N1002

1. Discuss job-site hazards, risks and accidents.
2. Explain the organiza onal safety procedures for maintaining electrica safety, handling tools
and hazardous materials.
3. Elaborate electronic waste disposal procedures.
4. Describe the process of disposal of hazardous waste
5. List the name and loca on of concerned people, documents and equipment for
maintaining health and safety in the workplace.
6. Describe how to interpret warning signs while accessing sensi ve work areas.
7. Explain the importance of good housekeeping.
8. Describe the importance of maintaining appropriate postures while li ing heavy objects.
9. List the types of fire and fire ex nguishers.
10. Explain the importance of efficient u liza on of water, electricity and other resources.
11. List the common sources of pollu on and ways to minimize it.
12. Describe the concept of waste management and methods of disposing hazardous waste.
13. Explain various warning and safety signs.
14. Describe different ways of preven ng accidents at the workplace.
15. Demonstrate the use of protec ve equipment suitable as per tasks and work condi ons.
16. Report any abnormal situa on/behaviour of any equipment/system to the relevant
authori es.
17. Administer first aid in case of a minor accident.
18. Demonstrate the steps to free a person from electrocu on safely.
19. Administer Cardiopulmonary Resuscita on (CPR).
20. Demonstrate the applica on of define emergency procedures such as raising alarm,
safe/efficient, evacua on, moving injured people, etc.
21. Prepare a sample incident report.
22. Use a fire ex nguisher in case of a fire incident.
23. Demonstrate the correct method of li ing and handling heavy objects.
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Assembly Technician
Unit 9.1 Workplace Hazards

1. Discuss job-site hazards, risks and accidents
2. Explain the organiza onal safety procedures for maintaining electrical safety, handling tools and
hazardous materials
3. Describe how to interpret warning signs while accessing sensi ve work areas
4. Explain the importance of good housekeeping
5. Describe the importance of maintaining appropriate postures while li ing heavy objects
6. Explain safe handling of tools and Personal Protec ve Equipment to be used.
7. Demonstrate the correct method of li ing and handling heavy objects.
9.1.1. Workplace Safety

Workplace safety is important to be established for creating a safe and secure working for the workers.
The workplace has to be administered as per the rules of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). It refers to monitoring the working environment and all hazardous factors that
impact employees' safety, health, and well-being. It is important to provide a safe working environment
to the employees to increase their productivity, wellness, skills, etc.
The benefits of workplace safety are:
Ÿ Employee retention increases if they are provided with a safe working environment.
Ÿ Failure to follow OSHA's laws and guidelines can result in significant legal and financial
consequences.
Ÿ A safe environment enables employees to stay invested in their work and increases productivity.
Ÿ Employer branding and company reputation can both benefit from a safe working environment.
9.1.2. Workplace Hazards

A workplace is a situation that has the potential to cause harm or injury to the workers and damage the
tools or property of the workplace. Hazards exist in every workplace and can come from a variety of
sources. Finding and removing them is an important component of making a safe workplace.
Common Workplace Hazards

The common workplace hazards are:
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Ÿ Biological: The threats caused by biological agents like viruses, bacteria, animals, plants, insects
and also humans, are known as biological hazards.
Ÿ Chemical: Chemical hazard is the hazard of inhaling various chemicals, liquids and solvents. Skin
irritation, respiratory system irritation, blindness, corrosion, and explosions are all possible
health and physical consequences of these dangers.
Ÿ Mechanical: Mechanical Hazards comprise the injuries that can be caused by the moving parts of
machinery, plant or equipment.
Ÿ Psychological: Psychological hazards are occupational hazards caused by stress, harassment, and
violence.
Ÿ Physical: The threats that can cause physical damage to people is called physical hazard. These
include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and death.
Ÿ Ergonomic: Ergonomic Hazards are the hazards of the workplace caused due to awkward
posture, forceful motion, stationary position, direct pressure, vibration, extreme temperature,
noise, work stress, etc.
Workplace Hazards Analysis

A workplace hazard analysis is a method of identifying risks before they occur by focusing on
occupational tasks. It focuses on the worker's relationship with the task, the tools, and the work
environment. After identifying the hazards of the workplace, organisations shall try to eliminate or
minimize them to an acceptable level of risk.
Control Measures of Workplace Hazards

Control measures are actions that can be taken to reduce the risk of being exposed to the hazard.
Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, and Personal Protective
Equipment are the five general categories of control measures.
Ÿ Elimination: The most successful control technique is to eliminate a specific hazard or hazardous
work procedure or prevent it from entering the workplace.
Ÿ Substitution: Substitution is the process of replacing something harmful with something less
hazardous. While substituting the hazard may not eliminate all of the risks associated with the
process or activity, it will reduce the overall harm or health impacts.
Ÿ Engineering Controls: Engineered controls protect workers by eliminating hazardous situations

or creating a barrier between the worker and the hazard, or removing the hazard from the
person.
Ÿ Administrative Controls: To reduce exposure to hazards, administrative controls limit the length
of time spent working on a hazardous task that might be used in combination with other
measures of control.
Ÿ Personal Protective Equipment: Personal protective equipment protects users from health and
safety hazards at work. It includes items like safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, etc.
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Assembly Technician
9.1.3. Risk for a Drone Technician

