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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of the

problems, its significance as well as its scope and delimitation.

As John Quinlan once said that preparedness is the only way we can

combat a natural disaster; to be prepared in upcoming risks and disasters is an

advantage for someone to avoid unwanted losses. An individual must be

knowledgeable in risks that may occur anytime because disasters are inevitable.

Philippines is recorded as one of the countries known for its closeness to

any form of risks and disaster. The country is also included on the Pacific Ring of

Fire which makes it more prone to multiple disasters. Events like flash floods,

drought, earthquakes, fire and landslides causes millions of fatalities and severe

damage not only on the environment but also to its people.

According to a statistical record, the Philippines lose more than 300 Billion

from natural disasters and to respond financially for the needs of the people to

cope up from what they have experienced (Magtulis, 2017).

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Background of the Study

Natural disasters are disasters that occur as a result of nature and human

have no influence over them. Natural catastrophes include earthquakes,

tsunamis, floods, landslides, hurricanes, wildfires, droughts, and volcanic

eruptions (Martinez, 2018).

At any time, a natural calamity might strike. Some calamities, such as a

storm before a flood, provide advance warning. Earthquakes, for example,

provide little or no warning. When a calamity strikes, there is no time to prepare.

The best method to deal with a natural disaster is to plan ahead of time and have

a plan in place. Disasters range in magnitude from small-scale catastrophes like

a storm that affects a single suburb to big-scale calamities that affect whole cities

or enormous areas beyond state lines. People may be hurt or killed as a result of

catastrophes, and their houses and valued goods may be destroyed (Australian

Insurance Council, n. d.).

Preparedness can help to decrease the dread, worry, and losses that

come with calamities. Individuals, families, and communities should be aware of

what to do in the case of a fire and where to take shelter during a severe storm.

They should be prepared to flee their houses and seek safety in public shelters,

as well as know how to take care of their basic medical requirements. Individuals

may also mitigate the effects of disasters (flood proofing, raising or transferring a

property out of harm's way and securing goods that can shake free in an

earthquake) and occasionally totally avert the hazard.

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According to the World Risk Index 2012, the Philippines ranks third among

173 nations most exposed to catastrophe risk and natural hazards, with an

average of 20 tropical cyclones each year, as well as other climatic and severe

weather anomalies like the El Niño phenomena. With an average of P15 billion in

annual direct losses, these calamities put a pressure on government

expenditures. Worse, this stymies the government's attempts to reduce poverty.

On the other hand, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR),

the Philippines ranks fourth (4th) in the world among nations that have

experienced the most catastrophes in the last twenty (20) years in which

between 1995 and 2015, the Philippines experienced 274 catastrophes.

In addition to this, Philippines experienced floods and landslide most of

the time due to the typhoons that enter their country, according to the Risk

Disaster and Management Team of Metro Manila. With this, most of the Filipinos

suffer to various diseases and proper damages after calamities specifically

typhoons. Added to this matter is how the people do not care about their trashes

in which it floats whenever there is a typhoon. Floods and landslides are

happening as well in provinces such as in Romblon City wherein there are a lot

of coastal locations that are prone to natural disasters like the municipality of

Odiongan. As per the the MDRRMO Odiongan, there are 4 barangays in the

town which are most vulnerable for natural disasters namely: Gabawan,

Tumingad, Libertad, and Panique.

In barangay Gabawan, the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Office shared that they experience floods with damaged property of
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the houses and other things that the household communities owned. In this case

matter, their data showed that most of the affected community experienced

heavy rain and strong winds that made their houses collapsed and damaged

other property due to floods.

In barangay Tumingad, the Community Risk Assessment entailed that

they experienced floods most of the time. They shared the worst scenario that

happened to them for the past five (5) years in which they experienced a super

typhoon/signal number 3 that caused landfall with a maximum sustained wind of

greater than 25 kph that triggered the occurrence of 5-meter storm surge. It also

led the occurrence of flooding and strong rain with the induced landslides within

the identified areas.

Additionally, a power blackout has experienced and communication

facilities were totally damaged at that time. Transportation had interrupted and

cancelled whereas road and bridges are not passable. There were also damages

on water and drainage facilities. Based on the worst scenario they experienced,

the Barangay Incident Management Team of barangay Tumingad has decided

that they activated few response groups from the local and private clusters

wherein more response capabilities will be needed due to the severity of the

impact brought about by the typhoon.

In barangay Libertad, one the worst calamities that hit them was the

typhoon Tisoy in year 2019 in which they experienced that most of the biggest

assets and properties on their area including beach resorts, and even the
 5

agricultural farms had been destroyed with the strong wind and heavy rain they

experienced at that time. Also, they have experienced flooding and falling trees

as well as the damage of houses in the community.

In barangay Panique, they have experienced typhoons which causes

floods and landslide. Most of the cases of natural disasters they have

experienced for the past four (4) years are damaged property with no death or

zero casualty. It is because they have practiced evacuation as early as they

could since they are near the seashores and they learned to notice how the

water waves within a day to understand if there are typhoons coming or not. It is

important for them to visualize these things for everyone even the community so

they can alert everyone whenever there is a coming typhoon.

Preparedness is critical on many levels and in a variety of fields. This

study can provide valuable insights and empirical data to the field of criminology

in the areas of emergency/disaster management, human and social services,

disaster crisis intervention, disaster response, and recovery. It may be used to

provide case studies in criminology practice, as well as public administration and

management, public safety, and social policy research and planning. This

research can help to strengthen criminology's educational theoretical views in

disaster management, communication, and even emergency psychological

health and trauma processes.

Disaster preparedness is defined as "the knowledge and capacities

developed by government, professional response and recovery organizations,

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communities, and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover

from the impacts of likely, imminent, or current hazard events or conditions." It

also includes "such activities as contingency planning, which are based on a

sound analysis of disaster risk and good linkages with early warning systems."

Conversely, disaster risk reduction is seen as a barrier to growth on a global,

national, local, communal, and even individual level. As a result, the emphasis of

this research is on the degree of readiness of coastal barangays in the

Municipality of Odiongan, as specified in their separate Barangay Risk Reduction

and Preparedness Plans and executed by local MDRMMO.

The Fourteenth Congress established Republic Act No. 10121 or the

Philippine Disaster Reduction Management Act to strengthen the country’s

management and awareness on disasters and to plan a framework to reduce

casualties and provide enough funds for these events. Included in this act is a

plan formulated to provide strategies, alerts and guidelines given to all parts of

the country to teach people on how to deal with an unexpected disaster.

Consequently, the R.A. No. 10121 led to the local government unit to involve

barangays in preparing its citizens to be totally aware, prepared and responsive

to the any forms of emergencies like risks and disaster. Although a lot of work

and money has gone into boosting public awareness of threats, the rate of

preparedness for a big natural catastrophe has been low in recent years.

Safety within the barangay is a necessity. With this, it is implicated that it

is a human legal concern of barangay officials and local government units who

are liable for providing a safe and secure environment which is why every year,
 7

the whole country conducts an earthquake and fire drill that serves as a practice

or training in every city, schools, and different institutions in order to anticipate

and preclude such disasters. Implementing and integrating disaster risk reduction

management to every community is a must to heighten the level of resiliency of

the people towards natural disasters.

The purpose of this study is to prepare, equip, further educate and serve

as a warning to the respondents about what they could do for them to help

mitigate the viable effects of a natural disaster and to recover with ease

afterward. Also, another purpose of this research is to know the prior knowledge

of the young citizens that could help not just themselves but also those who need

assistance in time of the occurrences of the natural disaster. This research

apprises the Criminology students of the Romblon State University Immaculate

Conception about the importance of surpassing circumstances during natural

disaster occurrence. The researchers have accumulated data from the aimed

respondents in the municipality of Odiongan who have and have not yet

experienced natural disaster specifically the typhoons and how they will utilize

their premier understanding from their subject on any catastrophic activities that

may transpire in the future.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to know the level of awareness and preparedness in risk

reduction disaster management among household communities of the selected

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coastal barangays in the municipality of Odiongan by answering the following

research questions:

1. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of?

1.1. Disaster Mitigation;

1.2. Disaster Preparedness;

1.3. Disaster Response, and

1.4. Disaster Recovery?

2. What is the level of disaster preparedness of the respondents as to:

2.3. Disaster Knowledge

2.2. Supportive Resources

2.3. Life Safety and Property Protection

3. Is there a significant relationship between the level of disaster

awareness and the level of disaster preparedness of the household

communities?

4. What action plan can be deduced from the respondents towards

Awareness and Preparedness in Risk Reduction Disaster Management of

household communities in the municipality of Odiongan?

Significance of the Study

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The implementation of R.A. No. 10121 also known as Philippine Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 provides for a mechanism to

develop, promote, execute and coordinate a disaster preparedness plan which is

carried out within the context of disaster risk reduction and management. It is

important that the readers of this study understand the level significance of the

study to the overall development of Disaster Risk Reduction Management Team

in the Philippines today and in the future.

This study aimed to make the readers develop an understanding about the

level of awareness and preparedness in risk reduction disaster management of

the household communities in the municipality of Odiongan. Researchers

believed that the result of the study would greatly benefit the significant others

particularly:

Community. The outcome of this research will help the community

understand the importance of being prepared in facing natural disaster. It is also

to give knowledge and awareness on the natural disaster that they may possibly

encounter.

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). This study will

help enhance the disaster risk reduction checklist and modules they formulated

by providing new inputs and information regarding the profile and the level of

preparedness of MDRRMO.

Law Enforcement Agencies. It will help them determine what barangay

in Municipality of Odiongan needs assistance when it’s come to the natural

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disaster and protecting the most affected community that closely in the prone

coastal area.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The

department will collaborate to the local government unit to create action plan and

strategic policy to address the natural disaster preparedness among household’s

communities of coastal barangay in Municipality of Odiongan. It will help them to

become fully aware of their performance regarding the natural disaster in their

municipalities and at the same time the support they could extend to the

community and barangay officials to ensure the safety of their community.

Municipal Disaster. Risk Reduction and Management Committee

(MDRRMC) – the principal beneficiaries of this research study in terms of helping

MDRRMC develop a program of action which will improve their level of

preparedness in terms of disaster response.

Criminology Students. This study will enlighten them about the impact

of a disaster it will also serves as the guide and help them to feel empowered,

capable and confident in their abilities to respond quickly and appropriately in the

impact of natural disaster. The result of this study will encourage ICJE staff

continue offering researchers about the context of natural disaster preparedness

among household communities of costal barangays in Municipality of Odiongan.

Future Researchers. This research will be an inspiration to future

researchers to keep their flame burning so that they could make more socially

relevant statistical research and analysis of disaster management alive and

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ferociously burning. The ideas presented in this study may help them in

conducting new researches related to disaster awareness and preparedness.

