Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 419–427

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Agro-waste sugarcane bagasse ash (ScBA) as partial replacement of

binder material in concrete
Pooja Jha, A.K. Sachan, R.P. Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad 211004, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) is a waste material widely used in concrete industry. It can be used as par-
Received 17 September 2020 tial replacement of cement in concrete mixes and can be a suitable alternative in preparation of concrete
Accepted 28 September 2020 mixes due to its good pozzolanic properties. In order to examine the characteristics, composition and
Available online 3 November 2020
morphology of bagasse ash, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron
microscope (SEM) analysis of ScBA were performed. In order to optimize the percent replacement of
Keywords: cement by ScBA, the cement has been partially replaced by ScBA in proportions of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%
Concrete
and 25% by weight in concrete mixes. The various outcomes of replacement by ScBA have been analyzed
Compressive strength
Sugarcane bagasse ash
through evaluation of different properties like workability (WkA), compressive (CS) and split tensile
Workability strength (STS) for 7 days, 28 days, 90 days and 180 days. A durability property of concrete was also eval-
Durability uated by the method of sulphate resistance. The results further reveal that the CS of concrete mix was
Sulphate resistance relatively higher at 10% replacement of cement by ScBA and was observed decreasing beyond 10%
replacement. It was also found that addition of ScBA in the replacement percentage significantly
enhanced the sulphate resistance. The minimum strength loss obtained were 1.24% and 5.02% for 90 days
and 180 day at 10% ScBA replacement. The results indicate that ScBA is a pozzolanic material possessing
good binder properties and can potentially be used in concrete mixes as a partial replacement of costly
cement.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Materials, Processing & Characterization.

1. Introduction
Concrete is most consuming material in construction industry
worldwide. Concrete is manufactured from the cement, aggregates,
water and admixtures. After mixing all these materials together,
the hardening process takes place due to hydration cement and
water. The most widely used cement is Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) in>80 countries. The manufacturing of cement is a major
contributor of the CO2 emissions leading to severe environmental
degradation. Emission of CO2 due to the heating of limestone
(CaCO3) for production of calcium oxide (CaO) in the cement indus-
try, is the predominant oxide in OPC as CO2, is the major factor for
global warming. The CO2 gas roughly estimated 5 to 7% by weight
of the CO2 emissions (total) and gases like CO2 goes into the atmo-
sphere by the process of clinker manufacturing [1–3]. In order to
reduce or minimize the global warming problem, supplementary
cementitious materials (SCM) are now a days used as partial
replacement of cement to produce concrete of requisite strengths.
Various agricultural wastes such as bagasse ash, fly ashes etc have
now been utilized to produce cost effective environmental friendly
concrete. Many researchers have developed the alternate binders
for the preparation of concrete mortar to minimize the quantity
of costly cement by replacing it by waste materials without com-
promising the inherent properties of concrete. Different cementi-
tious materials like metakaolin, fly ash, slag, rice husk ash and
silica fume etc. have also been used as partial replacement for
cement to produce concrete [4,5]. Sugarcane Baggase ash, an agri-
cultural waste product has also been recently used as SCM in con-
crete mixes as partial replacement of cement as it is cheap and
makes the concrete sustainable [6]. The CS and other properties
of concrete can be improved by the utilization of ScBA as agro-
waste pozzolanic SCM in concrete industry.
Around the world, the total global production of sugarcane
bagasse was found approximately 1661 million tons in the year
2009. In year 2011, the total global production of sugarcane
bagasse was estimated 1794 million tons. India is the second

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.751
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing & Characterization.
P. Jha, A.K. Sachan and R.P. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 419–427

largest producer of sugarcane in the world [7]. ScBA shows a supe- Table 2
rior pozzolanic property when heated between 800 and 1000 °C for Properties of CA.