A drone technician may require to repair the propeller, motor and its mount, battery, mainboards,
processor, booms, avionics, camera, sensors, chassis, wiring and landing gear. A technician may face
some risks while repairing the drones' equipment.
Ÿ The technician is susceptible to being physically harmed by propellers.
Ÿ Direct contact with exposed electrical circuits can injure the person.
Ÿ If the skin gets in touch with the heat generated from electric arcs, it burns the internal tissues.
Ÿ Major electrical injuries can occur due to poorly installed electrical equipment, faulty wiring,
overloaded or overheated outlets, use of extension cables, incorrect use of replacement fuses,
use of equipment with wet hands, etc.
9.1.4. Workplace Warning Signs

A Hazard sign is defined as 'information or instruction about health and safety at work on a signboard, an
illuminated sign or sound signal, a verbal communication or hand signal.'
There are four different types of safety signs:
Ÿ Prohibition / Danger Alarm Signs
Ÿ Mandatory Signs
Ÿ Warning Signs
Ÿ And Emergency
1. Prohibition Signs: A "prohibition sign" is a safety sign that prohibits behaviour that is likely to
endanger one's health or safety. The colour red is necessary for these health and safety signs. Only what
or who is forbidden should be displayed on a restriction sign.
Fig. 9.1.1. Prohibition Warning Signs
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2. Mandatory Signs: Mandatory signs give clear directions that must be followed. The icons are white
circles that have been reversed out of a blue circle. On a white background, the text is black.
Fig. 9.1.2. Mandatory Signs
3. Warning Signs: Warning signs are the safety information communication signs. They are shown as a
'yellow colour triangle'.
Fig. 9.1.3. Warning Signs
4. Emergency Signs: The location or routes to emergency facilities are indicated by emergency signs.
These signs have a green backdrop with a white emblem or writing. These signs convey basic
information and frequently refer to housekeeping, company procedures, or logistics.
Fig. 9.1.4. Emergency Signs
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Assembly Technician
9.1.5. Cleanliness in the Workplace

Workplace cleanliness maintenance creates a healthy, efficient and productive environment for the
employees. Cleanliness at the workplace is hindered by some elements like cluttered desks, leftover
food, waste paper, etc. A tidy workplace is said to improve employee professionalism and enthusiasm
while also encouraging a healthy working environment.
Benefits of cleanliness in the workplace:

1. Productivity: Cleanliness in the workplace can bring a sense of belonging to the employees, also
motivating and boosting the morale of the employees. This results in increasing their productivity.
2. Employee Well-being: Employee well-being can be improved by providing a clean work environment.
Employees use fewer sick days in a workplace where litter and waste are properly disposed of, and
surfaces are cleaned regularly, resulting in increased overall productivity.
3. Positive Impression: Cleanliness and orderliness in the workplace provide a positive impression on
both employees and visitors.
4. Cost saving: By maintaining acceptable levels of cleanliness in the workplace, businesses can save
money on cleaning bills and renovations, which may become necessary if the premises are not properly
kept.
Reasons for cleaning the workplace
Ÿ Cleaning of dry floors, mostly to prevent workplace slips and falls.
Ÿ Disinfectants stop bacteria in their tracks, preventing the spread of infections and illness.
Ÿ Proper air filtration decreases hazardous substance exposures such as dust and fumes.
Ÿ Light fixture cleaning improves lighting efficiency.
Ÿ Using environmentally friendly cleaning chemicals that are safer for both personnel and the
environment.
Ÿ Work environments are kept clean by properly disposing of garbage and recyclable items.
9.1.6. Lifting and Handling of Heavy Loads

Musculoskeletal Injuries (MSIs), such as sprains and strains, can occur while lifting, handling, or carrying
objects at work. When bending, twisting, uncomfortable postures and lifting heavy objects are involved,
the risk of injury increases. Ergonomic controls can help to lower the risk of injury and potentially
prevent it.
Types of injuries caused while lifting heavy objects:
Ÿ Cuts and abrasions are caused by rough surfaces.
Ÿ Crushing of feet or hands.
Ÿ Strain to muscles and joints
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Fig. 9.1.5. Lifting loads technique
Preparing to lift
A load that appears light enough to bear at first will grow increasingly heavier as one carries it further.
The person carrying the weight should be able to see over or around it at all times.
The amount of weight a person can lift, depends on their age, physique, and health.
It also depends on whether or not the person is used to lifting and moving hefty objects.
Common Causes of Back Injuries