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of the study is to determine the relationship of awareness and

preparedness in risk reduction disaster management of household communities

in the municipality of Odiongan. Specifically, this study determined the natural

disaster preparedness among household communities of selected coastal

barangay in Municipality of Odiongan, and disaster preparedness capability of

the households in terms of disaster knowledge, supportive resources and life

safety and property protection awareness. This study was conducted within the

calendar year 2021-2022. The researchers used Stratified Sampling technique

for they believe that it is the most suitable sampling technique to be used in this

study and also used standardized questionnaire as their research instrument.

The study involved 100 respondents who are the head of the family that

currently resided in the coastal barangays of the municipality of Odiongan and

had a prior knowledge about the awareness and preparedness towards risk

reduction disaster management since the locale participants have experience the

natural calamities such as typhoons and earthquake. They were chosen because

the researchers believed that they are the most appropriate people to answer the

problem raised in the study. In addition, the scope of this study focused only on

the preparedness of the household communities of coastal barangays on natural

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disasters on selected barangays including Gabawan, Tumingad, Libertad, and

Panique in the municipality of Odiongan.

The study only focused in getting relevant information about the level of

awareness and preparedness in risk reduction disaster management of

household communities in the area and it did not cover any other aspects of the

respondents.

Moreover, it is limited only to the barangays near in the coastal areas

which was identified by the MDRRMO as under risk prone areas while those

barangays that are outside the coastal areas are not included in this study.

This study did not include any other institutions, areas, or barangays and

households that are not within the 1-kilometer risk areas. It was also limited only

to natural disasters like earthquakes, typhoons, tsunami, floods, and landslides

that the selected coastal barangays of the municipality of Odiongan have

experienced and all other types of disasters, especially man-made, whereas

excluded from this study.

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter discussed the review of the related literature and studies that

share the same research topic as the researchers’ study. In this part, the

researchers will further explain the theories that could be the basis of conducting

the study in the area of Odiongan, Romblon. Consequently, the researchers will

illustrate the conceptual framework of the research paper and define the terms

used in this study in operational approach.

Nowadays, people should always be ready with upcoming disasters

because these happen unexpectedly that is why Risk Disaster Reduction

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Management must be established on different places especially to prone areas to

lessen problematic scenarios and number of casualties. Preparations can also

help younger ones to know and to understand the effective and right thing to do

before, during and after the disaster. Set by set, the number of injuries can be

reduced if the children aren’t’ exposed or intentionally avoiding imminent

dangers.

For an instance, the community should make sure that the location of

each house is far from potential hazard or disaster-prone areas. The community

itself is the second home of the people and the LGU’s have the accountability of

protecting its dominion from any harm. It serves as their training ground which

would also aid them to have a better understanding in terms of risk disaster

reduction management. The people in authority and the agency concerned to

avoid the potential danger that natural disasters may bring must do their best in

assuring the safety of the people.

Foreign Related Literature

People who are well acquainted with various possible disasters and the

ways how to mitigate it increases the chances of survivability of lives and

property if a sudden catastrophe occurred. The authors in these literatures

provided a suggestion for the people to allocate information towards risk disaster

reduction awareness and preparedness to public which is vital for everyone’s

safety. An example was given that communities should assure that their

evacuation site is situated far away from potential threats of disasters.

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Preparedness in Risk Reduction Disaster Management

Around the world, natural disasters are growing more prevalent and more

severe (Gearhart, S. 2018). Likewise, natural disaster preparation, according to

Samah et al. (2019) is the action done to prepare for and to mitigate the

consequences of natural catastrophes. Predicting the possible disasters,

reducing their influence on vulnerable groups' health, and successfully

responding to it may lessen the damage of the affected numbers of injured.

As cited from Jimeno, R. (2017), he defined on his literature entitled,

"Reference for Emergency and Disaster" (RED) that disaster management is a

complete process wherein they devise plans and measures on what should be

undertaken in preparing for a disaster such as knowing what to do during the

actual situation and what should be immediately done after the occurrence of a

disaster.

It is imperative to increase knowledge about Disaster Risk management.

Olivia, M. (2020) suggested on her literature entitled, Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Plans and Strategies that a country’s government should exert

much effort in implementing the disaster risk reduction management

preparedness plan, for it is their main responsibility. She also added that disaster

risk reduction management strategies and plans beneficial to the community to

have knowledge and be ready for potential hazards that may arise.

Moreover, the significance of effective campaign of the government and

the community regarding risk disaster reduction was to ensure the readiness and
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adequate awareness of each individual. It helps the community understand that

being aware of the strategies in preparing for risks is a major advantage towards

lessening potential losses and damages caused by natural disasters.

Disaster preparedness is a crucial component that can assist limit the

number of persons killed or wounded (Rohiith, V. et al., 2018). In addition, natural

catastrophes have substantial direct economic effects, according to Botzen et al.

(2020), with large property losses in rich nations and casualties in

underdeveloped countries. Since Philippines belongs to underdeveloped country,

the vulnerability is high.

Disaster Risks

Moylan, W. (2018), defined on his published article entitled, Risk and

Hazard Management for Festival and Events that the concept of “mass panic” or

stampede is used to relate on the initial reaction of the people to an emergency

situation.

Rendering Miasco, M. (2017) she concluded on her published book

entitled "Disaster Preparedness" now part of the high school curriculum that the

perception of each individual on the primary causes of risk has changed

dramatically. At the present time, everyone is concerned about different risks,

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whether it is natural or man-made. Yet, losses are frequently associated with

natural disasters. It is impossible to make informed choices with regard to

managing the risk associated with any hazard unless the risk is first understood.

More so, here are five basic steps to define risk management programs

keenly and to increase the level of awareness and preparedness in terms of

earthquakes. These includes: 1) understanding the current level of risk exposure;

2) assessing the acceptability of the risk; 3) evaluating alternative risk mitigation

approaches; 4) selecting an appropriate approach; and 5) implementing the

approaches.

There are various kinds of potential hazards that may occur anywhere and

it must be assessed and handled. Each community has disaster-resistant

designs which explains the greater danger of natural catastrophes. It is helpful

that disaster management topics have already been administered to all

specifically students at school. Fortunately, disaster preparedness and

management education has been reinforced through programs led by non-

government agencies and local government units. They provide orientation and

training on disaster mitigation and readiness, as well as distributing manuals to

students and faculty members in school.

Role of Education and Geography of Families

According to the Institute for Economics and Peace (2019), the Philippines

is the country most at risk from the climate crisis. Numerous communities are

harmed by natural disasters regardless of their geographic location, despite

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relying on standard procedures (Ha, Kyoo-Man, 2018). However, another way to

increase readiness is to educate people and make them realize or comprehend

the need of being prepared in the event of a natural catastrophe in our nation

such as: typhoon, floods, landslide and earthquake. Furthermore, disaster

preparation such as stocking up on emergency supplies or creating a house

evacuation plan may go a long way toward decreasing natural catastrophe

damage (Roffman, H. & Raya, M., 2017).

Emergency education, according to Sogand et al. (2019), strives to give

information to individuals and groups so that they may take action to lessen their

susceptibility to disasters. Educating people will assist them protect themselves

in the case of occurrence of a disaster.

Also, Bronfman et al. (2019) stated that in a setting with many dangers,

the most prepared persons were those aged 30 to 59 who lived with spouses and

school-aged children.

In addition to this, Corps, M. (2018) summarized on his article entitled,

"Supporting the Role of Schools in Disaster Risk Reduction", that children are the

most vulnerable group of people during the occurrence of disasters. The factors

such as age, culture, and physical strength affect their ability to survive in these

catastrophic events.

Unfortunately, potential hazards cause stress and trauma to the children

which can be more provoked by if these children witness their parents’ suffering.

This can also lead to mental health problems that may affect physical health and
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school participation of a student. To reduce vulnerability to hazardous situations,

schools must continue to implement various disaster risk reduction programs and

projects such as conducting Earthquake drills and the like. These initiatives

would promote a haven and more resilient community for the children.

As stated by Yen, V. (2018), on her literature entitled, Teaching guide for

Senior High School Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction, the core subject in

which calamity happens at unexpected times due to human activities and

Philippines is included at the top countries that are most likely to be hit by a

disaster. Filipinos became familiar with the impact of earthquake, fire, flood, and

other disasters. Many people are being affected by these disasters that hit the

country and it resulted to the loss of livelihood and human life. Therefore, Risk

Reduction and Disaster Management is now one of the core subjects included in

the K-12 Curriculum to provide knowledge regarding these disasters. Through

this, students are well taught on how to respond, react, recover, and prepare for

upcoming disasters. This knowledge could be enough to reduce casualties, panic

attacks, and injuries during a calamity.

Role of Local Government Unit and MDRRMO

The role of Local Government Unit and MDRRMO is needed to promote

disaster awareness and prevent too much damage to the property and lives of

the people. Brucal, A. et al., (2020) emphasized that severe death tools and

economic costs during the hit of disaster could be reduced if and only if the LGU

and MDRRMO are functioning well. He also added that disaster risk mitigation is
 20

regarded as vigorous for maintaining sustainable development. Besides, the

inevitability of strong local institutions in disaster risk reduction and management

as well as the position of local government at the forefront of disaster risk

reduction and management is becoming increasingly recognized globally.

According to the published magazine of Rivera and Vargas (2018), the

role of the state is critical for each particular community. The community's key

survival strategies during disasters were to protect lives, supply the bare

minimum of food and other basic requirements, and assure the protection of their

houses and property.

The majority of local people's activities in the aftermath of the storm were

less reliant on outside help, which hastened the process of returning to normal

life once the floodwaters had retreated. Local governments' flood mitigation

operations and programs are frequently insufficient to address the requirements

of the majority. It is indicated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution that the state

has always had the responsibility of protecting its citizens and ensuring their

safety and survival.

Local governments and MDRRMOs in areas that are increasingly exposed

to climate change's effects such as southern regions in the Philippines should be

prepared for an increased frequency of disasters in their territories. The

volunteers, first aiders and the response group are vital in disaster mitigation and

response operations that is why planning should include the creation of a system

for coordinating volunteer efforts (Alampay, E. A., & Cabotaje, C. E., 2019).
 21

Furthermore, local government entities should hold an upgrade seminar,

training, and disaster exercises to boost community awareness regarding natural

disasters. The neighborhood should be constantly monitored and evaluated on a

monthly basis in order to improve compliance (Asio, J.M., 2021).

Foreign and Local Related Studies

The activities that are commonly associated with disaster preparedness

ensure effective performance of disaster- related tasks. Moreover, planning is not

only in order to respond effectively during and immediately after disasters but

also in order to successfully navigate challenges associated with short a longer-

term recovery. The fortification of awareness and preparedness of the people

about the natural disasters is under the goal 13 of the Sustainable

Developmental Goals of the United Nations which aims to improve the education

about raising awareness and on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact

reduction and early warning.