20 min [8]. The pozzolanic property of ScBA also get improved due Properties Characteristics
to the presence of less amount of carbon content, silica being in the Colour Grey
amorphous state, and possesses a high specific surface area [9]. The FM 6.7
introduction of ScBA by partial replacement of cement in different Maximum Size, mm 20
proportions has shown the improved concrete properties like the Water Absorption,% 0.5
SG(a) 10 mm(b) 20 mm 2.652.76
compressive strength of cement mortar at the hydration process Shape Angular
[10]. Ganesan et al. [6] have documented that the CS can be
improved by the utilization of ScBA as a SCM by replacing costly
portland cement widely used in concrete mixes. The micro- 2.3. Water
structure characterization is practiced to perceive the presence of
pozzolanic minerals state and their forms present in ScBA using The curing and mixing of concrete cubes by using portable
XRF, XRD and SEM analysis. In the present work, the mineralogical water available in laboratory and the properties are as per IS
identification is accomplished by XRF and XRD analysis and the 456:2000.
morphological characterization is done using SEM analysis. Fewer
researchers have been work on durability properties of bagasse 2.4. Bagasse ash
ash including method of sulphate resistance [11]. Sulphate attack
may deteriorate the concrete due to the formation of ettringite ScBA was collected from sugar mill situated near Balrampur city
and gypsum [12]. in Uttar Pradesh, India. The image of ScBA is presented in Fig. 1.The
specific gravity of ScBA was 2.16. It was determined in concrete
laboratory.
2. Materials and methods
2.5. Preparation of concrete samples
2.1. Ordinary portland cement (OPC)
The proportions for M25 concrete mix were designed as per IS:
Ordinary portland cement of 43 grade has been used as the bin- 10262-2009. Three concrete cubes of dimension 150 mm were
der material to prepare the conventional concrete in this work. The produce using the designed proportions. The CS was tested after
CS of cement was determined in the laboratory as per standard 28, 90 and 180 days moist curing. Trial mixes with suitable adjust-
procedures listed in IS: 4031-PART 6-1988 Code. The various phys- ment of ingredients were prepared and tested for the CS after
ical properties of cement such as standard consistency (SC), initial 28 days. The final mix proportions was decided based on the basis
setting time (IST), final setting time (FST) and specific gravity(SG) of required minimum cement content (>300 kg/m3) and WkA
of cement were determined in the laboratory at MNNIT Allahabad (slump 100 mm) of concrete mix.
as per standard procedures described in various IS codes listed in Thereafter, six mixes of concrete were manufactured by replac-
Table 1. ing cement by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by ScBA. The concrete
The above properties show that the ordinary portland cement is mix with 0% ScBA was designated as NC (Control mix). Trial con-
suitable for preparation of concrete mixes. crete cubes were casted with these proportions of ScBA and super
plasticizer (Master Rheobuild 817RL) was added at the rate of 1%
2.2. Aggregates by weight. The ingredients of concrete were mixed together as
per the procedure given in BS 1881-125 (1986). The concrete cubes
Crushed gravel of two different sizes (10 mm and 20 mm) was so prepared were tested for WkA, CS at 7 days and 28 days and STS
used as an aggregate in equal proportions. The aggregates were at 28 days. Concrete mix proportions for all the six mixes are
washed and sun dried before mixing. The properties of coarse shown in Table 3.
aggregate (CA) were determined in the laboratory as per standard
procedures listed in IS 383-2016. There are many properties of 2.6. Preparation of sample for x-ray diffraction (XRD)
aggregates as shown in Table 2.
Locally available natural sand collected from Allahabad city and Raw ScBA was dried for 24 h in an oven at temperature of
used as fine aggregates (FA). In case of FA, the various properties 110 °C and then sieved through 300 m sieve (ASTM). The samples
such as fineness modulus, SG and water absorption were experi- were stored in an air-tight bag. XRD analysis was done at the
mentally determined in the laboratory and were found as 2.6, 2.8 Centre for Interdisciplinary Research (CIR), laboratory at MNNIT
and 1 respectively. The FA was conforming to zone – II of IS 383- Allahabad using XRD-diffractometer (RIGAKU Smart lab High-
2016. Resolution XRD). The phase identification as well as the crystal
orientation was carried out for the samples. The samples were
examined in the range (10–60° angstroms) by 2h at the rate of
Table 1 1.5°/min. The various peaks in the spectrum were identified by
Properties of 43 grade OPC.
the qualitative analysis [13].
Properties Results Limits Specified IS CODES to determine
by BIS: 8112-2013 various properties of cement
2.7. Preparation of samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
CS (N/mm2)
3 days 23.50 >23 IS: 4031
In SEM analysis, the samples were prepared in the similar way
7 days 33.28 >33 PART 6–1988
28 days 43.40 >43
as that for XRD analysis. The surface structures, morphology as
SC (%) 27 – well as the size of the elements were determined from SEM analy-
IS:4031 sis. SEM analysis along with Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)
IST, (min) 37 30 PART 4–1988 was carried out at the centre for interdisciplinary research (CIR),
FST, (min) 443 600 PART 5–1988
MNNIT Allahabad using the SEM, (ZEISS EVO). EDS determine the
SG 3.14 3.15 IS: 4031PART 11–1988
chemical compositions of concrete mixes.
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P. Jha, A.K. Sachan and R.P. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 419–427