The Most Common Causes of Back Injuries are:
1) Inadequate Training: The individual raising the load receives no sufficient training or guidance.
2) Lack of awareness of technique: The most common cause of back pain is incorrect twisting and
posture, which causes back strain.
3) Load size: The load size to consider before lifting. If the burden is too much for one's capacity or
handling, their back may be strained and damaged.
4) Physical Strength: Depending on their muscle power, various persons have varied physical
strengths. One must be aware of their limitations.
5) Teamwork: The operation of a workplace is all about working together. When opposed to a
single person lifting a load, two people can lift it more easily and without difficulty. If one of two
people isn't lifting it properly, the other or both of them will suffer back injuries as a result of the
extra strain.
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Assembly Technician
Technique Demonstration
1. Ensure one has a wide base of support before lifting

the heavy object. Ensure one's feet are shoulder-width
apart, and one foot is slightly ahead of the other at all
times. This will help one maintain a good balance
during the lifting of heavy objects. This is known as the
Karate Stance.
2. Squat down as near to the object as possible when

one is ready to lift it, bending at the hips and knees
with the buttocks out. If the object is really heavy, one
may wish to place one leg on the floor and the other
bent at a straight angle in front of them.
3. Maintain proper posture as one begin to lift upward.

To do so, one should keep their back straight, chest
out, and shoulders back while gazing straight ahead.
4. By straightening one's hips and knees, slowly elevate

the thing (not the back). As one rises, they should
extend their legs and exhale. Lift the heavy object
without twisting the body or bending forward.
5. Do not lift bending forward.
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6. Hold the load close to the body.
7. Never lift heavy objects above the shoulder
8. Use the feet (not the body) to change direction,

taking slow, small steps.
9. Set down the heavy object carefully, squatting with

the knees and hips only.
Table 9.1.1. Techniques for lifting heavy objects
(Source: https://www.braceability.com/blogs/articles/7-proper-heavy-lifting-techniques)
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Assembly Technician
9.1.7. Safe Handling of Tools

Workers should be trained on how to use tools safely. When tools are misplaced or handled incorrectly
by workers, they can be dangerous. The following are some suggestions from the National Safety Council
for safe tool handling when they are not in use:
Ÿ Never carry tools up or down a ladder in a way that makes it difficult to grip them. Instead of being
carried by the worker, tools should be lifted up and down using a bucket or strong bag.
Ÿ Tools should never be tossed but should be properly passed from one employee to the next.
Pointed tools should be passed with the handles facing the receiver or in their carrier.
Ÿ When turning and moving around the workplace, workers carrying large tools or equipment on
their shoulders should pay particular attention to clearances.
Ÿ Pointed tools such as chisels and screwdrivers should never be kept in a worker's pocket. They can
be carried in a toolbox, pointing down in a tool belt or pocket tool bag, or in hand with the tip
always held away from the body.
Ÿ Tools should always be stored while not in use. People below are put in danger when tools are left
sitting around on an elevated structure, such as a scaffold. In situations when there is a lot of
vibration, this risk increases.
9.1.8. Personal Protective Equipment

9.1.8. Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment, or "PPE," is equipment worn to reduce exposure to risks that might
result in significant occupational injuries or illnesses. Chemical, radiological, physical, electrical,
mechanical, and other job dangers may cause these injuries and diseases.
PPE used for protection from the following injuries are:
Injury
Protection PPE
Protection
Head Injury Falling or flying objects, stationary objects,
Protection or contact with electrical wires can cause
impact, penetration, and electrical injuries.
Hard hats can protect one's head from
these injuries. A common electrician's hard
hat is shown in the figure below. This hard
hat is made of nonconductive plastic and
comes with a set of safety goggles.
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Injury
Protection PPE
Protection
Foot and Leg In addition to foot protection and safety
Injury shoes, leggings (e.g., leather) can guard
Protection
against risks such as falling or rolling
objects, sharp objects, wet and slippery
surfaces, molten metals, hot surfaces, and
electrical hazards.
Eye and Face Spectacles, goggles, special helmets or

Injury shields, and spectacles with side shields
Protection
and face shields can protect against the
hazards of flying fragments, large chips, hot
sparks, radiation, and splashes from
molten metals. They also offer protection
from particles, sand, dirt, mists, dust, and
glare.
Protection Hearing protection can be obtained by

against Hearing wearing earplugs or earmuffs. High noise
Loss
levels can result in permanent hearing loss
or damage, as well as physical and mental
stress. Self-forming earplugs composed of
foam, waxed cotton, or fibreglass wool
usually fit well. Workers should be fitted for
moulded or prefabricated earplugs by a
specialist.
Hand Injury Hand protection will aid workers who are

Protection exposed to dangerous substances by skin
absorption, serious wounds, or thermal
burns. Gloves are a frequent protective
clothing item. When working on electrified
circuits, electricians frequently use leather
gloves with rubber inserts. When stripping
cable with a sharp blade, Kevlar gloves are
used to prevent cuts.
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Assembly Technician
Injury
Protection PPE
Protection
Whole Body Workers must protect their entire bodies
Protection from risks such as heat and radiation.
Rubber, leather, synthetics, and plastic are
among the materials used in whole-body
PPE, in addition to fire-retardant wool and
cotton. Maintenance staff who operate
with high-power sources such as
transformer installations and motor-
control centres are frequently obliged to
wear fire-resistant clothes.
Table 9.1.2. Personal protective equipment
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Notes
162
Unit 9.2 Fire Safety