Disaster Awareness

Gil Dennis Raposa (2020) concluded on her study entitled "Developing

Adoptable Functional Areas in Disaster Management" that the impact of these

natural disasters may be minimized through sufficient mitigation, preparation,

response and recovery measures. The measure is integral to an effective

management. It also includes actions designed to enhance the ability to

undertake emergency actions in order to protect property and contain disaster

damage and disruption as well as the ability to engage in post-disaster

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restoration and early recovery activities. Preparedness is commonly viewed as

consisting of activities aimed at improving response activities and coping

capabilities.

On the other hand, Andries, J. (2021) found out on his study entitled

"Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy for Fire and Flood Hazards" that public

awareness appeared as one of the disaster management innovative tools and

best practices used to achieve disaster risk reduction. It helps the community to

become resilient through awareness of the issues affecting its environment.

However, he also stressed that measuring the effectiveness of such campaigns

is a difficult task.

Moreover, Reyes, J. and Reyes, M. (2017) concluded on their study

entitled "Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction" that if the citizens are well

knowledgeable and prompted to observe disaster prevention and resilience, it will

lower the cases of damage that may arise due to unexpected catastrophe.

Undoubtedly, members of the community must be required in collecting and

organizing important information about hazard, vulnerability, and capacities for

their best interest.

Information Dissemination about Risk Reduction Disaster Management

It is important for a person to be cognizant about the basic measures for

survival. It would be better to be ready and alert at all times because the aware

and prepared individuals have the higher chance to survive during the hit of

disaster. Precautionary measures must be taught not only in schools but also
 23

from their own households and communities to ensure their safety even outdoors

because people cannot predict when or where a disaster can occur.

As stated by Mary Ann Dacara’s study in (2019) entitled "Assessing of

Information Dissemination Components on Disaster Preparedness programs of

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council" she stressed that

there is a need to undertake intensive training to improve technical skills on

disaster operations. She further discussed that people with proper disaster

training know how to manage and control the disaster risks thoroughly. This only

implies that if the respondents are being directly engaged in learning and training

about disaster preparedness and identifying solutions to protect the schools will

bring change or benefit. Being directly engaged in activities and being aware and

prepared helps alleviate some of the chaos wrought by the unexpected crisis.

On the other hand, Mabutas et al. (2020) suggested in their study entitled,

Reference for Emergency and Disaster (RED) that inferring news from different

departments that are in line with disaster preparedness such as Philippine

Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA),

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOCS), Nationwide

Operational Assessment of Hazards (Project NOAH), and Disaster Risk and

Exposure Assessment for Mitigation (UP DREAM) will give people sufficient data

regarding the current weather forecast. This information will be a great help in

monitoring catastrophe that would potentially harm numbers of families.

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To avoid such unexpected events an individual or group should keep an

eye on hazards that may occur at any moment. Departments aligned with the

disaster are one of our sources that help us to be aware and knowledgeable

about disaster in our society through newspapers, television and internet.

Synthesis of the Study

All gathered and reviewed related literature and studies have

commonalities to one another. These are also helpful in determining the essence

of pursuing this study. They are relevant to the study for the reason that it gives

the researchers additional information regarding the current study.

Most of the reviewed related literature and studies focus on the effects of

disasters of the rural community or institution such as schools. They did not

discuss the essence of using the household communities as an agency to

strengthen awareness and preparedness of the coastal barangays in which the

present study aimed to unfold and revealed with.

Legal Basis

The current study is anchored in different legal basis such as: Republic

Act, Presidential Degree, Memorandum Order, Department Order, Executive

Order or Memorandum Circulars.

Republic Act 10121 also recognizes local risk patterns and trends and

decentralization of resources and responsibilities and thus encourages the

 25

participation of NGOs, private sectors, community-based organizations, and

community members in disaster management. It inhibits the full participation of

the Local Government Units (LGUs) and communities in governance. The

approach tends to be 'response-oriented' or 'reactive.' This is evidenced by the

widespread emphasis on post-disaster relief and short-term preparedness, such

as forecasting and evacuation, rather than on mitigation and post- disaster

support for economic recovery.

On Section 1 state the short title of R.A. 10121 as This Act shall be known

as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010”. While

Section 2 state the declaration of policy that it shall be the policy of the state to

uphold the people’s constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the

root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the country’s institutional

capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and building the resilience

of local communities to disasters including climate change impacts.

On Section 3 state the purposes of this Act are: To have Adaptation the

adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected

climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial

opportunities. Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and

unable to cope with, adverse effects to climate change, including climate

variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude,

and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, the

sensitivity and adaptive capacity of that system.

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Protection Motivation Theory

R. W. Rogers, (1975)
The Protective Action
The intention to protect one depends Decision Model
upon four factors: severity, vulnerability, response Lindell and Perry, (2012)
efficacy, and self-efficacy.
The basis for decisions
about how to respond to
Person Relative to an imminent or long-
Event Theory A CAPABLE AND term threat is based on
Mulilis and Duval (1998) PREPARED three core perceptions:
HOUSEHOLD threat perceptions,
Preparedness behavior is COASTAL BARANGAY protective action
determined by person perceptions, and
resources and personal stakeholder perceptions.
responsibility.
 27

Social Cognitive Preparation Model

Douglas Paton (2003)
Disaster preparations reduce the risk of injury
and damage within a household and facilitate a
capability for coping with the temporary disruption
associated with hazard activity.

Figure 1
Theoretical Paradigm

As shown on Figure 1, preparedness for disasters and emergencies at

individual, community, and organizational levels could be more effective tools in

mitigating (the growing incidence) of disaster risk and ameliorating their impacts,

that is, to play more significant roles in disaster risk reduction (DRR).

Preparedness efforts focus on changing human behaviors in ways that reduce

people’s risk and increase their ability to cope with hazard consequences. While

preparedness initiatives have used behavioral theories to facilitate DRR, many

theories have been used and little is known about which behavioral theories are

more commonly used.

This study discusses four leading theories associated with disaster

preparedness – the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), the Protective Action

Decision Model (PADM), the Person Relative to Event (PRE) Theory, The

Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) and the Social Cognitive Preparation

Model Theory.
 28

Protection Motivation Theory describes adaptive and maladaptive

coping with a threat as a result of two appraisal processes. A process of threat

appraisal and a process of coping appraisal, in which the behavioral options to

diminish the threat, are evaluated. The appraisal of the threat and the appraisal

of the coping responses result in the intention to perform adaptive responses

(protection motivation) or may lead to maladaptive responses. Maladaptive

responses are those that place an individual at risk.

The Protection Motivation Theory proposes that the intention to protect

one-self depends upon four factors, to wit: a) the perceived severity of a

threatened event; b) the perceived probability of the occurrence, or vulnerability;

c) The efficacy of the recommended preventive behavior or (the perceived

response efficacy); and d) The perceived self-efficacy (i.e., the level of

confidence in one’s ability to undertake the recommended preventive behavior).

This is connected to this study since the intention to protect oneself is

aligned is determined by how a person perceived a threatened event that

induces him/her to establish measures to mitigate and prevent its adverse

effects.

In relation to disaster preparedness and response, protection motivation is

the result of the threat appraisal and the coping appraisal. Threat appraisal is the

estimation of the chance of experiencing a disaster which is called vulnerability

and estimates of the seriousness of its impacts or the severity. Coping appraisal

consists of response efficacy and self-efficacy. Response efficacy is the

 29

individual’s expectancy that carrying out recommendations can remove the

threat. Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to execute the recommend

courses of action successfully. Protection motivation is a mediating variable

whose function is to arouse, sustain and direct protective behavior (Boer and

Sydell, 2010).

The activities conducted before, during, and after a disaster is determined

by a persons’ threat and coping appraisal, such as disaster prevention or

mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Disaster-related emergencies

trigger lasting effects on people and property. When people are prepared, fear,

anxiety, and loses that accompany disasters are reduced. It is important that

communities, families, and individuals know what to do in the event of a disaster

(FEMA, 2010).

The Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) is another theory that

can be attributed to the behavior of a person in response to a certain event,

especially in the event of disasters. It is a multi-stage model that is based on

findings from research on people's responses to environmental hazards and

disasters. The PADM integrates the processing of information derived from social

and environmental cues with messages that social sources transmit through

communication channels to those at risk. The PADM identifies three critical pre-

decision processes (reception, attention, and comprehension of warnings or

exposure, attention, and interpretation of environmental or social cues) that

precede all further processing.

 30

The revised model identifies three core perceptions – threat perceptions,

protective action perceptions, and stakeholder perceptions –that form the basis

for decisions about how to respond to an imminent or long-term threat. The

outcome of the protective action decision-making process, together with

situational facilitators and impediments, produces a behavioral response (Lindell

and Perry, 2012). This result to the individual’s responses includes the conduct of

disaster prevention and mitigation activities, preparedness programs, response

capability enhancement, and recovery management activities in the advent of

disasters.

According to the PrE-Theory, a disaster can be treated as a stress event

and disaster preparedness can be treated as problem-focused coping

mechanism. According to the theory, whether one prepares for a disaster or not

is determined by the relationship between the threat appraisal of an event and an

appraisal of ones coping resources (Mulilis and Duval, 1998). Given a high level

of personal responsibility, the theory predicts that regardless of the absolute

levels (e.g., high, moderate, low) of person resources and magnitude of threat,

the Pre-model predicts that a negative threat appeal resulting in appraisal of

person resources as being sufficient relative to degree of threat posed by the

external event, will generate more problem-focused coping than in the case

where the appeal causes personal resources to be appraised as insufficient with

regard to magnitude of threat. Furthermore, Pre-Theory predicts that low levels of

personal responsibility will not lead to such processes. This is supported by

several previous studies of disaster preparedness by individuals with disabilities.

 31

Not all individuals are lucky to have a normal life. There are individuals

with disabilities were in fact they are more likely to be unprepared for a disaster

than healthy individuals (Smith and Notaro, 2009; Uscher-Pines et al., 2009). In

addition, Individuals in poor health and individuals with a severe psychiatric

disorder were more likely to be unprepared for a disaster than healthy individuals

(Eisenman et al., 2009). Individuals who had discussed disaster preparedness

with their primary physician were more likely to be prepared for a disaster than

individuals who had not (Olympia et al., 2010). In addition, psycho-educational

interventions were found to encourage disaster preparedness (Baker et al., 2012;

Baker and Cormier, 2013).

Furthermore, the theory developed by Paton in 2003, the Social

Cognitive Preparation Model, can be also associated with the present study. It

proposes a social cognitive model of disaster preparedness. The model

describes a developmental process that commences with factors that motivate

people to prepare, progresses through the formation of intentions, and

culminates in decisions to prepare. Following their critical appraisal, variables

implicated at each stage are identified and their role in the preparedness process

is described. The implications of the model for the conceptualization and

assessment of preparedness and its implications for risk reduction and

communication strategies are discussed.

Among all the theories presented, it is common that disaster and

emergency preparedness efforts focus predominantly on human behaviors.

