CANAS Reviewer
LESSON 4
Data Transmission
- Is the transfer and reception of data over a point-to-
point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.
Ex. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical
fibers, wireless communication channels, storage
media and computer buses.
Data Transmission Modes
Simplex Connection
- A simplex connection is a connection in which the data
flows in only one direction, from the transmitter to the
receiver.
Ex. for example, from your computer to the printer, from the
mouse to your computer, etc.
Half-Duplex Connection
- A half-duplex connection, sometimes called an alternating
connection or semi-duplex, is a connection in which the
data flows in one direction or the other, but not both at the
same time.
- This type of connection makes it possible to have
bidirectional communications using the full capacity of the
line.
Full-Duplex Connection
- A full-duplex connection is a connection in which the data
flows in both directions simultaneously.
-This means that the bandwidth is divided in two for each
direction of data transmission if the same transmission
medium is used for both directions of transmission.
Data Transmission Signal
- Signal is an electromagnetic or light wave that represents
data. Signals are used to transfer data from one device to
another through a communication medium.
- Two types of Signal the Analog signal, and Digital signal.
Digital Signals
- Is a sequence of voltage represented in binary form. The
digital signals are in the form of electrical pulses of ON and
OFF.
- These signals are in discrete form. Digital signals are faster
and efficient. They provide low error rates. They also provide
high transmission speed and high-quality voice transmission.
- All data communication between the computers is in digital
form. Computers understand and work only in digital form.
The following figure represents a high voltage as a 1 and a
low voltage as a 0.
Analog Signals
- Analog signal is a continuous electrical signal in the form of
wave. The wave is known as carrier wave. Telephone line is
most commonly used media for analog signals.
- Frequency: the number of times a wave repeats during a
specific time interval is known as frequency.
- Amplitude: the height of wave within a given period of time
is known as amplitude.
Transmission Impairment
- When the received signal is not identical to the
transmitted one due to the transmission impairment. The
quality of the signals will get destroyed due to transmission
impairment.
- Causes of transmission impairment are attenuation,
distortion and noise
Attenuation
- Means the loss of energy, the strength of the signal
decreases with increasing the distance which cause the loss
of energy.
Distortion
- Distortion occurs when there is a change in the shape of the
signal. This type of distortion is examined from different
signals having different frequencies. Each frequency
components has its own propagation speed, so they reach at
a different time which leads to the delay distortion.
Noise
- When data is travelled over a transmission medium, some
unwanted signal is added to it which creates the noise.
CANAS LESSON 5
Transmission Modes
-The way in which data is transmitted from one device to
another device is known as transmission mode.
-The transmission mode is also known as the communication
mode.
-Each communication channel has a direction associated with
it, and transmission media provide the direction. Therefore,
the transmission mode is also known as a directional mode.
-The transmission mode is defined in the physical layer.
Categories of Transmission Mode
Simplex
- The communication is unidirectional. The data flow in one
direction.
- A device can only send the data but cannot receive it or it
can receive the data but cannot send the data.
- the main advantage of the simplex mode is that the full
capacity of the communication channel can be utilized during
transmission.
Half- Duplex mode
- In a Hal-Duplex channel, direction can be reversed, the
station can transmit and receive the data as well.
Message flow in both the directions, but not at the same
time.
- The entire bandwidth of the communication channel is
utilized in one direction at a time.
In half-duplex mode, it is possible to perform the error
detection, and if any error occurs, then the receiver request
the sender to retransmit the data.
Full-Duplex mode
- In full duplex mode, the communication is bi-directional,
the data flow is both the direction.
- Both stations can send and receive the message
simultaneously.
- Full-duplex mode has two simplex channel. One channel has
traffic moving in one direction, and another channel has
traffic flowing in the opposite direction.
-The Full-duplex mode is the fastest mode of communication
between devices.
Transmission Media
- Transmission media is a communication channel that
carries the information from the sender to the receiver.
Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signal.
- The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry
the information in the form of bits through LAN
- It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in
data communication
- The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire,
fibre optic, atmosphere, water, and vacuum.
- Transmission media has two types the wired and wireless.
Different transmission media have different properties such
as bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of installation and
maintenance.
Factors need to considered for designing the transmission
media
- Bandwidth: all the factors are remaining constant, the
greater the bandwidth of a medium, the higher the data
transmission rate of signal.
- Transmission impairment: when the received signal is not
identical to the transmitted one due to the transmission
impairment. The quality of the signals will get destroyed due
to transmission impairment.
- Interference: an interference is defined as the process of
disrupting a signal when it travels over a communication
medium on the addition of some unwanted signal.
Causes of Transmission Impairment
- Attenuation: Attenuation means the loss of energy. The
strength of the signal decreases with increasing the distances
which causes the loss of energy.
- Distortion: Distortion occurs when there is a change in the
shape of the signal. This type of distortion is examined from
different signals having different frequencies. Each frequency
component has its own propagation speed, so they reach at a
different time which leads to the delay distortion.
- Noise: when data is travelled over a transmission medium,
some unwanted signal is added to it which creates the noise.
Classification of transmission Media
Guided Media
- Guided media also known as a conducted media.
It is defined as the physical medium through which the
signals are transmitted. It is also know as bounded media.
Types of Guided media:
- Twisted Pair
- Coaxial Cable
-Fibre Optic
Twisted Pair Cable Fibre Optic
- Twisted Pair is a physical media made up of a pair twisted - Fibre Optic is a cable that uses electrical signal for
with each other. A twisted pair cable is cheap as compared communication.
to other transmission media. - Fibre Optic is a cable that holds the optical fibres coated in
- Installation of the twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a plastic that are used to send the data by pulses of light.
lightweight cable. The frequency range for twisted pair cable - Fibre Optic provide faster data transmission than copper
is from 0 to 3.5KHz. wires.
- A twisted pair consist of two insulated copper wires
arranged in a regular spiral pattern. Three mode of transmission in fibre optic
- Single Mode:
Types of twisted pair: - Multimode graded index:
- Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): an unshielded - Multimode step- index
twisted pair is widely used in telecommunication
- Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): A shielded twisted
pair is a cable that contains the mesh surrounding the wire
that allows the higher transmission rate.