1. List the types of fire and fire ex nguishers
9.2.1. Fire Safety

Fire safety is a set of actions aimed at reducing the amount of damage caused by fire. Fire safety
procedures include both those that are used to prevent an uncontrolled fire from starting and those that
are used to minimise the spread and impact of a fire after it has started. Developing and implementing
fire safety measures in the workplace is not only mandated by law but is also essential for the protection
of everyone who may be present in the building during a fire emergency.
The basic Fire Safety Responsibilities are:
Ÿ To identify risks on the premises, a fire risk assessment must be carried out.
Ÿ Ascertain that fire safety measures are properly installed.
Ÿ Prepare for unexpected events.
Ÿ Fire safety instructions and training should be provided to the employees.
9.2.2. Respond to a Workplace Fire

Ÿ Workplace fire drills should be conducted on a regular basis.
Ÿ If one has a manual alarm, they should raise it.
Ÿ Close the doors and leave the fire-stricken area as soon as possible. Ensure that the evacuation is
quick and painless.
Ÿ Turn off dangerous machines and don't stop to get personal items.
Ÿ Assemble at a central location. Ascertain that the assembly point is easily accessible to the
employees.
Ÿ If one's clothing catches fire, one shouldn't rush about it. They should stop and descend on the
ground and roll to smother the flames if their clothes catch fire.
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Assembly Technician
9.2.3. Fire Extinguisher

Fire extinguishers are portable devices used to put out small flames or minimise their damage until fire-
fighters arrive. These are maintained on hand in locations such as fire stations, buildings, workplaces,
public transit, and so on. The types and quantity of extinguishers that are legally necessary for a given
region are determined by the applicable safety standards.
Types of fire extinguishers are:

There are five main types of fire extinguishers:
1. Water.
2. Powder.
3. Foam.
4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
5. Wet chemical.
1. Water: Water fire extinguishers are one of the most common commercial and residential fire
extinguishers on the market. They're meant to be used on class-A flames.
2. Powder: The L2 powder fire extinguisher is the most commonly recommended fire extinguisher in the
Class D Specialist Powder category, and is designed to put out burning lithium metal fires.
164
3. Foam: Foam extinguishers are identified by a cream rectangle with the word "foam" printed on it.
They're mostly water-based, but they also contain a foaming component that provides a quick knock-
down and blanketing effect on flames. It suffocates the flames and seals the vapours, preventing re-
ignition.
4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Class B and electrical fires are extinguished with carbon dioxide extinguishers,
which suffocate the flames by removing oxygen from the air. They are particularly beneficial for
workplaces and workshops where electrical fires may occur since, unlike conventional extinguishers,
they do not leave any toxins behind and hence minimise equipment damage.
5. Wet Chemical: Wet chemical extinguishers are designed to put out fires that are classified as class F.
They are successful because they can put out extremely high-temperature fires, such as those caused by
cooking oils and fats.
165
Notes
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Assembly Technician
Unit 9.3 First Aid
By the end of this unit, participants will be able to:

1. Explain how the administer appropriate first aid to victims in case of bleeding, burns, choking,
electric shock, poisoning
2. Explain how to administer first aid to victims in case of a heart attack or cardiac arrest due to electric
shock.
3. Administer first aid in case of a minor accident.
4. Demonstrate the steps to free a person from electrocution safely.
5. Administer Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
9.3.1. First Aid

First aid is the treatment or care given to someone who has sustained an injury or disease until more
advanced care can be obtained or the person recovers.
The aim of first aid is to:
Ÿ Preserve life
Ÿ Prevent the worsening of a sickness or injury
Ÿ If at all possible, relieve pain
Ÿ Encourage recovery
Ÿ Keep the unconscious safe.
First aid can help to lessen the severity of an injury or disease, and in some situations, it can even save a
person's life.
9.3.2. Need for First Aid at the Workplace

In the workplace, first aid refers to providing immediate care and life support to persons who have been
injured or become unwell at work.
Many times, first aid can help to lessen the severity of an accident or disease.
It can also help an injured or sick person relax. In life-or-death situations, prompt and appropriate first
aid can make all the difference.
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9.3.3. Treating Minor Cuts and Scrapes

Steps to keep cuts clean and prevent infections and scars:
Ÿ Wash Hands: Wash hands first with soap and water to avoid introducing bacteria into the cut and
causing an infection. One should use the hand sanitiser if one is on the go.
Ÿ Stop the bleeding: Using a gauze pad or a clean towel, apply pressure to the wound. For a few
minutes, keep the pressure on.
Ÿ Clean Wounds: Once the bleeding has stopped, clean the wound by rinsing it under cool running
water or using a saline wound wash. Use soap and a moist washcloth to clean the area around the
wound. Soap should not be used on the cut since it may irritate the skin. Also, avoid using
hydrogen peroxide or iodine, as these may aggravate the wound.
Ÿ Remove Dirt: Remove any dirt or debris from the area. Pick out any dirt, gravel, glass, or other
material in the cut with a pair of tweezers cleaned with alcohol.
9.3.4. Heart Attack

