MODULE 2

Data Collection and

Basic Concepts in
Sampling Design
 Determine the sources of data

Module (primary and secondary data).

Objectives Steps in data gathering

Distinguish the different methods in data
collection under primary and secondary
data.
Data
Collection
the process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one to
answer stated research questions, test hypotheses,
and evaluate outcomes.
 Inability to answer research questions

accurately.
Inability to repeat and validate the study.

Consequences Distorted findings resulting in wasted

from Improperly resources.

Collected Data Misleading other researchers to pursue

fruitless avenues of investigation.

Compromising decisions for public policy.

Causing harm to human participants and
animal subjects.
 Set the objectives for collecting data
Determine the data needed based on the

set objectives.
Steps in Data Determine the method to be used in data
Gathering gathering and define the comprehensive

data collection points.

Design data gathering forms to be used.

Collect data.
 Sources of Data
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkSf-rZFZ_A
https://indiafreenotes.com/collection-of-primary-secondary-information/
 Sources of Data
1 2

Primary Secondary
Sources Sources
Primary
Sources
Provide a first-hand account of an event or time period
and are considered to be authoritative. They represent
original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they
can share new information. Often these sources are
created at the time the events occurred but they can also
include sources that are created later. They are usually the
first formal appearance of original research.
Primary
Data
are data documented by the primary source. The data
collectors documented the data themselves.
Secondary
Sources
offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of
primary sources and are considered to be persuasive. The
often involve generalization, synthesis, interpretation,
commentary or evaluation in an attempt to convince the
reader of the creator's argument. They often attempt to
describe or explain primary sources.
Secondary
Data
are data documented by a secondary source. The data
collectors had the data documented by other sources. In
secondary data, data are primary data for the agency that
collected them, and become secondary for someone else
who uses these data for his own purposes.
The primary data can be collected
by the following five methods

Direct Indirect/
personal Questionnaire Focus Group Experiment Observation
interviews Method
Direct personal
interviews
The researcher has direct contact with the interviewee.
The researcher gathers information by asking questions to
the interviewee.
Indirect/Questionnaire
Method
This methods of data collection involve sourcing and
accessing existing data that were originally collected for
the purpose of the study.
Key Design Principles of a Good Questionnaire
Keep the questionnaire as short as Write an introductory letter or an

possible. introduction.

Decide on the type of questionnaire Write special instructions for

(Open Ended or Closed Ended). interviewers or respondents.

Write the questions properly. Translate the questions if necessary.

Order the questions appropriately. Always test your questions before

Avoid questions that prompt or taking the survey.(Pre-test)

motivate the respondent to say

what you would like to hear.
Types and Examples of Close-Ended Questions

1. Dichotomous
questions

Common answers to
dichotomous questions
include “yes” or “no”;
“true” or “false”; “agree”
or “disagree”; and so on.
https://delighted.com/blog/close-ended-questions
Types and Examples of Close-Ended Questions

2. Multiple-choice
questions

Multiple-choice
questions provide survey
participants with a
selection of answers to
choose from.
https://delighted.com/blog/close-ended-questions
Types and Examples of Close-Ended Questions

3. Rating scale
questions

Likert scale questions

a type of rating scale
question

https://delighted.com/blog/close-ended-questions
Types and Examples of Close-Ended Questions

4. Rank order questions

Rank order questions are questions that ask the participant to

list their preferences in ascending or descending order.

https://delighted.com/blog/close-ended-questions
Types and Examples of Close-Ended Questions

5. Checklist-style questions

Checklist-style questions allow survey respondents to select

multiple options from a predetermined list of answers. These
types of questions require careful analysis, but they’re helpful for
capturing a more holistic picture of customer and/or employee
sentiment.

https://delighted.com/blog/close-ended-questions
Focus
Group
is a group interview of approximately six to twelve people
who share similar characteristics or common interests. A
facilitator guides the group based on a predetermined set
of topics.
Experiment

is a method of collecting data where there is direct human

intervention on the conditions that may affect the values
of the variable of interest.
Limitations of
Experimental
Method

Ethical, Moral, and legal Concerns

Unrealistic Controlled Environments
Inability to Control for All Variables
Observation
is a technique that involves systematically selecting,
watching and recording behaviors of people or other
phenomena and aspects of the setting in which they occur,
for the purpose of getting (gaining) specified information.
It includes all methods from simple visual observations to
the use of high level machines and measurements,
sophisticated equipment or facilities such as:
Radiographic

Biochemical

X-ray machines

Microscope

Clinical examinations
Microbiological examinations
 Published report on newspaper and

periodicals.
The secondary
data can be Financial Data reported in annual reports.

collected by the Records maintained by the institution.

following five Internal reports of the government
methods departments.

Information from official publications

Always investigate the validity and reliability of
the data by examining the collection method
employed by your source.

Do not use inappropriate data for your

research.

The choice of methods of data collection is

largely based on the accuracy of the
information they yield.
 THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.

DO YOU HAVE
ANY QUESTIONS?