Fig. 1. The image of ScBA.

Table 3
Different concrete mix proportions.

Mix Description Cement (kg/m3) ScBA (kg/m3) CA (kg/m3) Sand (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3) Super plasticizer%
NC 326 0 1255.876 698 160.65 1
5% ScBA 309 16.3 1255.876 698 160.65 1
10%ScBA 293.4 65.2 1255.876 698 160.65 1
15%ScBA 277.1 48.9 1255.876 698 160.65 1
20%ScBA 260.8 65.2 1255.876 698 160.65 1
25%ScBA 244.5 81.5 1255.876 698 160.65 1

2.8. Specimen testing Table 4

Chemical composition of ScBA.

2.8.1. Compressive strength Chemical Components % (present work) % (As per Reddy et al., 2015)
Concrete cubes for determination of CS were prepared as per SiO2 71.11 78.34
the procedure described in section 2.2. The testing of samples were Fe2O3 6.80 3.61
done for CS after 7 days, 28 days, 90 days and 180 days in Universal Al2O3 4.85 8.55
Testing Machine (2000 kN capacity) by applying gradual load until CaO 4.04 2.15
Na2O 2.25 0.12
the specimen was crushed. The test was conducted as per proce- K2O 3.89 3.46
dure outlined in IS 516:1959. MnO 0.20 0.13
TiO2 0.40 0.50
2.8.2. Split tensile strength P2O5 0.39 1.07
Ignition loss (LOI) 4.56 0.42
The STS was determined using cylindrical specimen (150 mm
diameter and 300 mm length) as per procedure described in sec-
tion 2.2. The split tensile strength was calculated as per IS of ScBA and therefore useful in concrete as alternative binder
1881:117. material.