Human behaviors derive from diverse factors that range from people’s risk
 32

perception to lessons from direct and indirect past experiences of disaster events

and emergencies through interaction between individuals and the environment.

These factors interact to influence the nature and level of people’s disaster and

emergency preparedness level.

Previous studies have identified factors that facilitate disaster

preparedness. These include personal or individual, institutional, community

social, and environmental factors (Tekeli-Yeşil et al., 2010). Individual factors

was further elaborated that it includes three core belief systems known as

preparedness, hazard, and personal beliefs that influence preparedness

behaviors (Becker, Paton, Johnston, and Ronan, 2013).

In describing each of these belief systems, Becker and his colleagues

emphasized that hazard beliefs are equated with risk perception. The level of

assumed risk affects how people think about disaster preparedness.

Preparedness beliefs focus on the meaning of preparedness whereas personal

beliefs describe people’s understanding of the impact of disasters and ways of

dealing with it. Aside from individual factors, community experiences also

influence when and how people prepare for disasters (Sagala et al., 2009).

Community members and civic agencies play significant roles in predicting

intentions to prepare for hazards. The local media, community organizations, and

interpersonal networks have a direct impact on the likelihood of pre-disaster

preparedness activities (Kim and Kang, 2010).

Conceptual Framework
 33

The researchers choose this title of “Natural Disaster Preparedness

among Household’s Communities of Selected Coastal Barangays of Municipality

of Odiongan Romblon” for the purpose of determining the capability of every

household along the coastal areas in terms of disaster preparedness because of

their vulnerability and higher possibility of being damaged in times of calamity.

The main objective of this study is to measure the capability of the Natural

Disaster Preparedness among households of the coastal barangays of

Municipality of Odiongan Romblon.

Serving as inputs of the study, the researchers will create a questionnaire

that will answer the following questions: (1) the level of awareness in terms of

disaster mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster

recovery; and (2) the level of disaster preparedness of the households in terms of

disaster knowledge, supportive resources and life safety and property protection.

After gathering the necessary data through the use of questionnaires and

survey materials included in the study, the researchers will tabulate, analyze and

interpret the data we have gathered for the purpose of processing it. As an

output, the researchers will formulate Natural Disaster Preparedness among

Household Communities of Coastal Barangays in the Municipality of Odiongan.

The study employed the INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT of presenting the

conceptual framework of the study. The Input includes the demographic profiles

of the respondents as well as the level of their awareness in terms of disaster

mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response and disaster recovery. It

 34

also includes the level of preparedness in terms of disaster knowledge,

supportive resources, and life safety and property protection. The Process

includes all the processes involved in the study. Utilize descriptive research

design and quantitative research formulating survey questionnaire, validating the

survey questionnaire as research instrument, gathering data and information

from the respondents participation in the study, analyzing interpreting and

presenting the gathered data from the respondents, The output includes the

proved the significant relationship between the level of awareness and the level

of preparedness of the household communities in terms of the occurrences’ of

natural disaster and the formulation ofthe action plan deduced towards the

awareness and preparedness in risk reduction disaster management of the

coastal barangays of the municipality of odiongan.

Furthermore, this study has an impact to the institution and the

community. To the institution: LGU and barangays can provide reference for

funding institutions, to help the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management

Council (BDRRMC) to enhance undertakings and programs regarding disaster

preparedness and to provide the LGU an access to real time data whenever they

need. To the community, disaster effect mitigation, increase the household

preparedness, increase of disaster knowledge of the households and safer

community.

Natural Disaster Preparedness among Household Communities of Selected Coastal

Barangays in the Municipality of Odiongan
 35

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Level of awareness of 1. Utilizing descriptive 1. Proved the significant

the household communities research design and relationship between the
in terms of disaster quantitative research level of awareness and the
mitigation, disaster 2. Formulating survey level of preparedness of
preparedness, disaster questionnaire the household
response, and disaster 3. Validating the survey communities in terms of
recovery. questionnaire as research the occurrences of natural
2. Level of preparedness of instrument disaster.
household communities in 4. Gathering data and 2. Action plan deduced
terms of disaster information from the towards the awareness
knowledge, supportive respondents’ participation and preparedness in Risk
resources, and life safety in the study. Reduction Disaster
and property protection. 5. Analyzing, interpreting, Management of the
and presenting the household communities in
gathered data from the the coastal barangays of
respondents. the municipality of
Odiongan.

Figure 2
Conceptual Framework of the Study
In this study, the factors that were focused on are on the household level

of awareness and the different disaster preparedness measures that are

engaged in to be able to mitigate effects of future disasters. Thus, it presents a

framework that highlights the interactive dynamic relationship of household

factors and behaviors which determine the household’s future disaster effect

mitigation.

Hypothesis of the Study

 36

Based on the statement of the problem, related literatures and conceptual

framework of the study, the hypothesis was formulated.

H0 1: There is no significant relationship between the level of disaster

awareness and the level of disaster preparedness of the household communities

within the coastal barangays in the municipality of Odiongan.

Definition of Terms

In order to facilitate deep insights and common understanding of

information conveyed in this study, the following terms were defined

operationally.

Awareness. It is the ability to directly know and to distinguish, sense, feel,

or be cognizant of experience. We might think of awareness simply as the state

of being conscious of something. This refers to the knowledge of respondents

regarding natural disasters specifically things to be done when disaster strikes.

Capability. The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources

available within an organization, community of society to manage and reduce

disaster risks and strengthen resilience. As used in the study, it refers to the

ability to be developed by each household in terms of natural disaster

preparedness.

Coastal Barangay. Is referred to as the fishing community with its fishers

referred fishermen, or small-scale fishermen to as municipal’’ as used in the

study, it refers to the barangay of Gabawan, Barangay Tumingad, Barangay

 37

Libertad, barangay Panique which are geographically situated along the

coastline.

Disaster. A serious problem occurring over a short or long period of time

that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which

exceeds the ability of the affected community to cope using its own resources.

This refers to the events that may occur within the coastal barangays which must

be given attention by the local government unit as well as its household

communities.

Disaster Knowledge. It is a comprehensive information on all dimensions

of disaster risk, including hazards, exposure, vulnerability and capacity, related to

person, communities, organization and countries and their assets.

Disaster Mitigation. Organization and management of the resources and

responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspect of emergencies. This

refers to the preventive strategies and survival techniques of the respondents

concerning damages and risks.

Disaster Preparedness. Is a research-based set of actions that are taken

as precautionary measures in the face of potential disasters. This refers to the

measures taken by the respondents during disasters.

Disaster Recovery. Involves a set of policies, tools, and procedures to

enable the recovery or continuation of vital technology infrastructure and system

following a natural or human-induced disaster. This refers to the retrieval of

normal state of the respondents after a period of disaster.

 38

Disaster Response. Is the second phase of the disaster management

cycle. This refers to the provision of emergency services and public assistance

during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduces health

impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the

respondents.

Disaster Risk Reduction Management. This refers to the framework of

elements considered with possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster, to

avoid through prevention or to limit through mitigation and preparedness the

adverse impacts of hazards within the broad context of sustainable development.

Household. Consist of one or several persons who live in the same

dwelling and share meals. It may also consist of a single family or another group

of people. As used in the study, this refers to the smallest unit of the community

which is also equivalent to a family. The household can be made up of one or

several families that are living together on one residential structure in the area.

Life Safety and Property Protection Awareness. As used in the study

this pertains to the preparations in order to prevent death and injury which

includes evacuation centers, shelter, and those which can prevent loss or

damage of property, protecting animals or pets.

Natural Disaster. In this study it refers to typhoon, heavy rains and floods.

These catastrophic events were experienced by the Brgy. Panique, Libertad,

Tumingad and Gabawan which causes massive property damage specially

houses, agricultural farms and even resorts.

 39

Natural Disaster Preparedness. Refers to measures taken to prepare for

and reduce the effects of disaster. As used in the study, it refers to the activities

or measures done by the households to ensure effective response to the impact

of typhoon or flooding in their area.

Risk. In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening.

This pertains to the hazard that should be prevented and prepared by the

household communities as well as the institution.

Supportive Resources. These internal include staff for emergency

response, business continuity and crisis communications teams. As used in the

study, this refers to the equipment, materials, or supplies that are needed during

disasters.

Chapter III
 40

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the research design and procedures employed in

conducting the study, the research method, the population and sample, the

research locale and time of the study, as well as the instruments used in

gathering data.

Research Design

To attain the objectives of the study, the researchers used descriptive

correlational design. This method seeks to investigate whether a relationship

exists between two or more variables. It enables the researchers to make more

intelligent predictors. According to Pulmones, R. PhD (2016, pgs.4 and 5) in his

book entitled Quantitative Research, a quantitative research is focused on

acquiring numerical data through the use of research instruments. This type of

research is reliably drawn from a sample and accurately reflects reality. The

researchers believed that quantitative research would be helpful to unfold the

issues mentioned on the previous chapters.

Research Method Used

The researchers used descriptive method in conducting the research for it

is the most appropriate method to answer all the questions of the researchers.

The researchers intended to determine and describe the level of awareness and

preparedness of the household communities living in the selected coastal

barangays of the municipality of Odiongan in terms of risk reduction disaster

 41

management and its relationship to their awareness and preparedness within the

community.

Research Locale and Time of the Study

The study was conducted in selected barangays of Municipality of

Odiongan, Romblon that are considered directly affected of natural disaster

namely: Gabawan, Tumingad, Libertad, and Panique, these are the selected

coastal barangays of the municipality that are always affected by flood, strong

winds and heavy rains. Geographically, Odiongan is located in the mid-western

part of Tablas Island. It is bounded by San Andres and San Agustin to the north,

by Santa Maria to the Easth, by Looc and Alcantara to the South, and by Ferrol

and Tablas Strait to the West. It has a total area of 18,567 hectares 45,880

acres. Much of the town lies in the low-lying plains along the coast, with rolling

hills and mountainous forest area at the interior. It has a good anchorage in

Barangay Poctoy which serves as link the islands of Mindoro and Panay.
 42

Figure 3. Map of Odiongan

This study secured data and information in relation to the stated problems

from households situated within one-kilometer distance from the coastline. These

households are those located in the selected coastal barangay of Odiongan,

Romblon, to wit,; (Gabawan, Tumingad, Libertad, Panique,). Identification of the

households was secured from the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Council (MDRRMC) of Odiongan Municipality. Sampling size was

determined using stratified proportionate allocation.

 43

Population and Sample of the study

Table 1. Population and Sample of respondents

Barangays Population Sample Returned Percentage

questionnaire
Gabawan 52 30 24 14.2
Tumingad 68 39 25 15
Libertad 47 27 24 14.2
Panique 124 72 25 15
Total 291 168 98 58.4

The table above depicted that the study included 168 households 30 from

Brgy. Gabawan, 39 from Brgy. Tumingad, 27 Brgy. Libertad, and Brgy. Panique

but only 98 or 58.4 % participated the study due to restrictions during the conduct

of the study. The respondents represented by the head of the family within the

chosen household. In the event that there is more than one family in a given

household, only one representative will be allowed. The decision that will be

representing the household will rest on the other heads of the families in the

household.