When the blood flow carrying oxygen to the heart is blocked, a heart attack occurs. The heart muscle
runs out of oxygen and starts to die.
Symptoms of a heart attack can vary from person to person. They may be mild or severe. Women, older
adults, and people with diabetes are more likely to have subtle or unusual symptoms.
Symptoms in adults may include:

Ÿ Changes in mental status, especially in older adults.
Ÿ Chest pain
Ÿ that feels like pressure, squeezing, or fullness. The pain is most often in the centre of the chest. It
may also be felt in the jaw, shoulder, arms, back, and stomach. It can last for more than a few
minutes or come and go.
Ÿ Cold sweat.
Ÿ Light-headedness.
Ÿ Nausea (more common in women).
Ÿ Indigestion.
Ÿ Vomiting.
Ÿ Numbness, aching or tingling in the arm (usually the left arm, but the right arm may be affected
alone, or along with the left).
Ÿ Shortness of breath
Ÿ Weakness or fatigue, especially in older adults and in women.
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Assembly Technician
First Aid for Heart Attack

If one thinks someone is experiencing a heart attack, they should:
Ÿ Have the person sit down, rest, and try to keep calm.
Ÿ Loosen any tight clothing.
Ÿ Ask if the person takes any chest pain medicine, such as nitro-glycerine for a known heart
condition, and help them take it.
Ÿ If the pain does not go away promptly with rest or within 3 minutes of taking nitro-glycerine, call
for emergency medical help.
Ÿ If the person is unconscious and unresponsive, call 911 or the local emergency number, then
begin CPR.
Ÿ If an infant or child is unconscious and unresponsive, perform 1 minute of CPR, then call 911 or
the local emergency number.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique. Its objective is to maintain blood and
oxygen flowing in the body of a person whose heart and breathing have stopped. CPR must be
performed by a trained person as it involves external chest compressions and rescue breathing. If
performed incorrectly, CPR may cause injury to the victim. CPR performed within the initial six minutes
of the heart-stopping can keep someone alive until medical help arrives.
Fundamentally these are referred to as ABC of Life. The process should be performed only in an
emergency:
Fig.9.3.1 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
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9.3.5 Aims of First Aid

The aims of first aid are to:
Ÿ preserve life,
Ÿ prevent the worsening of one's medical condition,
Ÿ promote recovery, and
Ÿ help ensure safe transportation to the nearest healthcare facility.
A First Aider should remember PACT Fig. 9.3.2 First Aid Kit
P - Protect
A - Assess
C - Care
T - Transport-Triage
(A) Vital Signs

Vital signs are the measurements of the body's basic but important functions. Normal vital signs often
change with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and overall health. The usually monitored four vital
signs are:
Vital Signs Good Poor
Heart Rate 60-100 beats per minute Below 60 or more than 100 beats per
minute
Respirations 14-16 breaths per minute Less than 14 breaths per minute
Skin Warm, pink and dry Cool, pale and moist
Consciousness Alert and orientated Drowsy or unconscious
Table 9.3.1 Vital Signs
(B) Four A's

Awareness Assessment Action Aftercare
Ÿ Observe. Ÿ Assess what is Ÿ Do what one can. Ÿ After assisting a
Ÿ Stop to help. required to be Ÿ One should call for victim, one should
done. expert medical stay with him/her till
Ÿ Determine if one is help. expert care arrives.
capable of doing it. Ÿ One should
contribute to
ensuring own and
others' safety.
Table 9.3.2 Four A's
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Assembly Technician
(C) Degrees of Burns
1st Degree Burn 2nd Degree Burn 3rd Degree Burn 4th Degree Burn
Will recover by itself Serious but recovers Very serious and will Extremely serious and
in a few days. in a few weeks. require skin grafting. requires many years
Action Required: One Action Required: One Action Required: One with repeated plastic
should place it under should place a clean should place a clean, surgery, and skin
running water. wet cloth over the dry cloth over the grafting is life-
burnt area. burnt area. threatening.
Action Required: One
should leave the
burnt area open and
prevent infection.
Table 9.3.3 Degrees of Burns
(D) First Aid Techniques for common injuries

Some common first aid techniques for common injuries
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Injury Symptom Do's Don'ts
Fracture Ÿ Pain Ÿ One should immobilize Ÿ One shouldn’t move the

Burns (see Ÿ Swelling and stabilize the affected affected part.
Degrees of Ÿ Visible bone part. Ÿ O n e s h o u l d av o i d
Burn table) Ÿ One should use a cloth as washing or probing the
Ÿ Redness of skin
a sling and carefully injured area.
Ÿ Blistered skin
transfer the victim on a Ÿ O n e s h o u l d av o i d
Ÿ Injury marks
stretcher pulling off any clothing
Headache/seizures
Ÿ In case of an electrical stuck to the burnt skin.
burn, one should cut off Ÿ O n e s h o u l d av o i d
the power supply. placing ice on burn
Ÿ In case of fire, one should injuries.
suppress the fire with a Ÿ One shouldn’t use
blanket or thick cloth. cotton to cover burn
Ÿ One should use water to injuries.
douse the flames, as
appropriate.
Ÿ One should remove any
jewellery items from the
affected body parts.
Ÿ One should wash the
burn with water.
Bleeding Ÿ Bruises Ÿ One should check the Ÿ O n e s h o u l d av o i d