2.8.3. Sulphate resistance test 3.2. XRD analysis of ScBA

This test was performed as per the ASTM C 452-02 [14]
0.150 mm cube specimens were tested for CS after 90 days and
180 days when cubes immersed in 20000 ppm sodium sulphate
solution and determine its compressive strength loss for the sul-
phate attack.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. XRF analysis of SCBA
The chemical composition of ScBA was determined by using X-
Ray fluorescence (XRF) technique. Table 4 shows the results of XRF
analysis of ScBA sample along with its chemical composition. The
results indicate that ScBA mainly contains SiO2 (71.11%), Fe2O3
(6.80), Al2O3 (4.85), CaO (4.04), Na2O (2.25), K2O (3.89), MnO
(0.20), TiO2 (0.40), P2O5 (0.39) and Ignition loss was (4.56%). The
results are also compared with the findings of Reddy et al [15].
From this Table 4, it is inferred that SiO2 is the major component
421
The microstructure analysis of ScBA sample was performed and
the corresponding XRD spectrum is shown in Fig. 2. The XRD pat-
tern was recorded at a scan rate of 1.5°/min. XRD pattern was
recorded in 2h range of 10°-60°. The sample has shown various
peaks revealing the main features of the various mineral phases
including quartz, calcium phosphate, cristobalite, hematite, mullite
and potassium carbonate, with quartz being in abundance. Similar
results of XRD were also seen by [16]. There are four unknown
peaks seen in the XRD pattern of ScBA. The maximum peak of silica
in the form of quartz is observed at 28.6°. The common diffraction
angles (2h) for ScBA was observed as 27.5° and 30.86° respectively
by Ramirez et al. [17] and Castaldelli et al. [18]. The other three
peaks also indicate the presence of silica. Thus, higher percentage
of silica in ScBA shows that silica is the major component as also
revealed from XRF analysis; this helps in increasing the strength
of concrete. From XRD analysis, it has been inferred that ScBA con-
tains SiO2 mainly and has crystalline character.
P. Jha, A.K. Sachan and R.P. Singh
Fig. 2. XRD analysis of ScBA.
3.3. SEM and EDS analysis
In SEM analysis, the surface of the sample is scanned by focused
electron beam in scanning electron microscope to produce a high
quality image of surface of ScBA. Various images of ScBA at differ-
ent magnifications (50.00 K X, 30.00 K X, 2.00 K X and 1.00 K X) are
shown in Fig. 3. From SEM of ScBA, it has been inferred that the
surface of ScBA shows a fibrous nature, tetrahedral shape (pris-
matic) and crystalline character as observed in quartz mineral of
silica. A large number of cavities are also seen in micrograph. The
SEM image of 10% ScBA (optimum value) at different magnification
(1 K X and 3 KX) as shown in Fig. 4.
EDS analysis of selected area (see rectangle in Fig. 5(a)) shows
particles of concrete mix having optimum value (10% ScBA replace-
ment) which contains predominately silicon, calcium, oxygen, alu-
minium, iron, magnesium etc as shown in Fig. 5(b) and elemental
composition of concrete mix having optimum value (10% ScBA) is
presented in Table 5.
3.4. Effect of SCBA on workability
Fig. 6 shows the variations of slump values in different concrete
mixes with different proportions of ScBA in concrete mixes. The
super plasticizer dosage and water content were kept constant in
all the six mixes. WkA of concrete is observed decreasing with
increase in percentage of ScBA. The control mix (NC) gave a slump
value of 100 mm and 90 mm at 10% replacement of cement by
ScBA. The slump values were observed further decreasing with
increasing percentages of ScBA. The test results show that the
WkA of concrete mix at 10% replacement of cement by ScBA gives
a medium degree of workability as per IS 456:2000 with slump
value of 90 mm. Such concrete mix can be used in heavily rein-
forced sections such as slabs, beams, walls and columns etc.
Thus, the addition of ScBA in concrete mix results into increase
in the water demand to attain a required WkA of concrete, which is
desirable for high-performance concrete. A similar observation has
been reported by Cordeiro et al. [9], where the slump values
were reported decreasing with increases in proportion of baggase
ash.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 419–427
3.5. Compressive strength
The results of average CS at 7 days, 28 days, 90 days and
180 days for all the six concrete mixes as shown in the Fig. 7. It
is evident from Fig. 7 that the CS of control mix at 7 days, 28 days,
90 days and 180 days are 28.29 N/mm2 , 34.64 N/mm2 ,
36.43 N/mm2 and 40.11 N/mm2 whereas CS of concrete mix with
10% replacement at 7 days , 28 days ,90 days and 180 days are
28.72 N/mm2 , 35.38 N/mm2, 37.01 N/mm2 and 43.01 N/mm2
respectively.
Therefore, the CS of concrete mix at 10% replacement of cement
by ScBA was observed slightly higher than that of the control con-
crete mix with passage of time. Chana et al. [13] have also reported
a similar behavior of CS with increase in percentage of ScBA and
attained an optimum value at 10% replacement of cement by ScBA.
But, there was a gradual decrease in CS beyond 10% replacement of
cement by ScBA. Increase in CS of different mixes during initial per-
iod was observed higher mainly due to pozzolanic properties of
ScBA. Due to increase in CS can also be attributed to the physical
and chemical properties of ScBA. High specific surface area pos-
sessed by ScBA may be responsible for increase in CS initially.
The pozzolanic reactions between silica (SiO2) and residual calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and increase in calcium hydrate silicate
(C-S-H) gel may have resulted into increase in the CS during initial
period. Also, silica (SiO2) has been itself hydrated in the alkaline
environment may also be another reason for increase in the CS.
Bangar et al. [19] have reported that the reduction in ultimate
strength development at later stages due to the low reactivity of
silica (SiO2) and simultaneous reduction in CaO contents. This
decrement of the strength beyond 10% replacement of cement by
ScBA may be due to inadequate adhesion of bagasse ash with the
surface of aggregate and cement, therefore, has resulted into
reduced bond strength between the aggregate and cement in
concrete mix [14].
3.6. Tensile strength
STS of concrete was determined as per procedure given in sec-
tion 2.5.2. The average STS of concrete at 28 days for all the six
mixes are shown in Table 6 and the variations of STS are shown
P. Jha, A.K. Sachan and R.P. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 419–427