Research Instrument

The research instrument was adopted from the works of Sutton and

Tierney, Bagarinao, and the Public Readiness Index (PRI). The questionnaire is

composed of three (2) parts.

Part 1 is the level of awareness of respondents on natural disaster such

as; disaster mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster

 44

recovery. To determine the level of awareness, the arbitrary scale below was

utilized.

Table 2. The rating scale of level of awareness of respondents on natural

disaster

Scale Descriptive Interpretation

5 Fully Aware
4 Aware
3 Slightly Aware
2 Less Aware
1 Unaware

Part 2 is the level of disaster preparedness of household communities in

terms of disaster knowledge, supportive resources, and life safety and property

protection. To determine the level of preparedness, the arbitrary scale below was

utilized.

Table 3. The rating scale of level of preparedness of respondents on

natural disaster

Scale Descriptive Interpretation

5 Well Prepared
4 Prepared
3 Slightly prepared
2 Somewhat prepared
1 Unprepared

Validation Process

The questionnaire was validated to ensure the validity of the instrument.

The validity of the questionnaire was determined through content validation

 45

techniques of three (3) experts on disaster. It was validated first before

distributed to the respondents in order to ensure that the questions are simple,

clear concise, relevant, and can be understood.

After the questionnaire has been validated and with the recommendation

from the adviser, the instrument was revised according to recommendation of the

experts and formally administered to the respondents.

Reliability Testing

The table below shows the result of reliability testing. The data collected

for pilot testing were processed to determine its internal consistency of each item

using Cronbach’s Alpha statistics. It can be noted that research variables such

as; disaster mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster

recovery, disaster knowledge, supportive resources, and life safety and property

protection were interpreted as good instrument.

Table 4. The Cronbach’s Alpha statistics result of pilot testing for internal
consistency of items in the instrument

Domain Result Interpretation

Awareness
disaster mitigation .852 Good instrument
disaster preparedness .880 Good instrument
Disaster response .854 Good instrument
Disaster recovery .847 Good instrument
Preparedness
Disaster knowledge .846 Good instrument
Supportive resources .848 Good instrument
Life Safety and Property .863 Good instrument
Protection
a Interpretation
˃ .9 - Excellent Instrument
˃ .8 - Good Instrument
 46

˃ .7 - Acceptable Instrument
˃ .6 - Questionable Instrument
˃.5 - Poor Instrument
˃.4 - Unacceptable Instrument

Collection of Data

Having found the research instrument was valid and reliable permission to

conduct was secured from the respective Barangay Captains of Barangay

Libertad, Tumingad, Panique and Gabawan through giving them letters. Ethical

consideration as to right to refuse and confidentiality were strictly implemented.

The instruments have been personally administered by the researchers. The

data gathered were encoded to SPSS software, categorized, tabulated,

analyzed, and interpreted relative to the hypothesis of the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered from the investigation were recorded and processed

using SPSS v. 25 software.

Frequency distribution and percentage. These were used to arrange

the data by categories and to determine the corresponding frequencies and

percentage.

Mean. The mean was used to determine the level of awareness and

preparedness of respondents.

Cronbach’s Alpha. This statistic was used to test the reliability of the

adopted instrument of the study after the pilot testing.

 47

Kolmogorov-Smirnov.This was used to test the normality of data as

shown in appendices and to identify the appropriate statistical tools to be used.

Spearman rho. The Spearman’s rho, a non-parametric test was used to

test the significant relationship between the level of awareness and

preparedness of the respondents of the study.

 48

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter highlights both the tabular and textual presentation as well as

its interpretation of the data gathered concerning the relationship of the

respondents’ level of awareness and preparedness natural disaster among

household communities of selected coastal barangay in the Municipality of

Odiongan,

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

1. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of disaster

mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster
recovery?

It can be noticed in table 2.1 that respondents from Panique have the

highest assessment on indicator 3 with a weighted mean of 4.52 described as

“fully aware”. It is an indication that respondents are fully aware as they secure

information from newspaper, radio, television, the internet, or other

communication media on how a major earthquake or other disaster would affect

the city/area. On the other hand, indicator 2 and 4 have given with the lowest

rating of respondents from Tumingad with a weighted mean of 3.64 described as

“aware” indicating that respondents are just aware that they obtain educational

brochures or printed information from government agencies on how a major

earthquake or other disasters would affect the area and receives information

from community leaders on how a major disaster would affect the city/area.
 49

Table 2.1. Level of awareness of the respondents in terms of disaster

mitigation.
Gabawan Tumingad Libertad Panique Total
Indicators
WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI
1. Attend meetings or heard talks on how a major
earthquake or other disaster would affect the 4.00 A 3.84 A 3.92 A 4.20 A 3.99 A
area.
2. Obtains educational brochures or printed
information from government agencies on how a
3.92 A 3.64 A 3.79 A 4.16 A 3.88 A
major earthquake or other disaster would affect
the area.
3.Secures information from newspaper, radio,
television, the internet, or other communication
4.43 FA 3.88 A 4.33 FA 4.52 FA 4.29 FA
media on how a major earthquake or other
disaster would affect the city/area.
4. Receives information from community leaders
on how a major disaster would affect the 4.17 A 3.64 A 4.21 FA 4.24 FA 4.07 A
city/area.
5.Receives encouragement from community
3.96 A 3.52 A 4.08 A 4.04 A 3.90 A
leaders to develop household disaster plans.
Total 4.09 A 3.70 A 4.07 A 4.23 FA 4.02 A
Weighted Mean (WM) Mean Interpretation (MI)
4.21 – 5.00 - Fully aware
3.41 - 4.20 - Aware
2.61 – 3.40 - Slightly aware
1.81 – 2.60 - Less aware
1.00 – 1.80 - Unaware

The combined assessment of respondents showed that indicator 3 has the

highest total rating with a total weighted mean of 4.29 described as “fully aware.

On the other hand, indicator 2 remains to be the lowest with a total weighted

mean of 3.88 described as “aware”. The grand mean of 4.02 described as

“aware” indicates that respondents are aware in terms of disaster mitigation.

As to the level of awareness of respondents in terms of preparedness,

table 2.2 shows that respondents from Panique have the highest rating on

indicator 5 with a weighted mean of 4.96 described “fully aware”. This indicates

that they are fully aware that they receive training and educational materials for

the community concerning their roles during the major disasters. Likewise,

respondents from Tumingad give the lowest rating on indicator 3 with a weighted
 50

mean of 3.40 described as “slightly aware”. This indicates that respondents are

slightly aware in joining drills within the community in preparations for disasters.

Table 2.2. Level of Awareness of the Respondents in terms of Disaster

Preparedness.
Gabawan Tumingad Libertad Panique Total
Indicators
WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI F MI
1. Receives a developed evacuation plan for the
4.00 A 3.92 A 4.25 FA 4.04 A 4.05 A
community.
2. Receives a written disaster plan for the
3.88 A 3.48 A 4.13 A 3.76 A 3.81 A
community
3. Joins disaster drills within the community. 3.92 A 3.40 SA 3.88 A 4.36 FA 3.89 A
4. Receives training for the community on
emergency cares such as fire suppression, 3.92 A 3.44 A 4.00 A 3.92 A 3.82 A
shutting of gas lines, etc
5. Receives training and educational materials for
the community concerning their roles during a 4.00 A 3.64 A 3.79 A 4.96 FA 4.10 A
major
TOTAL 3.95 A 3.58 A 4.01 A 4.21 FA 3.94 A
Weighted Mean (WM) Mean Interpretation (MI)
4.21 – 5.00 - Fully aware
3.41 - 4.20 - Aware
2.61 – 3.40 - Slightly aware
1.81 – 2.60 - Less aware
1.00 – 1.80 - Unaware

The combined assessment of the four barangays shows that indicator 4

still got the highest rating with a total weighted mean of 4.10 described as

“aware” indicating that respondents are aware because they receives training

and educational materials for the community concerning their roles during a

major, while the lowest rating is indicator 2 with a total weighted mean of 3.81

also described as “aware” showing that respondents are aware because they

received written disaster plans for the community. The grand mean of 3.94

described as “aware” signifies that respondents are aware in terms of disaster

preparedness.

As to the level of awareness in terms of disaster response, result shows in

table 2.3 that respondents from Gabawan have the highest rating on indicator 5

with a weighted mean of 4.13 described as “aware”. This shows that

 51

respondents of that barangay are aware because they are provided with

immediate retraction of basic social services. On contrary, the same indicator

was rated with the lowest weighted mean or 3.52 by respondents from Tumingad

and Panique but still described as “aware".

Table 2.3. Level of Awareness of the Respondents in terms of Disaster

Response.
Gabawan Tumingad Libertad Panique Total
Indicators WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI
1. The community entered into formal
memorandum of agreement with other 4.04 A 3.72 A 4.08 A 3.72 A 3.89 A
organizations outside the area.
2. The community entered into formal
memorandum agreement with the local 3.92 A 3.60 A 3.88 A 3.60 A 3.75 A
government unit.
3. Previsions for basic subsistence needs of
3.96 A 3.72 A 4.04 A 3.72 A 3.86 A
affected constituents of the affected barangays.
4. The community identified long-term recovery
3.96 A 3.56 A 3.96 A 3.56 A 3.76 A
resources.
5. Provide immediate retraction of basic social
4.13 A 3.52 A 4.04 A 3.52 A 3.80 A
services.
TOTAL 4.00 A 3.62 A 4.00 A 3.62 A 3.81 A
Weighted Mean (WM) Mean Interpretation (MI)
4.21 – 5.00 - Fully aware
3.41 - 4.20 - Aware
2.61 – 3.40 - Slightly aware
1.81 – 2.60 - Less aware
1.00 – 1.80 - Unaware

With the assessment of the respondents from four barangays shows that

indicator 1 got the highest weighted mean of 3.89 described as “aware” indicating

that respondents are aware because the community entered into formal

memorandum of agreement with other organizations outside the area. On the

other hand, the lowest combined assessment of respondents was indicator 2 with

a total weighted mean of 3.75 described as “aware” showing that respondents

are aware because the community entered into formal memorandum agreement

with the local government unit. The grand mean of 3.81 described as “aware”

implies that respondents are aware in terms of disaster preparedness.