Ÿ Visible blood loss victim's breathing. cleaning the wound
from the body Ÿ One should apply direct from out to the in
Ÿ Coughing blood pressure to the wound direction.
Ÿ Wound/Injury marks with a clean cloth or Ÿ One shouldn't apply too
hands. much pressure on the
Ÿ Unconsciousness
Ÿ One should remove any wound.
due to blood loss
objects visible on the Ÿ One should not apply
Ÿ Dizziness
wounds. pressure on a wound for
Ÿ Pale skin
Ÿ One should apply a more than 15 minutes.
bandage on the wound Ÿ One shouldn't give
once the bleeding stops. water to the victim to
drink.
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Assembly Technician
Injury Symptom Do's Don'ts
Heat Ÿ High body Ÿ One should move the Ÿ One shouldn't allow
Stroke/ Sun temperature victim to a cool and shady crowding around the
Stoke Ÿ Headache place. victim.
Ÿ Hot and dry skin Ÿ Any jewellery must be Ÿ One shouldn't give any
Ÿ Nausea/Vomiting removed from the hot drinks to the victim.
affected area.
Ÿ Unconsciousness
Ÿ One should wet the
victim's skin with a
sponge, and wash the
burn with water.
Ÿ If possible, one should
apply ice packs to the
victim's neck, back and
armpits.
Unconsciou Ÿ No movement of Ÿ Any clothing around the Ÿ One should not throw
sness limbs neck, waist and chest water on the victim or
Ÿ No verbal response should be loosened. slap them.
or gestures Ÿ One should check for the Ÿ One shouldn't force-
Ÿ Pale skin breathing of the victim. feed anything to the
Ÿ One should place the victim.
victim's legs above Ÿ O n e s h o u l d av o i d
his/her level of the raising the victim head
heart. high as it may block the
Ÿ If the victim is not airway.
breathing, one should
perform
Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR).
Snakebite Ÿ Two puncture Ÿ One should note the time Ÿ One should not kill or
wounds of the bite to inform a handle the snake.
Ÿ Swelling and redness medical professional. Ÿ For the identification of
around the wounds Ÿ One should calm the snake species and the
Ÿ Pain at the bite site victim and keep them still consequent severity of
Ÿ Difficulty breathing because body movement its bite, one should take
can cause the venom to a picture of the snake, if
Ÿ Vomiting and nausea
t ravel m o re q u ic k ly possible.
Ÿ Blurred vision through the body. Ÿ One shouldn't waste
Ÿ Sweating and Ÿ One should remove tight time hunting the snake.
salivating clothing or jewellery Instead, the victim must
Ÿ Numbness in the because the area be provided immediate
face and limbs surrounding the bite will care.
likely swell.
Ÿ One shouldn't allow the
victim to walk. Instead,
the victim should be
carried or transported in
a vehicle.
173
Notes
174
Unit 9.4 Waste Management
By the end of this unit, participants will be able to:

1. Describe the concept of waste management and methods of disposing of hazardous waste.
2. List the common sources of pollution and ways to minimize them.
3. Elaborate on electronic waste disposal procedures.
9.4.1. Waste Management and Methods of Waste Disposal

The collection, disposal, monitoring, and processing of waste materials is known as waste management.
These wastes affect living beings' health and the environment. For reducing their effects, they have to be
managed properly. The waste is usually in solid, liquid or gaseous form.
The importance of waste management is:
Waste management is important because it decreases waste's impact on the environment, health, and
other factors. It can also assist in the reuse or recycling of resources like paper, cans, and glass. The
disposal of solid, liquid, gaseous, or dangerous substances is the example of waste management.
When it comes to trash management, there are numerous factors to consider, including waste disposal,
recycling, waste avoidance and reduction, and garbage transportation. Treatment of solid and liquid
wastes is part of the waste management process. It also provides a number of recycling options for
goods that aren't classified as garbage during the process.
9.4.2. Methods of Waste Management

Non-biodegradable and toxic wastes, such as radioactive remains, can cause irreversible damage to the
environment and human health if they are not properly disposed of. Waste disposal has long been a
source of worry, with population increase and industrialisation being the primary causes. Here are a few
garbage disposal options.
1. Landfills: The most common way of trash disposal today is to throw daily waste/garbage into
landfills. This garbage disposal method relies on burying the material in the ground.
2. Recycling: Recycling is the process of transforming waste items into new products in order to
reduce energy consumption and the use of fresh raw materials. Recycling reduces energy
consumption, landfill volume, air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and the
preservation of natural resources for future use.
175
Assembly Technician
3. Composting: Composting is a simple and natural bio-degradation process that converts organic
wastes, such as plant remnants, garden garbage, and kitchen waste, into nutrient-rich food for
plants.
4. Incineration: Incineration is the process of combusting garbage. The waste material is cooked to
extremely high temperatures and turned into materials such as heat, gas, steam, and ash using
this technology.
9.4.3. Recyclable, Non-Recyclable and Hazardous Waste