Fig. 3. SEM analysis of ScBA.

Fig. 4. SEM analysis of 10% ScBA optimum value.

in Fig. 8. It is evident from Fig. 8, that the STS of concrete prepared
by replacing cement with 10% ScBA by weight, was observed
slightly higher (2.70 N/mm2) than the control concrete without
replacement by ScBA (2.48 N/mm2). The STS was further observed
decreasing beyond 10% replacement of cement by ScBA at 28 days.
Due to brittle character of concrete, it has poor tensile strength
(about 10 to 15% of compressive strength) and is dependent on
the CS. Like CS, the tensile strength was observed increasing with
increase in percentage of ScBA and attained an optimum value at
10% replacement of cement by ScBA. Srinivasan et al. [20] have
reported a similar variation with use of ScBA in concrete. The pos-
sible reason for gradual decrease in tensile strength with increases
in % ScBA may be due to filler effect [19].
3.7. Sulphate attack
This sulphate attack test was conducted on cubes of each
dimension 150 mm. The cubes were immersed in Na2SO4 at a
20000 ppm concentration and are tested for its CS after 90 and
180 days. The test results of CS at 90 days and 180 days water cur-
ing and 90 days and 180 days sulphate solution (20000 ppm) cur-
ing in different mixes are as shown in the Table 7 and Table 8. It
observed that the compressive strength loss (CSL) is minimum
for 10% ScBA replacement at 90 days and 180 days. From the
Fig. 9 shows that CSL is minimum at 10% ScBA at 90 days and
180 days while in control mix, there is CSL is maximum at 90
and 180 days. Similar observations have been found by replacing

423
P. Jha, A.K. Sachan and R.P. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 419–427

Fig. 5. SEM analysis of 10% ScBA optimum value with EDS Analysis.

the cement with ScBA [21]. CSL increases with passage of time. Sul-
Table 5 phate attack may cause the strength loss due to the formation of
Elemental composition of concrete mix having
optimum value.
ettringites [22].