 52

Table 2.4. Level of Awareness of the Respondents in terms of Disaster

Recovery.
Gabawan Tumingad Libertad Panique Total
Indicators
WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI
1. The community specifically the barangay has
4.29 FA 4.08 A 4.13 A 4.08 A 4.15 A
readily available first-aid kits go bag.
2. The community established evacuation
site/location for the people before, during, and 4.38 FA 3.84 A 4.42 FA 3.84 A 4.12 A
even after the disaster.
3. The barangay and municipal has a provision of
fund for the re-establishing of property in case of 3.88 A 3.84 A 4.04 A 3.52 A 3.82 A
damaged property and major injuries.
4. The community is provided safety funds for
health system to cover the injured people. 4.21 FA 3.72 A 3.96 A 3.72 A 3.90 A
5. The barangay coordinates with the local
government unit for secured assistance in case of
limited resources and monetary budget and 4.00 A 3.88 A 4.04 A 3.88 A 3.95 A
provides livelihood projects for the affected
constituents.
TOTAL 4.15 A 3.81 A 4.12 A 3.81 A 3.97 A
Weighted Mean (WM) Mean Interpretation (MI)
4.21 – 5.00 - Fully aware
3.41 - 4.20 - Aware
2.61 – 3.40 - Slightly aware
1.81 – 2.60 - Less aware
1.00 – 1.80 - Unaware

As to the level of awareness of respondents in terms of disaster recovery,

table 2.4 shows that the highest rating of respondents was recorded on indicator

2 by respondents from Libertad with a weighted mean of 4.42 and described as

“fully aware”. This signifies that respondents are fully aware that there is an

established community evacuation site/location for the people before, during, and

even after the disaster. On the other hand, indicator 3 was rated as the lowest

by respondents from Libertad with a weighted mean score of 3.52 described as

“aware”. This implies that respondents are just aware that the barangay and

municipal has a provision of fund for the re-establishing of property in case of

damaged property and major injuries.

 53

The combined assessment of respondents from the four barangay shows

that indicator 1 got the highest rating with a total weighted mean of 4.15

described as “aware” indicating that they are aware that the community

specifically the barangay has readily available first-aid kits go bag. Likewise,

indicator 3 also rated as “aware” with a total weighted mean of 3.82 indicating

that respondents are aware that the barangay and municipal has a provision of

fund for the re-establishing of property in case of damaged property and major

injuries. The grand mean of 3.97 described as “aware” implies that respondents

are aware in terms of disaster recovery.

3. What is the level of disaster preparedness of the respondents as to

disaster knowledge, supportive resources, and life safety property
protection?

Table 3.1. Level of Disaster Preparedness of the respondents in terms of

Disaster Knowledge.
Gabawan Tumingad Libertad Panique Total
Indicators WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI
1. I know what to do when a disaster occurs/hits 4.13 P 3.96 P 4.13 P 3.96 P 4.05 P
2. I know how to do first aids in times of disasters 4.00 P 3.92 P 3.71 P 3.92 P 3.89 P
3. I have attended disaster risk reduction and
3.83 P 3.76 P 3.75 P 3.76 P 3.78 P
management training or seminars
4. I know how to do preventive measures against
3.96 P 4.32 WP 3.67 P 4.32 WP 4.07 P
disasters
5. I am informed about standard operating
3.67 P 3.60 P 3.88 P 3.60 P 3.69 P
procedures (SOP) when disaster strikes
TOTAL 3.92 P 3.91 P 3.83 P 3.91 P 3.89 P
Weighted Mean (WM) Mean Interpretation (MI)
4.21 – 5.00 - Well prepared
3.41 - 4.20 - Prepared
2.61 – 3.40 - Slightly prepared
1.81 – 2.60 - Somewhat prepared
1.00 – 1.80 - Unprepared

It can be noticed in table 3.1 that indicator 4 was rated by respondents

from Tumingad and Panique with a weighted mean of 4.32 described as “well

prepared”. This is an implication that respondents are well prepared that they
 54

know how to do preventive measures against disasters. On the other hand,

indicator 5 was rated as the lowest by the same group of respondents with a

weighted mean of 3.60 described as “aware”, implicating that they are informed

about standard operating procedures (SOP) when disaster strikes.

The combined assessment of respondents, data revealed that indicator 4

stating that they know how to do preventive measures against disaster got the

highest rating with a total weighted mean of 4.07 described as “aware” but, the

lowest indicator was saying that they are informed about standard operating

procedures (SOP) when disaster strikes have the lowest weighted mean of 3.69

described as “aware”. The grand mean of 3.89 implies that respondents are

“aware” in term of knowledge.

Table 3.2. Level of Disaster Preparedness of the respondents in terms of

Supportive Resources.
Gabawan Tumingad Libertad Panique Total
Indicators WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI
1. I have standby supplies usable in times of
4.00 P 4.04 P 3.96 P 4.04 P 4.01 P
disasters
2. There is a vehicle which can be used for W
4.38 WP 4.48 3.92 P 4.48 WP 4.32 WP
emergencies/evacuation P
3. There is a first aid kit available for emergencies
4.29 WP 3.96 P 3.92 P 3.96 P 4.03 P
including hygiene and sanitation kits
4. There is a portable kit (e.g. flashlights,
4.54 WP 4.24 WP 4.42 WP 4.24 WP 4.36 WP
batteries, etc) ready for use
5. There is potable and drinkable water ready for
4.50 WP 4.24 WP 4.79 WP 4.24 WP 4.44 WP
use
TOTAL 4.34 WP 4.19 P 4.20 P 4.19 P 4.23 WP
Weighted Mean (WM) Mean Interpretation (MI)
4.21 – 5.00 - Well prepared
3.41 - 4.20 - Prepared
2.61 – 3.40 - Slightly prepared
1.81 – 2.60 - Somewhat prepared
1.00 – 1.80 - Unprepared

In terms of disaster supportive resources, table 3.2 shows that indicator 5

got the highest rating as rated by respondents form Tumingad and described as
 55

“well prepared”. This states that respondents are prepared as here is potable

and drinkable water ready for use. On the other hand, indicator 2 and 3 were

rated by respondents from Libertad with the lowest weighted mean of 3.92

described as ”aware”, stating that There is a vehicle which can be used for

emergencies or evacuation, and there is a first aid kit available for emergencies

including hygiene and sanitation kits.

As to the total assessment of respondents, indicator 5 stating that there is

a potable drinking water ready for use have the highest rating with a total

weighted mean of 4.44 and described as “well prepared”. On the other hand

indicator 1 stating that they have standby supplies usable in times of disasters

have the lowest rating with a total weighted mean of 4.01 described as

“prepared”. The grand mean of 4.23 implies that respondents from the four

barangays are well prepared in term supportive resources.

Table 3.3. Level of Disaster Preparedness of the respondents in terms of

Life Safety Property Protection.
Gabawan Tumingad Libertad Panique Total
Indicators WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI WM MI
1. There is someone in the family who knows
4.08 P 4.04 P 3.92 P 4.04 P 4.02 P
how to apply first aids
2. I have taken special training with regards to
3.92 P 3.56 P 3.67 P 3.56 P 3.68 P
disaster preparedness
3. I have adapted our house/furniture to possible
3.92 P 3.44 P 3.50 P 3.44 P 3.58 P
disasters
4. I have prepared an emergency/evacuation plan
3.96 P 3.92 P 4.08 P 3.92 P 3.97 P
and have access on evacuation centers.
5. I have prepared disaster survival kits which
4.13 P 3.76 P 3.67 P 3.76 P 3.83 P
can last for few days
TOTAL 4.00 P 3.74 P 3.77 P 3.74 P 3.81 P
Weighted Mean (WM) Mean Interpretation (MI)
4.21 – 5.00 - Well prepared
3.41 - 4.20 - Prepared
2.61 – 3.40 - Slightly prepared
1.81 – 2.60 - Somewhat prepared
1.00 – 1.80 - Unprepared
 56

As reflected in table 3.3, data shows that in terms of life safety and

property protection, respondents from Gabawan have their highest rating on

indicator 5 with a weighted mean of 4.13 described as “prepared”. This reflects

that respondents are prepared that they have prepared disaster survival kits

which can last for few days. On the same manner it was also described as

“prepared” with a weighted mean score of 3.44 the indicator stating that they

have adapted their houses/furnitures to possible disasters as the lowest rated by

respondents from Tumingad and Panique.

The total assessment of respondents reveals that indicator 1 have the

highest rating with a total weighted mean score of 4.02 descried as “prepared”

indicating that there is someone in the family who knows how to apply first aids,

while indicator 3 got the lowest rating with a total weighted mean score of 3.58

and described as “prepared”. This reflects that respondents are prepared that

they have adapted their house/furniture to possible disasters. The grand mean

of 3.81 implies that respondents are “prepared” in terms of life safety and

property protection.

4. Is there a significant relationship between the level of disaster

awareness and the level of disaster preparedness of the household
communities?

The Spearman Rho test result of significant relationship shows that the

level of awareness of respondents in terms of disaster mitigation has a significant

relationship to the level of preparedness in terms of disaster knowledge (rho =

0.787, sig value = 0.000), supportive resources (rho = 0.826, sig value = 0.000),

and Life safety and property protection (rho = 0.474, sig value = 0.017).
 57

In terms of disaster preparedness, it has a significant relationship to

disaster knowledge (rho = 0.792, sig value = 0.000), supportive resources (rho =

0.803, sig value = 0.000), and life safety and property protection (rho = 0.537, sig

value = 0.006).

Table 4. Spearman Rho Test of Significant Relationship between the Level

of Awreness and the Level of Preparedness of the Household Communities
Disaster Mitigation Correlation coefficient Sig. Result Decision
“rho” value
Disaster Knowledge .787** .000 Significant Reject Ho
Supportive Resources .826** .000 Significant Reject Ho
Life Safety and Proper Protection .474* .017 Significant Reject Ho
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Knowledge .792** .000 Significant Reject Ho
Supportive Resources .803** .000 Significant Reject Ho
Life Safety and Proper Protection .537** .006 Significant Reject Ho
Disaster Response
Disaster Knowledge .778** .000 Significant Reject Ho
Supportive Resources .601** .001 Significant Reject Ho
Life Safety and Proper Protection .336 .101 Not Significant Accept Ho
Disaster Recovery
Disaster Knowledge .741** .000 Significant Reject Ho
Supportive Resources .655** .000 Significant Reject Ho
Life Safety and Proper Protection .302 .142 Not Significant Accept Ho
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Sig value of 0.000 – 0.010 = Significant at 1% level

Sig value of 0.011 – 0.050 = Significant at 5% level
Sig value of more than 0.050 = Not significant

Disaster response awareness of respondents has a significant relationship

to the preparedness of respondents as disaster knowledge (rho = 0.778, sig

value = 0.000), and supportive resources (rho = 0.601, sig value = 0.001).

Respondents’ level of awareness in terms of disaster recovery has a

significant relationship to the level of preparedness in terms of disaster

knowledge (rho = 0.741, sig value = 0.000), and supportive resources (rho =

0.655, sig value = 0.000).

 58

This result implies that the higher the result of the level of awareness, the

higher is their level of preparedness, or better understand that their level or

awareness has something to do with their preparedness. Hence, the null

hypothesis stating that there is no significant relationship between the level of

awareness and the level of preparedness of respondents is rejected.

