ORAL COMMUNICATION 1st SEM NOTES • Shannon-Weaver Communication Model

- by Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver

NATURE & ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
• Communication sourc transmitter receiver destination
- comes from the Greek words, “communis” =
commonality/variety& “communicatie” = nois
make something in common.
- sharing & conveying messages/information 2.) Interactive Model
from one person to another. - two-way communication; feedback involved
- expressing ourselves through thoughts, ideas, - ex. instant messaging
feelings, etc.
- variety of contexts and situations. • Schramm’s Model (1954)
- by Wilbur Schramm, “Father of mass
>4 Types of Communication: communication”
1.) Verbal – spoken words ex. conversations - originates 2 sources: message from sender &
2.) Non-verbal – not transmitted through spoken feedback from receiver
field of
words experience
3.) Written – sentences, paragraphs, etc. ex. letter
4.) Visual – can be seen/read ex. pictures feedbac feedbac
messag

>Elements of Communication: feedbac feedbac

*The sender has a message and will encode it using a feedbac
channel so that the message would be received by the feedbac feedbac
receiver, and the receiver will decode the message to
give feedback field of
experience
1.) Sender – conveys the message
2.) Message – information sent 3.) Transactional Model
3.) Channel – medium used - by Dean Barnlund in 1970
4.) Receiver – recipient, decodes the message - simultaneously and continuously
5.) Feedback – response - ex. arguments or friends talking
field of field of
experience
>Communication Breakdown & Noise experience
• Communication breakdown - when message or
feedback isn’t sent/received properly communicato communicato

• Noise - barriers to effective communication

>>Types of Noise:
1.) Physical – comes from environment
2.) Psychological – from your mind (THE VOICES!)
3.) Physiological – from body sensation ex. Stuttering message / feedback

4.) Semantic – related to the meaning of the word

– misinterpretations >7C’s of Communication
• Completeness – give all information
>Models of Communication (process) • Conciseness – short & simple; straight to the point
1.) Linear Model • Consideration – consider receiver’s POV,
- one-way communication; straight path of background, education level
relaying a message • Concreteness - factual
- no feedback involved • Courtesy - respect
• Clearness – specific and simple words
• SMCR Berlo’s model by David Berlo • Correctness – grammar awareness
- has 4 components: Sender, Message, Channel,
Receiver
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
• Function of Communication – refers to how people
use language for different purposes.
1.) Regulation/Control
- limiting/regulating something
- rule maintained by an authority
- the speech should be universal, regulate your
words
- power to influence people’s behavior/course
of events
2.) Social Interaction
- verbal exchanges occurring in a natural
settings that are typically familiar to the
interactants.
3.) Emotional Expression
- manifestation of one’s internal emotional state
- others express their emotions by writing,
physical features, giving gifts
4.) Motivation
- desire to do things according to psychology
- crucial element in attaining goals
• Motivational speaker – person whose speeches
intends to inspire/motivate the audience
• Motivational speeches – the motivational message
• Motivational gestures/words – should be
developed by the motivational speaker to
encourage/inspire people around you
5.) Information Dissemination
- to distribute/broadcast information
- information should be factual and true
- ex. news, lectures, gossip
>> Channels for Information Dissemination:
• Face to face • Media
• Internet • Writing
>Tips to formulate effective communication strategies
1.) Set clear & attainable goals
2.) Focus on the issue, if any not on purpose
3.) Be flexible & open-minded
4.) Be a critical thinker
5.) Demonstrate sensitivity at all times
6.) Let others state what is on their mind
7.) Be genuine, be honest, be open
8.) Use affirming response
9.) Present only facts & verifiable
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE STRATEGIES IN
VARIOUS SITUATIONS
• Speech Context – how meaning is affected depending
on the social situation wherein speech is delivered.
>Types of speech context:
1.) Intrapersonal Communication
- person’s communication with oneself
- exists within the mind
- ex. thinking out loud, making plans, etc.
>> Reasons why people prefer intrapersonal
communication:
• lack of external feedback
• self-critical
• solitary learning style
• lack of motivation
• sensitive to groups
• indecisiveness
2.) Interpersonal Communication
- communication with one or more persons
- could be face to face or online
>> Types of interpersonal communication:
1.) Dyadic Communication – between 2 people
2.) Small Group Communication – groups of 3 or
more persons
3.) Public Communication – act of performing and
speech to a live audience
4.) Mass communication – transmission of
information to many people through mass media
5.) Organizational Communication – within
organizations, corporations, etc.
6.) Intercultural Communication – between people
from different cultural backgrounds
>>Key terms in public speaking
• Stage fright – fear of speaking before an audience
• Glossophobia – fear of public speaking
• Communication Apprehension – level of fear with c
communication with other people
• Shyness Behavior – result of “subjective affective e
experience” known as communication
apprehension
• Speech style – language the speaker uses
characterized by the degree of formality
>Types of speech style:
1.) Frozen style
- intended to be remembered and used in a
very formal setting
- not intended to be changed
- ex. oathtaking ceremony
 2.) Formal style
- least amount of shared background and is one-
way communication/no feedback needed
- ex. graduation speeches

3.) Informal style

- common among peers and requires easy
Participation
- ex. conversation with friends

4.) Consultative style

- norm for coming to term with strangers whose
stock of information is different
- semi-formal communication
- ex. doctor and patient/teacher and student

5.) Intimate style

- conversations with people who we are very
close with

• Speech act – acts performed by speaker in making

utterance as stating, requesting, etc.

1.) Locution (Utterance)

- utterance of a meaningful sentence; what is
said literally
- ex. “It is raining outside” = literal meaning

2.) Illocution (Intention)

- social function of what is said
- ex. “It is raining outside” = they don’t want you
to go out

3.) Perlocution (Response)

- effect of what is said to the person
- ex. “It is raining outside” = effect is you won’t
go outside