Result TypeSpectrum Label Weight %

4. Conclusions
C 16.73
O 46.65
The following outcomes can be revealed by addition of ScBA as
Na 1.77
Mg 0.43 partial replacement of cement in concrete mix based on the vari-
Al 7.43 ous experimental results.
Si 13.47
S 0.25
1. The bagasse ash is organic in nature and chemically rich in SiO2.
K 1.68
Ca 10.92 The results of XRD have revealed that ScBA is composed of pri-
Fe 0.67 marily quartz and the highest peak is attained at 28.6°which
Total 100.00 indicates the presence of silica in the form of quartz and shows
a crystalline nature.

Slump

100
100 95
90

80 77

65
Slump (mm)

60
50

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Bagasse ash (%)
Fig. 6. Variation of slump at different proportions of ScBA.

424
P. Jha, A.K. Sachan and R.P. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 419–427

7 days
28 days
90 days
180 days
40
Compressive strength (N/mm )
2

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
SCBA Replacement (%)

Fig. 7. Variation of compressive strength for different concrete mixes at 7, 28, 90 and 180 days.

Table 6
Average split tensile strength of concrete at 28 days for different mixes.

% Cement replaced by ScBA 0 5 10 15 20 25

Average STS(N/mm2) at 28 days 2.48 2.55 2.70 2.52 1.75 1.69

Fig. 8. Variation of TS for different mixes at 28 days.

2. The results of SEM analysis have revealed a layered and fibrous
tetrahedral structure showing the presence of silica mineral in
the form of quartz.
3. The WkA of concrete was observed decreasing with increase in
the percentage of ScBA as partial replacement of cement.
4. Relatively optimum compressive strength (35.38 N/mm2) was
achieved at 10% replacement of cement by ScBA and a decreas-
ing trend was observed beyond 10% replacement of cement by
ScBA.
425
5. The optimum STS (2.70 N/mm2) was also obtained at 10%
replacement of cement by ScBA.
6. CSL was found to minimum i.e. 1.24% for 90 days and 5.02% for
180 days for 10% ScBA mix which shows resistance to sulphate
attack gets improved in 10% ScBA.
Therefore, it has been inferred that the concrete mix with 10%
replacement of cement by ScBA may prove beneficial in concrete
P. Jha, A.K. Sachan and R.P. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021) 419–427

Table 7
CS at 90 days water curing and 90 days sulphate solution curing in different concentration & its loss.

Concrete mixes Compressive strength at 90 days water curing Compressive strength at 90 days sulphate solution % loss in compressive strength at 90 days
Control mix 36.43 35 3.9
5% ScBA 35.01 34.15 2.45
10%ScBA 37.01 36.55 1.24
15%ScBA 36.22 35.44 2.15
20%ScBA 34.21 33.25 2.81
25%ScBA 32.67 31.45 3.73

Table 8
CS at 180 days water curing and 180 days sulphate solution curing in different concentration & its loss.

Concrete Compressive strength at 180 days water Compressive strength at 180 days sulphate solution % loss in compressive strength at
mixes curing curing 180 days
Control mix 40.11 37.15 7.37
5% ScBA 39.56 37.09 6.24
10%ScBA 43.01 40.85 5.02
15%ScBA 42.34 40 5.52
20%ScBA 39.87 37.55 5.81
25% ScBA 36.25 34 6.2

% loss in compressive strength at 90 days

% loss in compressive strength at 180 days

7
% loss in compressive strength (N/mm )
2

0
Control mix 5 % SCBA 10%SCBA 15%SCBA 20%SCBA 25%SCBA
Concrete mixes

Fig. 9. Sulphate attack on various mixes.

mixes without compromising the inherent properties of conven- Acknowledgements

tional concrete mix.
Authors are thankful to the Director MNNIT Allahabad for pro-
viding necessary help and assistance required. One of the authors,
CRediT authorship contribution statement Ms Pooja, a Research Scholar, is also grateful to MHRD New Delhi
for providing financial support for research work.
Pooja Jha: Writing - original draft, Investigation, Visualization.
A.K. Sachan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision.
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R.P. Singh: Writing - review & editing, Supervision.
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