5. What action plan can be deduced from the respondents towards

Awareness and Preparedness in Risk Reduction Disaster Management of
household communities in the municipality of Odiongan?

Based from the results of data analysis, it was found out that the there are

indications in the low level of awareness of respondents in terms of

preparedness as shown in table 2.2 stating that in barangay Tumingad,

respondents were just slightly aware as they slightly join in the community

disaster preparedness drill. Therefore, it is necessary that the local government

officials – the barangays and municipal local government unit shall conduct

disaster drill which involves households or community. Therefore, this research

come up with the action plan in conducting disaster drill in the community.
 59

PROPOSED ACTION PLAN

Proposal Title : Community Disaster Drill

Target Recipient : 100% of the households in the coastal area

Implementing Agency : Romblon State University

Collaborating agencies : Local Government of Odiongan

Respective Barangay Government Unit
The Philippine Coast Guard
Red Cross

Budget Needed : 1,000,000.00

Rationale:

The Philippines is situated along the basin of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is
between the Eurasian and Pacific Plate where there is a large number of
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The country is also along the Typhoon Belt
near the equator. Vulnerable to almost all types of natural hazards because of its
geographical locations (Maminta,2019). Hence, the government should be
prepared at all times as the national government enacted Republic Act 10121,
also known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction Act.

RA 10121 mandates all the government units to conduct all the necessary
actions in disaster risk reduction as it creates the NDRRMC, and the local
counterparts such in the provinces the PDRRMC, municipalities the MDRRMC,
and the Barangays BLGRRMC.

This act also empowered all the disaster risk reduction unit by having a
fund intended for the disaster awareness, preparedness, mitigation, and
recovery.

Based from the recently conducted research, it was found out the
respondents from the coastal area are just slightly aware on the disaster
preparedness as it indicates their slight participation in the community drill.

Hence, this paper is forwarding a Disaster risk reduction drill with the
community.

Objectives:
 60

The main objective of this proposal is to alleviate the level of awareness

and preparedness of community in disaster through conducting community drills.
In this manner, it will have the following specific objectives:

1. To share information in disaster risk reduction through dissemination in

the community, and
2. To involve the community in the drill.

Expected Outcome

At the end of the program, respondents are expected:

1. To be fully aware on the disaster risk reduction

2. To be well prepared in the possible risk of disasters
3. To possess skills in risk reduction, mitigation, and more.

Methodology

This program will be in the form of information dissemination through IEC

materials distribution, seminars, and drills.it will be a series of activities to cover
the majority of the barangays in the municipality of Odiongan if not all. The matrix
below shows the action plan of the program.

Activity Key person/Participants Inclusive

dates
Pre Implementation
Preparation of proposal Proponent 1 month
Coordination with the Proponent, Dean of the Institute, Extension 2 months
collaborating agencies Coordinator, MLGU, barangay officials, Coast
Guards, Red Cross
MOA Signing University President, the MLGU, and other 1 week
Partners
Creation of Management Team Proponent, target faculty in the academe, 3 weeks
representative from the collaborating agencies
Invitation to participate Proponent, Barangay Officials 1 month
Implementation Phase
IEC Distribution Management Team 6 moths
Seminar Management Team, participant (series per 1 whole
barangay) year
Drill (fire, typhoon, earthquake Management team, participants, Barnagay 1 whole
drills) officials (series – 1 activity per barangagy year
Post Implementation
Monitoring Proponent/ management team 6 months
Evaluation Proponent/ management team
Reporting Proponent/ management team
 61

Gantt Chart
Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd
Qtr. Qtr. Qtr. Qtr. Qtr. Qtr. Qtr. Qtr. Qtr. Qtr. Qtr
Preparation of proposal
Coordination with the
collaborating agencies
MOA Signing
Creation of Management
Team
Invitation to participate
IEC Distribution
Seminar
Drill (fire, typhoon, earthquake
drills)
Monitoring
Evaluation
Reporting

Budgetary requirements

Activity particulars Unit Amount

Pre Implementation Office supplies Bond paper, laptop, 200,000.00
Transportation/ Load allowance, gasoline 40,000.00
communication
Implementation Meals and snacks Meals – 150.00 per packs 500,000.00
phase
Snacks – 100 per packs
Speakers professional fee 5,000.00 per speaker 150,000.00
Materials for drill 100,000.00
Post implementation 10,000.00
Total 1,000,000.00
 62

Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, the significant finding

based on data analysis, conclusions and possible recommendations.

Summary

This study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and

preparedness in risk reduction disaster management among household

communities of the coastal barangays in the municipality of Odiongan by

answering the following specific research questions such as 1. What is the level

of awareness of the respondents in terms of disaster mitigation, disaster

preparedness, disaster response, and disaster recovery; 2. What is the level of

disaster preparedness of the respondents as to disaster knowledge, supportive

resources, and life safety and property protection; 3. Is there a significant

relationship between the level of disaster awareness and the level of disaster

preparedness of the household communities?; and 4. What action plan can be

deduced from the respondents towards Awareness and Preparedness in Risk

Reduction Disaster Management of household communities in the municipality of

Odiongan?

Descriptive correlation was used in this paper involving 98 participants

drawn from 4 barangays with coastal areas such as Gabawan, tumingad,

 63

Libertad and Panique. Data gathered using the researchers’ made questionnaire

were analysed using frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, and

Spearman Rho.

Findings

Based from the data analysis the following are the significant findings of

the study:

1. Level of Awareness of the Respondents

It can be noticed that respondents from Barangay Panique have the

highest assessment on indicator 3 described as “fully aware”. It is an indication

that respondents are fully aware because they secure information from

newspaper, radio, television, the internet, or other communication media on how

a major earthquake or other disaster would affect the city/area. On the other

hand, indicator 2 and 4 have given with the lowest rating of respondents from

Tumingad described as “aware” indicating that respondents are just aware that

they obtains educational brochures or printed information from government

agencies on how a major earthquake or other disaster would affect the area and

receives information from community leaders on how a major disaster would

affect the city/area. The combined assessment of respondents showed that

indicator 3 have the highest total rating described as “fully aware”. On the other

hand, indicator 2 remains to be the lowest described “aware”. The grand mean
 64

described as “aware” indicates that respondents are aware in terms of disaster

mitigation.

As to the level of awareness of respondents in terms of preparedness,

respondents from Panique have the highest rating on indicator described “fully

aware” which indicates that they are fully aware that they receive training and

educational materials for the community concerning their roles during a major

disaster. Likewise, respondents from Tumingad give the lowest rating described

as “slightly aware”. This indicates that respondents are slightly aware in joining

drills within the community in preparations for disasters. The combined

assessment of the four barangays shows that indicator which still got the highest

rating described as “aware” indicating that respondents are aware because they

receives training and educational materials for the community concerning their

roles during a major, while the lowest rating also described as “aware” showing

that respondents are aware because they received written disaster plans for the

community. The grand mean described as “aware” signifies that respondents are

aware in terms of disaster preparedness.

As to the level of awareness in terms of disaster response, result shows

that respondents from Gabawan have the highest rating on indicator described

as “aware” showing that respondents of that barangay are aware because they

are provided with immediate retraction of basic social services. On contrary, the

same indicator was rated with the lowest rating by respondents from Tumingad

and Panique but still described as “aware. With the assessment of the

respondents from four barangays, it shows that the highest rating described as
 65

“aware” indicating that respondents are aware because the community entered

into formal memorandum of agreement with other organizations outside the area.

On the other hand, the lowest combined assessment of respondents was

described as “aware” showing that respondents are aware because the

community entered into formal memorandum agreement with the local

government unit. The grand rating described as “aware” implies that

respondents are aware in terms of disaster preparedness.

As to the level of awareness of respondents in terms of disaster recovery,

it how’s that the highest rating of respondents was recorded on indicator

described as “fully aware” which signifies that respondents are fully aware that

there is an established community evacuation site/location for the people before,

during, and even after the disaster. On the other hand, indicator 3 was rated as

the lowest by respondents from Libertad described as “aware”. This implies that

respondents are just aware that the barangay and municipal has a provision of

fund for the re-establishing of property in case of damaged property and major

injuries. The combined assessment of respondents from the four barangay

shows that indicator 1 got the highest rating described as “aware” indicating that

they are aware that the community specifically the barangay has readily available

first-aid kits go bag. Likewise, indicator 3 also rated as “aware” indicating that

respondents are aware that the barangay and municipal has a provision of fund

for the re-establishing of property in case of damaged property and major

injuries. The grand rating described as “aware” implies that respondents are

aware in terms of disaster recovery.

 66

2. Level of disaster preparedness of the respondents

It can be notice that indicator 4 was rated by respondents from Tumingad

and Panique described as “well prepared”. This is an implication that

respondents are well prepared that they know how to do preventive measures

against disasters. On the other hand, indicator 5 was rated as the lowest by the

same group of respondents described as “aware”, implicating that they are

informed about standard operating procedures (SOP) when disaster strikes. The

combined assessment of respondents, data revealed that indicator 4 stating that

they know how to do preventive measures against disaster got the highest rating

described as “aware”. The lowest indicator was saying that they are informed

about standard operating procedures (SOP) when disaster strikes have the

lowest weighted mean of 3.69 described as “aware”. The grand mean implies

that respondents are “aware” in terms of knowledge.

In terms of disaster supportive resources shows that indicator 5 got the

highest rating as rated by respondent’s form Tumingad and described as “well

prepared”. This states that respondents are prepared as here is potable and

drinkable water ready for use. On the other hand, indicator 2 and 3 were rated

by respondents from Libertad described as” aware”, stating that There is a

vehicle which can be used for emergencies or evacuation, and there is a first aid

kit available for emergencies including hygiene and sanitation kits. As to the total

assessment of respondents, indicator 5 stating that there is a potable drinking

water ready for use have the highest rating and described as “well prepared”. On
 67

the other hand, indicator 1 states that they have standby supplies usable in times

of disasters have the lowest rating described as “prepared”. The grand mean

implies that respondents from the four barangays are well prepared in term

supportive resources.

As reflected, data shows that in terms of life safety and property

protection, respondents from Gabawan have their highest rating on indicator 5

described as “prepared”. This reflects that respondents are prepared for they

have prepared disaster survival kits which can last for few days. On the same

manner it was also described as “prepared” the indicator stating that they have

adapted their houses/furnitures to possible disasters as the lowest rated by

respondents from Tumingad and Panique. The total assessment of respondents

revealed that indicator 1 has the highest rating descried as “prepared” which

indicates that there is someone in the family who knows how to apply first aids,

while indicator 3 got the lowest rating with a total and described as “prepared”.

This reflects that respondents are prepared that they have adapted their

house/furniture to possible disasters. The grand mean implies that respondents

are “prepared” in terms of life safety and property protection.