1. Recyclable Waste: The waste which can be reused or recycled further is known as recyclable
waste.
2. Non-recyclable Waste: The waste which cannot be reused or recycled is known as non-
recyclable waste. Polythene bags are a great example of non-recyclable waste.
3. Hazardous Waste: The waste which can create serious harm to the people and the environment
is known as hazardous waste.
9.4.4. Sources of Pollution

Pollution is defined as the harm caused by the presence of a material or substances in places where they
would not normally be found or at levels greater than normal. Polluting substances might be in the form
of a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
Ÿ Point source of pollution: Pollution from a point source enters a water body at a precise location
and can usually be identified. Effluent discharges from sewage treatment plants and industrial
sites, power plants, landfill sites, fish farms, and oil leakage via a pipeline from industrial sites are
all potential point sources of contamination.
Point source pollution is often easy to prevent since it is feasible to identify where it originates,
and once identified, individuals responsible for the pollution can take rapid corrective action or
invest in longer-term treatment and control facilities.
Ÿ Diffuse source of pollution: As a result of land-use activities such as urban development,

amenity, farming, and forestry, diffuse pollution occurs when pollutants are widely used and
diffused over a large region. These activities could have occurred recently or in the past. It might
be difficult to pinpoint specific sources of pollution and, as a result, take rapid action to prevent it
because prevention often necessitates significant changes in land use and management
methods.
176
Pollution Prevention
Pollution prevention entails acting at the source of pollutants to prevent or minimise their production. It
saves natural resources, like water, by using materials and energy more efficiently.
Pollution prevention includes any practice that:
Ÿ Reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste
stream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to
recycling, treatment, or disposal;
Ÿ Reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of such
substances, pollutants, or contaminants (these practices are known as "source reduction");
Ÿ Improved efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water, or other resources, or
Conservation is a method of safeguarding natural resources.
Ÿ Improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory management; equipment
or technology adjustments; process or method modifications; product reformulation or
redesign; raw material substitution; or improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training,
or inventory control.
9.4.5. Electronic Waste

Lead, cadmium, beryllium, mercury, and brominated flame retardants are found in every piece of
electronic waste. When gadgets and devices are disposed of illegally, these hazardous compounds are
more likely to contaminate the earth, pollute the air, and leak into water bodies.
When e-waste is dumped in a landfill, it tends to leach trace metals as water runs through it. The
contaminated landfill water then reaches natural groundwater with elevated toxic levels, which can be
dangerous if it reaches any drinking water bodies. Despite having an environmentally benign approach,
recycling generally results in international shipment and dumping of the gadgets in pits.
Some eco-friendly ways of disposing of e-waste are:
Ÿ Giving back the e-waste to the electronic companies and drop-off points
Ÿ Following guidelines issued by the government
Ÿ Selling or donating the outdated technology-based equipment
Ÿ Giving e-waste to a certified e-waste recycler
177
Assembly Technician
1. Name all five types of fire ex nguishers.

2. Explain PPE in brief.
3. List the common workplace hazards.
4. Fill in the blacks:
i. A "_________ sign" is a safety sign that prohibits behaviour that is likely to endanger one's
health or safety.
ii. ____________ entails ac ng at the source of pollutants to prevent or minimise their
produc on.
iii. __________ is the treatment or care given to someone who has sustained an injury or disease
un l more advanced care can be obtained or the person recovers.
iv. The threats caused by biological agents like viruses, bacteria, animals, plants, insects and also
humans, are known as ________________.
v. The workplace has to be administered as per the rules of the ___________________.
178
Notes
Notes
179
10. Employability Skills
(60 Hours)
It is recommended that all trainings include the appropriate Employability
skills Module. Content for the same can be accessed
https://www.skillindiadigital.gov.in/content/list
Scan the QR code below to access the eBook
(DGT/VSQ/N0102)
181
11. Annexure
Annexure I - QR Codes - Video Links

Assembly Technician
ANNEXURE - QR Codes
Page Video
Chapter Name Unit Name Topic Name URL QR Code(s)
No. Duration
Chapter 1: Unit 1.2 1.2.1 Drones https://youtu.be 12 00:03:57

Introduction Introduction of /s3OWevhrXpo
to Drone Drones
Manufacturin
g and Drones
Assembly 12
1.2.2 Types of https://youtu.be 00:06:29
Technician
Drones /7qnm_okFRnE
Types of Drones
1.2.4 Industry Use https://youtu.be 12 00:11:44

Cases for Drones /PxQckEYjN-k
Industry Use Cases

for Drones
Chapter 2: Unit 2.1 Types of 2.1.1 Definition of https://youtu.be 36 00:02:22