Coaxial Cable
- Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission media,
for example, TV wire usually a coaxial cable.
- The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two
conductors parallel to each other.
- It has a higher frequency as compared to twisted pair cable.

Coaxial cable has two types of transmission:

- Baseband transmission: it is defined as the process
of transmitting a single signal at high speed.
- Broadband transmission: it is defined as the
process of transmitting multiple signals simultaneously.
Unguided Media Types of Propagation in Unguided Media
- An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic
waves without using any physical medium. Therefore it is Ground Wave Propagation:
also known as wireless transmission or Radiated media -Follows contour of the earth
- In unguided media, air is the media through which the - can propagate considerable distances
electromagnetic energy can flow easily. -frequencies up to 2MHz

Unguided transmission is broadly classified into three

categories:
- Radio waves
-Microwaves
-Infrared

Radio waves
- Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are
transmitted in all direction of free space.
- Radio waves are omnidirectional, the signal are propagated
in all direction. Sky Wave Propagation:
- The range in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz to -Signal reflected from ionized layer of atmosphere
1khz. back down to earth
- An example of the radio wave is FM radio. -signal can travel a number of hops back and forth
between ionosphere and earth’s surface
Microwaves -Reflection effect caused by refraction
Two types of Microwaves:
- Terrestrial Microwave
-Satellite Microwave

Terrestrial Microwaves transmission

- Is a technology that transmits the focused beam of a radio
signal from one ground-based microwave transmission
antenna to another. Microwaves are the electromagnetic
waves having the frequency in the range from 1GHz to
100Ghz. Microwaves are unidirectional as the sending and
receiving antenna is to be aligned, the wave sent by the
sending antenna are narrowly focussed.

Satellite Microwave Line of Sight Propagation:

- Is a physical object that revolves around the earth at a -transmitting and receiving antenna must be within
known height. Satellite communication is more reliable line of sight
nowadays as it offer more flexibility than cable and fibre -frequency more than 30MHz
optic system.

Infrared
- An infrared transmission is a wireless technology used for
communication over short ranges.
- The frequency of the infrared in the range from 300 GHz to
400 THz.
- It is used for short range communication such as data
transfer between two cell phone, TV remote operation, data
transfer between a computer and cell phone resides in the
same closed area.