3. Significant Relationship between the Level of Disaster Awareness and

the Level of Disaster Preparedness of the household communities

The Spearman Rho test result of significant relationship shows that the

level of awareness of respondents in terms of disaster mitigation has a significant

relationship to the level of preparedness in terms of disaster knowledge,

supportive resources, and Life safety and property protection.

 68

In terms of disaster preparedness, it has a significant relationship to

disaster knowledge, supportive resources, and life safety and property protection.

Disaster response awareness of respondents has a significant relationship

to the preparedness of respondents as disaster knowledge and supportive

resources.

Respondents’ level of awareness in terms of disaster recovery has a

significant relationship to the level of preparedness in terms of disaster

knowledge, and supportive resources.

This result implies that the higher the result of the level of awareness, the

higher is their level of preparedness, or better understand that their level or

awareness has something to do with their preparedness. Hence, the null

hypothesis stating that there is no significant relationship between the level of

awareness and the level of preparedness of respondents is rejected.

4. What action plan can be deduced from the respondents towards

Awareness and Preparedness in Risk Reduction Disaster Management of
household communities in the municipality of Odiongan?

Based from the results of data analysis, it was found out that the there are

indications in the low level of awareness of respondents in terms of

preparedness as shown in table 2.2 stating that in barangay Tumingad,

respondents were just slightly aware as they slightly join in the community

disaster preparedness drill. Therefore, it is necessary that the local government

officials – the barangays and municipal local government unit shall conduct
 69

disaster drill which involves households or community. Therefore, this research

come up with the action plan in conducting disaster drill in the community.

Conclusions

Base on the significant findings, it is therefore concluded that:

Most of the respondents are at the age bracket of 21 – 30 years old,

female, junior high school graduate, have a monthly income of 10,000.00 –

20,000.00, married with 2 to 5 children, have no elderly in their home, have brick

type of house, and staying in their home for 11 years and more.

Respondents are “aware” in terms of disaster mitigation, preparedness,

mitigation, and recovery.

Respondents are “well prepared” in terms of knowledge, supportive

resources and “prepared” in terms of life safety and property protection.

Level of awareness of respondents in terms of disaster mitigation and

preparedness have a significant relationship to the level of preparedness in terms

of disaster knowledge, supportive resources, and Life safety and property

protection. Disaster response and recovery awareness have significant

relationship to the preparedness of respondents as disaster knowledge and

supportive resources.

An action plan to conduct community-based disaster prevention drill is

recommended.

Recommendations
 70

Based on findings and conclusion researcher recommends the following:

Since it was found out that most of the respondents are graduates of

Junior High School and not in college, it is recommended that the respective

local government unit should continuously conduct information dissemination to

alleviate their level of awareness.

It is also a finding of this study to that respondents are slightly aware on

the involvement of the community in the disaster drills conducted. Hence, it is

suggested that the Local government unit should conduct community-based drills

to increase the level of awareness and preparedness of respondents.

Being prepared means a room for improvement to be fully prepared,

therefore, it is suggested that officials and other government 4 agencies should

conduct activity which will enrich the level of preparedness of constituents

specially in life safety and property protection.

Since it is found out that there is a significant relationship between the

level of awareness and the level of preparedness, it is recommended that

intensification of activities program, in increasing the level of awareness of

constituents as the DOST says “HANDA ANG MAY ALAM”.

The implementation of the crafted action plan/program is recommended.

Further study should be conducted to measure other areas not included in

this study.
 71

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“Appendix A”

Letter to Validators

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
Odiongan, Romblon
Tel. (042) 567-6261, Email: icjersu.edu@gmail.com

March 17, 2022

Mrs. BERSABE P. FORNAL

Head of Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office

Odiongan, Romblon

Ma’am,
 75

The researchers are currently on the preliminary stage of conducting this thesis
entitled “Natural Disaster Preparedness among Household Communities of
Selected Coastal Barangay”

In this regard, may we request for your kind assistance, expertise and support for
validating the attached questionnaire. We truly believe that your response in giving
honest evaluation of the questionnaire will help us come up with a better and improve
research instrument.

Thank you very much for your favorable consideration.

Very truly yours,

JOMAR F. BARTOLOME ____________

MARK R. ROSA ____________

ELYCA F. FROJO ____________

JAN DONALD F. FAMERO ____________

JESSICA L. FORCA ____________

Researchers

Noted by:

Rejie G. Fronda

Thesis Adviser

Appendix B

Letter to the Respondents

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ROMBLON STATE UNIVERSITY
Odiongan, Romblon
Tel. (042) 567-6261, Email: icjersu.edu@gmail.com

March 17, 2022

_________________________
____________________
Odiongan, Romblon

Dear Respondent:

We are recently conducting our thesis entitled “Natural Disaster Preparedness among
Household Communities of Selected Coastal Barangay in the municipality of
Odiongan”.
 76

In this regard, may we request for your support and cooperation as one of the
respondents of the study. Please feel free to answer each question according to your
honest perception and don’t leave any item unanswered. Rest assured that all
responses will be treated with outmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

JOMAR F. BARTOLOME ____________

MARK R. ROSA ____________

ELYCA F. FROJO ____________

JAN DONALD F. FAMERO ____________

JESSICA L. FORCA ____________

Researchers

Noted by:

Rejie G. Fronda CCS, LPT

Thesis Adviser

QUESTIONNAIRE

Name (Optional):

Part 1. Level of Awareness

Direction: Kindly read each item carefully. Use the scale below to guide you in
checking the appropriate column that best describes your level of awareness in
terms of disaster mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and
disaster recovery.
Legends:
Scale Description
5 Fully aware
4 Aware
3 Slightly aware
2 Less aware
1 Unaware
 77

A. DISASTER PREVENTION MITIGATION

STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
1. Attend meetings or heard talks on how
a major earthquake or other disaster
would affect the area.
2. Obtains educational brochures or
printed information from government
agencies on how a major earthquake or
other disaster would affect the area.
3. Secures information from newspaper,
radio, television, the internet, or other
communication media on how a major
earthquake or other disaster would affect
the city/area.
4. Receives information from community
leaders on how a major disaster would
affect the city/area.
5. Receives encouragement from
community leaders to develop household
disaster plans.

B. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
1. Receives a developed evacuation plan
for the community.
2. Receives a written disaster plan for the
community
3. Joins disaster drills within the
community.
4. Receives training for the community on
emergency cares such as fire
suppression, shutting of gas lines, etc.
5. Receives training and educational
materials for the community concerning
their roles during a major disaster.

C. DISASTER RESPONSE

STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
1. The community entered into formal
memorandum of agreement with other
 78

organizations outside the area.

2. The community entered into formal
memorandum agreement with the local
government unit.
3. Previsions for basic subsistence needs
of affected constituents of the affected
barangays.
4. The community identified long-term
recovery resources.
5. Provide immediate retraction of basic
social services.

D. DISASTER RECOVERY

STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
1. The community specifically the
barangay has readily available first-aid
kits go bag.
2. The community established evacuation
site/location for the people before, during,
and even after the disaster.
3. The barangay and municipal has a
provision of fund for the re-establishing of
property in case of damaged property
and major injuries.
4. The community is provided safety
funds for health system to cover the
injured people.
5. The barangay coordinates with the
local government unit for secured
assistance in case of limited resources
and monetary budget and provides
livelihood projects for the affected
constituents.

Part III. Level Of Disaster Preparedness

 79

Direction: Kindly read each item carefully. Use the scale below to guide
you in checking the appropriate column that best describes your level of
Preparedness in terms of disaster Knowledge, supportive resources, and life
safety and property protection.

Legends:

5 Completely Prepared

4 Prepared

3 Slightly Prepared

2 Somewhat Prepared

1 Completely Unprepared

A. Knowledge on Disaster Preparedness

Indicator 5 4 3 2 1
1. I know what to do when a disaster occurs/hits
2. I know how to do first aids in times of disasters
3. I have attended disaster risk reduction and
management training or seminars
4. I know how to do preventive measures against
disasters
5. I am informed about standard operating
procedures (SOP) when disaster strikes

B. Supportive Resources
Indicator 5 4 3 2 1
1. I have standby supplies usable in times of
disasters
2. There is a vehicle which can be used for
emergencies/evacuation
3. There is a first aid kit available for emergencies
including hygiene and sanitation kits
4. There is a portable kit (e.g. flashlights, batteries,
etc) ready for use
5. There is potable and drinkable water ready for
use

C. Life Safety and Property Protection

Indicator 5 4 3 2 1
 80

1. There is someone in the family who knows how

to apply first aids
2. I have taken special training with regards to
disaster preparedness
3. I have adapted our house/furniture to possible
disasters
4. I have
Itemprepared
Statisticsan emergency/evacuation plan
and have access on evacuation centers.
Mean Std. Deviation N
5. I have prepared disaster survival kits which can
DPM1 last for3.99
few days .729 97
DPM2 3.88 .869 97
DPM3 4.29 .816 97
DPM4 4.06 .761 97
DPM5 3.91 .805 97
DPI1 4.05 .584 97
DPI2 3.80 .759 97
DPI3 3.90 .907 97
DPI4 3.81 .697 97
DPI5 4.09 3.156 97
DR1 3.90 .653 97
DR2 3.79 .735 97
DR3 3.95 .713 97
DR4 3.82 .722 97
DR5 3.91 .663 97
DRecov1 4.22 .665 97
DRecov2 4.19 .667 97
DRecov3 3.82 .736 97
DRecov4 4.01 .685 97
DRecov5 3.98 .707 97
KDP1 4.08 .553 97
KDP2 3.98 .763 97
KDP3 3.82 .804 97
KDP4 3.97 .770 97
KDP5 3.77 .669 97
SR1 4.00 .736 97
SR2 4.32 .715 97 Reliability Statistics
SR3 4.10 .823 97 Cronbach's

SR4 4.41 .673 97 Alpha N of Items

SR5 4.52 .614 97 .920 35

LSPP1 4.08 .672 97

LSPP2 3.74 .681 97
LSPP3 3.67 .688 97
LSPP4 4.01 .714 97
LSPP5 3.90 .823 97
 81

Item-Total Statistics
Scale Scale Corrected Cronbach'
Mean if Variance Item-Total s Alpha if
Item if Item Correlatio Item
Deleted Deleted n Deleted
Totald 23.92448 7.609 .674 .852
pm 97959183
65
totaldp 24.01377 6.897 .587 .880
i 55102040
80
totaldr 24.07295 7.906 .667 .854
91836734
70
totaldr 23.90357 7.863 .727 .847
e 14285714
30
totalkd 24.02193 7.876 .740 .846
p 87755102
04
totalsr 23.67499 7.953 .726 .848
99999999
97
totallsp 24.06683 8.294 .596 .863
p 67346938
76

ACTUAL SURVEY
82
 83

Tallying
 84

DATA

ADDITIONAL References
 85

Global Peace Index. (2019). Philippines Country most at Risk from Climate Crisis

Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org.uk/philippines-country-most-risk

climate-crisis