Types of Drones and Their Drones /unMa2FXvw0E
Drones and Applications
Their
Applications Definition of Drones
2.1.2 Classification https://youtu.be 36 00:31:49

of Drone based on /sWjpuXluEmY
structure
Classification of Drone
based on structure
2.1.3 Applications https://youtu.be 36 00:11:58

of Drone /HpOtDTG2XGQ
Applications of Drone
2 . 1 . 4 Ty p e s o f https://youtu.be 36 00:06:29
Drones, physical /HpOtDTG2XGQ
form and thier
applications
Types of Drones,
physical form and
thier applications
Chapter 3: Unit 3.1: Study of 3.1.1 Block diagram https://youtu.be 43 00:07:06

Study of Block Block diagram of of the system /IqxJpaKuQGo
diagram of a a Drone
Drone
Block diagram of the
system
183
ANNEXURE - QR Codes
Page Video
Chapter Name Unit Name Topic Name URL QR Code(s)
No. Duration
Chapter 4: Unit 4.1: 4.1.1 https://youtu.be 55 00:15:31

Required Required Components of a /OUHSWBQg3rI
Constituents Constituents to Drone
to make a make a drone
drone Components of a Drone
4.1.4 T ools https://youtu.be 55 00:10:37

required for /43PZ7izoFGs
assembling of
Drones
Types of Drones
Chapter 5: Unit 5.1 Study of 5.1.1 Basic https://youtu.be 79 00:09:42

Study of Drone Electronic /jOugJpQfUDU
Drone Electronics/ Components
Electronics/ Circuits
Circuits Basic Electronic
Components
5.1.2 Brushed & https://youtu.be 79 00:03:17

Brushless Motors /JU08mR_isaw
Brushed & Brushless

Motors
5.1.7 Drone https://youtu.be 79 00:17:30

Controller /Cf2K_VUoGZA
Drone Controller
184

Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician

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Drone Manufacturing and

Drone Manufacturing and Assembly Technician “: ELE/Q7307, NSQF Level 4"

May 26th, 2022

It is recommended that all trainings include the appropriate Employability

11. Annexure 182

Unit 1.1 Introduc on to the Electronics Sector in India

Unit 1.1 : Introduc on to the Electronics Sector in India

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

1.1.1 Size and scope of the electronics industry and its

1.1.3 Drone Market in India

Fig. 1.1.2 Drone based applica ons being explored in India

Fig. 1.1.3 Size of the poten al market for drone-powered products

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

1.2.2 Types of Drones

1.2.3 Drone Parameters for Various Types

Table 1.2.1 Parameters of different types of drones

Table 1.2.1 Parameters of Diﬀerent Types of Drones

Fig 1.2.1 Tricopter Fig 1.2.2 Quadcopter

Classiﬁca on as per the Drone Rules, 2021

1.2.4 Industry Use Cases for Drones

Agriculture ● Precision farming– assessing the optimal quantity of water and

Energy and Utilities ● Remediation and site monitoring

Urban development ● Industrial inspection

● Geo-referencing for land records management

● Digital mapping for accurate property tax collection

Transport ● Inspection of railway lines under construction or maintenance

Table 1.2.2 Industry Use Cases for Drones

Scan the QR Code to watch the related video

https://youtu.be/s3OWevhrXpo https://youtu.be/7qnm_okFRnE https://youtu.be/PxQckEYjN-k

Unit 1.3 Job Role and Responsibili es of a Drone

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

1.3.1 Job Role and Responsibili es of a Drone Manufaturing

Commissioning the Drone

Ÿ Performing a demo run of the drone to ensure to test.

In addi on, the individual has the following responsibili es:

Ÿ Following ﬁre safety prac ces

1.3.2 Personal a ributes of a Assembly and Manufacturing

1.3.3 Career Progression for a Assembly and Manufacturing

1.3.4 Organiza onal Policies on incen ves, Personnel

Drone Type Description

Tricopter Comes equipped with four rotors.

Quadcopter Comes equipped with six rotors.

Hexacopter Comes equipped with eight rotors.

Octocopter Comes equipped with three rotors.

Unit 2 Types of Drones and Their Applica ons

Unit 2 Types of Drones and Their Applica ons

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

2.1.1 Deﬁni on of drones

Fig. 2.1.1 Drone

Based on the structure drones are classiﬁed into following:

Fig. 2.1.2 Fixed Wing Structure

3. Mul rotor Drone/UAVs.

Fig.2.1 Mul rotor drone (Quadcopter)

Mul Rotor are further sub classiﬁed based on number of rotors:

Fig. 2.1.5 Diagramma c representa on of Quadcopter, Hexacopter, Octocopter

Fig. 2.1.6 Drone based applica ons being explored in India

2.1.4 Types of Drones, physical form and thier applica on

Sr. Drone Type Description and Uses Physical form

1. Single-Rotor Drones These are a few of the drones

2. Multi-Rotor Drones These designs have a number

Multi-rotor drones are an

There are many significant