Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LM ABE 12 Lesson 23
LM ABE 12 Lesson 23
TARGET
This lesson will be dealing with, cross section leveling and adjustment of level
circuits
REMEMBER
To make this learning material help you, don’t just read the lesson like reading a
novel or pocketbook. Reading alone will make you forget easily. Instead, write or jot down
important terms and events transpired in the discussion. This is the best way that you can
visualize and interpret the words/ instrument carefully. For problem solving and
computation discussion see to it that you have calculator, paper and pen or pencil. Write
the numbers/ essential details being talked about. There are two important questions that
should be answered in studying involving computation, the How it is done? and most
important the why it is done? As much as possible answer the “how, why” question in
order not to forget easily the discussion. Do not be satisfied just to know the “how” part.
ANCHOR
You have learned on our previous lesson about barometric and inverse leveling.
2. Two-Based Method
One altimeter is employed at each base and simultaneous readings are taken and
recorded at a predefined time interval. A third altimeter, the roving altimeter is
carried and read at a predetermined interval at various field stations over the area.
To determine the elevation of a point higher than the telescope of the instrument. In this
situation, the rod is held upside down and its base is placed up at the desired point. The
rod is then read and the distance to the line of sight is recorded in normal way. A reading
whether backsight or foresight, can thus be obtained. The backsight reading and the
foresight reading is prefixed by a negative sign whenever the rod is inverted. The
calculation is still carried out on the usual manner and it is important to write an
explanatory note on the right-hand page of the field notebook to clarify the reversal of the
signs.
IGNITE
Cross-section Leveling
Cross-sections are short profiles taken perpendicular to the centerline of projects such as
highway, railroad, irrigational canal, or sewer line. They may also be taken for borrow-pits
and excavations required for buildings, structures and quarries. It provides necessary
data needed for estimating quantities of earthwork and other related purposes.
1. Roadway Cross-Sections
• More accurate than single profile leveling.
• Done by measuring cross sections at right angles to the centerline, usually at
intervals of 10 m, 20m etc.
• Readings at each cross section are taken at the centerline and critical points
perpendicular to the centerline.
• Cross sections are drawn and design templates are superimposed, the
difference in the area is the area of cur or fill at that section (end area)
Sample of end area
This type of cross-section is required for most route projects such as roads and
railroads. It is obtained in a manner similar to that of profile leveling.
a. At any suitable position, the instrumentman takes a backsight on a benchmark
or any known elevation.
b. Rod readings are taken at enough points along cross section to accurately
determine the shape of the ground surface.
c. A steel tape is used to measure the distance from the centerline station to the
ground point.
d. The elevations determined by cross-section leveling are then plotted on
graphing paper.
2. Borrow pit Cross-sections.
Sample of borrowpit leveling notes
A borrow pit is an open area which is usually adjacent to the construction project where
suitable fill material is excavated. The site is divided into squares. Elevations are then
measured at the corners of the grid, which are given names or labes that corresponds to
the coordinates of the corner say 2E, 6B …
Adjustment of Level Circuits
A level circuit or loop is a line of levels which begins and ends at the same point or line of
levels between points of precisely known elevation. In conducting a closed loop, it will
always been expected that the observed elevations will not agree with known elevations
of the previously established point within the loop. The difference between the observed
and known elevations of the initial point or benchmark are referred to as error of closure.
The elevation correction is determined by dividing the error of closure by the length (or
perimeter) of the level circuit and multiplying by the distance from the initial benchmark of
the point considered.
𝐸𝑐
Corr = − ( )𝑑
𝐷
where:
Corr = elevation correction for any point within a level circuit
Ec = error pof closure
D = length or perimeter of the level circuit
d = horizontal distance of point from the initial benchmark
If the error of closure is negative, all computed elevation corrections are to be added to
the corresponding observed elevations, if positive corrections are subtracted. A negative
sign is affixed in the equation above to simplify the process of calculation and in applying
correction.
Note: Recall also the relation of weights and probable error, that is weights are inversely
proportional to the square of the corresponding probable errors. (LM 10)
Example
Lines of levels are run from BM1 to BM2 over three different routes. The elevation of BM 1
is 100 m above sea level. Note : Measurement unit is meters.
Solution
Determine first the weight of each route.
Weight is equal to the reciprocal of its length. To find the probable weight, divide the LCD
by its distance.
LCD = 80
Compute weighted DE = Probable weight x DE
Note: Compile your work (UE 4). Follow the guide in compiling UE problems.
(Deadline of Submission will be posted on the GC. Thank you.)
IN A NUTSHELL
In this lesson you have learned about, cross-section leveling and adjustment of level
circuit.
Cross-sections are short profiles taken perpendicular to the centerline of projects such as
highway, railroad, irrigational canal, or sewer line. They may also be taken for borrow-pits
and excavations required for buildings, structures and quarries. It provides necessary
data needed for estimating quantities of earthwork and other related purposes.
Roadway Cross-Sections
• More accurate than single profile leveling.
• Done by measuring cross sections at right angles to the centerline, usually at
intervals of 10 m, 20m etc.
• Readings at each cross section are taken at the centerline and critical points
perpendicular to the centerline.
• Cross sections are drawn and design templates are superimposed, the
difference in the area is the area of cur or fill at that section (end area)
• A borrow pit is an open area which is usually adjacent to the construction project
where suitable fill material is excavated.
• The site is divided into squares.
• Elevations are then measured at the corners of the grid, which are given names
or labels that corresponds to the coordinates of the corner say 2E, 6B …
A level circuit or loop is a line of levels which begins and ends at the same point or line of
levels between points of precisely known elevation. In conducting a closed loop, it will
always been expected that the observed elevations will not agree with known elevations
of the previously established point within the loop. The difference between the observed
and known elevations of the initial point or benchmark are referred to as error of closure.
The error of closure is determined by subtracting the observed elevation from the
observed elevation in levels with single route.
The elevation correction is determined by dividing the error of closure by the length (or
perimeter) of the level circuit and multiplying by the distance from the initial benchmark of
the point considered.
𝐸𝑐
Corr = − ( )𝑑
𝐷
where:
Corr = elevation correction for any point within a level circuit
Ec = error pof closure
D = length or perimeter of the level circuit
d = horizontal distance of point from the initial benchmark
If the error of closure is negative, all computed elevation corrections are to be added to
the corresponding observed elevations, if positive corrections are subtracted. A negative
sign is affixed in the equation above to simplify the process of calculation and in applying
correction.
The weight given to each route equals the reciprocal of its length
The most probable value of the benchmark’s elevation will then be the weighted mean of
the observed value. Should there be other points established along a particular level
route, the elevations of these points in turn would require adjustment after the most
probable value of the elevation of the terminal benchmark has been determined.
Note: Recall also the relation of weights and probable error, that is weights are inversely
proportional to the square of the corresponding probable errors.